ICT has helped to eliminate and minimise the financial involvement, time wastage and potential safety and health threats or hazards that would have been incurred or encountered in the process of moving from one place to another to create awareness and sensitize the public about the various environmental challenges faced by the people on a daily basis, and how such challenges could be mitigated.
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ICT achieves this through the use of some web tools such as Blogs, Wikis and Google Earth, to demonstrate a visual experience of a similar challenge elsewhere and at the same time illustrate how such challenges were handled or tackled in such an environment. People’s attitudes have been moulded through ICT on how they can express feelings of concern about taking active participation with the primary aim of encouraging environmental stewardship. The various skills of ICT, if properly harnessed can enable environmentalists identify and solve such identified problems.
ICT
ICT is technology that supports activities involving information. Such activities include gathering, processing, storing and presenting data. Increasingly these activities also involve collaboration and communication. Hence IT has become ICT: information and communication technology. Information and communication technology, or ICT, is defined as the combination of informatics technology with other, related technologies, specifically communication technology. In this book, these three definitions have been collapsed into a single, all encompassing, definition of ICT. This definition implies that ICT will be used, applied, and integrated in activities of working and learning on the basis of conceptual understanding and methods of informatics.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Students academic gain and learning performance is affected by numerous factor including gender, age, teaching faculty, students schooling, father/guardian social economic status, residential area of students, medium of instructions in schools, tuition trend, daily study hour and accommodation as hostelries or day scholar. Many researchers conducted detailed studies about the factors contributing student performance at different study levels. A student educational success contingent heavily on social status of student’s parents/ guardians in the society. The same that parent’s income or social status positively affects the student test score in examination. The higher education performance is depending upon the academic performance of graduate students. Today, there is a clear need for education to learn about the factors that influence a student’s academic performance, considering the performance to be the quantitative result obtained during the learning process, based on the evaluations carried out by the teachers through objective test evaluations. The latest patterns in this area highlight the importance of considering other variables beyond intellectual capabilities. These trends are supported by several points of research that show that academic performance is not only associated with intellectual quotient (IQ), but there are multiple variables and dimensions to which a certain predictive value can be attributed. For this reason, the objective of this report is to extend the existing source of knowledge when it comes to explaining or understanding academic performance, which is why we will analyze the importance of emotional intelligence, personality and the meaning of life in such performance. Along the years, there have been many studies devised in aims to identify the variables that can predict academic achievement.
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
It is evident that our world today is quite changing and is different from that of the agricultural and the industrial revolution. The pressure on the environment due to climate change – higher temperature, shifting seasons, more frequent and extreme weather events such as floods and droughts, the challenge for food production becomes even more daunting. Our environment is inseparatable from life. There is every need for the proper management of our world. This calls for the need for environmental awareness to all and sundry in schools at all levels especially in developing countries such as Nigeria which has little or no provision for such awareness in curriculum/syllabus in areas of some related subject(s) among which is EE. This activated some elites in the developed world-organization for Economic and Cooperative Development (OECD) in April 1971 to analyze the serious need and urgency of establishing and developing new teaching programmes at school, college and university. Many developing countries are beginning to realize the role of environmental education in abating the environmental issues - the African Social and Environmental Studies Programmes (ASESP) with its seat in Nairobi, Kenya encourages and promotes the creation of environmental awareness and protection in pupils and student at the same time develops useful activities for pupils and student at the same time develops useful activities for pupils during instruction. The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) in 1972. The Belgrade Chapter in 1975. The earth summit also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), the Education, Science and Documentation Centre (ZED), UNESCO is not left out.
ICT AND PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
In defining the scope of environment, certain interrelated factors come to mind. Such factors include human, biological, biotic and abiotic, chemical, flora and fauna. Environment, in the course of time, has suffered serious deterioration mainly due to anthropogenic (human) activities and increased need for the improvement of standard of living of the populace. These negative impacts have created a hiatus in and a dire need for the preservation and maintenance of the environment. In order to address man’s ignorance and the danger it has posed on the environment, various movements for environmental education have been sponsored. The tremendous contributions of information and communication technology systems (ICTS) over the years cannot be overstated. The impacts of these systems have permeated every fabric of the society, covering social, economic, cultural, political and educational sectors. In the education sector, for instance, ICTS have given different categories of learners an opportunity to access their learning careers and professions with ease. Learning has been made so flexible, easily-accessible and practical-oriented. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has revitalised and transformed the learning environment and platforms in the education sector. It has provided learners with a gamut of learning opportunities, ranging from computer, Internet and WhatsApp to Facebook, Zoom/Webinar and so on. With the large number of beneficiaries across the globe, there is no gainsaying the fact that the education sector is most advantaged when it comes to the use of ICT. Interestingly, both adults and school age children now enjoy unlimited access in exploring and maximising the various ICT potentials available at their disposal for increased learning opportunities. Adult learners, for instance, now have a wide range of choices to access their learning any day, anytime and anywhere, without moving from one place to another, and at the same time still carry out their various roles and duties in their respective homes, offices, churches, and so on. Adults are vulnerable to various challenges in their locality, and the solution to such problems, if not known or identified can be easily accessed with the aid of ICTS. The enormous role of ICT in environmental education cannot be over-emphasised. Essentially, ICT has revitalised the environmental sector of education by giving facilitators and their clientele unlimited access to explore their learning activities and to overcome physical, financial or distance barriers.

Instructional materials are essential since they help the teacher and learners avoid overemphasis on recitation and rote learning that can easily dominate a lesson. Resource materials allow learners to have practical experiences which help them to develop skills and concepts and to work in a variety of ways. Instructional materials support learning content by providing facts, engaging learners through multimedia, and allowing students to apply concepts.
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They facilitate understanding and evaluate knowledge through questions and student work. Instructional materials may include any textbooks and workbooks used in the classroom. For example, language arts classrooms almost always have literature textbooks, writing textbooks, and even vocabulary and spelling workbooks. More innovative materials may include charts, maps, videos, images, diagrams and flashcards.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Teaching as a concept requires that teachers should not only have knowledge and skills in a subject but also the professional competence in the use of methods and materials to be able to influence the behavior of learners by using instructional materials. Defined instructional materials as ways and means of making the teaching and learning process easy, more meaningful and understandable. In a similar definition, explained that instructional materials are designed to promote and encourage effective teaching and learning experiences. In view of the above definitions, instructional materials are therefore, sight tools for teachers at all levels of education process for effective instructional delivery and promote learner’s academic achievement and enable the achievement of the stated objectives of a lesson.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Students’ academic gain and learning performance is affected by numerous factor including gender, age, teaching faculty, students schooling, father/guardian social economic status, residential area of students, medium of instructions in schools, tuition trend, daily study hour and accommodation as hostelries or day scholar. Many researchers conducted detailed studies about the factors contributing student performance at different study levels. The measurement of students previous educational outcomes are the most important indicators of students future achievement, this refers that as the higher previous appearance, better the student’s academic performance in future endeavours. Lot of studies have been conducted in the area of students achievement and these studies identify and analyze the number of factors that affect the academic performance of the student at school, college and even at university level. Their finding identify students’ effort, previous schooling, parent’s educational background, family income, self-motivation of students, age of student, learning preferences and entry qualification of students as important factors that have effect on student’s academic performance in different setting. The utility of these studies lies in the need to undertake corrective measures that improve the academic performance of graduate students.
IMPORTANCE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS TO STUDENTS UNDERSTANDING OF A TOPIC
One important dimension in teacher education that is getting a lot of attention is related to the use of instructional materials. Instructional materials are those materials used by a teacher to simplify their teaching. They include both visual and audio-visual aids and could either be concrete or non-concrete. These instructional materials bring life to learning by stimulating students to learn. The use of instructional materials in the classroom has the potential to help the teacher explain new concepts clearly, resulting in better student understanding of the concepts being taught. However, they are not ends in themselves but they are means to an end. It is held that good teaching resources can never replace the teacher but the teacher uses them to achieve their teaching and learning objectives. Some of the instructional materials necessary for effective teaching and learning of Social Studies include the chalkboard, models, graphs, charts, maps, pictures, diagrams, cartoons, slides, filmstrips, radio, and television. The importance of the use of these materials cannot be underscored. Instructional materials are essential since they help the teacher and learners avoid overemphasis on recitation and rote learning that can easily dominate a lesson. Resource materials allow learners to have practical experiences which help them to develop skills and concepts and to work in a variety of ways. The implication here is that for more knowledge to be internalized, more of the learner’s senses have to be stimulated other than hearing alone. In learning and teaching, the various senses can be stimulated through the use of audiovisual materials. In teaching Conflict and Conflict Resolution, the Non-Violence Education Programme asserts that the flip chart teaching tool is a stand-alone material that can be used in any classroom without the expense of additional resource. Instructional materials have to meet the learning objectives, be validated and their impact be evaluated.

The social media platforms and the internet are now bombarded with news and there is so much information that it is almost next to impossible to find out fake news from the real one. Sometimes, even fake news by a citizen journalist may be taken up by a professional and legitimate journalist and developed into a story that may hamper the journalist and his agency’s efforts at establishing and maintaining credibility and reliability with the audiences.
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The presence of a news agency or reporters on multiple social media platforms is also important as the same information or news from the same source should be seen by the public, otherwise it easily comes to the notice of the society for discrepancies and damages the degree of trust between the news agency and the public. Twitter and Facebook which are the most common and popular social media platforms have made the journalists dig in for breaking news from interview sources and personal tweets of celebrities and eminent personalities in various fields. Sometimes, these journalists even copy those personal tweets or make comments on it which becomes news from their news agency’s or public account
SOCIAL MEDIA
Many researchers have come across the interchangeable usage of the terms “social media” and “Web2.0”; however, these two terms are closely related yet not exactly synonymous, and they differ in terms of usage. For the purpose of this research, and in order to avoid any confusion, the above mentioned terms will be defined, despite the fact that social media is the central gravity of the research. In regards of the term Web 2.0, Tim O'Reilly, the founder of O'Reilly media, has coined that "Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the Internet as platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform." He has further provided a general business aspect in relations of Web 2.0 as the “harnessing of collective intelligence”, in which Web 2.0 provides platforms and fills the Web with user-generated content where all individuals – the former audience are able to take part in instead of important decisions made by a few people. Alternatively, Web 2.0 is a platform whereby content and applications are continuously modified and exchanged by all users in participatory and collaborative manner, and no longer merely created and published by individuals. There are still many ongoing debates and discussions regarding social media’s universal definition; as social media has been transforming and merging into the evolving development of New Media
JOURNALISM PROFESSION
Journalistic professionalisation is one of the critical variables in every comparative analysis between media systems. Pioneering research deals with the nature of the legitimising creed of media institutions and, more specifically, the distance between the reporter and external interests. The latter is understood as a place of tension between an ideal concerning the journalist’s professionalism and audience and the interrelated political and economic interests affecting the media system. Professionalisation is one of the dimensions used to clarify some problematic concepts. They illustrated some of the variations in professionalisation criteria among their four models of media and politics, dividing them into three dimensions: autonomy, distinct professional norms, and public service orientation. Hallin and Mancini paid more attention to the systematic body of knowledge or doctrine generally required to be recognised as a profession (compared with doctors and lawyers) and consequently on the fundamental variables regarding formal training and education. Though a direct link between the education rate of those who work in journalism and their degree of professionalisation cannot be made, the 2021 Media for Democracy Monitor (MDM) data provides an encouraging sign regarding the comprehensiveness of the training of contemporary journalists. The portrait of the profession that emerges from our data illustrates that journalists do not have the time for further training. The integration of the temporal dimension in contemporary journalism becomes a challenge in terms of the ability, for example, to connect the present with the past and the future (developing through education and professional training the skills to do so), and thus the possibility of playing a more active role in setting the public agenda. The value of immediacy has slowly been translated into the need to contribute significantly to the news flow. The problem arises when the definition of newsworthiness itself is linked to the search volume of different online queries over time, and the trends that sanction the popularity. Journalists are therefore increasingly dispossessed of their ability to set their own agenda and have professional and satisfying working time.
SOCIAL MEDIA AND JOURNALISM PROFESSION
It is not surprising that the modern journalists are increasingly using social media tools and platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snap chat, and others to remain abreast of the latest happenings around them and get their hands on interesting and unique stories and news to present to the world. This form of reporting adopted by the modern journalists is more individualistic, open, and prone to speculations. On the positive side, the social media and the other micro-blogging platforms offer the unique advantage of second-by-second update of changes in a news or story which can be effectively captured by a professional journalist and turned into a mature story for the society. The most interesting benefit of using social media tools like Twitter and Facebook is the opportunity to get hands on small, real-life, and mostly unknown stories of the common man which are an insightful read for the public. Facebook, on the other hand, helps capture public opinion which is critically essential at deciphering the pulse of the society at the given moment and working upon some urgent as well as optional issues, such as terrorism, political corruption, education reforms, and so on. There is a clutter of information, links, posts, videos, and other details on the internet which may make a journalist lose his thoughts and patience and unconsciously, resort to unethical course of action when prioritizing speed over accuracy. There are top management pressures, obligations to remain updated and competitive, desire to succeed, and other inner and outer battles which may serve as the breeding ground for ignorance, denial, or the lack of common sense for journalists trying to find truth from the indefinite clutter on social media. Even more, there has been so stiff competition in the media and journalism industry today that even the established and reputed news agencies and houses are willing to risk their legacy for accuracy and credibility for being the first in publishing breaking news on the internet. They are willing to include falsified facts and incorrect information, only to be on the top and have increased market share, thus promoting the breach of ethics and professional integrity at large.

It can be said that teachers have always been aware that learners, that is to say, the way students learn, must shape the way teachers teach. In other words, the methods of teaching used by teachers should be determined in tune with the learning styles of the targeted students.
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It can also be said that although the needs of today’s students and their styles of learning are urging the introduction of new technology to the classrooms, just the opposite can also be true as well, new technology is at the same time trying to make its way into the field of education which has always been very broad and open to continuous development.
PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS ATTITUDES
Change in Pre-service Teacher Attitudes toward Contemporary Issues in Education Pre-service teacher education is concerned with the development of specific instructional competencies but it is also focused on promotion of teacher attitudes that facilitate effective instructional practice. Because the upcoming generation of teachers is often viewed as a primary mechanism of curriculum reform pre-service teacher education focuses on current research and contemporary interpretation of best practices in school organization and classroom instruction. In the context of pre-service teacher education, then, post-secondary pedagogy is concerned with producing graduates who move into the field able, in terms of both skills and attitudes, to implement research-based conclusions that may not always coincide with the attitudes of previously trained teachers. An attitude is the sum of a person’s inclinations and feelings, prejudices and bias, preconceived notions, ideas, fears, and convictions regarding any specific topic. Attitudes are formed by direct experience as well as by implicit learning and may reflect personality. Attitudes are typically conceptualized as having three related components: cognitive (i.e., the idea or assumptions upon which the attitude is based), affective (i.e., feelings about the issue), and behavioural (i.e., a predisposition toward an action that corresponds with the assumption or belief). Attitudes are functional in as much as they simplify complex subjects, express fundamental values and beliefs, and mediate or guide behaviour.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Students’ academic gain and learning performance is affected by numerous factor including gender, age, teaching faculty, students schooling, father/guardian social economic status, residential area of students, medium of instructions in schools, tuition trend, daily study hour and accommodation as hostelries or day scholar. Many researchers conducted detailed studies about the factors contributing student performance at different study levels. The measurement of students previous educational outcomes are the most important indicators of students future achievement, this refers that as the higher previous appearance, better the student’s academic performance in future endeavours. Lot of studies have been conducted in the area of students achievement and these studies identify and analyze the number of factors that affect the academic performance of the student at school, college and even at university level. Their finding identify students’ effort, previous schooling, parent’s educational background, family income, self-motivation of students, age of student, learning preferences and entry qualification of students as important factors that have effect on student’s academic performance in different setting. The utility of these studies lies in the need to undertake corrective measures that improve the academic performance of graduate students
PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS ATTITUDES AND AFFECT STUDENTS PERFORMANCE
The attitude that students have towards mathematics is influenced by the efforts that these students place into the understanding and their ability to practice the teaching ideas and skills learned in the classroom. The belief that students have about their ability to succeed and their expectations for the outcome of the results in school is directly connected to their levels of commitment and their mental states that urge or interfere with their physical and cognitive ability to be academically successful. Thus, attitudes predict the effort with which a student is most probably able to put into his or her learning of various subjects. Teachers therefore, need to do their maximum best to maintain positive attitudes toward mathematics for good performance among students. The attitude of pre-service teachers towards teaching learning referred to the emotional disposition that they have towards improving students’ academic performance

Academic achievement of students especially at the secondary school level is not only a pointer to the effectiveness of schools but a major determinant of the future of youths in particular and the nation in general. The medium through which the attainment of individuals and the nation’s educational goals can be achieved is learning. Learning outcomes have become a phenomenon of interest to all and this account for the reason why scholars have been working hard to unravel factors that militate against good academic performance
CLASS SIZE
Class size is an educational tool that can be described as an average number of students per class in a school, it is a number of students per teacher in a class. It is a tool that can be used to measure performance of the education system. A lot of argument has gone on the impact of class size on performance, some fingering over-bloated class size as the main factor responsible for falling standard of education, most especially in the elementary or secondary level of education in Nigeria, however others see this as mere coincidence seeing other factors as being responsible.
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Effect of class size on the students’ academic performance has been reported. Historical information about class size in this country helps educational leaders understand why the need to justify per pupil expenditures became an issue. Previous research regarding class size focused on the relationship between class size and the instructional technique utilized by teachers within differing class sizes and provided data regarding how class size affects the instructional practices of teachers. To really understand how class size affects the instructional environment, educational leaders must also analyze the amount of time teachers have to spend on classroom management as this directly affects the amount of time teachers are able to devote to instruction
TRUANCY
Truancy is defined as a “deliberate absence from school without parental knowledge”. Truancy is one of the externalized behavior disorders; a problem which seriously and negatively affects students schooling in particular and their life progress in. Truancy can be seen as a deliberate absence from school on the part of students without the knowledge and consent of parents, absence of the students from the school for which no reasonable or acceptable excuse is given to school authority.
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Truancy poses a serious and negative impact on students’ academic performance bearing in mind that the strong menace of truancy pervades the entire educational system especially the secondary education system. Truancy among junior secondary school students jeopardizes chances of achieving their educational goals. Globally, truancy among the students has been identified as one of the most prevalent rates that become a predictor of delinquency and indiscipline, and other anti-social behaviors among the students. This becomes detrimental to students’ academic achievement in school, class promotion, and graduation
CLASS SIZE AND TRUANCY NEXUS IN COLLGES
Overcrowded classrooms is always among the reason for truancy among students. Students enjoy reading in classrooms that are conducive for learning. Overcrowded classroom could lead to bullying and other form of social vices among students. Larger classes are proven to make it more difficult for teachers to set and enforce behavioral expectations, monitor students, and pay individual attention to each student. Larger class sizes lead to more disorder in the classroom which ultimately affects student learning. Truancy and school indiscipline result in negative consequences including a decline in academic achievements, a greater likelihood of dropping out of school, poor health and wellbeing outcomes, and an increased risk and involvement in the sacred justice system. Classroom interaction experience is one of the main parts of students’ learning lives. However, surprisingly little research has investigated students’ perceptions of classroom interaction with different attendance policies across different class sizes in the higher education system. That is why the author took out time to explain the classroom size and truancy level nexus.

Project-based learning (PBL) is a new model of inquiry-based learning that is centered on the concepts and principles of a subject, with the help of multiple resources and continuous inquiry based learning activities in the real world, with the aim of producing a complete project work and solving multiple interrelated problems within a certain period of time. a new student-centered teaching approach, project-based learning directly points to the goal of cultivating 21st-century skills, especially higher-order thinking skills, and higher-order thinking occurs based on problem-solving, a challenging problem that emphasizes real-world situations and open environments, and project-based learning motivates students to continuously explore in the process of problem-solving, thus promoting the development of higher-order thinking. See samples of undergraduate project topics, works & research materials for students
PROJECT BASED LEARNING
The concept of Project-Based Learning (PBL) is not new, but it has recently gained the spot light in education field. In the past decade, studies on PBL have increasingly been conducted and adopted across a diversity of educational institutions worldwide. Researchers have given a variety of definitions for PBL in which they all share several similar disciplines. In terms of its crucial functions, PBL is an instructional approach which is built upon learning activities and real tasks that have brought challenges for students to solve. PBL can be seen as a student-driven (student-centred) approach to learning in which students are required to take part in a real project by developing a question or inquiry and under the supervision of teachers in order to create a project to share with the select audience. In other words, students involve designing their own inquiries, planning their learning, organizing their research, implementing a multitude of learning strategies, and evaluating their projects that have real world applications beyond the classroom. These activities give students the opportunity to work relatively autonomously over extended periods of time; and culminate in realistic products or presentations. When it comes to the teachers‘ role, PBL to is an approach in which teachers act as a facilitator.
STUDENTS LEARNING INTEREST
Learning will be more meaningful if students experience firsthand what they learn by activating more senses in full, rather than just listening to the teacher's explanation and the material is given separately. Especially if it refers to Piaget's theory of cognitive development that elementary school-age children are at a stage of concrete operational development where real experience is really needed by students in learning. The use of innovative learning methods is an alternative choice of solution. One method that can be used is active learning. Active learning is learning that requires students to play a role and be active in the learning process in the form of interaction between students and educators and students and students. Besides, the focus of education is currently still many dwellings on cognitive problems. While the affective and psychomotor aspects did not receive much attention. Most curriculum only designs how students become intellectually intelligent children, achievers, high grades, and get good rankings. While students' morality, creativity, and behavior are not really given attention. As a result, students become selfish human beings, not obedient to the norm, and ignorant in all their deeds
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Students’ academic gain and learning performance is affected by numerous factor including gender, age, teaching faculty, students schooling, father/guardian social economic status, residential area of students, medium of instructions in schools, tuition trend, daily study hour and accommodation as hostelries or day scholar. Many researchers conducted detailed studies about the factors contributing student performance at different study levels. The measurement of students previous educational outcomes are the most important indicators of students future achievement, this refers that as the higher previous appearance, better the student’s academic performance in future endeavours. Lot of studies have been conducted in the area of students achievement and these studies identify and analyze the number of factors that affect the academic performance of the student at school, college and even at university level. Their finding identify students’ effort, previous schooling, parent’s educational background, family income, self-motivation of students, age of student, learning preferences and entry qualification of students as important factors that have effect on student’s academic performance in different setting. The utility of these studies lies in the need to undertake corrective measures that improve the academic performance of graduate students
PROJECT BASED LEARNING AND STUDENTS PERFORMANCE
In the era of digital transformation of education, the new generation of information technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and metaverse are bringing great changes to education at an unimaginable speed, and at the same time posing unprecedented challenges to talent training. Cultivating students with higher-order thinking skills that can adapt to the future development of society and reasonably cope with the complex real world has become an important mission in the current education reform and development around the world (Ma and Yang, 2021). Different types of problems produce different teaching methods and also guide the development of students’ different thinking skills. Project-based learning, as a new type of teaching and learning method in the context of curriculum and teaching reform, takes real life as the background, is driven by practical problems, breaks the disciplinary boundaries, integrates multiple disciplines into one project, and develops students’ future-oriented abilities——creative thinking, problem raising, problem solving, critical thinking, communication and collaboration, etc. The advantages of this approach over traditional teaching and learning models are being recognized and explored. A large number of studies on the effects of project-based learning have been done, but there is not complete agreement on the effects on the development of students’ thinking skills, academic performance, and affective attitudes. Over the past few decades, project-based learning has received a lot of attention in the field of education. Many studies have shown that project-based learning can improve students’ learning motivation, problem-solving skills, teamwork, and communication skills. However, due to the complexity and diversity of project-based learning, as well as differences in research methods, research findings on its effectiveness and influencing factors vary. A key research question in project-based learning meta-analytic studies is to assess the impact of project-based learning on student learning outcomes, including student performance in the areas of academic achievement, thinking skills, and affective attitudes. By combining the results of multiple independent studies, more accurate and reliable conclusions can be obtained to further understand the effects of project-based learning. In addition, project-based learning meta-analysis studies can help reveal the factors and mechanisms influencing project-based learning

Interest is one the core determinants of career choice among adolescents in Senior Secondary Schools the world over. Interest is defined as “likes and dislikes or aversions”. Interest can be defined as “a feeling or preference concerning one’s own activities”. On their part, interest can also be seen as the “extent of attraction to act in, to be engaged in or to receive training for any task, job or occupation”. It describes an individual’s intensity of emotion or commitment to a subject or a course. See Samples Of Project Topics, Works And Research Materials For Colleges’ Students. Interest emphasizes a person’s preference to which he or she is attentive, concerned, involved, committed or occupied. Interest can be classified as expressed; manifest; tested; and inventoried. It is believed that the stronger the interest expressed by an individual for a career the easier for the person to actualize his or her aspirations
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Teaching as a concept requires that teachers should not only have knowledge and skills in a subject but also the professional competence in the use of methods and materials to be able to influence the behavior of learners by using instructional materials. Defined instructional materials as ways and means of making the teaching and learning process easy, more meaningful and understandable. In a similar definition, explained that instructional materials are designed to promote and encourage effective teaching and learning experiences. In view of the above definitions, instructional materials are therefore, sight tools for teachers at all levels of education process for effective instructional delivery and promote learner’s academic achievement and enable the achievement of the stated objectives of a lesson.
STUDENTS LEARNING INTEREST
Learning will be more meaningful if students experience firsthand what they learn by activating more senses in full, rather than just listening to the teacher's explanation and the material is given separately. Especially if it refers to Piaget's theory of cognitive development that elementary school-age children are at a stage of concrete operational development where real experience is really needed by students in learning. The use of innovative learning methods is an alternative choice of solution. One method that can be used is active learning. Active learning is learning that requires students to play a role and be active in the learning process in the form of interaction between students and educators and students and students. Besides, the focus of education is currently still many dwellings on cognitive problems. While the affective and psychomotor aspects did not receive much attention. Most curriculum only designs how students become intellectually intelligent children, achievers, high grades, and get good rankings. While students' morality, creativity, and behavior are not really given attention. As a result, students become selfish human beings, not obedient to the norm, and ignorant in all their deeds
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS AND STUDENTS’ LEARNING INTEREST
The sole aim of any teacher is to ensure effective teaching and learning on the part of his pupils. Therefore, no teaching is possible at any significant age level without the use of instructional materials. And no teacher who hopes to promote learning can ignore the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning. The use of instructional materials obviously helps the students in remembering and retaining what they have learnt. Described instructional materials as instruments used to transmit information, ideas and notes to learners. Also, indicate that the role of instructional materials in teaching and learning is one of the most important and widely discussed issues in contemporary education policy. Therefore, instructional materials are paramount important issues in classroom interaction and successful transfer of knowledge from the teacher to the learners. Effective use of instructional materials and its relevance with the topic would enable the learners to effectively learn and retain what they have learnt and thereby advancing their performance in the topic been taught. Stated that learning is a process through which knowledge, skills, habits, facts, ideas and principles are acquired, retained and utilized; and the only means of achieving this is through the use of instructional materials in teaching process. Therefore, the use of relevant instructional materials helps and enhances teachers to teach effectively and productivity during teaching process. Moreover, who noted that are only the teachers who will guarantee effective and adequate usage of instructional materials and thereby facilitate success in learning. Honestly, a teacher who makes use of appropriate instructional materials to supplement his teaching will help and enhance learners’ innovative and creative thinking as well as help them become believable spontaneous and eagerness in any lesson.

Education is the fulcrum of sustainable development that holds the key to social inclusion. It is one of the necessary conditions for advancing quality of life. In other words, universal access to quality knowledge and skills ensures that everybody has an equal opportunity to play a full part in work and society as. It is thus essential for integrating the marginalized and vulnerable in society into the development process promoting equity and active citizenship through a well-developed education and training system, therefore, needs to occupy the centre-stage of the development agenda in every society. See samples of project research materials & topics for students in colleges. However, even when the benefits of education are obvious, it has yet to acquire the required urgency in the development agenda of many several nations. As is the case with the secondary schools in the developing countries and more so, in Puntland where community involves in the schooling process is not a major concern. A major contributor to the success of children in schools is the family involvement because is a powerful influence on children performance in schools.
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
Schools are community in miniature. Education is not an activity in isolation. It is an activity in collaboration. Without community participation, education cannot achieve its goals and without education society cannot think of development. Through community involvement in the education process, quality of educational activities in schools can be improved and enhanced. Studies show that participation of various stakeholders from government to educational professionals and local community members such as, parents, students, and other local community organizations exercises a deeper effect on the performance of educational institutions in terms of improved access, retention of students and classroom attendance. According to an educational report, parent and community are the key factors which determine school effectiveness. Effective schools have better access and increased enrollment of students. Parents and community can improve children’s readiness for school and also ensure their balanced nutrition and health. This directly positively affects the quality of education. Research has underscored many benefits of community participation in education. Community participation in education ensures maximization of limited resources for education, developing relevant curriculum and learning materials, identifying and addressing problems that hinder the development of education. Participation of the community in educational outdoor activities such as visits and excursions of schools plays positive role in enhancing motivation and achievement rates of students.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Students’ academic gain and learning performance is affected by numerous factor including gender, age, teaching faculty, students schooling, father/guardian social economic status, residential area of students, medium of instructions in schools, tuition trend, daily study hour and accommodation as hostelries or day scholar. Many researchers conducted detailed studies about the factors contributing student performance at different study levels. “A student educational success contingent heavily on social status of student’s parents/ guardians in the society. It is generally assumed that the students who showed better or higher performance in the starting classes of their studies also performed better in future academic years at degree level. Everyone can be surprised with this assumption if it could be proved scientifically. From the last two decades it has been noticed significantly that there is great addition in research literature and review material relating to indicators of academic achievement with much emphasis on this dialogue, whether traditional achievement measures of academic performance are best determinants of future academic gain at university or higher level or innovative measures. However, it is also observed that many of the researchers are not agree with this view point or statement.
COMMUNITY INVOLEVEMENT AND STUDENTS PERFORMANCE
Education has been recognized by educational psychologists, government, stakeholders, teachers, parents, community members and even the students themselves all over the world, as one of the most important tools for meaningful growth and development of a nation. It is through the education acquired by the citizens of a nation that different areas of human endeavours are properly explored. It is in view of this fact that the past and present governments in Nigeria have accorded the educational sub-sector reasonable recognition. For instance, the huge annual budgetary allocations to education, the Education for All (EFA), the constant educational returns and the emphasis on mass literacy are example of government efforts to improve quality education output. The importance of education for national development has placed post primary education at the centre of the efforts of government to increase the rate of literacy level in Nigeria. Student academic performance is seen as the foundation of a successful educational system in any society. It is the outcome of education which reveals the extent to which students, teachers or institutions have achieved their educational goals. However, this academic failure has deep effect on the society in terms of death manpower in all spheres of the economy and politics. It also signal that many candidates failed to meet the entry requirements for further studies in the higher institutions. Hence, there is a generic complaint that the anticipated bright future of the country might continue to be bleak if urgent action was not taken to address the recurring mess facing the education sector and indeed the future generation of Nigerian leaders. Thus, many scholars assert that the successful passage through the process of educational attainment is partly dependent on the entire parental and community involvement, Because of deteriorated performance inpublic schools, there is distrust in the delivery of education in these schools, which by their design were purposed to serve as community schools, and preference for private ones has been growing. Community has relinquished its power to private proprietors of schools choosing to apportion all blame on the Government, rather than confronting the problem. The relationship between community involvement and academic achievement was positive, regardless of a definition of parental involvement or measure of achievement.

Project Based Learning, or PBL, is an instructional approach built upon learning activities and real tasks that have brought challenges for students to solve. These activities generally reflect the types of learning and work people do in the everyday world outside the classroom. PBL is generally done by groups of students working together toward a common goal PBL teaches students not just content, but also important skills in ways students have to be able to function like adults in our society.

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These skills include communication and presentation skills, organization and time management skills, research and inquiry skills, self-assessment and reflection skills, group participation and leadership skills, and critical thinking. Performance is assessed on an individual basis, and takes into account the quality of the product produced, the depth of content understanding demonstrated, and the contributions made to the ongoing process of project realization. PBL allows students to reflect upon their own ideas and opinions, and make decisions that affect project outcomes and the learning process in general. The final product results in high quality, authentic products and presentations.
PROJECT BASED LEARNING
The concept of Project-Based Learning (PBL) is not new, but it has recently gained the spot light in education field. In the past decade, studies on PBL have increasingly been conducted and adopted across a diversity of educational institutions worldwide. Researchers have given a variety of definitions for PBL in which they all share several similar disciplines. In terms of its crucial functions, stated that PBL is an instructional approach which is built upon learning activities and real tasks that have brought challenges for students to solve. PBL can be seen as a student-driven (student-centred) approach to learning in which students are required to take part in a real project by developing a question or inquiry and under the supervision of teachers in order to create a project to share with the select audience. In other words, students involve designing their own inquiries, planning their learning, organizing their research, implementing a multitude of learning strategies, and evaluating their projects that have realworld applications beyond the classroom. These activities give students the opportunity to work relatively autonomously over extended periods of time; and culminate in realistic products or presentations. When it comes to the teachers‘ role. Students work together under the teachers‘ supervision in which they oversee each of the process and approve each choice before the students embarks in a direction, toward a common goal. In short, PBL has originally developed from the root of constructivism theory in which learning is considered as a mental construction; that is, students learn by constructing new ideas or concepts based on their current or prior knowledge. This approach empowers learners to pursue content knowledge on their own, demonstrate their new understandings through a variety of presentation modes, and gain valuable skills that will build a strong foundation for their future in the global economy.
EFFECTIVENESS OF PBL
Incorporating projects into curriculum is neither new nor revolutionary; however, its benefits are inevitable in the process of teaching and learning. A teacher in Washington State who has used project-based instruction in his math and science classes reported that many students find meaning and justification for learning by working on project after a long period struggling in most academic settings. He also stated that by facilitating learning of content knowledge as well as reasoning and problem-solving abilities, project-based learning can help learners to prepare for state assessments and meet state standards. The engagement and motivation from PBL lead to high achievement. PBL provides one way to introduce a wider range of learning opportunities into classroom.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
The effectiveness of PBL in academic has been proved by many studies. Especially, PBL has improve students‘ test scores significantly on standardize tests of academic achievement in many schools and levels. Three elementary schools implemented PBL program in Dubuque, and after two years, two of these schools showed gains in the Iowa Test of Basic Skills from well below average‖ to the district average; the third school showed a gain equivalent from "well below average" to "well above the district average. Similarly, these improvement scores occurred at a time when the percentage of limited English speaking students increased in a middle school from 6% to 22%, and these gains did not level out but increased an average of 25 additional points the following year.
PROJECT BASED LEARNING AND STUDENTS PERFORMANCE
PBL learning has been studied extensively and a number of papers have discussed the merits of implementing PBL in educational environments, greater emphasis should be given on how it can be adapted to teach language effectively in secondary education. Fifteen sixth grade students and two primary teachers participated in the study with the aims at implementing project work in order to make students aware of the history of the area in which they live, and use it as a mechanism for cross curricular, and interdisciplinary work, as well as to make use of new technologies. The study emphasized on the benefits of the project work on cognitive, emotional and psychomotor aims by most students. More specifically, in relation to language skills, most learner’s willingness to participate in learning activities increased. At the end of the school term, most students showed an improvement in all four language skills. Their speaking and listening skills, in particular, had the greatest improvement. In addition, students gathered a wealth of information about local history from a variety of sources (books, interviews, and the internet), learned a lot about local history, and gained in depth understanding of issues related to local history.

The proliferation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the increase in the quest for their use in educational institutions have not only affected the structure of university education but has also affected the way teaching and learning is done in these institutions. One of the primary factors used to define an information society compliant university is the extent of its infusion of ICT into its teaching and learning programmes.
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Hence, teaching and learning techniques in contemporary universities have been continuously redesigned in such a manner that the use of ICT for their delivery has become sine-qua-non
THE USE OF MOBILE PHONES AMONG STUDENTS
Mobile technology is currently developing very rapidly and are involved in all aspects of life. Devices such as smartphones, tablets, notebooks, convertible devices, smart watches, and other readers, uses a large portion of the population, including children. Mobile phones represent a major breakthrough in the use of computers and require a new approach. Greater emphasis is placed on the use of cloud services and data synchronization with other devices. Previously, users had a tendency to have all the data on the internal storage of the computer. When working with mobile phones, it is preferable to use mainly cloud services and devices are widely becoming only kind of terminal that accesses the individual data and services. The user was a few years ago fundamentally limited to a specific device and most of the data formats to be able to view and edit only on desktops or laptops. Current smartphones, tablets and other mobile phones allow you to work with documents of all formats, access, and edit any data. All data can be synchronized and the user has access to their information from any device. Users can check their tasks and appointments, view documents requested, work with multimedia data anytime and anywhere. Many mobile phones are becoming fashionable and trying to own the latest tablet or smart phone is noticeable not only among adults but also children. In education and training also addresses the development of mobile computing. It is developed by the amount of mobile educational software, increases the effort and the pressure on the classification of these modern means of teaching. Teachers are experimenting with the use of mobile phones in the classroom. Increasingly frequent are noticeable efforts across the board to introduce mobile phones into education
STUDY TIME
Learning takes time and curricula are designed to provide students with opportunities to learn during classes and during time for self-study. It is generally considered that, as more time is spent on learning, performance will be better. At the same time, students are full of confusion about their future career development during the student period. They may spend time on their hobbies to find future goals which could make them balanced the time allocation between hobbies and learning, resulting in problems such as grade decline due to unreasonable time allocation. Issues with school performance can lead to more problems, such as family conflicts or loss of interest on learning. The research shows that the social and emotional climate of family relationships is adversely affected by poor school performance; at the same time, family atmosphere is a mediating, factors problems which may result from school failure. Whether the investment of study time is related to academic performance is a controversial issue. One the one hand, the research shows that academic performance has a positive relationship with the study time, and students with low performance especially increase their performances with increased study time. In this article, based on his conclusions, analyzing the further impact as the study time keeps increasing, trying to find the limitation of the time investment. On the other hand, some people have an Opposite view on this conclusion. The total time students spent working during a given week did not directly affect academic performance. The conclusion may be led by the method he collected samples. Distributing surveys to students may not feel comfortable providing answers that present themselves in an unfavorable manner. Also, since students may have different foundations in high schools, the result could be inaccurate
THE USE OF MOBILE PHONES AND VARIATIONS IN STUDY TIME AMONG STUDENTS
Mobile phone is one of the most rapidly growing new technologies in the world. In 2001, cell phone users were less than a billion worldwide with the majority of the users from the developed countries. Mobile phone users had reached five billion worldwide with subscriptions from developing countries outnumbering that of the developed countries. Obviously, this increase includes a sharp increase in the number of cell phones used by the younger generations. This area of interest was chosen because of the unregulated usage and over dependent attitude on these devices especially among our secondary school students. Interestingly, this is obviously imperative as the youth have consistently displayed higher level of attachment to their mobile phones which could serve as distractions to them because of the time channeled to the phones. This in turn affect the study time among college students. The variation in study time among college students reflects on the variation in academic performance among students in colleges in Nigeria.

The climate of the study setting, i.e., the classroom climate, is comprised of the atmosphere among the teacher staff, between the teacher and the management, and between the teachers and students, and it serves as the academic environment of the learning process. It constitutes an important part of the school’s values.
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Classroom climate changes form according to the student-teacher dynamics and is affected by demography, prejudices, general views on different topics, etc.. Moreover, the climate is also affected by the nationalities, ethnicities, and faiths of both teachers and students. Classroom climate includes the intellectual, social, emotional, and physical environment of the students.
SCHOOL CLIMATE
School climate is one of the important factors that determine the success or failure of educational management. A good or conducive school climate can provide support or encouragement to the school principals, teachers, staffs and students to perform various activities according to their respective duties and functions. Climate is the quality of the environment (physical and non-physical) that is perceived and experienced continuously by every personal organization that directly determine and influence the behavior of various daily activities. It is also argued that the term ‘climate’ in an organization is like as the personality in humans that directly affect behavior in various activities. The school climate is one of the factors that distinguishes an organization from others. When the analogy is applied to schools, the school climate is the personality of a school that directly affects the behavior of individuals in the school (principals, teachers, staffs and students), and at the same time as a factor differentiating between a school and another school. The above analogy is reasonable because every educational institution or school has certain characteristics that may not be the same as other school features, although the physical completeness of facilities and infrastructure, the shape and architecture of the school are the same as other schools. This is because the characteristics of a school is determined by the climate of the school.
SELF EFFICACY
Self-efficacy is the extent or quality of one's belief in one's own skill to complete responsibilities and reach aims. Psychologists have studied self-efficacy from several perspectives, noting different ways in the improvement of self-efficacy; the elements of self-efficacy, and lack thereof, in many different settings; communications between self-concept and self-efficacy; and behaviors of attribution that contribute to or detract from self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is defined as a person's judgment of his or her own abilities to compose and execute the tasks to achieve optimal performance. High self-efficacy is related to a number of social, positive physical and psychological performances. A longitudinal study of adolescents, reported lower levels of unhappiness and misbehavior with positively correlated emotional self-efficacy. Another study on low self-efficacy in students and patients stated severity of social anxiety and associated social Weakening. Hence, efforts are being made to create organized activities within the core curriculum, which can improve an individual’s academic behavior and performance. But, these programs with engrossed objectives have resulted in development of the student’s performance, but not behavior.
STUDENTS PERFORMANCE
Academic achievement is considered to be equal to academic performance, and the common measure of academic achievement of college students is GPA (credit point average), which can be accurately calculated from the marks of each course to measure students' academic achievement. "Academic" means the result of school work. For example, test scores. When "achievement" is used as a noun, it refers to the results obtained in a career. Academic achievement is considered to include not only intelligence and practical ability, but also the mastery of knowledge of human society and nature, in addition to the examination of comprehensive learning ability, and responsibility consciousness. Academic achievement includes the emotional development of students in addition to their own cognitive and practical abilities. It is easy to see that there is a wealth of research on the concept of academic achievement in Nigeria and abroad, but the most commonly accepted one is that proposed by the National Leadership Council for Liberal Education and America's Promise, which states that academic achievement of college students is not equal to the admission rate and the percentage of those who can earn a degree, but more important: whether students have acquired the essential knowledge and ability to face work and life
SCHOOL CLIMATE, SELF-EFFICACY AND STUDENTS PERFORMANCE
Academic self-efficacy is the variable bridging the gap between the organisational-level school climate and the individual-level academic achievement variables. For the purposes of this study, we adopted a definition of school climate as students’ subjective perceptions of the school environment (physical and social), with emphasis on interpersonal relations (among all parties involved in school life), violence and safety (since this is a major issue in recent years in assessing school environments) and sense of belonging in the school community. We did not include other aspects that may also be associated with school climate (e.g., academic aspects, organisational politics) because they may also be considered outcomes of the above factors. Students’ own subjective perceptions of their ability to perform a range of academic tasks associated with academic success. This concept is often shaped by personal experience, feedback received from relevant others, and personal judgement rooted in culture and parental messages. In other words, environmental and social characteristics (that could be at least partly described through the concept of school climate) may shape academic self-efficacy. Therefore, we suggest that within the context of schools, school climate describes various social and environmental factors that shape ongoing experiences (success or failure, satisfaction or frustration around learning, etc.) that may in turn shape individual students’ academic self-efficacy. On the other hand, there is ample evidence suggesting that academic self-efficacy is positively associated with academic achievement and achievement-related outcomes in a wide range of settings

Stress activities has become part of students’ academic. This is due to various internal and external expectations from them. Students are faced with enormous activities in school such as going to early morning lectures, doing assignments, registering their courses and many other activities. See Samples Of Project Topics & Free Research Materials For Colleges Students These students are also seen trying to make good grades, please their parents and meet up with other school/social activities, all these and many more causes stress on students. Although, certain levels of stress direct the focus of students towards optimum performance, when it is not managed efficiently it could influence the learning outcome and lead to poor eating habits, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem and poor academic performance

STRESS
The term stress is a state of physical or mental tension and feeling of pain by an individual. Historically, the Latin word stress has been a common language since the seventeenth century and was used to address hardship, adversity, or affliction. However, stress is best described as a situation where environmental demands exceed the capacity effective response by the individual and can potentially have physical and psychological consequences. Stress is a form of indirect interaction between a person and the environment. A person appraised the environment as being tasking or exceeding their personal resources. This disrupts their daily routines. Stress can be seen as a state of psychological pressure influenced by three main sources or domains: personality mediators (time pressure, driven behaviour, attitude posture, relaxation potential, and role definition); environmental factors (constituting of vocational satisfaction, domestic satisfaction, and health posture); and emotional responses (such as hostility, anxiety, and depression).

CAUSES OF STRESS AMONG FINAL YEAR STUDENTS
Stress is sustained over a long period of time; students would perceive the task as unchallenging and may be bored as well. Though, certain levels of stress push students towards optimum performance, when it is not managed efficiently due to inadequate resources to cope with the stress, it can have dismal consequences for the student as well as the institution. Buttressing further, students have unique cluster of stressful experiences or stressors. There are several explanations for increased stress levels they find themselves, due to pressure from studies, stress of interpersonal relationship and changes in life style. Furthermore, stress among students could be as a result of financial problems, test pressure, failing tests, peer rejection, dissolution of relationships, depression and feeling of low self-esteem. Some of the possible causes of stress in academic setting include excessive assignments, poor time management and social skills, and peer competition. In confirmation, academic stress among students have long been researched on, and researchers have identified causes as too many assignments, competition with other students, failures, lack of pocket money, poor relationships with other students or lecturers, family or problems at home. Others are overcrowded lecture halls, semester system, and inadequate resources to perform academic work.

FINAL YEAR EXAMINATION AND THE LEVEL OF STRESS AMONG STUDENTS
Final year examination is one of the most important examination for graduating students; however, the level of stress during this period for final year students is usually very high because of their involvement in other activities like seminars, research project writing, and attendance to classes. These increases the level of burnout among students which therefore affect their performance. Every final year students in colleges go through these processes. Preparation for final year examination being the exam that will tell whether a student is graduating with his or her colleague is very important for all final year students. The tension is usually high, expectations are high as well and fear of failure thus increase stress among final year students.

The convergence of information and communication technologies as typified by the Internet is increasingly having more influence on all aspects of the society as it has become an integral part of the daily lives of many people. It has had a transformative impact on the mode of information sharing and access globally.
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Information and knowledge disseminated through the slow process of oral communications or with paper materials can now be transferred rapidly from an individual to an infinite number of users through a number of media and formats. The Internet is the fastest growing communication technology and has emerged as a major source of information that connects people, data and other computers, reducing the world to the much talked-about global village
AVAILABILITY OF INTERNET IN SCHOOLS
The need for availability and utilization of Internet in school library has been viewed as inevitable and something that could be used in all sphere of life to improve the lives of people and solve societal problems. Internet is a very fast method of communication, with messages arising anywhere in the world within seconds or a minute or two at most. Internet plays a very crucial role in the attitude of teenagers; it also enhances efficiency all the days by. Coming from school that does not have Internet access, creates much complexity. Going through the information resources on the Internet is definitely faster than reading an entire book and homework is also made easier with the help of the Internet. The Internet and use of personal computers have altered many students and teachers well established habits like the way the media is used. Today students and teachers are more likely to read the morning headlines online than in the newspaper on the breakfast table. This shows that the utilization of Internet is for both teachers and students to broaden their knowledge.
THE USE OF INTERNET IN SCHOOLS
The impact of Internet in the total operation of the school libraries connote that Internet is now a global tool for information acquisition, processing, storage, retrieval and dissemination. The use of Internet in technological education programmes is an important step as it provides fast and easy transfer of skills in the exchange of information. Some of the factors that are essential, for a successful use of the Internet. These include knowledge and usage of the Internet resources; training on a continual basis; availability of equipment and technical assistance; supportive administration; collaboration with other teachers; collaboration with other students; and advanced planning. He gave a summary of some key reasons why students should be encouraged to use the Internet in their learning. These are motivating factors; fast communication; access to information; interactive activities; cooperative learning; locating research materials; acquiring varied writing skills. The Internet in all its ramifications has revolutionized community and information service the world over in the last decade. It has equally opened a new vista in the world of library and information service as it has generally enhanced scholarly communication and research in all fields of human endeavours.
STUDENTS PERCEIVED EASE AND USE OF INTERNET IN LEARNING
Because new technologies such as computers and Internet are complex. An element of uncertainty exists in the minds of students
with respect to the successful adoption of these technologies in the classroom. Attitude towards usage and intentions to use these technologies may be ill-formed or lacking. This, actual usage may not be a direct or immediate consequence of such attitudes, and intentions. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is an information system theory that models how users come to accept and use a technology. The model suggests that when users are presented with a new technology a number of factors influence their decision about how and when they will use it. These factors are known as external variable which includes opinions of fellow students, pressure from parents and pupils, the change in society with the rapid growth in the use of technology, the requirements of a national curriculum and the likes.

Mathematicians are always actively involved in various scientific researches. Research is a process of finding out solution to a problem, a process of getting and developing valid knowledge about something of material, social, economic or educational values we come directly in contact with. Research is not just an activity. It is an intellectual activity. Research is purposeful and is conducted to generate knowledge or add to an existing body of knowledge
MATHEMATICS
Mathematics is an essential component of every human culture and responds to its environmental social stresses. Every civilized society makes use of mathematics. Mathematics evolved in response to the needs of prehistory societies. He noted that as people lived together, their interaction created problems that needed practical solution. Activities as trading, building of houses, working on farms, even fighting all these had their attendant problems that found solutions in mathematics.

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The pre-historic society had to calculate the quantity of materials needed to build a house, the amount of food needed to provide for their army among others. In addition to the practical problems of mathematics were those motivated by religion, for instance, the clergy found astronomy necessary for fixing the dates of religious festivals, there were geometrical problems arising from the construction of altars and temples. Mathematics arose from the need for a system of counting and for calculating areas and volumes. They however, opined that mathematics has over the centuries become less concerned with practical matters and has turned instead towards logic and pure intellectual speculation.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Socio-economic development, therefore, is the process of social and economic development in a society. It is measured with indicators, such as gross domestic product (GDP), life expectancy, literacy and levels of employment. Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants. Economic growth is often assumed to indicate the level of economic development. The term “economic growth” refers to the increase (or growth) of a specific measure such as real national income, gross domestic product, or per capita income. The term economic development on the other hand, implies much more. It is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social wellbeing of its people.
MATHEMATICS AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Mathematics is the language of science, is the gate way and key to any success in the field of science. Scientists depend on mathematics because it is precise, accurate and amenable to brevity. It is gives exact quantities and disposed to the reporting of formulae and experimental observations. Technological breakthrough that is the precursor of development is hinged on science and mathematics. Technological innovations is an imperative in the socio-economic transformation and competitive advantage of any nation. Mathematics as bedrock of the science is a veritable instrument for the development of technology in Nigeria beyond 2024. Scientists, engineers, technologists, para-scientist and para-technologists must be properly grounded in mathematics as to properly fill their place in the development of Nigeria now and beyond 2024. Modern technological development, as we all know has its root from scientific inventions. Engineering is the application of science, while technology is the actualization of engineering science. In all ramifications, scientists prove and establish the existence of laws governing natural phenomena, engineers use the knowledge of the laws to determine how to harness natural forces for the benefit of man; and technologists make use of available resources to physicalize the concepts and ideas from the engineers’ drawing board. Through mathematics, the interdependence of science, engineering and technology is made manifest. For technology to strive, the scientist and technologist have to posses workable knowledge of all basic sciences namely, physics, chemistry, biology and computer science, as well as in depth knowledge of mathematics

The interest of many concerned parties in green entrepreneurship has increased due to the trending issue of the need to preserve the earth’s resources. It is strongly observed that green entrepreneurship practices bring better and more compelling competitive advantage for a firm through green entrepreneurial innovation. The idea of green entrepreneurship is based on business owners’ ability to diversify ideas and implement new concepts where the environment and citizens are safe. Therefore, many firms intend to adopt green practices.

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However, a lack of readiness regarding competent workers, ideas, and creativity in production denies them from adopting green processes. Nevertheless, there are chances for firms with inquisitiveness and innovative capability to revert to green practices and surpass other competing products in the markets
GREEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Green entrepreneurship refers to a special subset of entrepreneurship that aims at creating and implementing. solutions to environmental problems and to promote social change so that the environment is not harmed. Green entrepreneurship refers to a special subset of entrepreneurship that aims at creating and implementing solutions to environmental problems and to promote social change so that the environment is not harmed. It has also been suggested that green entrepreneurship could be a new business paradigm instead of a subset of entrepreneurship because green entrepreneurs have wider motivations than just launching eco-friendly products and services for a niche market. Environmental or green entrepreneurship can be explained on the basis of theories on entrepreneurship, and environmental and welfare economics as a subset of sustainable entrepreneurship. The environmental economics literature states that environmental degradation is a result of market failures, while the entrepreneurship literature claims that there are business opportunities in market failure. The target of green entrepreneurship is to improve the business ecosystems where businesses operate and at the same time promote changes in business practices that have an impact on the natural environment and society. This can be on the level of business and production processes and/or products themselves. Green entrepreneurship is responding to the growing demands for the termination of environmentally degrading business and consumers’ growing willingness to pay for the reduction of activities that have a negative impact on the environment. Green entrepreneurs are seizing business opportunities that can result in the improvement of ecological sustainability.
SMEs GROWTH
It is vital to evaluate SME performance for various reasons. For starters, small and medium-sized firms greatly influence GDP and unemployment. SMEs contribute considerably to global GDP and the decrease of unemployment, apart from centralized economic systems, which are on the threshold of annihilation. Secondly, the importance of small and medium-sized firms has grown dramatically due to the difficulties in recovering from the worldwide economic emergency and the interconnectedness of national economies brought about by globalization. This is because these firms are more suited and acclimatize to the requirements of an incessantly varying environment Small and medium-sized businesses can be judged on their effectiveness, profitability, productivity, market share, revenue, cost, and liquidity dynamics, as well as their achievement of goals, leadership style, employee behavior, and customer happiness. A set of 14 indicators is used to evaluate the performance of small and medium-sized businesses, including public image, productivity, staff morale, earnings, sales, on-time order delivery, appropriate work capital, effectiveness in production operations, quality of products, achievement of targets, clientele, ease of supervision, cost reduction, and product diversification
GREEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SMES GROWTH
The firms’ inclination to green entrepreneurship can be defined by the tendency for the firm to adopt green practices. Some individuals within an organization make the moves for firm practices and could influence the tendency to adopt or not adopt green entrepreneurship practices management teams support entirely green practices, while some organizations’ management members are skeptical of the need for green practices or the cost of attaining green practices. Green entrepreneurship has been found to positively impact the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Several studies have shown that green innovation leads to improvements in marketing, product innovation, and overall market performance.

Turnover intention is defined as individual movement across the membership boundary of an organization. Interestingly unlike actual turnover, turnover intent is not explicit. Intentions are a statement about specific behavior of interest. Studies have shown that turnover is one of the most researched phenomena in organizational behavior. The broad range of turnover studies is indicative of the significance and complexity of the issue.

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The phenomena attract interest due to its psychological dimension, its organizational significance and its economic dimension. Thus, it is imperative for HRM managers to understand that there are several factors inherent to counter staff intentions or turnover. One theory specifies employee’s decision to resign is influenced by two factors which include their perceived ease of movement which is referred to as the assessment of perceived alternatives and perceived desirability of movement which is influenced for instance by job satisfaction
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Human resource management Practices refer to all practices (annual performance appraisals), specific policies (equal opportunities), tools (employee surveys) or techniques (management by objectives) that contribute to managing human resources in an organization. Human Resource Management (HRM) is a process of bringing people and organizations together so that the goals of each are met. It is that part of the management process which is concerned with the management of human resources in an organization. It tries to secure the best from people by winning their wholehearted cooperation. In short, it may be defined as the art of procuring, developing and maintaining competent workforce to achieve the goals of an organization in an effective and efficient manner.
EMPLOYEES’ TURNOVER
Employee turnover is the most important activity of human resource of a firm in which management is eager to censure. The reason for making a purposeful resistance is because of reality that organizations make sufficient investment in their employees in the shape of development, training, workflow, reimbursement planning and building of viewpoint to achieve objectives and goals of the organization. Though, the increasing consequences of employee turnover can cause an effect on the organization’s growth, the expense of managing as shown in most cases is reflected on income statement bottom line, showed a downward tendency in effectiveness. Employee turnover basically occurs due to unhappiness of an individual employee from job environment. Being unhappy is not merely the reason in a job, why individuals leave one job for another job. If the employees possess the skills that are in demand, they may be awarded higher pay, better facilities or job growth prospective. So it is very important to recognize and know the difference between those employees who leave the job because they are not satisfied with their job and those employees who leave their job for other reasons.
HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES’ TURNOVER
Human resource management affects the attitude and behavior of employees. Specifically, employee turnover intention is one of the behaviors that human resource management can influence. Human resource management can be associated with the exit decision process. Human resource management may not only have a positive impact on employees, but also have a negative impact on employees, leading to employees’ dissatisfaction. An example is when employees are not satisfied with training and development opportunities and do not receive the regular feedback they expect. In addition, employees may experience high levels of stress due to increased work intensity. In this way, they are experiencing that their work-life balance is unbalanced. These feelings of dissatisfaction will lead to thoughts about resignation and increase the intention to leave. Effective human resource practices, if implemented effectively, are likely to make employees perceive their communication relationship with their manager as characterized by a supportive environment. This is based on investment in employee skills, regular and fair performance feedback, fair and attractive rewards for performance, and joint efforts to achieve meaningful goals. In return, employees may feel obligated to meet the goals of their managers and organizations. Therefore, they establish an emotional relationship with the manager and the organization itself, which is based on a mandatory reciprocal relationship in their exchange relationship. Employees who are more involved in the organization may display this emotional bond more naturally. In particular, these employees are likely to act in the best interests of their organization. In addition, employees who are actively involved in the management of high-performing human resource systems may feel the desire and obligation to contribute to organizational.

Communication is central to the success of human beings and organizations. The ability to effectively communicate at work, home and in life is probably one of the most important sets of skills a person needs. Effective communication is not just a business skill-it is a life skill and the most important source of personal power at work, family and social situations. Communication is the process of understanding and being understood through ideas, facts, thoughts and emotions. Good communication is determined not by how well we say things but by how well we have been understood.
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Communication is a process by which message is conveyed to someone or a group of people. If the message is conveyed clearly and unambiguously, and is received by the receiver in the same way as intended by the sender, then communication is said to be effective. If the message reaches the receiver in a distorted form or somehow fails to create meaning or understanding, the communicator should realize that his/her communication has been affected by barriers. So we can say that communication becomes successful only if the receiver understands what the sender is trying to convey. The feedback received by the sender from the receiver allows the sender to determine how the message was interpreted and, if necessary, whether there is an opportunity to modify future messages.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Communication, a product of man's way of being, is the most basic skill that man has ever had in his mother's womb. Communication is our most basic skill, but at the same time it hurts us, and the skill that makes us most upset is again our communication skills. Everyone sees himself as the best communicator and expects the opposite to be himself. Communication is a two-step process; If we take the first step in order to understand the person on our side, it can happen that the miracle that is thought to be difficult to realize, in other words. Communication is a product of the way a person in private life, both the employee manager / staff of the institutions, and the institutions themselves maintain their assets.
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Communication is both an individual personality and an institutional entity that is a legal personality. Wilbur Schramm, by making an effective determination in the form of "every branch of the human community and its behavior is necessary for communication", it tried to express that communication is important not only for people but also for businesses aiming at reaching their aims by benefiting from other sciences and human efforts as much as people
ELEMENTS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION:
Even the use of the most sophisticated technology cannot guarantee effective communication. The world is changing rather fast and the communicator has to keep pace with the change. However, there are certain elements in all effective communication and to communicate effectively these attributes are to be taken care of. The elements of effective communication can be discussed under several headings:
Clarity of Thought and Expression:
The communicator must first know what he/she wants to convey and why. It is very much essential that he/she understands the purpose of his message. Communication without a clear objective amounts to groping in darkness like the seven blind men arguing the size of the elephant. The message should be clear in order to solicit effective feedback.
Correctness / Appropriatenes:
The message should not only be candid and clear, it should also be correct. It should be correct in spelling, grammar, content and format. Be sure that the statistical data, if you are using any, is correct. Use specific facts and figures. Ensure that the rules and conventions of spelling, grammar, punctuation, usage, and idiom are correctly used as also style (appropriateness of word choice and level of formality to audience, purpose, and material)
Feedback:
Communication is a two-way street: it needs the efforts of both the sender and the receiver for success. It is a complex process. The communication, in spite of all efforts, may fail simply because the receiver somehow fails to provide feedback or the sender fails to interpret the feedback correctly. Then, do you think communication is difficult? If your answer is ‘yes’ you’re right. “Communication is so difficult,” asserts a guide, because at each step in the process there is major potential of error. By the time a message gets from a sender to a receiver, there are four basic places where transmission errors can take place and at each place, there are a multitude of potential sources of error
BUSINESS GROWTH
Growth increases in size or quality improvement, resulting from development in which the interacting internal changes series will increase size. It will be accompanied by changes in the characteristics of the growing object. The assets, net profits, and sales will increase. Cost reduction is crucial if the firm's industry proliferates and the competitors are involved in the wards of prices with attempts of increasing market shares. Firms not gaining the needed economy of the large productions will face significant losses unless they find and fill small and profitable niches if special features of products or services offset the high prices.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AND BUSINESS ORGANIZATION
It involves clearly transmitting a message and receiving acknowledgment that the message has been received and understood by your intended audience. Effective communication also means providing acknowledgment to others that ensures they feel heard and understood. The aforementioned proves that efficient open communication is generally crucial for the success of innovations in organizations, while its impact is not negligible with reference to the need to engage the highest possible number of employees in the innovation process. For these reasons, an analysis of the level of openness of communication processes in organizations is considered to be necessary. If organisations aspire to maintain competitiveness, they will need to keep pace with the organisations that react quickly to such changes. Open communication, as an instrument of effective engagement of human resources may be among the instruments of increasing the chances of organisations to maintain competitiveness.

Instructional materials have been observed as a powerful strategy to bring about effective teaching and learning. The importance of quality and adequate instructional materials in teaching and learning can occur through their effective utilization during classroom teaching. Instructional materials here include all the tools that the teachers can use to make the learning more interesting and memorable. Despite all these roles of instructional materials, most teachers still teach in our schools without instructional materials, reasons being that they are not available or some concepts do not require instructional materials.
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However some conceived that instructional materials cannot be improvised and some reason that instructional materials are too difficult to manipulate or that instructional materials waste a lot of time in the classroom. This paper therefore examined the roles of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of basic science. The paper also looked at the effect of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of certain concepts in basic science.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
In an attempt to define the term instructional material, the two key words of instructional and media will be defined. However, it is pertinent to note that instructional material is otherwise known as instructional media. The term instruction is a deliberate arrangement of experience within the learning space, classroom, laboratory, workshop etc aimed at helping learners to achieve desirable changed in behaviour or performance. Media is used to think about television, satellite communication, computer and other sophisticated modern technologies. Now, Instructional Materials as the name suggests, are materials of visual, and audio - visual category that helps to make concepts abstracts and ideas concrete in the teaching/learning process. They are also materials which the teacher uses in supplementing his teachings. Instructional materials include materials used to facilitate learning for better results. Instructional material can be seen as any devices with instructional content or function that is used for teaching purposes including books, supplementary reading materials, audio visual and other sensory materials, script for audio and television instruction, programme for computer manage sets of materials for construction and manipulation. The use of instructional materials does not only encourage teachers and students to work collaboratively but also results in more cooperative learning activities among the students. When the students are given the chance to learn through more senses than one, they can learn faster and easier. The use of instructional material provides the teacher with interesting and compelling platforms for conveying information since they motivate learners to learn more. Instructional material are channel of communication through which information passes for usage in educational situation In conjunction with the instructor. Going through the description of instruction material, it would be observed that the understanding behind the use of instructional material is to aid learners in their learning
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Academic achievement is considered to be equal to academic performance, and the common measure of academic achievement of college students is GPA (credit point average), which can be accurately calculated from the marks of each course to measure students' academic achievement. "Academic" means the result of school work. For example, test scores. When "achievement" is used as a noun, it refers to the results obtained in a career. Academic achievement is considered to include not only intelligence and practical ability, but also the mastery of knowledge of human society and nature, in addition to the examination of comprehensive learning ability, and responsibility consciousness. Academic achievement includes the emotional development of students in addition to their own cognitive and practical abilities. It is easy to see that there is a wealth of research on the concept of academic achievement in Nigeria and abroad, but the most commonly accepted one is that proposed by the National Leadership Council for Liberal Education and America's Promise, which states that academic achievement of college students is not equal to the admission rate and the percentage of those who can earn a degree, but more important: whether students have acquired the essential knowledge and ability to face work and life
THE USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING IN COLLEGES
The use of instructional materials is an indispensable tool that enhances qualitative teaching and learning especially at the primary level. Instructional materials are used to facilitate comprehension of ideas in the learners as well as ensure long term retention of ideas and topics taught to pupils. The quality of instructional processes experienced by a learner determines quality of education. In their view they suggest that quality instructional materials create into the learner’s quality learning experience. The students’ performance is affected by the quality and quantity of teaching and learning resources.
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This implies that the schools that possess adequate teaching and learning materials such as textbooks, charts, pictures, real objects for students to see, hear and experiment with, stand a better chance of performing well in examination than poorly equipped ones. Instructional materials are highly important for teaching especially for inexperienced teachers. The teachers rely on instructional materials in every aspect of teaching. They need materials for background information on the subjects they are teaching. Young teachers find it difficult to express themselves when they enter the classroom. Therefore they need instructional materials to help them. Teachers often use instructional materials for lesson planning. These materials are also needed by teachers to assess the knowledge of their students. Teachers often assess students by assigning tasks, creating projects and administering. examinations. Instructional materials are essential for all these activities

Waste is any material that is not useful to the current owner and requires getting rid of while waste management involves activities aimed at protecting the overall health and wellbeing of all those who come in contact with waste materials. The way waste is produced, stored, treated and disposed of, affects the overall health condition of any given community.

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On that note, healthseeking behavior looks at the ability to strive for health care services and also understand the procedural approach to managing illness. The concept of sustainable development provides the basis for sustainable waste management by ensuring that there is social, economic and environmental balance in handling waste materials. On that note, sustainable waste management covers activities aimed at: reducing, reusing, recycling and recovering energy from waste materials.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Environmental pollution is more than just a health issue; it is a wider social issue in that pollution has the potential to destroy homes and communities. Pollution problems are also closely tied to the mode of development in developing countries. Despite this, many developing countries either have not developed environmental pollution control measures, or have not provided adequate implementation structures to ensure that policies are effective.
HEALTH CARE SEEKING BEHAVIOUR
Health seeking behaviour of the aged is determined by their attitude and that the elderly sometimes focuses exclusively on him or herself and try to use power, pressure, influence or control in ways destructive to their relationship with their caregivers. To some extent, the elderly person’s behaviour can be self-centred and not noticing other people feelings and not realizing when they are upset or when something you do upsets them. Occasionally, the elderly develops abusive behaviour. In this regard, they complain bitterly about unavoidable situations, finding faults with almost everything, blaming others for problems caused by themselves, refusing advice that would ease care tasks because they think that they know better and their ideas should be carried, prolonging conversations through repetition and demanding help beyond the caregiver’s capacity. This invariably may induce stress. When seeking health care, the aged are liable to face situation such as mistreatment which has been identified in facilities for continuing care (such as nursing homes, residential care, hospitals and day care facilities) in almost every country where such institutions exist. Various people may be responsible for the abuse: a paid member of the staff, another resident, a voluntary visitor, or relatives or friends.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR NEXUS
It is known that the majority of environmental pollutants are emitted through large-scale human activities such as the use of industrial machinery, power-producing stations, combustion engines, and cars. Because these activities are performed at such a large scale, they are by far the major contributors to air pollution, with cars estimated to be responsible for approximately 80% of today's pollution. Some other human activities are also influencing our environment to a lesser extent, such as field cultivation techniques, gas stations, fuel tanks heaters, and cleaning procedures, as well as several natural sources, such as volcanic and soil eruptions and forest fires. At the end of the day, all the pollutants are inhaled by human. Some are ingested via food and drinking water which result in healthcare seeking behavior among adults.

Knowledge has always seen as one of the key strategic resources that can produce sustained long-term competitive advantage. Knowledge is the ability of people and organizations to understand and act effectively. Having knowledge supports to cope with daily routine works and it can also set up everyone to deal with new situations and utilize when needed. In a growing global economy managing knowledge effectively has become a source of competitive advantage.

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Companies are adopting integrated approaches to identify, manage, share and capitalize on the know-how, experience and intellectual capital of employees. During the past decade, many companies invested heavily in electronic knowledge management (KM) systems hoping to increase their ability to manage the vast array of knowledge hidden within the many nooks and crannies of organizational life. However, experienced users of electronic KM systems now realize that managing knowledge is a much more complicated process.
SOCIAL MEDIA
The rapid development of both technology and the skills and knowledge of social media users means that what makes up ‘social media’ continues to change at a rapid rate, as new websites and online content appear each day. Social media encapsulates digital tools and activities that enable communication and sharing across the net. Social media is used prolifically by all areas of society; business, politics, media, advertising, police and emergency services. It has also become a key tool for provoking thought, dialogue and action around particular social issues. In its terms, ‘social media is user generated content that is shared over the internet via technologies that promote engagement, sharing and collaboration.’ Social media as we know it today can probably be traced back more than two decades. While it was unsophisticated by today’s standards, users could post public messages on sites such as Usenet. Not surprisingly, the advent and availability of high-speed internet access has led to a proliferation of sites and an explosion in their popularity
THE USES OF SOCIAL MEDIA
Social networks are classified based on how people use them. For instance, Social Networking Sites such as MySpace, Facebook are used to share and update message, Microblogs such as Twitter is used for short messages, Wikis are mainly used for educational and informational purposes, Blogs are usually personal or collaborative online publishing diary, while Online Forums are interactive space where participants discuss issues which are posted on a discussion board. People use social media for either hard or soft issues or both. For instance, some people use social media to play online games, while others use it to negotiate, establish, maintain, and participate in political and cultural issues. Therefore, the popularity, availability, and accessibility of social media technologies make their usage in almost every aspect of life. All social networks rely on advanced Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) that work to build and support technological literacy for people which in turn helps learners to link in an economy and become valuable contributors. Secondly, social media provide critical content literacy which is the ability to effectively use search engines and understand how they “order” information, who or what organizations created or sponsored the information and where the information comes from and its credibility and/or nature
KNOWLEDGE SHARING
Sharing is a common activity for everyone, but knowledge sharing within an organization is a complex and complicated issue. Knowledge sharing is the process by which knowledge of individuals is converted into a form that can be understood and used by other individuals. Knowledge sharing refers to the task to help others with knowledge, and to collaborate with others to solve problems, develop new ideas, or implement processes. The ultimate goal of KS is to distribute the right content to right people at right time. The system therefore must enable us quickly and effectively to find relevant information & expertise and that can aid into decision-making & problem solving. Hence, the tacit knowledge resides in the minds of individuals, in their skills, experiences, value judgments. Individuals are often the most difficult source to document because they feel that sharing what they know will make them expandable or that their knowledge on any given subject is what makes them unique. Another biggest challenge for KS is each time employees leaves their job; they carry what they know with them. If they share tacit knowledge among employees it ensures that pertinent employees knowledge stay around long after the employees leave the company.
THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN KNOWLEDGE SHARING AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS
Social media has a variety of broad definitions, such as "collaborative online applications and technologies which enable and encourage participation, conversation, openness, creation and socialization amongst a community of users, web-based tools and practices enabling participation and collaboration based on individuals’ activities. Social media is to make use of the “wisdom of the crowd”. Group of people are better at problem solving, fostering decision making than the individuals alone. New ways of inspiring and exploiting knowledge sharing are forcing organizations to expand their knowledge sharing technologies and practices. The term “Web 2.0” was generated by O’Reilly Media in 2004. It refers to technologies that allow individuals to interactively participate with information and with other individuals, and to build networks based on mutual personal or professional interest. Web 2.0 facilitates social networking therefore is also referred to as the social media. These technologies - blogs (like Blogger), video sharing (like YouTube), presentation sharing (like SlideShare), social networking service (like Facebook, LinkedIn), instant messaging service (like Skype) and groupware (like Google Docs) - foster a more socially connected platform.

Forensic accounting is defined as the practice of rigorous data collection and analysis in the areas of litigation support consulting, expert witnessing, and fraud examination. Forensic Accounting provides an accounting analysis suitable to the court and forms the basis for discussion, debate and ultimately dispute resolution. See Samples Of Accounting Research Project Topics And Materials For Students.
Forensic accounting may be described as being the integration of an individual's accounting and auditing knowledge with investigative skills that have been gained from years of practical experience. It is the means by which the forensic accountant will review instructions given by a client, usually through a solicitor, thoroughly investigate those instructions and the underlying circumstances, examine the financial information and any relevant contracts and other agreements, obtain appropriate evidence, prepare any appropriate calculations, form a conclusion and publish the whole in the form of a report suitable for presentation to the court.
FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
Forensic accounting provides an accounting analysis to assist in legal matters which will form the basis for discussion, debate and ultimately dispute resolution. Forensic accounting can be defined as the application of financial accounting and investigative skills at a standard acceptable by the courts, to address issues in dispute in the context of civil and criminal litigation. Forensic Accounting is simply a specialty field in Accounting that deals with the identification of financial irregularities, and reports in a way that it would be suitable for use in a court of law
FINANCIAL IRREGULARITIES
Intentional misstatements or omissions of information to financial transactions that are detrimental to the interests of the Institution. These may include violations of relevant Federal, State, or institutional laws, rules, and procedures. These acts include, but are not limited to embezzlement, fraud, and forgery or falsification of reports, documents, or computer files to misappropriate assets.
FORENSIC ACCOUNTING IN CURBING FINANCIAL IRREGULARITIES IN THE BANKING SECTORS
Financial irregularities are rarely seen. The symptoms of financial irregularities are usually observed. The symptoms do not necessarily mean financial irregularities is being undergone as it may be caused by mistakes. The writer advices are mainly to be cautious when financial irregularities are reported as it may be false allegations. Financial irregularities are not easily proven since financial irregularities have themselves at a safe line where authority could not convict them. This shows that the author is explaining that the financial irregularities defaulters are getting smarter due to the possible mistake human can cause. This has made detecting and proving financial irregularities a hard work fora forensic accountant. There is a need for deeper understanding on how these defaulters work their financial fraudulent act. Without constant involvement of the public and improvement in forensic accounting, financial irregularities cases will be hard to detect and thus lead to greater success in financial irregularities, which also translates into the failure to meet the expectations of the public, shareholders or even other stakeholders.
Therefore, lack of honesty and transparency in reporting financial statement is another problem. It is agreeable that an auditor does not have the absolute duty to uncover financial irregularities, but they should practice fair and true reporting to ensure that the interests of the public as well as the employees are protected. With the use of forensic accounting guidelines, auditors can act as forensic accountants in cases of suspicious financial irregularities or criminal activities in a company. Ineffective and inefficient system of internal control which is stated by the author points out that a weak management cannot be changed with internal control system. Even if a company applies good internal control systems, the management will still be the major factor influencing the implementation. Companies should look towards new approaches rather than follow the traditional approach as forensic accounting may be the next best alternative in resolving problems.

Hostel sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces in the hostel. The word 'hostel sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal in the hostel. See Samples Of Undergraduate Projects & Research Ideas On Health.

Hostel sanitation includes all four of these engineering infrastructure items (even though often only the first one is strongly associated with the term hostel sanitation): Excreta management systems, wastewater management systems (included here are wastewater treatment plants), solid waste management systems, drainage systems for rainwater, also called storm water drainage
HOSTEL SANITATION
It is essential for hostels to maintain a high standard of sanitation because these places are a popular and affordable choice of housing for many students. However, hostels in a typical Nigerian public university is usually unpleasant and unhygienic. An observation of the state of the art showed that the surrounding of most hostels emits unpleasant odour which is not conducive for the health of the students and that of the staff working in the hostels. This unhygienic environment can affect the health status of the students who needs good health to study harder and perform better academic so as to acquire the skills and competence needed to contributes meaningfully to the socio-economic development of the nation.
CHALLENGES OF HOSTEL SANITATION PRACTICES
Some challenges affecting hostel sanitation practices among undergraduates for improved health status in hostels are Inadequate toilets in the hostel, Poor drainage system in the hostel, Absenteeism of hostel cleaners, Inadequate water supply in the hostel among others. Another major challenge of hostel sanitation is that cleaners have issues in acquiring their materials for executing their duties. Majority of the respondents who at one time had complaints with the conditions of the hostel experienced delayed responses; students also reported that at one point in time they had suffered some health issues which includes malaria, typhoid, dysentery, although no case of food poisoning was recorded. Absenteeism of labourers (gardeners and cleaners), lack of water, working and cleaning materials and refuse disposal were the factors which contribute to sanitation problems in university hostels. Sanitation is one of the greatest problems facing developing countries due to inadequate facilities, poor funding, and poor implementation of policies as well as wrong lifestyle. In most tertiary institutions it can been seen that most halls in this institution were overcrowded with insufficient toilets and wash rooms for students, accommodation and sanitation facilities in the halls were found to be inadequate despite some expansions in toilets and wash rooms. Availability of soaps and anal cleaning materials was found to be inadequate. It is seen that inadequate water supply, poor toilet facilities, insufficient toilet, bathroom and waste disposal facilities and poor drainage system are the major causes of poor sanitation in the hostel environment.
HOSTEL SANITATION AND STUDENTS HEALTH
For any social and economic development, adequate hostel sanitation in conjunction with good hygiene and safe water are essential to good health. Lack of proper hostel sanitation causes diseases among students. Most of the diseases resulting from hostel sanitation have a direct relation to management inefficiency. The lack of clean water and poor hostel sanitation causes many diseases and the spread of diseases among students in the hostel. It is estimated that inadequate hostel sanitation is responsible for 4.0 percent of deaths and 5.7 percent of disease burden worldwide among students. Diarrhea is a major implication of poor sanitary practices. Deaths resulting from diarrhea are estimated to be between 1.6 and 2.5 million deaths every year. Most of the affected are young students. Students suffering from diarrhea are more vulnerable to become underweight (due to stunted growth) which makes them more vulnerable to other diseases such as acute respiratory infections and malaria

If students’ demands and expectations of university are changing, this might be expected to be experienced directly by teaching staff. Moreover, irrespective of students’ expectations and demands, teaching staff and universities may feel under a different obligation towards students and may change their provision
TUITION FEES
The charging of tuition fees by higher education institutions is a critical component in any cost sharing strategy and one that has become increasingly salient as more and more countries turn to cost sharing in an effort to meet growing demand for, and offset decreasing government investment in, higher education.

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The immediate issue addressed in a country’s tuition fee policy is the division of the burden of higher education’s instructional costs between the student and his/her family and the government, or taxpayer, as well as the accompanying financial assistance policies/programmes that are adopted to ensure that the implementation of tuition fees does not reduce access to higher education for students from lower socio-economic backgrounds. Thus, the policies by which tuition fees are established (or opposed or rejected) are critical both for the very considerable revenue at stake as well as for the potential impact on higher education accessibility and the implications to equity and social justice. The distinction between such a tuition fee and other kinds of fees is imprecise and is sometimes even deliberately intended to hide what could just as well be termed a tuition or a tuition fee because of either legal obstacles or political opposition to the very idea of such a fee. However, a tuition fee generally refers to a mandatory charge levied upon all students (and/or their parents) covering some portion of the general underlying costs of instruction. A fee, on the other hand, generally refers to a charge levied to recover all or most of the expenses associated with a particular institutionally-provided good or service that is frequently (although not always) partaken of by some but not all student and that might, in other circumstances, be privately provided. Thus, charges to cover some or all of the costs of food and lodging, or of health and transportation services, would normally fall under the category of fees, as might the charges to cover some special expenses associated with instruction such as consumable supplies in an art class or transportation associated with a special internship experience. Less precisely distinct from a tuition fee because they are usually levied on all students but are nonetheless based on the actual expense of the particular institutionally-provided good or service – and which therefore might be referred to as fees as opposed to tuition or tuition fees – could be charges levied to cover the cost of processing admission applications or of providing student Internet access or recreational programmes. Finally, charges levied on all students that are associated with noninstructional programmes or services and that the students themselves have a major hand in allocating among competing programmes and services (usually through an elected student government) are generally referred to as fees.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Academic performance has always been associated to the evaluation tests results , which are those corresponding to student's IQ, and leaving aside other personal characteristics. Among such characteristics, the importance of emotional intelligence is worth highlighting (management, facilitation, understanding and perception), dimensions associated to personality traits (emotional impulsiveness, respect for others, sociability, negotiating skills, openness to experience, self-confidence) and, of course, the meaning of life, since the creation of meaning is related to each person’s individual development, in hand with other processes such as identity, relationships and life goals. The objective of this project is to study the role of these dimensions in the learning process and development of students, which may predict future performance. Today, there is a clear need for education to learn about the factors that influence a student’s academic performance, considering the performance to be the quantitative result obtained during the learning process, based on the evaluations carried out by the teachers through objective test evaluations. The latest patterns in this area highlight the importance of considering other variables beyond intellectual capabilities. These trends are supported by several points of research that show that academic performance is not only associated with intellectual quotient (IQ), but there are multiple variables and dimensions to which a certain predictive value can be attributed. For this reason, the objective of this report is to extend the existing source of knowledge when it comes to explaining or understanding academic performance, which is why we will analyze the importance of emotional intelligence, personality and the meaning of life in such performance
EFFECT OF HIGH TUITION FEES ON STUDENTS PERFORMANCE
In general, fees can affect students’ academic performance at two distinct margins. First, they can impact university enrollment among high school graduates, that is, the extensive margin. Second, they can affect degree completion among enrolled university students, that is, the intensive margin. The impacts at these two margins can notably go in opposite directions: for example, tuition fees might reduce enrollment due to deterrence effects, but increase degree completion because of improvements in educational quality or because students raise their study effort due to a sunk-cost effect. In this case, the overall impact on educational attainment would be ambiguous. Combining the estimates of extensive and intensive margin effects to gauge the overall impact of tuition fees on educational attainment. Because fees reduce enrollment but increase degree completion, the direction of this impact is ambiguous. In a simple accounting framework, it shows that because these opposing forces roughly offset each other, fees do not change the number of university graduates in the population much. At the same time, the public cost of higher education decreases substantially with the introduction of fees.

Higher education plays an important role in the socio-economic development of a country. Institutions for higher education are factories which manufacture skilled human resources through imparting, creating and disseminating knowledge and providing advanced education in a wide range of areas which result in the increase of productivity, business earnings and economic growth and thus are critical for socioeconomic development of Nigeria like other ones. As such, the universities are the generators of knowledge and students are the most important part of this process.

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Nevertheless, after graduation, one of the most important problems that a student face is to choose his suitable career which is defined as the sequence of a person’s several roles and work experiences over time
CAREER
Choosing a career is not like choosing an orange from a basket. Successful career seldom happens by chance; with very few exceptions, people who really get what they want in a career do so because they define their objective plans and schedules for achieving their objectives, and assume personal responsibility for implementing and following these plans. These people monitor their progress regularly, improve their plans when they are not getting the desired result and persevere in the face of frequent set back until objectives are achieved. Many scholars have given their own different meaning to choose and career and some have further stressed their importance and objectives of selecting a better career. The dictionary meaning of Career is a way of making a living profession amongst career of opportunities. Many find it difficult to make choice in the sense that they lack guidance and counseling, making their choice without the help of any person. Several works have been done based on the determinant factors affecting career by students. There are opinions expressed on this issue that are as varied as the factor which have been included in the first chapter. In the same view, there is no doubt however that there are many factors responsible for the progress of a child backwardness or retardation VIZ; genetic factors (that are inherent in the child himself) and environmental factor (from the environment where the child grew up).
CAREER CHOICE
Career Choice is the most important event in an individual’s life. Person’s success and consequently; satisfaction and happiness depend on how accurately he chooses his career. Improper selection of the career or frequently changing the career is very harmful for psychological health. Once we invest time, money and effort in moving along a particular career path it may not be easy to change the path. It is well known that individuals who make career choices based on personal interests and abilities, show significantly higher levels of job satisfaction and are more productive workers. Students who have gone through comprehensive career counselling are disserting in their career choices, while students who make career choices without adequate and accurate counselling and guidance are at risk of being impelled to choose careers that are not suitable for them.
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Career choice and development are the experiences of the total personality, and that the satisfaction thus derived from a career depends on the compatibility of a person’s work situation and personality type. To be ‘ready’ to choose means more than simply arriving at a point when a choice is necessary. Just as emoting in an advanced programme require prior mastery of basic elementary concepts, making a decision involves pre-requisites. The concept of “readiness” emerged from the basic motion that vocational choices should not be seen as single, point-in-line events but rather, as the result of previous processes.
CAREER CHOICE AND INFORMATION SOURCE NEXUS
Career information is a general designation of all information related to career. Complete career information includes practice resource information, career news information, career policy information, career evaluation information, etc. According to the different objects of vocational guidance, we can divide the vocational information into several parts, such as new growth labor market vocational information, laid-off and unemployed personnel vocational information, rural surplus labor market vocational information, and on-the-job personnel professional information With the development of modern technology innovation, especially the development of global communication and Internet, the basic role of career information in career guidance process is particularly important. In the process of vocational guidance, it is necessary for vocational guidance personnel to collect and process all kinds of vocational information to provide job seekers and workers with corresponding vocational information, exchange vocational information with all aspects, and help vocational guidance objects to make decisions. The collection and application of career information build a bridge for individuals, enterprises and society. Influence individuals, promote work and achieve growth through career guidance. In terms of personal impact, professional information provides corresponding information support, explains that individuals understand the specific requirements of society for different professional roles, cultivates the awareness of professional roles, understands corporate culture, values, experience and norms, determines professional ideals, enhances personal social adaptability, is conducive to the socialization of individuals, and is conducive to the establishment of a correct professional outlook. Through these information and the guidance of vocational guidance practitioners is conducive to making wise career choices for individuals, and to the physical and mental health and personal development of workers.

Learning is the knowledge or skill acquired through study, which reflects in the way students respond to environmental, social, emotional, and physical incentives as well as understand new information. Academic performance is considered as a complex student’s behavior that inspires a number of abilities like memory, previous knowledge or aptitude, as well as psychological factors. Nowadays, in most of the university students’ academic performance has become an important issue for researchers.

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Educators, trainers, and researchers have given emphasize in discovering variables that have a significant contribution to the performance of learners. Academic performance is the assessment of a student's ability in a variety of academic areas. Classroom performance, graduation rates, and standardized test results are commonly used by teachers and education administrators to evaluate student accomplishment.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Academic instruction is arguably the primary business of education. To this end, schools are expected to influence students’ learning, socialization, and even vocational preparedness. Despite the attention paid to a broad definition of educational outcomes, however, academic performance remains central. Students’ academic performance is a term that appears frequently married in higher education discourse. Academic performance is a multidimensional construct composed of the skills, attitudes, and behaviors of a learner that contribute to academic success in the classroom. Academic performance by students has always been a subject of interest to every educational institution. Whereas there is a consensus that schools should play a major role in this process, there seems to be disagreement about what exactly that role should be. While some believe that the primary focus of schools should be the academic preparation of students. Others however believe that efforts of schools should be integrated with other social institutions such as family and community towards educating children. In fact, heads of educational institution, teachers and parents are primarily responsible for students’ academic performance, and that schools should efficiently and effectively organize themselves towards this task. Researchers over the years have used a variety of ways to measure academic performance and these include report card grades, grade point averages, standardized test scores, teacher ratings, other cognitive test scores, grade retention and dropout rates. Thus, student’s academic performance is typically assessed by the use of teacher ratings, tests, and exams. In fact, student academic performance is more likely to be experienced and evidenced when students feel personally validated and believe that their effort matters and can influence or control the prospects of their academic success. In reality, these inspire them to develop a sense of purpose and perceive the school experience as being personally relevant.
REASONS FOR POOR PERFORMANCE:
-TEACHERS’ ATTITUDE TO USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Teachers use different instructional materials to motivate learning. The success in the skill and knowledge acquisition in an instructional situation depends on the suitability of the instructional material, adequacy and effective utilization of the available materials. The relevance of instructional materials to the objective of the lesson and the ease of use of the instructional materials are serious considerations in instructional materials utilization to better the learner’s performance. Many of the school teachers are ignorant of using, those instructional materials and induction course, lecture: and seminars are not organized in teaching profession as they are organized in the civil services to up-grade knowledge and to facilitate the use of sophisticated instructional materials. Teachers also do not make maximum use of the few instructional materials at their disposal, because many of them do not have the knowledge of operating them.
-TEACHING METHOD
Poor teaching can manifest in different ways, including ineffective communication, lack of organization, inadequate planning, and failure to engage students. Teachers who are not proficient in their subject matter or who lack enthusiasm for teaching can also contribute to poor teaching.
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When teachers fail to meet students' needs, it can have a long-lasting negative impact on their academic performance. Poor teaching can result in a lack of motivation, leading to bad study habits and poor grades. Students may become disinterested in learning and develop negative attitudes toward education
-PEER GROUP INFLUENCE
A negative peer influence could be seen as one of the militating forces why most student record poorly in academic performance, the reason for this is not farfetched: they spend large amount of time in extra curriculum. More often than none, academic priorities are neglected and thus academic performance grossly affected. Academic performance refers to excellence in all academic discipline. The academic performance encompasses students’ ability and performance; it is multi-dimensional; it is intricately associated to human growth and cognitive, emotional and social physical development. Academic performance also refers to how well a student is accomplishing his tasks and studies. There should be a interrelated relationship between peer group and academic performance. It was believed that student’s academic performance correlates with the group he or she belongs. Peer Influence can be either positive or negative. If a student is influenced negatively by peer, it affects his or her academic performance. Nevertheless, stronger student do have an impact on their peers and actually help improve their overall academic performance

Bullying is a word often used to describe a lot of different aggressive or harmful behaviors that are not actually bullying. Bullying is one-sided and does not include one-off incidents or conflicts between strangers. Bullying happens within social relationships, involving repeated and hurtful behaviors that stem from a misuse of power. A clear and shared definition is important so that centers, schools, kura, adults, and young people can identify bullying and distinguish it from other types of aggression or conflict.

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It is important that everyone is looking for the same types of behaviors before labelling a person as a bully. Incorrectly labelling a child as a bully can lead to serious and inaccurate stigmatization. A consistent approach to defining and understanding bullying is also important so that appropriate strategies and interventions can be implemented.
SCHOOL BULLYING
Bullying can involve many different types of behaviour. Physical, or ‘direct’ bullying hurts an individual in a tangible way, but ‘indirect’ actions such as stealing or damaging their belongings can hurt them emotionally. This also applies to verbal bullying, which involves name-calling or being otherwise insulted or humiliated. Relational or social bullying refers to behaviours that disrupt the victims’ relationships with their peers, such as social exclusion or spreading gossip. Bullying can be motivated by race, religion, culture, gender or sexuality. Sexual bullying may involve sexual acts or demands. Cyberbullying, a relatively more recent phenomenon that has attracted increasing attention in the last decade, involves using electronic means such as the internet, email and mobile phones. It is particularly vicious, as nasty messages or images can be spread quickly and seen by many. Research evidence suggests that it tends to happen outside of school.
PARTICIPANT ROLES IN SCHOOL BULLYING
School bullying normally occurs in the presence of the peer group and is a social process. Children’s responses to bullying, and their perceptions of themselves and of their own safety, are influenced by others. The social context of individual classes or year groups can also influence the likelihood of bullying. However, more research is needed into the nature of the group process involved. Children are not just bullying and/or victims in bullying: they may act as assistants of the bully - doing things that help, such as acting as a lookout - or as reinforcers, encouraging the bullying. On the other hand, they may be defenders, who try to stop it, or outsiders/bystanders, who neither encourage nor intervene.
EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION
The period of early childhood is until the age of eight years. One of the reasons that early childhood is regarded up to the age of eight is to enable him or her acquire a smooth understanding of the entire education from the level of play group to pre-primary and from pre-primary to the level of primary. The early childhood education is in an organized form to a major extent. The teachers and the other members of the pre-school, who are involved in this education are required to be systematic and methodical in their workings and conduct. It requires efficiency in its format and implication. Within this framework, the term ‘care’ holds much significance. When imparting any kind of learning, understanding or information to the students, the teachers need to take into consideration, the aspects of care and thoughtfulness. In pre-schools, students are young, hence, they need to be taken care in terms of various aspects, such as, learning, playing, health, emotions, diet, nutrition, and psychoanalysis. These are important for the overall development of the child. The main purpose of early childhood education is to lead to effectual growth and development of the students. It creates the foundation for learning among the students, so that they are able to develop their skills and abilities efficiently from the early age. Early childhood care and education also makes provision of information and knowledge to the families and communities of the students, with the purpose of contributing towards their effective growth and development. In pre-schools, learning begins with play, when students begin to take pleasure in play activities, then at the next level, they are taught drawing and colouring strategies, which enables them to develop an interest in art. At the next level, students are taught academic concepts, such as alphabets, numbers etc.
HOW BULLYING AFFECT EARLY CHILDHOOD EDEUCATION
Bullying has become a widespread epidemic among school-aged children in the Nigeria. While evidence suggests that bullying is more pervasive among adolescent student populations, aggressive behaviors can emerge in children as young as 12 months of age. Therefore, involvement within the bullying dynamic could begin in the early childhood years. It is believed that the early emergence of bullying behaviors may be related to children becoming engaged in social groupings at an early age. Based on the social nature of bullying, it is critical for early childhood educators to understand how the development of socializing behaviors may contribute to involvement within the bullying dynamic. Early intervention is the most effective means for reducing challenging behaviors Bullies and Victims: Understanding Bullying in an Early Childhood. Rose within an educational setting, including bullying and victimization. his immediate intervention is even more crucial because young children who are exposed to early victimization may display premature signs of social maladjustment and isolation, and these individuals may have internalized behavior problems that existed prior to school enrollment. Internalizing behaviors may consist of anxiety, depression or withdrawal. On the other hand, students who possess early aggressive behaviors (externalizing behaviors) tend to engage in direct forms of bullying during primary grades. Therefore, teachers must be able to recognize the early signs of problem behaviors, both internalizing and externalizing, in order to prevent prolonged involvement within the bullying dynamic. Intervening early could possibly reduce future perpetration and victimization.
CONCLUSION
Bullying behaviors can emerge at an early age, and it is critical for early childhood professionals to be able to identify and intervene in bullying situations immediately. Educators of young children must provide a structured classroom that is not conducive to bullying behaviors, and allow their students to become active stakeholders within the environment. Additionally, early childhood teachers must consistently watch for the behavioral warning signs and monitor for changes in social groupings or structures within their classrooms. Evidence-based practices should be used to increase awareness and acceptances, as well as foster social skills and age-appropriate communication. Overall, early intervention is most effective for preventing or reducing the long-term outcomes associated with exposure to bullying and victimization
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Students who directly participate during a field experience generate a more positive attitude about the subject. Many researchers have investigated knowledge gain and learning that occurred during field trips. Education is very important for an individual’s life. Education is a major aspect of development of any modern society.
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The importance of education is evident at every stage of education whether at primary, Junior Secondary, Senior Secondary and in Higher education. One type of informal learning experience, more commonly known as educational field trip, is valued by many educators for its potency to increase interest and enhance the information that is being taught inside the classroom.
FIELD TRIP
Field trip is one of the learning methods, it was considered as a flexible approach to providing meaningful learning opportunities in the community. The use of educational field trips has long been a major part of community health nursing educational program where students visit the community and places of public health importance. Visiting these places provides unique opportunities for learning that are not available within the four walls of the lecture halls. Field trips are valuable experiences for students because they have a lasting impact that goes beyond the learning of facts. They allow students to connect to knowledge content in personally relevant ways that promotes lifelong learning, also helpful for teachers. It clarifies, establish, correlate, coordinate accurate concepts, and enable them to make learning more effective, interesting, meaningful and bright as well. Moreover, these trips will also increase the efficiency of staff in teaching and changing student’s attitudes about providing services to the community
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Instructional materials refer to those alternative channels of communication, which a classroom teacher can use to concretize a concept during teaching and learning process. Traditionally, classroom teachers have relied heavily on the 'talk-chalk' method during their teaching. But recently, instructional materials help to provide variations in the ways in which messages are sent across. In using instructional materials teachers and accounting students do not only extend the range of sense organs we use but also extend the range of materials used for convening the same message through the same organ. For instance, in teaching a topic a teacher can manipulate real objects or use their stimulators. Instructional materials therefore constitute the media of exchange through which a message transaction is facilitated between a source and a receiver. In addition to extending the range of materials that can be used to convey the same instructional message to learner’s instructional materials also facilitate the 'process' nature of communication. In this passage, the process nature of communication implies that both the source and the receiver of a message are actively involved in a communication encounter. Infarct, it means that both the receiver and the source share and exchange ideas, feelings in any communication. One important dimension in teacher education that is getting a lot of attention is related to the use of instructional materials. Instructional materials are those materials used by a teacher to simplify their teaching. They include both visual and audio-visual aids and could either be concrete or non-concrete. These instructional materials bring life to learning by stimulating accounting students to learn. The use of instructional materials in the classroom has the potential to help the teacher explain new concepts clearly, resulting in better student understanding of the concepts being taught. However, they are not ends in themselves but they are means to an end. It is held that good teaching resources can never replace the teacher but the teacher uses them to achieve their teaching and learning objectives. Some of the instructional materials necessary for effective teaching and learning of Accounting include the chalkboard, models, graphs, charts, maps, pictures, diagrams, cartoons, slides, filmstrips, radio, and television. The importance of the use of these materials cannot be underscored. Instructional materials are essential since they help the teacher and learners avoid overemphasis on recitation and rote learning that can easily dominate a lesson. Resource materials allow learners to have practical experiences which help them to develop skills and concepts and to work in a variety of ways.
USE OF FIELD TRIP AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE
Field trips are a critical component of standards-based instruction in the classroom, not a separate activity, but a direct extension of classroom instruction. Field work is a type of instructional medium in use today, since instructional medium according to the author, is “anything (materials and equipment) that can help the teacher to communicate effectively his or her ideas to the students, so that at the end of the instruction the student can do that which the teacher stated in the objectives. Examples are: real object (specimen, models, excursions, field work) projected/non-projected images, print non-prints etc. Basically, field trip is seen as a support for effective teaching and not a centre of attention. Effective teaching should be the goal, and defines effective teaching as “getting the content (message) across in a manner that will accomplish the desired objectives, and add also that if at the end of the instruction, the student do what the teacher want them to do through the process of evaluation, then effective teaching has taken place. Furthermore, agricultural field trips by secondary school students were expected to enhance student learning experiences through interaction with resource persons and the environment. Such centers were supposed to provide better resources than the school for firsthand information, especially as learning outside the classroom aims at ensuring that all young people had chances to participate in high quality outdoor learning experiences. It also set out to improve academic achievement, developed skills and interdependent in a widening range of environments and provide the opportunity to acceptable levels of risk. But regrettably, many critics and observers have expressed that the whole exercise is a mere jamboree and a waste of time and energy and has not in any way responded to improve student’s performance.

Research project is very important to all student that are about to graduate. Research project has so many definitions. It literally implies repeating a search for something and implicitly assumes that the earlier search was not exhaustive and complete in the sense that there is still scope for improvement. Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. It may be defined as a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic/area. The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English lays down the meaning of research as “a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”. Redman and Mory define research as “a systematized effort to gain new knowledge”. Some people consider research as a movement, a movement from known to unknown.
RESEARCH PROJECT
we can only be sure of our own existence because we perceive through the activity of the mind. ‘‘Cogito, ergo sum’’ (‘‘I think; therefore I am.’’). By this logic knowledge generation is central to man’s existence. However, the act of gathering information and checking data alone is not considered research project. It is at best data collection that is crucial the completion of the research project. The many ways of acquiring knowledge include through tradition, authority, logical reasoning, experience, intuition, borrowing and the scientific method. Of these ways, the scientific method is the most sophisticated and reliable. Research project is the diligent systematic enquiry into nature and society to validate and refine existing knowledge and to generate new knowledge about undergraduate final year research topics or masters’ dissertation projects.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Academic performance or school outcome is the product of student’s achievements at specific institution, for specific time duration, under a specific guideline of a leader to a right motive. The academic performance can be best checked or judged by different ways according to the mental level of students like observations, test and examinations. The primary level student’s academic performance is usually checked by observations. While the examinations and tests are best way to check the academic performance or academic understanding in high classes. These written tests or examinations are known as home exams because it is conducted by school administration. In some countries examination is used to upgrade or degrade the students so if a student is intelligent but did not attend the annual exam will be left in same class till he/she succeed in the exam. Students learn in schools and institutions, their records are kept and this record is called academic performance and academic outcome. The student works under the supervision of a teacher, in a selected place, for selected time duration and their performance is measured by exams. This process is known as the academic performance. The learners choose the best institution to perform well or get academic excellence. The formal study of learner starts in schools. In school the learner learns various things along with technical, arts, literacy etc.
Academic activities are usually measured by test/examination or by assessments. Individuals have different mental level, interest, atmosphere which linked to difference in intelligence and personality. A Recent Meta Analyses suggested “mental curiosity” has an important influence on academic achievements. Early academic achievement enhances later academic achievements. The way of student’s interest, skills, reading habits, behavior etc are the outcome/reflection of parent’s academic socialization. The parents play vital role in child academic socialization. At first stage of her/his life the children learn languages which help him/ her to adjust and fulfill the academic expectations. Physical activity and language plays a vital role in best academic environment because sound body have sound mind and language is a tool for learning and expressing feelings/ knowledge. Exercise specifically increase executive brain functions such as attention, working memory, and motivation. Academic goals can be easily achieved only when the students feel safe, engaged and respected. The environment such as social, emotional, ethical and educational (academic achievement) creates a climate for learning and participating in democracy and well-being. High quality character education leads to academic achievements. Education or academic achievements and character education are co related. When the students are highly motivated towards a topic or they realized the good things by their inner satisfaction, they became good at every field of life as they feel good to do well. Their curiosity increase and pursue them to do well. But when they feel/find something difficult, they lose their way of interest, they became anxious and hesitated. The hesitation leads them to leave the academic performance
HOW STUDENTS CAN IMPROVE THEIR PERFORMANCE IN RESEARCH PROJECTS
When one is obtaining an understanding of the education system, then it is vital to acquire an understanding of the measures that are required to bring about improvements in student performance in research projects. To bring about improvements in student learning, it is necessary to put into practice various strategies. These are, making improvements in the instructional strategies, teaching students to examine their own data and setting of the learning goals, establishing a clear vision of the school-wide data use, making provision of support that foster the data-driven culture within the educational institutions, putting into practice the assessment strategies and creating an amiable environment. The same procedure should be applied to undergraduate final year students and post graduate students who are handling or participating in their research projects should master the various terminologies that have to do with research projects. From experience, research projects in education department follows a similar pattern in their organization. Where most students get it wrong is in their literature review. A good literature review for education students is divided into four sections; the conceptual framework, the theoretical framework, the empirical review and the gap in literature. The step forward towards achieving a high performance in research projects is first by understanding your research topic. Secondly, be able to identify the problem in your research topic. Then ask your project supervisor if there is any format required to follow. Have an understanding of how to come up with a good research methodology. Finally create time to learning the use and application of various statistical software like SPSS, E-VIEW, MINITAB, STATA etc. The you are good to go!

In the modern era the human does not enters directly from childhood to adulthood but it has a period in his life that is equal to lack of responsibility and leisure time has a great distribution in it. Special attention and providing opportunities for spending leisure time of women and girls can have an effective role in the shaping their personality and also structuring community.

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Among leisure activities sport significantly decreases mental pressures and raises a student's social adaptation. It should be noted that several factors affect how students spend their leisure time. Among the factors affecting leisure activities we can refer to socio-economic status and its indexes including salary, education level, household density, age, marital status etc.in the leisure time socio-economic status creates boundaries and differences
STUDENTS SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS
Students Socio-Economic Status (SSES) is a measure of student’s economic and social position in relation to others, based on various variables responsible for social and economic development. Socio-economic status is utilized in sociological research and measuring socio-economic status is important tool in descriptive analysis. Moreover, Socioeconomic status has been one of the most strong and consistent variables in explicating variations among social groups and is defined as an indicator of households‟ combined economic and social welfare variables. Generally, socioeconomic status is viewed as a latent construct and is measured using a composite index of education, health, poverty, income and consumption.
THE MEASURE OF STUDENTS SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS
standard economic measures of socio-economic status use monetary information such as income or consumption expenditure. Income is related to socio-economic status through structural factors. Income is normally defined as pre-tax wages from one’s occupation. This can be measured at the individual level but it is more commonly measured at the household or family level, which consists of the combined income of all household or family members, respectively. It may also be measured in relation to the level of poverty. Economists suggested two more variables, i.e., expenditure and debt as a measure of family’s socio-economic status.
RECREATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
The word ‘Recreation’ stems from the Latin word “recreatio”, meaning that which refreshes or restores. Merriam Webster Dictionary therefore defines recreation as a means of refreshment of strength and spirit after work. Recreation can be regarded as a period of light and restful activity, voluntarily chosen, that permits one to regain energy after heavy work and to return to work renewed. These definitions have however been criticized on the grounds that they do not cover the case of persons who have no work including the growing retiree population, but who certainly need recreation to make their lives meaningful. Consequently, the concept recreation can be seen as any activity that people engage in when at leisure for enjoyment or usually to refresh the body and mind. Such activities are multifaceted: they can be communal or solitary, active or passive, healthy or harmful and people could engage in them either indoors or in the outdoors. Outdoor recreation is leisure pursuits engaged in the outdoors, especially away from home and sometimes in natural or semi-natural settings like parks, wilderness or out of town. It may also include team sport game or practice held in an outdoor setting.
STUDENTS SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS AND RECREATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
Mankind throughout his life has always faced with numerous and varied issues and has done so many attempts for resolving them. Numerous facilities that nowadays human has owned are a result of efforts and even sacrifices of past generations. But today's human has some challenges that is not less than past generations issues in terms of diversity and complexity. And the same issues have been considered further in the last two decades. Scientists and experts have been analyzed and adjusted matters and each offered their strategies from their views. Spending leisure time is a matter that is a concern which by social developments and the progress of science and technology as a serious and effective issue. Man realized the importance of time, its passing, and its impact on his fate and tried to use it consciously. Thus, preventing of social, moral and physical deviations had been important by planning the necessity and important of using leisure time such involved nowadays human that has committed to establish the leisure time organization beside other organizations. Today, leisure is not a lateral phenomenon but it is one of the most important areas of modern civilization that has changed quantity and quality of cultural production by its expanding Leisure activities had been means as entertainments, recreations and activities that is done by interest and enthusiasm after daily activities and its main functions considered refreshment, entertainment, recreation, growth and prosperity of the human personality. Leisure activities for a youngster are as conditions for trial and error and social experiencing that equips him or her for entry into the community and responsibility for the future. Doing appropriate leisure activities plays an important and effective role in the forming dynamic, enthusiastic and joyful intellectual power personality of a society.

Nowadays, learners have access to information presentations of variable quality. One such type of presentation format is separate text and diagrams which is very difficult to understand and consequently has a negative effect on learning. Split text and diagrams, referred to as split-attention, requires the learner’s effort to hold small pieces of text in working memory while searching for the relevant matching diagrammatic representation, with this process ongoing until all the information is rendered intelligible.

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Therefore, the research question motivating this paper is: What instructional strategy is more effective for accounting students in terms of increasing performance scores and reducing mental load? Establishing effective instructional strategies in accounting is essential since accounting is considered an important business subject with many undergraduate and postgraduate degrees including introductory accounting in their curriculum
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Instructional materials refer to those alternative channels of communication, which a classroom teacher can use to concretize a concept during teaching and learning process. Traditionally, classroom teachers have relied heavily on the 'talk-chalk' method during their teaching. But recently, instructional materials help to provide variations in the ways in which messages are sent across. In using instructional materials teachers and accounting students do not only extend the range of sense organs we use but also extend the range of materials used for convening the same message through the same organ. For instance, in teaching a topic a teacher can manipulate real objects or use their stimulators. Instructional materials therefore constitute the media of exchange through which a message transaction is facilitated between a source and a receiver. In addition to extending the range of materials that can be used to convey the same instructional message to learner’s instructional materials also facilitate the 'process' nature of communication. In this passage, the process nature of communication implies that both the source and the receiver of a message are actively involved in a communication encounter. Infarct, it means that both the receiver and the source share and exchange ideas, feelings in any communication. One important dimension in teacher education that is getting a lot of attention is related to the use of instructional materials. Instructional materials are those materials used by a teacher to simplify their teaching. They include both visual and audio-visual aids and could either be concrete or non-concrete. These instructional materials bring life to learning by stimulating accounting students to learn. The use of instructional materials in the classroom has the potential to help the teacher explain new concepts clearly, resulting in better student understanding of the concepts being taught. However, they are not ends in themselves but they are means to an end. It is held that good teaching resources can never replace the teacher but the teacher uses them to achieve their teaching and learning objectives. Some of the instructional materials necessary for effective teaching and learning of Accounting include the chalkboard, models, graphs, charts, maps, pictures, diagrams, cartoons, slides, filmstrips, radio, and television. The importance of the use of these materials cannot be underscored. Instructional materials are essential since they help the teacher and learners avoid overemphasis on recitation and rote learning that can easily dominate a lesson. Resource materials allow learners to have practical experiences which help them to develop skills and concepts and to work in a variety of ways.
THE USE OF INSTRUCTIONALS AND ACCOUNTING STUDENTS PERFORMANCE
Instructional materials are highly important for teaching especially for inexperienced teachers. The teachers rely on instructional materials in every aspect of teaching. They need materials for background information on the subjects they are teaching. Young teachers find it difficult to express themselves when they enter the classroom. Therefore they need instructional materials to help them. Teachers often use instructional materials for lesson planning. These materials are also needed by teachers to assess the knowledge of their accounting students. Teachers often assess accounting students by assigning tasks, creating projects and administering examinations. Instructional materials are essential for all these activities. These materials can also help teachers create assignment and project ideas for accounting students. Teachers are required to use several different methods to assess their accounting students in order to provide the most accurate assessments.
Instructional materials often provide innovative and creative ways to assess accounting students’ performance. It is hard to imagine any teacher who is capable of teaching effectively without accompaniment of instructional materials. In addition to this, any teacher who is deprived of instructional materials must likely experience stress and anxiety on daily basis. Instructional materials are also designed to develop the learner to achieve his/her desires objectives in a learning situation. Instructional materials bring science to bear in the classroom. Successful implementation of any curriculum is fully dependent on the quality and quantity of instructional materials available to teachers and pupils for use in schools. Instructional materials stimulate learner’s interest; help both the teacher and the learner to overcome physical limitation during presentation of subject matter. Similarly, materials enrich learning and make it more pleasurable. They are used as checks to the teachers’ knowledge and means of transmission. Instructional materials also give the teacher the air of guidance, coordination, supervision and more time for correction, brighten the classroom and bring variety in the class lesson. Instructional material is an information carrying technologies that can be used for instruction. Instructional materials have always held out in their different ways, the bright hope of delivery educational information and experiences widely, quickly, vividly with realism and immediacy that printed media could hardly achieve. A teacher for instant can explain and describe a pipette or burette but it is very hard to tell the accounting students exactly what a pipette or burette looks like without a picture for clarity. The picture of a pipette or burette is an instructional material that would help the accounting students to understand the lesson. The term instructional material comprises all available and accessible, theoretical, practical and skill-oriented resources, which facilitate the learning acquisition and evaluation of vocational technical skills. According to him they integrate all the devices that assist in transmitting the facts, skills, attitudes and knowledge to the learners within the instructional system and as may be applied in the word of work.

Civic actions such as protest against human rights violations and electoral malpractices as well as campaign for election of desired political candidates and informed voting are justice oriented in nature.
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Considering that justice oriented civic engagement activities have been associated with strong democracy and development, we investigated Nigerian citizens’ justice oriented civic engagement (specifically political participation and human rights activism) level and related our findings to existing knowledge on the relationship between sociodemographic factors and civic engagement
SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION
Social Studies is a difficult concept to define. This is largely because of the complex nature of the subject. Over the years, experts in the field have attempted to define Social Studies, resulting in variations of the definitions in different countries. One of the earliest definitions of Social Studies is that Social Studies can be seen as “those aspects or portions of the Social Sciences that have been selected and adapted for use in schools. Social Studies can be seen as a discipline in which teaching and learning of attitudes, values and skills overshadow the acquisition of facts and information. Social Studies is a process of education, which utilizes the study of human life for the purpose of giving children the opportunity of solving problems of crucial importance both for the individual and for the society. Finally, social studies is the study of the interactions between man and his physical and social environments, of the problems and issues posed by these interactions and of the way by which man seeks solution and clarification to them. Social Studies is not only a study, but a way of life; of how man influences, and is being influenced by his physical, social, political, economic, psychological and cultural environments. It is the totality of experience and understanding a child gets having been exposed to a course of study based on man’s problems in his or her environment, the factors that are normally responsible in man’s interactions with this environment, and the resulting ways of life of man.
CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
Civic participation is all the rage. If we could just get people engaged in their communities, the argument goes, many of society’s ills would vanish. Supporters of civic participation believe it would lead to reduced crime rates, more efficient and responsive democratic governments, and an empowered and vibrant citizenry, including young people. On the basis of this positive and appealing message, foundations and institutes have poured hundreds of millions of dollars into the study of civic participation. Academic communities have supported it through scholarship, required volunteering, and service-learning programs. In the political arena, the perception of voluntary associations as a cure-all for democratic societies is embraced by both the right and the left. The right sees voluntary associations as a means of devolving power to local communities and as an alternative to government-sponsored programs. As these varied definitions demonstrate, civic engagement includes a number of different dimensions and aspects, with different individuals and groups emphasizing different aspects of the term. There are two different dimensions of the term: One (shown on the horizontal axis) is the span between individual or informal activities and more formal, collective actions that involve participation in organizations; the other (on the vertical axis) is the distinction between involvement in community activities (e.g., donating blood or serving as a tutor or mentor for a young person) and involvement in political activities (e.g., voting, supporting a political party, advocating for a particular public policy).
SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: A NEXUS
In this study, we construe civic engagement as active and justice oriented political participation and human rights activism and used it interchangeably with civic actions. On the one hand, political participation is understood as a key instrument in the longevity of democratic systems or disruption of non-democratic systems and serves as a tool (through voting in elections or referendums, boycotts, mass protests, political rallies, lobbying, etc.) that the citizenry uses to influence governmental structure, policies, and decisions as well as hold their government accountable. Human rights activism on the other hand, is very important and complementary to political participation in Nigeria because of the rampant abuse of human rights in the country, especially by political elites. Previous studies have found gender to influence political participation. For instance, a recurring finding with respect to political participation has been gender gap, with men being more politically engaged and motivated than women. For social studies education, studies have verified a seemingly strong assumption that education influences political participation. However, when other variables (social factors such as family political discussion and the student’s own level of media exposure and prior political interest) are taken into account, civic education had weaker attitudinal and skill than knowledge effect.