₦airaland Forum

Among all the jobs we do in our everyday lives, the most preferred word is having a “break” particularly if the job is longer in duration and requires utmost attention. As a matter of fact, whether or not we like coffee or tea, we always look forward to coffee/tea breaks. Any action, irrespective whether it is physically or psychologically fatiguing, turns out to be boring after a while; and a small break serves to revitalize an individual and regenerate attention
ACADEMIC BREAK PERIODS
In this regard, a classroom or a lecture hall is not a different place, where people often deliver or listen lectures lasting from slightly less than an hour (e.g., 45 minutes) to 3 hours in duration. Therefore, a student has to spend most of his/her time at educational campus (schools, colleges, universities).
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Considering that a university student has 3 to 6 credits to attend a class in a day, he/she may have to sit in a lecture room/class from 6 to 9 hours in average. It is imperative to admit that the main purpose of a good lecture is to deliver a proper and timely transmission of information from sender (the lecturer) to receiver (the students). In this regard, proper attention from the receivers is of paramount significance. To receive the appropriate attention from the students, a lecturer needs not only to make the lecture interesting and deliver it in a unique, interesting manner, but also the in-class “break management” needs to be formulated and implanted prior to and during class
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Students academic gain and learning performance is affected by numerous factor including gender, age, teaching faculty, students schooling, father/guardian social economic status, residential area of students, medium of instructions in schools, tuition trend, daily study hour and accommodation as hostelries or day scholar. Many researchers conducted detailed studies about the factors contributing student performance at different study levels. Academic performance represents performance outcomes that indicate the extent to which a person has accomplished specific goals that were the focus of activities in instructional environments, specifically in school, college, and university. School systems mostly define cognitive goals that either apply across multiple subject areas (e.g., critical thinking) or include the acquisition of knowledge and understanding in a specific intellectual domain (e.g., numeracy, literacy, science, history).
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Therefore, academic performance should be considered to be a multifaceted construct that comprises different domains of learning. Because the field of academic performance is very wide-ranging and covers a broad variety of educational outcomes, the definition of academic performance depends on the indicators used to measure it. Among the many criteria that indicate academic performance, there are very general indicators such as procedural and declarative knowledge acquired in an educational system, more curricular ¬based criteria such as grades or performance on an educational achievement test, and cumulative indicators of academic performance such as educational degrees and certificates. All criteria have in common that they represent intellectual endeavors and thus, more or less, mirror the intellectual capacity of a person. In developed societies, academic performance plays an important role in every person’s life. Academic performance as measured by the GPA (grade point average) or by standardized assessments designed for selection purpose such as the SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test) determines whether a student will have the opportunity to continue his or her education (e.g., to attend a university). Therefore, academic performance defines whether one can take part in higher education, and based on the educational degrees one attains, influences one’s vocational career after education. Besides the relevance for an individual, academic performance is of utmost importance for the wealth of a nation and its prosperity.
ACADEMIC BREAK PERIOD AND STUDENTS PERFORMANCE
Attention and the ability to focus without distraction are essential for learning and academic success, but attention is a limited resource and is constantly shifting. Especially school children’s attention is challenged and influenced by many internal and external factors such as school-related stress, being bored, or disproportionate sedentary behavior. Inattention alters information-processing responses from a task-directed mode to a sensory-vigilance mode causing cognitive costs and reducing the processing of incoming information and therefore impairing learning. One way to restore attention is breaks, specifically academic break periods and mindfulness interventions. However, study results are heterogeneous and interventions have not often been implemented within classroom settings. The growing body of research reported overall positive effects of academic break periods on attention and academic achievements but also reported differentiated results and that academic break periods had limited or no effect on cognition or on academic achievements. In this context, the role of moderators is discussed. One meta-analysis investigating the effects of academic break periods on children’s attention, executive functions, and academic performance found that academic break periods effects depended on the type of intervention and cognitive domain.

Education is widely recognized as a critical factor influencing an individual's social and economic success, as it provides a pathway to improved opportunities and a better quality of life. Academic achievement, measured by factors such as test scores, grade point averages, and educational attainment, is often considered a crucial indicator of educational success.
SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS OF STUDENTS
Socio-economic status of students refers to the social and economic position of individuals or families within a society, encompassing various dimensions such as income, parental education level, occupation, and access to resources and opportunities. SES is a multifaceted construct that reflects both material and social advantages or disadvantages.
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It is well-established in research that individuals from higher socio-economic backgrounds tend to have better access to educational resources, including quality schools, tutoring, books, and technology, which can contribute to enhanced academic performance. Socioeconomic status (SES) is a fundamental construct in social science research, extensively linked to various aspects of human development and well-being. Defined typically by a combination of family income, parental education, and occupational status, SES serves as a key determinant in shaping an individual's opportunities and outcomes throughout life. One of the critical areas where SES exerts a profound influence is education. The quality of education a child receives is closely intertwined with their family’s socioeconomic background, impacting academic achievement, cognitive development, and future socioeconomic mobility
ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
Academic achievement represents performance outcomes that indicate the extent to which a person has accomplished specific goals that were the focus of activities in instructional environments, specifically in school, college, and university. School systems mostly define cognitive goals that either apply across multiple subject areas (e.g., critical thinking) or include the acquisition of knowledge and understanding in a specific intellectual domain (e.g., numeracy, literacy, science, history). Therefore, academic achievement should be considered to be a multifaceted construct that comprises different domains of learning. Because the field of academic achievement is very wide-ranging and covers a broad variety of educational outcomes, the definition of academic achievement depends on the indicators used to measure it. Among the many criteria that indicate academic achievement, there are very general indicators such as procedural and declarative knowledge acquired in an educational system, more curricular¬based criteria such as grades or performance on an educational achievement test, and cumulative indicators of academic achievement such as educational degrees and certificates. All criteria have in common that they represent intellectual endeavors and thus, more or less, mirror the intellectual capacity of a person. In developed societies, academic achievement plays an important role in every person’s life. Academic achievement as measured by the GPA (grade point average) or by standardized assessments designed for selection purpose such as the SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test) determines whether a student will have the opportunity to continue his or her education (e.g., to attend a university). Therefore, academic achievement defines whether one can take part in higher education, and based on the educational degrees one attains, influences one’s vocational career after education. Besides the relevance for an individual, academic achievement is of utmost importance for the wealth of a nation and its prosperity.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF STUDENTS AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT
Socio-economic status of students has a significant impact on academic achievement. Students from higher socio-economic backgrounds tend to experience better educational outcomes compared to their peers from lower socio-economic backgrounds. The influence of Socio-economic status of students on academic achievement can be attributed to various factors, including access to educational resources, parental education level, and social and cultural capital. There is a robust correlation between family income and academic performance, as shown by a large body of research. The educational attainment, test scores, and general academic performance of students from higher SES origins are often higher than those of those from lower SES backgrounds. The term "achievement gap" is commonly used to describe this gap in educational success.

The development of a country is dependent on the capability of its human resources. The knowledge and technological advancement of society depend on the quality and preparation of manpower who have sound technical understanding, personal and interpersonal skills as scientists and technologist. See Samples Of Project Topics & Materials For Undergraduate Students In Colleges. As such, it is of utmost importance that the highest standards are set in defining the objectives, components, and processes for Information technology and industrial technology programs of higher education institutions. Students' learning style preference and study habits should be understood. The interplay of learning style preferences, study habits and academic achievement of students is what we are looking at in this very paper.
STUDENT LEARNING STYLE
It is commonly believed that learning styles are not really concerned with "what" learners learn, but rather "how" they prefer to learn and it is also an important factor for students‟ academic achievement and attitudes. Students have different strengths and preferences in the ways they take in and process information which is to say, they have different learning styles. Some prefer to work with concrete information (experimental data, facts) while other are more comfortable with abstractions (symbolic information, theories mathematical models).It is common to describe and classify unique styles in many domains. For example, there are various architectural styles that may be classified by elements of form, material, time period, and indigenous geographic region. Similarly, there are many distinct literary styles, classified by form, genre, and technique. However, style is not a term that is particularly well-associated with the processes that comprise the complex mechanism of individual learning. However, recent research suggests that the style by which one learns and applies knowledge is an important characteristic to consider in the aggregate educational processes.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Academic performance of students can be evaluated in many different ways, but in a developing country like Nigeria where about most of the adult population are illiterate, parents use the performance of their children in universities to pass judgment on the schools and teachers. To them, the logic is a simple one. The schools are supposed to be staffed by good teachers and supplied adequate facilities and instrumental materials. It is the responsibility of government to ensure through such provisions and regular inspection or supervision that effective teaching and learning go on in the schools. The task of parents is to send children to school and pay whatever fees and levies are charged by the institutions. Though many parents acknowledge shortages of funds, teachers and infrastructures in the schools and their own inability to buy all the required books and other learning materials for their wards, yet they strongly believe that if the students perform badly in their examinations, the teachers and administrators have not done their job well and should take most of the blame.
STUDENT LEARNING STYLE AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE NEXUS
There are six different types of learners based on their learning styles: independent, avoidant, collaborative, dependent, competitive, and participatory. Understanding these learning styles is fundamental for educators seeking to optimize the teaching and learning experience. By tailoring instructional methods to align with the diverse preferences of students, educators can foster an environment that nurtures engagement, retention, and ultimately, academic achievement. However, the extent to which learning styles impact academic performance within the context of medical education remains an area ripe for exploration. This study aims to bridge this gap by investigating the relationship between learning styles and academic performance among medical students. By unravelling the intricate dynamics between learning styles and academic performance, this study seeks to inform educational practices and pedagogical approaches within medical education. Through a nuanced understanding of how students learn best, educators can tailor their strategies to accommodate diverse learning preferences, thereby fostering an inclusive and supportive learning environment. It is believed that student learning style is not focus on the material of learning but rather on how they learn in the process of learning. Every student had different ability and preference in the method of data collection and processing data. Some students learn more through visual form like reading. Some students may have better learning ability through verbal form through attending physical lecture conducted. While others may receive knowledge better through participation and practicing what they study.

In the education process, almost all skills, knowledge, habits, and attitudes are developed through the learning process. Achieving good learning outcomes involves several components, such as interests, talents, good psychological factors, abilities, motivation, attitudes, maturity, discipline, and others.
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The term 'interest' is an ill-defined term used in many discussions of language teaching materials. 'Interest' is also a missing anomaly in language teaching/ learning research, although it has been widely discussed and researched in general education and various disciplines
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Academic performance of students can be evaluated in many different ways, but in a developing country like Nigeria where about most of the adult population are illiterate, parents use the performance of their children in universities to pass judgment on the schools and teachers. To them, the logic is a simple one. The schools are supposed to be staffed by good teachers and supplied adequate facilities and instrumental materials. It is the responsibility of government to ensure through such provisions and regular inspection or supervision that effective teaching and learning go on in the schools.
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The task of parents is to send children to school and pay whatever fees and levies are charged by the institutions. Though many parents acknowledge shortages of funds, teachers and infrastructures in the schools and their own inability to buy all the required books and other learning materials for their wards, yet they strongly believe that if the students perform badly in their examinations, the teachers and administrators have not done their job well and should take most of the blame.
STUDENT INTEREST IN LEARNING
Student interest can be conceptualized in two ways: disposition and an actualized state. An student's dispositional interests are enduring characteristics that are assumed to exist over time. From this perspective, interest is thought to influence learning in most, if not all, situations. Studies exploring particular conditions under which learning should occur are typically less concerned with the dispositional aspect of interest. Instead, research in this area is more concerned with how interest is manifested in certain affective states, comprised of pleasurable feelings and concentration, which commonly characterize actualized student interest. The actualized interest arises from an interaction between internal and external conditions. In particular, two sources are involved: the student who brings his or her characteristics and attitudes and the situation, which contains specific stimuli and conditions that arouse interest. Discipline is a position of tendency, a mental attitude to obey the rules, order and at the same time control and adjust to the rules that come from outside, even those that curb and show awareness of responsibility for duties and obligations. In the learning process, a disciplinary attitude is very necessary reveals that learning is a process of change obtained from the efforts made by a person to obtain a new change in behavior as a whole, as a result of his own experience in interaction with his environment. Discipline is a form of obedience to a set of rules, both written and unwritten. The application of discipline indicates urge and strong control to students in channeling their emotion and showing their behavior.
ACDADEMIC PERFOR MANCE AND STUDENTS INTEREST IN LEARNING
Academic performance can actually improve students’ interest in learning. A student that performed poorly might want to succeed next term thereby improving his/her interest to learning more about that subject. Interest is the kind of awareness inclination for understanding the world and acquiring cultural and scientific knowledge. When students are interested in a certain field, they may pay special attention to it, observing carefully, memorizing well and thinking actively. Only by arousing students’ interest in learning can we enhance students’ enthusiasm for learning; help them master conceptual knowledge and techniques better, and form the scientific spirit and attitude. Students who feel anxious about their ability to cope in learning situations may avoid them and thus lose important career and life opportunities hence a challege. On the other hand, situational interest is the interest that is prompted by the situational affiliation. Situational interest could emanate from a good and conducive learning environment, use of instructional materials, and application of appealing teaching approach or students’ centered teaching approach. It is more momentary and depends on the environment s/he finds him- or herself. This is the kind of interest that arouses when a person watches an entertaining video clip like audio visual games as angry bird to demonstrate concepts of projectile motion or engages in incisive conversation with an expert/teachers

Instructional resources are essential for teaching any subject in any institution. The use of instructional resources makes discovered facts glued firmly to the memory of pupils. Resources for teaching and learning include educational materials and technology. Visuals, sounds, real things, and others are learning materials. Visual aids might be homemade or commercial. They inform about wall charts, illustrated pictures, graphical materials, and other two-dimensional objects. There is audio-visual assistance. Radios, TVs, and sound projectors teach. Also effective for geography instruction were TV and radio shows
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Teaching as a concept requires that teachers should not only have knowledge and skills in a subject but also the professional competence in the use of methods and materials to be able to influence the behavior of learners by using instructional materials.
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Defined instructional materials as ways and means of making the teaching and learning process easy, more meaningful and understandable; in a similar definition, explained that instructional materials are designed to promote and encourage effective teaching and learning experiences. In view of the above definitions, instructional materials are therefore, sight tools for teachers at all levels of education process for effective instructional delivery and promote learner’s academic achievement and enable the achievement of the stated objectives of a lesson.
STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE
Academic performance of students can be evaluated in many different ways, but in a developing country like Nigeria where about most of the adult population are illiterate, parents use the performance of their children in universities to pass judgment on the schools and teachers. To them, the logic is a simple one. The schools are supposed to be staffed by good teachers and supplied adequate facilities and instrumental materials. It is the responsibility of government to ensure through such provisions and regular inspection or supervision that effective teaching and learning go on in the schools.
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The task of parents is to send children to school and pay whatever fees and levies are charged by the institutions. Though many parents acknowledge shortages of funds, teachers and infrastructures in the schools and their own inability to buy all the required books and other learning materials for their wards, yet they strongly believe that if the students perform badly in their examinations, the teachers and administrators have not done their job well and should take most of the blame.
TEACHERS PERFORMANCE
The word perform as to carry through, to achieve, to bring to completion, to execute , to accomplish and performance is the act of performing action or task. When talking about performance; somewhat individual leaves behind and that live apart from the goal. Measureable action is considerable to comprise performance and one has to make a distinction between the behaviors and the outcomes of performance. Whereas, the concept of teachers performance refers to teacher behavior that how he behaves in the process of teaching learning environment, in such a way teachers successfully carry out assigned action or completed their task.
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The teachers performances are the most significant contribution in educational process that whatever policies may he lay down; eventually the teacher has to interpret and implement these policies through teaching learning process. The term is not only covering the effect or conduct of instruction, like student achievement or personal growth or also not teacher characteristics. Rather, teachers’ performance is apprehensive, with progress variable rather than product variables. Teachers need to be able to survive the demands, threats and challenges within the diverse circumstances of teaching. He stated that an effective teacher needs the capacity to be persistent, flexible, and innovative on new teaching approaches and be prepared in the case of failure.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS TEACHERS & STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE
Instructional materials are instruments which assist teachers to make their lessons explicit to learners. They are also used to transmit information, ideas and notes to learners. Instructional materials include both visuals and audiovisuals such as pictures, flashcards, posters, charts, tape recorder, radio, video, television, computers among others. These materials serve as supplement to the normal processes of instruction. In the educational and academic domain, the influence of instructional materials in promoting teaching, learning and students’ academic performance is incontestable. This is because a properly prepared instructional material enhances instructors’ capacity for communicating effectively information on specific subject areas. It also serves as reference materials for learners. Thus the materials used by teachers to communicate and drive home their subject points at the primary and secondary school levels of our education system is paramount in practical classroom interaction and successful transfer of knowledge from the teacher to the learners. Meanwhile the effectiveness of instructional materials in the delivery of instructions in specific subject areas is dependent on the teaching method a teacher adopts. Teaching methods comprises of principles and technique used by teachers to aid students learning. Teachings methods are partly dependent on the subject matter to be taught and the nature of the learner. For a teaching method to be appropriate and effective, it must be considered along with the objectives of the learning and the characteristics of the learner. There several teaching method widely used in the communication of instructional materials. They include lecture, participatory, discussion methods among others. Each of these methods has been deployed to provide instructions in different subject areas in the classrooms and yielding different results in the performance of learners in different subject areas, including civic education in secondary schools in Nigeria.

As educators we are now involved in teaching a new generation of students. These students have often been referred to as millennial students. The generational category is upon educators with increased ferocity, since Millennials now make up the entirety of our traditional undergraduate student population. One attribute of millennial students is that they have been convinced, through supportive parenting, that they are “special” in every way.
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Another characteristic attributed to this group is that they seem to have much shorter attention spans. This paper is a short note that explores the issue of whether assimilation time, which we define as the length of lectures and the number of times during the week that a lecture is given, would have any bearing on the performance of students. Specifically, we wanted to know whether students would perform better in a 50-minute class that met three days a week versus a 75-minute class that met just two days a week.
ASSIMILATION TIME
The research points to a specific approach that has proven successful in schools throughout the United States, regardless of a school’s situation or circumstance. We have chosen to call this approach the straight-A approach, and we have labeled each step with a word beginning with the letter A. By doing so, we hope to make this six-step approach easy to remember and keep its ultimate goal in the forefront: Academic Achievement for All. When we talk about assimilation, we refer to such building blocks that centre on how learning is organized.
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Assimilation rate can be seen as a cognitive process that describes how new information are taken in and incorporated into existing knowledge. The time schemer can be employed to give a vivid explanation about assimilation time. Scheme here is the category of knowledge that is currently held. This helps the individual to understand the world and provides basic guidance for future events. The process of assimilation occurs when new information is added to an existing schema so as to understand the world. This process can lead to modification of existing knowledge so as to absorb the new information.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Academic performance of students can be evaluated in many different ways, but in a developing country like Nigeria where about most of the adult population are illiterate, parents use the performance of their children in universities to pass judgment on the schools and teachers. To them, the logic is a simple one. The schools are supposed to be staffed by good teachers and supplied adequate facilities and instrumental materials. It is the responsibility of government to ensure through such provisions and regular inspection or supervision that effective teaching and learning go on in the schools. The task of parents is to send children to school and pay whatever fees and levies are charged by the institutions.
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Though many parents acknowledge shortages of funds, teachers and infrastructures in the schools and their own inability to buy all the required books and other learning materials for their wards, yet they strongly believe that if the students perform badly in their examinations, the teachers and administrators have not done their job well and should take most of the blame.
ASSIMILATION TIME AND STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: A NEXUS
Assimilation time is very important to students in area of academic performance and understanding of a particular topic in a given time. The variation in assimilation time can be seen among students during classes, tests, quiz and examination; some students perform more than the other even though they attend the same class. Most student need longer period to be able to assimilate what was taught in class while some need just few minutes to hours to assimilate what was taught in class. The assimilation time and student performance nexus can be seen the area of students performance during test and examination. In other words students’ performance in accordance to this paper is totally dependent on the assimilation time.

A student‟s academic performance is influenced by a complex interplay of internal and external factors. By identifying and addressing the root causes of these factors, significant achievement can be realized.
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Unlike previous studies that primarily focused was on students‟ performance from the perspective of academics, this study adopts a student-wise approach. It aims to examine the factors that contribute to low academic performance from the students‟ own viewpoints
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Academic performance of students can be evaluated in many different ways, but in a developing country like Nigeria where about most of the adult population are illiterate, parents use the performance of their children in universities to pass judgment on the schools and teachers. To them, the logic is a simple one. The schools are supposed to be staffed by good teachers and supplied adequate facilities and instrumental materials. It is the responsibility of government to ensure through such provisions and regular inspection or supervision that effective teaching and learning go on in the schools.
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The task of parents is to send children to school and pay whatever fees and levies are charged by the institutions. Though many parents acknowledge shortages of funds, teachers and infrastructures in the schools and their own inability to buy all the required books and other learning materials for their wards, yet they strongly believe that if the students perform badly in their examinations, the teachers and administrators have not done their job well and should take most of the blame.
CAUSES OF LOW PERFORMANCE AMONG STUDENTS
The prevalence of poor academic performance among students is a significant concern for educators. Various factors can contribute to this issue, including geographical location, cultural and historical background, educational approaches, and students‟ general knowledge. Low school performance can be seen as “a school achievement below the expected for a given age, cognitive skills, and schooling”. They categorize the causes of LSP into two primary groups: pedagogical difficulties and diseases or disabilities. They suggest that pushing students beyond their capabilities, skills and interests can lead to disengagement, demotivation, and ultimately frustration, failure, and low selfesteem. Other causes encompass inadequate evaluation methods, heightened stress and emotional challenges such as low motivation, ineffective teaching approaches, and a mismatch between instructional materials and student learning needs.
HOW TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ LOW PERFORMANCE
Efforts to help students deal with specific academic weaknesses (e.g., in English, maths e.t.c) can involve improvements in teacher practices in the many schools offer remedial classes either during the term (say, in the evenings, on weekends or during periods of preparatory leave) or vacations. Another approach is to provide a two-week period (in addition to preparation leave) when no classes are held but teachers are available to help students address their weaknesses. Extra inputs could also be provided in more innovative ways, such as:
• Tutorial classes where additional problems are solved and students interact with each other.
•Where there are a large number of weak students who cannot be handled individually, a ‘Student Academic Support Program’ could systematically provide extra classes, extra notes and extra guidance.
• Student and faculty collaborations on projects (which may be integrated in the curriculum) where teachers are available to students formally and informally and focus attention on weak members of the group.

The retention of students in their higher education studies has been a topic of interest since the establishment of formal education systems. Students withdrawing from their studies before completion is costly for the higher education system overall, the individual students and their families, and for their societies; despite its longstanding nature and propelled by the largescale changes that have occurred in higher education over recent decades, student retention is currently receiving increased attention globally. The changes in higher education have led to a focus on the quality, impact and outcomes of higher education systems.
STUDENTS RETENTION
Retaining students in their higher education studies is a longstanding issue that has received increased attention in more recent times. The impetus for the concern is the large-scale changes that have occurred in higher education over the past few decades and resulted in increased diversity in the cultural and educational backgrounds of participating students.
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In earlier times when the student profile was more homogenous, academic success and study completion were seen as the responsibility of the students themselves. Currently in the context of diverse student cohorts, higher education institutions are seen to share responsibility with students for their study persistence, academic success, and study completion. It is now appreciated that institutions need to provide educational processes and programs that are inclusive for all students. Inclusive approaches are premised on acknowledging the range of backgrounds and experiences of all students in processes and services such as institutional discourse, student services, and educational programs. Importantly, inclusive approaches mobilize the range of perspectives, experiences, and viewpoints of all students in the educational setting, laying the foundations for a rich educational experience and academic success.
THE ISSUES WITH STUDENTS’ RETNTION IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Changes in Higher Education and Student Retention: The changes in the higher education system over the past decades have seen increased diversity in the educational and cultural backgrounds of participating students. Higher education has moved from an elite system catering for a small percentage of national populations to a massified and, in some countries, a universal system, with much larger percentages of national populations enrolling in higher education studies. The outcome is that students from some backgrounds where there is limited or different societal and family experience of higher education may be less attuned initially to the academic value systems and processes that underpin academic success. These backgrounds include low-income or economic status groups, mature aged students, students who are first in their families to attend higher education, people with disabilities, and people from minority groups and refugees. The intensification of the internationalization of the higher education system over the last few decades has also contributed strongly to student diversity. As students, academic programs, and institutions cross national boundaries, students bring to their studies varying educational, cultural, and language backgrounds and possibly greater initial divergence between their and the institution’s expectations and academic values. The situation of students such as these can be compared with their classmates who have background experiences and expectations that are more aligned to the values of academia and who are consequently better positioned for academic success.
Student Departure from Study Before Completion: If responsibility for student retention or attrition in their studies is to be shared, institutions need to be aware of the reasons for attrition and address these proactively. While research has provided a range of reasons why students leave, a significant finding is that while it occurs because of both institutional and external factors, there is rarely no one motivating factor for departure; in most cases, a combination of interrelated factors is implicated. The model of student retention includes psychological, sociological, organizational, environmental, interaction, and economic platforms that influence students’ study persistence or departure. More particularly, preemptors for study departure include poor preparation for higher education, a weak match between the student and the institution and/or their study program, leading to an incongruity between the institution’s and student’s values, the student’s lack of study commitment, unsatisfactory academic experience, and social integration. Other reasons include financial issues and personal circumstances.
Institutional Actions to Improve Student Retention: As student numbers have increased and cohorts have diversified, institutions have often needed to make transformational shifts to maintain the quality of their educational offerings and outcomes and consequently to improve retention figures. The domains requiring shifts are broad and include governance, curriculum development, teaching, learning and classroom approaches, student services and faculty and staff composition, financial arrangements and support, and even timetabling of classes. For institutions that are focusing on improving student retention, there is need for an increased focus on what works emphasizes that practical, effective measures are required, rather than only theoretical viewpoints. But what is it that works in improving student retention? Institutional efforts can be directed toward providing a bridge between students’ prior experiences and expectations with the aim to assist students’ integration into the institution, which in turn will support their academic success. This is because it is well accepted that if students from diverse groups access higher education, they also need to have the opportunity for academic success, and gaining a place is an empty experience if not accompanied by study success.

The essence of using tests and other evaluation instruments during the instructional process is to guide, direct and monitor students’ learning and progress towards attainment of course objectives. See Samples Of Undergraduate Latest Projects & Research Topics For Students. Teachers and learners cannot perform optimally or effectively without the availability of adequate information on student’s standing at any given time and the extent of his progress towards the achievement of instructional objectives. Hence, the tests given regularly, as periodic tests, are supposed to remove the threatening effects of a single test (summative test) generally given at the end of a course of study.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Students academic gain and learning performance is affected by numerous factor including gender, age, teaching faculty, students schooling, father/guardian social economic status, residential area of students, medium of instructions in schools, tuition trend, daily study hour and accommodation as hostelries or day scholar. Many researchers conducted detailed studies about the factors contributing student performance at different study levels.
A student educational success contingent heavily on social status of student’s parents/ guardians in the society. The same that parent’s income or social status positively affects the student test score in examination. The higher education performance is depending upon the academic performance of graduate students. Today, there is a clear need for education to learn about the factors that influence a student’s academic performance, considering the performance to be the quantitative result obtained during the learning process, based on the evaluations carried out by the teachers through objective test evaluations. The latest patterns in this area highlight the importance of considering other variables beyond intellectual capabilities. These trends are supported by several points of research that show that academic performance is not only associated with intellectual quotient (IQ), but there are multiple variables and dimensions to which a certain predictive value can be attributed. For this reason, the objective of this report is to extend the existing source of knowledge when it comes to explaining or understanding academic performance, which is why we will analyze the importance of emotional intelligence, personality and the meaning of life in such performance. Along the years, there have been many studies devised in aims to identify the variables that can predict academic achievement.
THE USE OF TEST AND INSTRUCTION & STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE
The assessment of students' progress and ultimate level of achievement in schools is a critical component of any educational system. Educators recognize the need for improved instructional methods to increase student achievement and are constantly looking for new methods to assist students in succeeding. Repetitive evaluation of subject matter, also known as "frequent testing," is another method for improving students' learning experiences. Frequent testing refers to testing within shorter time periods than the standard two or three midterm and final exam evaluations. The use of formative testing in the teaching learning process entails breaking down the subject matter content or course into smaller hierarchical units for instruction; specifying objectives for each unit; designing and administering validated formative tests; offering groupbased remediation in areas where students are deficient before moving on to another unit; and finally administering summative tests upon completion of all units. He opined that the breaking up of subject or course into small units enables students to adequately prepare for regular tests. These regular tests also provide a means of getting the students to be more involved and committed to the teaching-learning process, thereby enhancing their performance. Hence, the regular testing of students’ ability as demanded by the “6-3-3-4” system of education assists greatly in discovering the performance of students and could also be used to improve learning.

Education is a means of achieving both individual and national development, representing the most essential investment any nation can make for sustainable development. In this regard, the provision of quality education at the basic education level might be the surest way of contributing to the achievement of a nation’s development goals. Basic education is the foundation level and a determinant of the degree of success of any education system.
GUIDED DISCOVERY
Guided discovery instructional is a learning situation in which the principal content of learning is not directly exposed by the teacher, but left to be discovered by the learner, making the teacher a guardian and students active participants in the learning process.
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Educational courses content because of its value clarification nature and emphasis on creative and critical thinking, demands the adoption of more progressive strategies of discovery, inquiry, discussion, problem solving, dramatization/role playing, computer assisted instruction and other relaxed classroom learning and teaching activities. The instructor devises a series of statements or questions that guide the learners, step by step, making a series of discoveries that leads to a single predetermined goal. In other words the instructor initiates a stimulus and the learner reacts by engaging in active inquiry thereby discovering the appropriate responses. Furthermore, the guided discovery method of teaching uses the fact and data that a student’s own experience is the basis of real learning as it puts the student into the position of a discoverer who by the use of tools and information available, discovers knowledge and draws conclusion for himself/herself.
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The learners construct knowledge out of their experiences which is advocated with pedagogical approaches that promote learning by doing or active and participating learning. The teacher’s role here is to serve as facilitator of learning in which students are encouraged to be responsible autonomous and construct their own understanding of each concept.
STUDENTS’ MORAL BEHAVIOUR
There is an outcry from the public regarding this persistent problem of student moral behavior. This has enabled the researcher to find out the relationship between teaching methods and students moral behavior. A major task facing educational administrators is the continuous existence of the problem of dropout, deviant behaviors, examination malpractice, lateness and poor academic performance among students. The need has therefore arisen for school administrators, teachers, parents and the general public to curb indiscipline in schools. Most developing countries cannot remain complacent when large human and material resources are wasted, indiscipline is rampant, and an atmosphere of insecurity, frustration and instability are created in schools leading to ineffective learning
STUDENT LEARNING INTEREST[/b]
In the education process, almost all skills, knowledge, habits, and attitudes are developed through the learning process. Achieving good learning outcomes involves several components, such as interests, talents, good psychological factors, abilities, motivation, attitudes, maturity, discipline, and others. The term 'interest' is an illdefined term used in many discussions of language teaching materials. 'Interest' is also a missing anomaly in language teaching/ learning research, although it has been widely discussed and researched in general education and various disciplines.
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A general education curriculum, by definition, is wide-ranging in its scope of topics, disciplines, and applications, but many students enter college with specific personal interests or affinities for particular areas of academic study. Students frequently express this interest gap between individual student interests and general education offerings in their desire to "get the core courses out of the way." For institutions that appreciate the role of a general education curriculum in providing students with a holistic liberal arts education, this "get them out of the way" attitude must be addressed
GUDED DISCOVERY, STUDENTS MORAL BEHAVIOUR AND LEARNING INTEREST NEXUS
Teachers' incapacity to employ diverse learner-centered approaches in Social Studies instruction could result in issues where students may struggle to grasp the content fully and struggle to engage with their surroundings effectively. The Guided Discovery Instructional Approach offers students a chance to investigate their surroundings, enhance their problemsolving abilities, and cultivate positive attitudes and values. This particular approach motivates students to participate actively in the educational journey, consequently boosting their engagement and academic performance. The Guided Discovery Method is distinguished by its utilization of convergent thinking, which aids in the cultivation of problem-solving abilities among students, as well as the exploration of principles and explanations. This approach is designed to prompt learners to engage with the course material by means of tangible experiences. Within this method, educators lead students through a sequence of steps towards a predefined objective, fostering active investigation and exploration. Interest is a persisting tendency to pay attention and enjoy some activity or content. It is a critical variable in learning as it affects motivation, attention, and retention. Insufficient enthusiasm might impede education, resulting in subpar performance in school and even dropping out. Therefore, the Guided Discovery Instructional Approach aims to increase students' interest, which is essential for academic success.

Academic achievement can be defined as an academic result or numerical score obtained within an educational exercise of teaching and learning after undergoing a due process of examination or test. Specifically, it is a measure of the extent to which educational objectives has been attained. Academic achievement can also be defined as the observed and measured aspect of a student‘s mastery of skills and subject contents as measured with valid and reliable test
CLASS SIZE
The increase in population in a school affects the class sizes, the performances of students become an issue. Class size refers to the number of students in a given course or classroom, specifically either the number of students being taught by individual teachers in a course or classroom or the average number of students being taught by teachers in a school or educational system.
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The term may also be the number of students participating in learning experience. Class size is almost an administrative decision over which teachers have little or no control. Class size refers to an educational tool that can be used to describe the average number of students per class in a school. There are large and small sizes in school. The smaller the class, the greater the likelihood is that a teacher will spend more time with individual pupils. Large classes present more challenges for classroom management, pupil control, and marking, planning, and assessment. Teachers are put under more strain when faced with large classes. In smaller classes, it can be easier for teachers to spot problems and give feedback, identify specific needs and gear teaching to meet them, and set individual targets for pupils. Teachers also experience better relationships with, and have more knowledge of individual pupils.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Academic performance of students can be evaluated in many different ways, but in a developing country like Nigeria where about most of the adult population are illiterate, parents use the performance of their children in universities to pass judgment on the schools and teachers. To them, the logic is a simple one. The schools are supposed to be staffed by good teachers and supplied adequate facilities and instrumental materials.

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It is the responsibility of government to ensure through such provisions and regular inspection or supervision that effective teaching and learning go on in the schools. The task of parents is to send children to school and pay whatever fees and levies are charged by the institutions. Though many parents acknowledge shortages of funds, teachers and infrastructures in the schools and their own inability to buy all the required books and other learning materials for their wards, yet they strongly believe that if the students perform badly in their examinations, the teachers and administrators have not done their job well and should take most of the blame.
CLASS SIZE AND STUDENTS INTEREST & PERFORMANCE
Interest is an emotional state of a person prompting such person to cognitively engage in learning activities and seriously desiring to know. In another opinion, interest as a condition in which an individual associates the essence of certain things or situation with his needs or wants. Interest is also defined as specific predispositions of individuals which can develop over longer periods of time. Interest is often thought of as a process that contributes to learning and achievement.
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It has been opined that academic interest can help students of natural sciences deal with learning struggles and achieve high performance. Students’ interest in learning has been observed to correlate significantly and positively to academic achievement; thus, interest in learning significantly predicts their academic achievement. The higher the levels of interest of individual students in natural science subjects, the higher the achievement in those subjects. Class size can be defined as the number of students in a class at a given specific time undergoing teaching and learning instructions of a teacher. In a similar version, class size can be seen as the number of students per teacher in a given class.

The role of the media in every given society is majorly to educate, inform and enlighten. It is expected that, where these roles are efficiently carried out, elections are likely to be free and fair. Mass communication has been a strategic instrument in the struggle for hegemony, both within the nation and globally. The desire and the need for information dissemination and also the desire for social groups to dominate and conquer their respective society open the importance of media to any community
NEW MEDIA
New media is an umbrella-term which includes different technologies. In the opinion of some specialists are considerate as new media both blogs, podcast, video games, virtual worlds, Wiki encyclopaedia, and other mobile devices, interactive televisions, and even the web-sites and e-mail. Others consider that blogs and virtual worlds must be included in the category of social media because they are encouraging appearance of virtual communities and social networks.
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In spite of the differences, some research workers identified two common characteristics for majority of definitions. These are: - spreading the information to a number of receivers which is theoretical infinite, in customized ways, depending on specification for endorsed categories; - tenure of un equal control about information both of transmitters and receivers. Other definitions are even more vaguely, considering that new media are represented by all the texts, sounds, images and graphic forms transformed by the computer
MASS COMMUNICATION
“Mass communication refers to the process by which we communicate with a large group of people through mass media” The source in the mass communication situation is a group of individuals who usually act within predetermined roles in an organizational setting. In other words mass communication is the end product of more than one person. Mass media is a source of communication with masses and communication through mass media is mass communication. In [url=https://uniprojectmaterials.com/mass-communication/project-topics-materials-for-final-year-students
]mass communication[/url], society communicates with itself as an individual or a group of people convey a message to the large group of people and they use transmitter of information such as magazines, newspaper, radio, television, books and posters or combination of these.
NEW MEDIA AND EFFECTIVENESS OF MASS COMMUNICATION[/b]
For hundreds of years since its inception, the mass media, such as the newspaper has served a surveillance function in society, warning the general public of any social anomalies present, and issues ranging from the serious to the most trivial of issues. These topics include various localized and international news topics to inform, educate and entertain its mass audience. Thus, newspapers form an integral part of society as they are able to define which events are important, and how audiences should interpret or understand these events. However, in the period between 2000 and 2009, the Internet took up the role of a mature and widespread mass medium. This posed a significant threat to the survival of traditional newspapers, as it found its original function and appeal being outdone by the information found online. Hence, the newspaper industry has continuously evolved itself in a bid to stay relevant and dynamic to its readers.
[b]CONCLUSION
Convincing is the process of affecting and changing the behaviors, attitudes and opinions of the persons an individual is in interaction with. Influencing is an attempt to change people’s attitudes and behaviors without contradicting their will or aims over a longer period. Communication helps in convincing and influencing the persons. Through communication, we can convince the person according to our ideas and point of views and we also influence the persons towards our behavior or attitudes. Communication also plays an important role to express our emotions. Through communication, we can communicate our inner states and emotions. An individual can understand the emotions and feelings of another individual through communication. Our face expressions can also understand by others when they communicate with us. We also engage in interpersonal communication to help us better understand what someone says in a given context. The words we say can mean very different things depending on how they are said or in what context. Content Messages refer to the surface level meaning of a message. Relationship Messages refer to how a message is said. The two are sent simultaneously, but each affects the meaning assigned to the communication. Interpersonal communication helps us understand each other better.

Source code is a special form of knowledge: it is made to be understood by a human being, the developer, and can be mechanically translated into a form to be executed directly on a machine. The very terminology used by the computer community is telling: "programming languages" are used to "write" software. As Donald Knuth, one of the founders of computer science, wrote, "programming is the art of explaining to another human being what you want a computer to do". Software source code is therefore a human creation, just like other written documents, and that is why it falls within the scope of copyright law.
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Software developers thus deserve the same respect as other creators, and it is essential to ensure that any changes to copyright law take into account the potential impact on software development. This was not the case in the drafting of EU Directive 2019/790, the first draft of which seriously endangered the collaborative development of open source software, and which required a significant effort to make the necessary corrections. As software source code becomes more and more complex, it is regularly modified by groups of developers who collaborate to make it evolve: to understand it, it has become essential to have access to its development history.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Academic performance of students can be evaluated in many different ways, but in a developing country like Nigeria where about most of the adult population are illiterate, parents use the performance of their children in universities to pass judgment on the schools and teachers. To them, the logic is a simple one. The schools are supposed to be staffed by good teachers and supplied adequate facilities and instrumental materials. It is the responsibility of government to ensure through such provisions and regular inspection or supervision that effective teaching and learning go on in the schools. The task of parents is to send children to school and pay whatever fees and levies are charged by the institutions. Though many parents acknowledge shortages of funds, teachers and infrastructures in the schools and their own inability to buy all the required books and other learning materials for their wards, yet they strongly believe that if the students perform badly in their examinations, the teachers and administrators have not done their job well and should take most of the blame.
HOW COMPUTER STUDENTS CAN ASSESS SOURCE CODES
Source codes are vital for the performance of computer science students. Source code depicts the level of knowledge a computer science student have concerning the computer science project topic given to him/her. The sources are usually at the end of the research project or thesis after the appendix section. There are various ways a computer science student can assess source codes after writing his or her research project. First is to hire the services of a programmer that is if the student does not have knowledge as regard programming languages. Secondly there are some research platforms where computer science students can get source codes from; one of the platforms is uniprojectmaterials.com. You explore a list of free research undergraduate project topics & materials for free.

School performance is an issue that deeply concerns students, parents, teachers and authorities not only in our country, but also in many other developing countries and continents. The complexity of the academic performance starts from its conceptualization.
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Sometimes it is known as school readiness, academic achievement and school performance, but generally the difference in concepts are only explained by semantics as they are used as synonyms. Conventionally, it has been agreed that academic performance should be used in university populations and school performance in regular and alternative basic education populations.
DIFFICULT SUBJECTS IN SCHOOL
There are a variety of reasons why students, especially at the secondary level, may perceive science as difficult in comparison to other subject areas. It may be due to how the students perceive the subject based on their experiences with it, or even from information about the subject from other persons. The perceived difficulty of the subject area, indicated that this difficulty may be due to problems in perception and thinking of students. Despite this evidence of the importance of student interest in science, especially as it relates to their academic achievement, studies worldwide have revealed that interests in, or attitudes towards science declines during students’ secondary years. What is unclear are the specific reasons for this decline. Researchers have identified a number of factors that may have an impact on students’ interest in specific subjects. There has been a decline in interest in physics, chemistry and mathematics as students progress through secondary school over the years.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Academic performance can be evaluated; teachers use the performance of their students in public examinations to pass judgement on the schools and teachers. To them, the logic is a simple one. The schools are supposed to be staffed by good teachers and supplied adequate facilities and instrumental materials. It is the responsibility of government to ensure through such provisions and regular inspection or supervision that effective teaching and learning go on in the schools. The task of parents is to send students to school and pay whatever fees and levies are charged by the institutions. Though many parents acknowledge shortages of funds, teachers and infrastructures in the schools and their own inability to buy all the required books and other learning materials for their wards, yet they strongly believe that if the students perform badly in their examinations, the teachers and administrators have not done their job well and should take most of the blame.
HOW TO TACKLE DIFFICULT SUBJECTS
Students’ study habits: An important part of the learning process at all levels of the education system is the studying of the content covered in lessons by students. It is an accepted notion that, generally, students will not gain a thorough grasp of content simply from participation in a lesson, whether actively or passively. They must allocate time for additional activities such as review of the content covered, doing additional reading and exercises, doing homework etc. In other words they study. Studying can be done individually or in a group. It is especially important, and generally more frequently done, in preparation for examination.
Focus of the study: From this discussion, there seems to be strong correlations between the perception of students of difficult topics in the science curriculum and student factors such as interest in science, gender, study habits, school location and category. These relationships have to be understood and taken into consideration in order to tackle problems related to declining enrollment and poor performance in science courses.
Provision of instructional materials: The provision of instructional materials is important for educational attainment and learning. Instructional materials are tools used by teachers to help students learn and comprehend ideas. They can include textbooks, homework assignments, tests, and other materials. Instructional materials can help students retain information and understand ideas. They can also help teachers avoid rote learning and recitation, which can dominate lessons

Education has long been recognized as a vital key to unlocking underdevelopment in Nations. It is the one major instrument for bringing about socio-political, economic, scientific and technological advancement of any country. This explains why most nations, both developing and advanced, invest a significant proportion of their annual budget in the education sector of their economy.
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As important as education is, its immediate benefits are not easily discernible just as its actual direct cost and indirect costs are difficult to quantify exactly in monetary terms. But one thing that all nations are worried about is the quality or standard of education offered in their schools right from elementary through secondary to tertiary institutions of learning.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Academic performance of students can be evaluated in many different ways, but in a developing country like Nigeria where about most of the adult population are illiterate, parents use the performance of their children in universities to pass judgment on the schools and teachers. To them, the logic is a simple one. The schools are supposed to be staffed by good teachers and supplied adequate facilities and instrumental materials.
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It is the responsibility of government to ensure through such provisions and regular inspection or supervision that effective teaching and learning go on in the schools. The task of parents is to send children to school and pay whatever fees and levies are charged by the institutions. Though many parents acknowledge shortages of funds, teachers and infrastructures in the schools and their own inability to buy all the required books and other learning materials for their wards, yet they strongly believe that if the students perform badly in their examinations, the teachers and administrators have not done their job well and should take most of the blame.
THE CHALLENGES FACED BY 100 LEVEL STUDENTS AND THEIR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Schools, especially tertiary institutions, are complex social systems. The inputs infrastructure, funds and especially students, teachers, facilities and so on- into the school system are processed or converted by way of lectures, readings, seminars, counseling, interaction with colleagues and other social activities and the outcome is expected to be enlightened, cultured, educated, nationalistic and self-disciplined graduates. But a number of problems may exist within or outside the educational institutions that could make it difficult for the intended outcomes to be achieved. Problems are those things that make it difficult for effective teaching and learning and in tertiary institutions they also militate against the achievement of excellence in research, publications and community service. While higher education institutions everywhere experience some degree of difficulty in the pursuit of their vision, mission and goals, those associated with institutions in developing countries, as in Africa, are numerous. Some of these problems include lack of accommodation, dearth of experts in most engineering, medical, technological and information and communication technology disciplines. There are also problems of classroom spaces, lack of laboratories, poorly stocked libraries and most seriously poor funding compounded by large number of student intakes that far outstrip available facilities and staff.
Accommodation: Accommodation is very important to students especially those that just gained admission into tertiary institutions. The issue of accommodation ranges from poor hostel management, lack of adequate rooms for students and also affordability of accommodation by students. Lack of accommodation can affect students’ performance because the affected students cannot settle in properly thereby leading to truancy.
School location: School location is very importance for students’ wellbeing and academic performance. The distance from university can lead to exhaustion and truancy among students. Students coming from a distanced location from the university might have difficulties paying attention in class.
Lack of Instructional materials: The pivot of every academic success is the availability of instructional materials for students to study with. Most the libraries in most of these tertiary institutions are dilapidated and lack materials for students to utilize. Normally in Nigeria today, lecture is not enough for students to properly understand the courses there are studying hence the need for adequate instructional materials for students.

Information and technology has a major role to play in forming the new worldwide economy to deliver fast changes in the society. Within the previous decade, ICT has advanced and changed at such a speed, that developing countries have not been able to catch up with the revolution and have been left behind and thus lag in their communication with the developed countries.

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ICT acts as the foundation stone of the contemporary world; thus, understanding this technology and its fundamental concepts is considered as part of the core of education
ICT
ICT is technology that supports activities involving information. Such activities include gathering, processing, storing and presenting data. Increasingly these activities also involve collaboration and communication. Hence IT has become ICT: information and communication technology. Information and communication technology, or ICT, is defined as the combination of informatics technology with other, related technologies, specifically communication technology.

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In this book, these three definitions have been collapsed into a single, all encompassing, definition of ICT. This definition implies that ICT will be used, applied, and integrated in activities of working and learning on the basis of conceptual understanding and methods of informatics.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Students academic gain and learning performance is affected by numerous factor including gender, age, teaching faculty, students schooling, father/guardian social economic status, residential area of students, medium of instructions in schools, tuition trend, daily study hour and accommodation as hostelries or day scholar. Many researchers conducted detailed studies about the factors contributing student performance at different study levels.
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A student educational success contingent heavily on social status of student’s parents/ guardians in the society. The same that parent’s income or social status positively affects the student test score in examination. The higher education performance is depending upon the academic performance of graduate students. Today, there is a clear need for education to learn about the factors that influence a student’s academic performance, considering the performance to be the quantitative result obtained during the learning process, based on the evaluations carried out by the teachers through objective test evaluations. The latest patterns in this area highlight the importance of considering other variables beyond intellectual capabilities. These trends are supported by several points of research that show that academic performance is not only associated with intellectual quotient (IQ), but there are multiple variables and dimensions to which a certain predictive value can be attributed. For this reason, the objective of this report is to extend the existing source of knowledge when it comes to explaining or understanding academic performance, which is why we will analyze the importance of emotional intelligence, personality and the meaning of life in such performance. Along the years, there have been many studies devised in aims to identify the variables that can predict academic achievement.
HOW ICT INFLUENCE STUDENTS ACHIEVMENT IN EDUCATIONAL COURSES
The emergence of ICT has transformed the existence and activities of contemporary man particularly in the setting of globalization. In recent times, there has been and extraordinary advocacy both nationally and internationally for the use of ICT in instructional and learning process. The educational courses has been influenced by ICT, which has explicitly influenced instructional process and research. ICT has the strength to speed up, improve and extend aptitude reforms as it has the capacity to boost teaching by inspiring and engaging learners, and help schools reform by assisting schools in understanding financial and functional practices. Technology helps educators in preparing students for the real world setting and stresses that as our countries turn out to be progressively more technology dependent, it becomes significantly more essential that to be good citizens, students must figure out how to be well informed about ICT. The utilization of ICT in teaching is a pertinent and practical method for providing education to learners that will enrich them with the required abilities with regards to the world of work.

Based on the results of observations made by researchers in several different schools, it was found that often when teachers will teach in class have problems, where these obstacles often come from students because there are still many of them who do not care about the teacher when in front class, besides that there are still many who play with their friends when the teacher starts the lesson in class.
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Thus, the learning process in the classroom is not conducive and does not achieve learning objectives. In fact, in addition to being at home students can also study at school, meaning schools have an important role in the process of transferring knowledge so that students can learn what they do not know and develop their potential. The school is a system of social interaction of an organization as a whole consisting of personal interactions related together in an organic relationship
TEACHING SKILLS
Every professional demands certain specific skills and competency in their professional area for producing maximum output within optimum cost and time. Teaching profession is a process of social engineering. Hence it should be taken place effectively and efficiently.

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A skilled teacher can make wonders in their profession and can influence the learning process as well as the learning outcome of the students and help them to achieve their life goals. Teaching skills are essential for effective teaching. Teaching skill can be defined as a set of interrelated expressive behaviour of the teacher (verbal and nonverbal) which can be observable, explainable, assessable, demonstrable and refinable through perfect practices.
STUDENTS’ LEARNING
Students' learning can be evaluated in many different ways, but in a developing country like Nigeria where about 40 percent of the adult populations are illiterate, parents use the performance of their children in public examinations to pass judgement on the schools and teachers. To them, the logic is a simple one. The schools are supposed to be staffed by good teachers and supplied adequate facilities and instrumental materials. It is the responsibility of government to ensure through such provisions and regular inspection or supervision that effective teaching and learning go on in the schools. The task of parents is to send children to school and pay whatever fees and levies are charged by the institutions. Though many parents acknowledge shortages of funds, teachers and infrastructures in the schools and their own inability to buy all
the required books and other learning materials for their wards, yet they strongly believe that if the students perform badly in their examinations, the teachers and administrators have not done their job well and should take most of the blame.
TEACHING SKILLS AND STUDENTS’ LEARNING
The teacher is a profession, which means a position that requires special skills as a teacher and cannot be carried out by just anyone outside the field of education. For a teacher to know and be able to apply several teaching principles in order to carry out their duties in a professional manner. Among them, (1) teachers must be able to arouse the attention of students on the subject matter provided and can use a variety of media and varied learning resources. (2) the teacher must be able to arouse the interest of students to be active in thinking and searching and finding their own knowledge. (3) teachers must develop students' attitudes in fostering social relations, both in the classroom and outside the classroom. (4) teachers must investigate and explore the differences in the participants individually in order to serve students in accordance with these differences. Thus, the teacher must be able to manage the class well. The activity of managing the class intends to create and maintain a class atmosphere (condition) so that the learning process takes place effectively and efficiently. Teachers must have teaching skills in order to achieve learning goals and students can understand what is conveyed by the teacher. Teaching skills are professional competencies that are quite complex, as an integration of various teacher competencies in their entirety and comprehensively

At the writing stage, Internet-based technologies have been found to engage students in collaborative writing, allowing writing to be a socially constructed activity. The tools (e.g., wikis, whiteboards, online chat rooms and MOOC meetings) provide page-like spaces for interacting and some (e.g., whiteboards) add features for importing texts, graphical markers and tools.

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In this way, both the instructor and peers encourage topic development by increasing target language production, while Web tools promote increased audience awareness, attention to the content of the communication and its linguistic form, evolution of ideas, a greater degree of sophistication of peers’ comments and reorganization of content.
INTERNET
the internet is described as a worldwide computer network which connects local networks using the packet-switched communication protocol TCP/IP and has uniform rules for addressing and naming nodes (computers connected to the network) and protocols for sharing information. In the computer science definition, the internet is a space of IP addresses allocated to hosts and servers connected by network devices, such as network cards, hubs, and modems, which communicate via the Internet Protocol (IP) using communications infrastructure. The internet is a global system of connections between computers, which allows people to communicate with one another and find information on the World Wide Web using visuals, sounds, and text in a way that escapes time and space and the cost limitations of distance – and also the control of territorial governments. The internet is a rapidly growing worldwide system of interconnected computer networks. It offers many services, such as remote user login, file transfer, e-mail, and newsgroups. Each computer connected to the internet has its own uniquely assigned number, which is an address. The uniqueness of the internet as the dominant medium of today consists in its bringing together the functions of all media: it can influence users through images, sound, words or animation, as well as through other perception techniques.
RESEARCH WRITING
Research writing being the major and crucial type of academics demands more attention as it not only presents the facts, findings and observations but also demands critical evaluation. The main objective of organizing research writing is to allow the audience to read one’s work selectively. When one researches a topic, one may be interested in just the methods, a specific result, the interpretation, or perhaps one just want to see a summary of the paper to determine if it is relevant to one’s study or not. Thus disciplinarity becomes one of the important characteristic of research paper writing. Disciplinarity is one of the most important features of academic study, research and writing. Disciplinarity is constructed by published writing in one’s discipline. One’s sense of disciplinarity is shaped by one’s understanding not only of research but also of how research is presented in journals and more importantly how the case for contribution to the discipline is constructed in writing. If one wants to write in a specific discipline one needs to establish what constitutes disciplinarity in one’s area and more specifically how that is represented in published writing in one’s field at that time. This approach is rhetorical, in the sense that it involves analyzing features of texts and considering the audiences and purposes of Academic Writing. Writing in a discipline means either using rhetorical features or as writers one has to assimilate those features in one’s thinking and writing. The importance of understanding the academic discipline within which one works and writes is important. Moreover how disciplinarity can be understood in terms of the features of academic writing that currently appear on published form in one’s discipline.
THE INTERNET AND RESEARCH WRITING NEXUS
The internet has been defined as the communication superhighway that links, hooks, and transforms the entire world into a global village where a different individual can easily get in touch, see, or speak to one another, as well as exchange information instantaneously from one point of the globe to another. Like in any other higher institution of learning around the globe, Nigerian university undergraduate students are often required to conduct diverse research work as they progress through their final year. The qualities of a student’s research and learning are largely dependent on the quality, quantity and current internet resources referred to. This has attracted research debate on the use of internet in contemporary educational contexts in developing countries such as Nigeria. However, most of these studies predominantly highlight its impact on academic performance (grades), communication, and general educational purposes. This indicates that detailed studies that try to interpret student perspective on internet access and usefulness for research and academic learning are still in their embryonic phase. It is worthwhile to mention that most of these documented researches based merely on students within Southern, Eastern and Western. This strong focus has led to a limited research conducted among students’ in the North-Eastern part which is amid slower technological change. This backdrop provides a scope for an in-depth research into the students’ experience and perspective on the access and utility of electronic sources for academic research and learning. Thus, it is pertinent to research into how these students find ways to make use of the internet to facilitate their academic research and learning. This also calls for exploring the challenges facing the students in this region as it relates to internet usage for academic research and learning. Research evidence has shown that the advances in information technology and the development of computers have affected student approaches to research and learning in the contemporary higher educational settings. Several studies have supported that the internet utilization is most prevalent among younger, educated individuals

ICT has helped to eliminate and minimise the financial involvement, time wastage and potential safety and health threats or hazards that would have been incurred or encountered in the process of moving from one place to another to create awareness and sensitize the public about the various environmental challenges faced by the people on a daily basis, and how such challenges could be mitigated.
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ICT achieves this through the use of some web tools such as Blogs, Wikis and Google Earth, to demonstrate a visual experience of a similar challenge elsewhere and at the same time illustrate how such challenges were handled or tackled in such an environment. People’s attitudes have been moulded through ICT on how they can express feelings of concern about taking active participation with the primary aim of encouraging environmental stewardship. The various skills of ICT, if properly harnessed can enable environmentalists identify and solve such identified problems.
ICT
ICT is technology that supports activities involving information. Such activities include gathering, processing, storing and presenting data. Increasingly these activities also involve collaboration and communication. Hence IT has become ICT: information and communication technology. Information and communication technology, or ICT, is defined as the combination of informatics technology with other, related technologies, specifically communication technology. In this book, these three definitions have been collapsed into a single, all encompassing, definition of ICT. This definition implies that ICT will be used, applied, and integrated in activities of working and learning on the basis of conceptual understanding and methods of informatics.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Students academic gain and learning performance is affected by numerous factor including gender, age, teaching faculty, students schooling, father/guardian social economic status, residential area of students, medium of instructions in schools, tuition trend, daily study hour and accommodation as hostelries or day scholar. Many researchers conducted detailed studies about the factors contributing student performance at different study levels. A student educational success contingent heavily on social status of student’s parents/ guardians in the society. The same that parent’s income or social status positively affects the student test score in examination. The higher education performance is depending upon the academic performance of graduate students. Today, there is a clear need for education to learn about the factors that influence a student’s academic performance, considering the performance to be the quantitative result obtained during the learning process, based on the evaluations carried out by the teachers through objective test evaluations. The latest patterns in this area highlight the importance of considering other variables beyond intellectual capabilities. These trends are supported by several points of research that show that academic performance is not only associated with intellectual quotient (IQ), but there are multiple variables and dimensions to which a certain predictive value can be attributed. For this reason, the objective of this report is to extend the existing source of knowledge when it comes to explaining or understanding academic performance, which is why we will analyze the importance of emotional intelligence, personality and the meaning of life in such performance. Along the years, there have been many studies devised in aims to identify the variables that can predict academic achievement.
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
It is evident that our world today is quite changing and is different from that of the agricultural and the industrial revolution. The pressure on the environment due to climate change – higher temperature, shifting seasons, more frequent and extreme weather events such as floods and droughts, the challenge for food production becomes even more daunting. Our environment is inseparatable from life. There is every need for the proper management of our world. This calls for the need for environmental awareness to all and sundry in schools at all levels especially in developing countries such as Nigeria which has little or no provision for such awareness in curriculum/syllabus in areas of some related subject(s) among which is EE. This activated some elites in the developed world-organization for Economic and Cooperative Development (OECD) in April 1971 to analyze the serious need and urgency of establishing and developing new teaching programmes at school, college and university. Many developing countries are beginning to realize the role of environmental education in abating the environmental issues - the African Social and Environmental Studies Programmes (ASESP) with its seat in Nairobi, Kenya encourages and promotes the creation of environmental awareness and protection in pupils and student at the same time develops useful activities for pupils and student at the same time develops useful activities for pupils during instruction. The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) in 1972. The Belgrade Chapter in 1975. The earth summit also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), the Education, Science and Documentation Centre (ZED), UNESCO is not left out.
ICT AND PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
In defining the scope of environment, certain interrelated factors come to mind. Such factors include human, biological, biotic and abiotic, chemical, flora and fauna. Environment, in the course of time, has suffered serious deterioration mainly due to anthropogenic (human) activities and increased need for the improvement of standard of living of the populace. These negative impacts have created a hiatus in and a dire need for the preservation and maintenance of the environment. In order to address man’s ignorance and the danger it has posed on the environment, various movements for environmental education have been sponsored. The tremendous contributions of information and communication technology systems (ICTS) over the years cannot be overstated. The impacts of these systems have permeated every fabric of the society, covering social, economic, cultural, political and educational sectors. In the education sector, for instance, ICTS have given different categories of learners an opportunity to access their learning careers and professions with ease. Learning has been made so flexible, easily-accessible and practical-oriented. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has revitalised and transformed the learning environment and platforms in the education sector. It has provided learners with a gamut of learning opportunities, ranging from computer, Internet and WhatsApp to Facebook, Zoom/Webinar and so on. With the large number of beneficiaries across the globe, there is no gainsaying the fact that the education sector is most advantaged when it comes to the use of ICT. Interestingly, both adults and school age children now enjoy unlimited access in exploring and maximising the various ICT potentials available at their disposal for increased learning opportunities. Adult learners, for instance, now have a wide range of choices to access their learning any day, anytime and anywhere, without moving from one place to another, and at the same time still carry out their various roles and duties in their respective homes, offices, churches, and so on. Adults are vulnerable to various challenges in their locality, and the solution to such problems, if not known or identified can be easily accessed with the aid of ICTS. The enormous role of ICT in environmental education cannot be over-emphasised. Essentially, ICT has revitalised the environmental sector of education by giving facilitators and their clientele unlimited access to explore their learning activities and to overcome physical, financial or distance barriers.

Instructional materials are essential since they help the teacher and learners avoid overemphasis on recitation and rote learning that can easily dominate a lesson. Resource materials allow learners to have practical experiences which help them to develop skills and concepts and to work in a variety of ways. Instructional materials support learning content by providing facts, engaging learners through multimedia, and allowing students to apply concepts.
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They facilitate understanding and evaluate knowledge through questions and student work. Instructional materials may include any textbooks and workbooks used in the classroom. For example, language arts classrooms almost always have literature textbooks, writing textbooks, and even vocabulary and spelling workbooks. More innovative materials may include charts, maps, videos, images, diagrams and flashcards.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Teaching as a concept requires that teachers should not only have knowledge and skills in a subject but also the professional competence in the use of methods and materials to be able to influence the behavior of learners by using instructional materials. Defined instructional materials as ways and means of making the teaching and learning process easy, more meaningful and understandable. In a similar definition, explained that instructional materials are designed to promote and encourage effective teaching and learning experiences. In view of the above definitions, instructional materials are therefore, sight tools for teachers at all levels of education process for effective instructional delivery and promote learner’s academic achievement and enable the achievement of the stated objectives of a lesson.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Students’ academic gain and learning performance is affected by numerous factor including gender, age, teaching faculty, students schooling, father/guardian social economic status, residential area of students, medium of instructions in schools, tuition trend, daily study hour and accommodation as hostelries or day scholar. Many researchers conducted detailed studies about the factors contributing student performance at different study levels. The measurement of students previous educational outcomes are the most important indicators of students future achievement, this refers that as the higher previous appearance, better the student’s academic performance in future endeavours. Lot of studies have been conducted in the area of students achievement and these studies identify and analyze the number of factors that affect the academic performance of the student at school, college and even at university level. Their finding identify students’ effort, previous schooling, parent’s educational background, family income, self-motivation of students, age of student, learning preferences and entry qualification of students as important factors that have effect on student’s academic performance in different setting. The utility of these studies lies in the need to undertake corrective measures that improve the academic performance of graduate students.
IMPORTANCE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS TO STUDENTS UNDERSTANDING OF A TOPIC
One important dimension in teacher education that is getting a lot of attention is related to the use of instructional materials. Instructional materials are those materials used by a teacher to simplify their teaching. They include both visual and audio-visual aids and could either be concrete or non-concrete. These instructional materials bring life to learning by stimulating students to learn. The use of instructional materials in the classroom has the potential to help the teacher explain new concepts clearly, resulting in better student understanding of the concepts being taught. However, they are not ends in themselves but they are means to an end. It is held that good teaching resources can never replace the teacher but the teacher uses them to achieve their teaching and learning objectives. Some of the instructional materials necessary for effective teaching and learning of Social Studies include the chalkboard, models, graphs, charts, maps, pictures, diagrams, cartoons, slides, filmstrips, radio, and television. The importance of the use of these materials cannot be underscored. Instructional materials are essential since they help the teacher and learners avoid overemphasis on recitation and rote learning that can easily dominate a lesson. Resource materials allow learners to have practical experiences which help them to develop skills and concepts and to work in a variety of ways. The implication here is that for more knowledge to be internalized, more of the learner’s senses have to be stimulated other than hearing alone. In learning and teaching, the various senses can be stimulated through the use of audiovisual materials. In teaching Conflict and Conflict Resolution, the Non-Violence Education Programme asserts that the flip chart teaching tool is a stand-alone material that can be used in any classroom without the expense of additional resource. Instructional materials have to meet the learning objectives, be validated and their impact be evaluated.

The social media platforms and the internet are now bombarded with news and there is so much information that it is almost next to impossible to find out fake news from the real one. Sometimes, even fake news by a citizen journalist may be taken up by a professional and legitimate journalist and developed into a story that may hamper the journalist and his agency’s efforts at establishing and maintaining credibility and reliability with the audiences.
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The presence of a news agency or reporters on multiple social media platforms is also important as the same information or news from the same source should be seen by the public, otherwise it easily comes to the notice of the society for discrepancies and damages the degree of trust between the news agency and the public. Twitter and Facebook which are the most common and popular social media platforms have made the journalists dig in for breaking news from interview sources and personal tweets of celebrities and eminent personalities in various fields. Sometimes, these journalists even copy those personal tweets or make comments on it which becomes news from their news agency’s or public account
SOCIAL MEDIA
Many researchers have come across the interchangeable usage of the terms “social media” and “Web2.0”; however, these two terms are closely related yet not exactly synonymous, and they differ in terms of usage. For the purpose of this research, and in order to avoid any confusion, the above mentioned terms will be defined, despite the fact that social media is the central gravity of the research. In regards of the term Web 2.0, Tim O'Reilly, the founder of O'Reilly media, has coined that "Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the Internet as platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform." He has further provided a general business aspect in relations of Web 2.0 as the “harnessing of collective intelligence”, in which Web 2.0 provides platforms and fills the Web with user-generated content where all individuals – the former audience are able to take part in instead of important decisions made by a few people. Alternatively, Web 2.0 is a platform whereby content and applications are continuously modified and exchanged by all users in participatory and collaborative manner, and no longer merely created and published by individuals. There are still many ongoing debates and discussions regarding social media’s universal definition; as social media has been transforming and merging into the evolving development of New Media
JOURNALISM PROFESSION
Journalistic professionalisation is one of the critical variables in every comparative analysis between media systems. Pioneering research deals with the nature of the legitimising creed of media institutions and, more specifically, the distance between the reporter and external interests. The latter is understood as a place of tension between an ideal concerning the journalist’s professionalism and audience and the interrelated political and economic interests affecting the media system. Professionalisation is one of the dimensions used to clarify some problematic concepts. They illustrated some of the variations in professionalisation criteria among their four models of media and politics, dividing them into three dimensions: autonomy, distinct professional norms, and public service orientation. Hallin and Mancini paid more attention to the systematic body of knowledge or doctrine generally required to be recognised as a profession (compared with doctors and lawyers) and consequently on the fundamental variables regarding formal training and education. Though a direct link between the education rate of those who work in journalism and their degree of professionalisation cannot be made, the 2021 Media for Democracy Monitor (MDM) data provides an encouraging sign regarding the comprehensiveness of the training of contemporary journalists. The portrait of the profession that emerges from our data illustrates that journalists do not have the time for further training. The integration of the temporal dimension in contemporary journalism becomes a challenge in terms of the ability, for example, to connect the present with the past and the future (developing through education and professional training the skills to do so), and thus the possibility of playing a more active role in setting the public agenda. The value of immediacy has slowly been translated into the need to contribute significantly to the news flow. The problem arises when the definition of newsworthiness itself is linked to the search volume of different online queries over time, and the trends that sanction the popularity. Journalists are therefore increasingly dispossessed of their ability to set their own agenda and have professional and satisfying working time.
SOCIAL MEDIA AND JOURNALISM PROFESSION
It is not surprising that the modern journalists are increasingly using social media tools and platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snap chat, and others to remain abreast of the latest happenings around them and get their hands on interesting and unique stories and news to present to the world. This form of reporting adopted by the modern journalists is more individualistic, open, and prone to speculations. On the positive side, the social media and the other micro-blogging platforms offer the unique advantage of second-by-second update of changes in a news or story which can be effectively captured by a professional journalist and turned into a mature story for the society. The most interesting benefit of using social media tools like Twitter and Facebook is the opportunity to get hands on small, real-life, and mostly unknown stories of the common man which are an insightful read for the public. Facebook, on the other hand, helps capture public opinion which is critically essential at deciphering the pulse of the society at the given moment and working upon some urgent as well as optional issues, such as terrorism, political corruption, education reforms, and so on. There is a clutter of information, links, posts, videos, and other details on the internet which may make a journalist lose his thoughts and patience and unconsciously, resort to unethical course of action when prioritizing speed over accuracy. There are top management pressures, obligations to remain updated and competitive, desire to succeed, and other inner and outer battles which may serve as the breeding ground for ignorance, denial, or the lack of common sense for journalists trying to find truth from the indefinite clutter on social media. Even more, there has been so stiff competition in the media and journalism industry today that even the established and reputed news agencies and houses are willing to risk their legacy for accuracy and credibility for being the first in publishing breaking news on the internet. They are willing to include falsified facts and incorrect information, only to be on the top and have increased market share, thus promoting the breach of ethics and professional integrity at large.

It can be said that teachers have always been aware that learners, that is to say, the way students learn, must shape the way teachers teach. In other words, the methods of teaching used by teachers should be determined in tune with the learning styles of the targeted students.
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It can also be said that although the needs of today’s students and their styles of learning are urging the introduction of new technology to the classrooms, just the opposite can also be true as well, new technology is at the same time trying to make its way into the field of education which has always been very broad and open to continuous development.
PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS ATTITUDES
Change in Pre-service Teacher Attitudes toward Contemporary Issues in Education Pre-service teacher education is concerned with the development of specific instructional competencies but it is also focused on promotion of teacher attitudes that facilitate effective instructional practice. Because the upcoming generation of teachers is often viewed as a primary mechanism of curriculum reform pre-service teacher education focuses on current research and contemporary interpretation of best practices in school organization and classroom instruction. In the context of pre-service teacher education, then, post-secondary pedagogy is concerned with producing graduates who move into the field able, in terms of both skills and attitudes, to implement research-based conclusions that may not always coincide with the attitudes of previously trained teachers. An attitude is the sum of a person’s inclinations and feelings, prejudices and bias, preconceived notions, ideas, fears, and convictions regarding any specific topic. Attitudes are formed by direct experience as well as by implicit learning and may reflect personality. Attitudes are typically conceptualized as having three related components: cognitive (i.e., the idea or assumptions upon which the attitude is based), affective (i.e., feelings about the issue), and behavioural (i.e., a predisposition toward an action that corresponds with the assumption or belief). Attitudes are functional in as much as they simplify complex subjects, express fundamental values and beliefs, and mediate or guide behaviour.
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Students’ academic gain and learning performance is affected by numerous factor including gender, age, teaching faculty, students schooling, father/guardian social economic status, residential area of students, medium of instructions in schools, tuition trend, daily study hour and accommodation as hostelries or day scholar. Many researchers conducted detailed studies about the factors contributing student performance at different study levels. The measurement of students previous educational outcomes are the most important indicators of students future achievement, this refers that as the higher previous appearance, better the student’s academic performance in future endeavours. Lot of studies have been conducted in the area of students achievement and these studies identify and analyze the number of factors that affect the academic performance of the student at school, college and even at university level. Their finding identify students’ effort, previous schooling, parent’s educational background, family income, self-motivation of students, age of student, learning preferences and entry qualification of students as important factors that have effect on student’s academic performance in different setting. The utility of these studies lies in the need to undertake corrective measures that improve the academic performance of graduate students
PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS ATTITUDES AND AFFECT STUDENTS PERFORMANCE
The attitude that students have towards mathematics is influenced by the efforts that these students place into the understanding and their ability to practice the teaching ideas and skills learned in the classroom. The belief that students have about their ability to succeed and their expectations for the outcome of the results in school is directly connected to their levels of commitment and their mental states that urge or interfere with their physical and cognitive ability to be academically successful. Thus, attitudes predict the effort with which a student is most probably able to put into his or her learning of various subjects. Teachers therefore, need to do their maximum best to maintain positive attitudes toward mathematics for good performance among students. The attitude of pre-service teachers towards teaching learning referred to the emotional disposition that they have towards improving students’ academic performance

Academic achievement of students especially at the secondary school level is not only a pointer to the effectiveness of schools but a major determinant of the future of youths in particular and the nation in general. The medium through which the attainment of individuals and the nation’s educational goals can be achieved is learning. Learning outcomes have become a phenomenon of interest to all and this account for the reason why scholars have been working hard to unravel factors that militate against good academic performance
CLASS SIZE
Class size is an educational tool that can be described as an average number of students per class in a school, it is a number of students per teacher in a class. It is a tool that can be used to measure performance of the education system. A lot of argument has gone on the impact of class size on performance, some fingering over-bloated class size as the main factor responsible for falling standard of education, most especially in the elementary or secondary level of education in Nigeria, however others see this as mere coincidence seeing other factors as being responsible.
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Effect of class size on the students’ academic performance has been reported. Historical information about class size in this country helps educational leaders understand why the need to justify per pupil expenditures became an issue. Previous research regarding class size focused on the relationship between class size and the instructional technique utilized by teachers within differing class sizes and provided data regarding how class size affects the instructional practices of teachers. To really understand how class size affects the instructional environment, educational leaders must also analyze the amount of time teachers have to spend on classroom management as this directly affects the amount of time teachers are able to devote to instruction
TRUANCY
Truancy is defined as a “deliberate absence from school without parental knowledge”. Truancy is one of the externalized behavior disorders; a problem which seriously and negatively affects students schooling in particular and their life progress in. Truancy can be seen as a deliberate absence from school on the part of students without the knowledge and consent of parents, absence of the students from the school for which no reasonable or acceptable excuse is given to school authority.
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Truancy poses a serious and negative impact on students’ academic performance bearing in mind that the strong menace of truancy pervades the entire educational system especially the secondary education system. Truancy among junior secondary school students jeopardizes chances of achieving their educational goals. Globally, truancy among the students has been identified as one of the most prevalent rates that become a predictor of delinquency and indiscipline, and other anti-social behaviors among the students. This becomes detrimental to students’ academic achievement in school, class promotion, and graduation
CLASS SIZE AND TRUANCY NEXUS IN COLLGES
Overcrowded classrooms is always among the reason for truancy among students. Students enjoy reading in classrooms that are conducive for learning. Overcrowded classroom could lead to bullying and other form of social vices among students. Larger classes are proven to make it more difficult for teachers to set and enforce behavioral expectations, monitor students, and pay individual attention to each student. Larger class sizes lead to more disorder in the classroom which ultimately affects student learning. Truancy and school indiscipline result in negative consequences including a decline in academic achievements, a greater likelihood of dropping out of school, poor health and wellbeing outcomes, and an increased risk and involvement in the sacred justice system. Classroom interaction experience is one of the main parts of students’ learning lives. However, surprisingly little research has investigated students’ perceptions of classroom interaction with different attendance policies across different class sizes in the higher education system. That is why the author took out time to explain the classroom size and truancy level nexus.

Project-based learning (PBL) is a new model of inquiry-based learning that is centered on the concepts and principles of a subject, with the help of multiple resources and continuous inquiry based learning activities in the real world, with the aim of producing a complete project work and solving multiple interrelated problems within a certain period of time. a new student-centered teaching approach, project-based learning directly points to the goal of cultivating 21st-century skills, especially higher-order thinking skills, and higher-order thinking occurs based on problem-solving, a challenging problem that emphasizes real-world situations and open environments, and project-based learning motivates students to continuously explore in the process of problem-solving, thus promoting the development of higher-order thinking. See samples of undergraduate project topics, works & research materials for students
PROJECT BASED LEARNING
The concept of Project-Based Learning (PBL) is not new, but it has recently gained the spot light in education field. In the past decade, studies on PBL have increasingly been conducted and adopted across a diversity of educational institutions worldwide. Researchers have given a variety of definitions for PBL in which they all share several similar disciplines. In terms of its crucial functions, PBL is an instructional approach which is built upon learning activities and real tasks that have brought challenges for students to solve. PBL can be seen as a student-driven (student-centred) approach to learning in which students are required to take part in a real project by developing a question or inquiry and under the supervision of teachers in order to create a project to share with the select audience. In other words, students involve designing their own inquiries, planning their learning, organizing their research, implementing a multitude of learning strategies, and evaluating their projects that have real world applications beyond the classroom. These activities give students the opportunity to work relatively autonomously over extended periods of time; and culminate in realistic products or presentations. When it comes to the teachers‘ role, PBL to is an approach in which teachers act as a facilitator.
STUDENTS LEARNING INTEREST
Learning will be more meaningful if students experience firsthand what they learn by activating more senses in full, rather than just listening to the teacher's explanation and the material is given separately. Especially if it refers to Piaget's theory of cognitive development that elementary school-age children are at a stage of concrete operational development where real experience is really needed by students in learning. The use of innovative learning methods is an alternative choice of solution. One method that can be used is active learning. Active learning is learning that requires students to play a role and be active in the learning process in the form of interaction between students and educators and students and students. Besides, the focus of education is currently still many dwellings on cognitive problems. While the affective and psychomotor aspects did not receive much attention. Most curriculum only designs how students become intellectually intelligent children, achievers, high grades, and get good rankings. While students' morality, creativity, and behavior are not really given attention. As a result, students become selfish human beings, not obedient to the norm, and ignorant in all their deeds
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Students’ academic gain and learning performance is affected by numerous factor including gender, age, teaching faculty, students schooling, father/guardian social economic status, residential area of students, medium of instructions in schools, tuition trend, daily study hour and accommodation as hostelries or day scholar. Many researchers conducted detailed studies about the factors contributing student performance at different study levels. The measurement of students previous educational outcomes are the most important indicators of students future achievement, this refers that as the higher previous appearance, better the student’s academic performance in future endeavours. Lot of studies have been conducted in the area of students achievement and these studies identify and analyze the number of factors that affect the academic performance of the student at school, college and even at university level. Their finding identify students’ effort, previous schooling, parent’s educational background, family income, self-motivation of students, age of student, learning preferences and entry qualification of students as important factors that have effect on student’s academic performance in different setting. The utility of these studies lies in the need to undertake corrective measures that improve the academic performance of graduate students
PROJECT BASED LEARNING AND STUDENTS PERFORMANCE
In the era of digital transformation of education, the new generation of information technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and metaverse are bringing great changes to education at an unimaginable speed, and at the same time posing unprecedented challenges to talent training. Cultivating students with higher-order thinking skills that can adapt to the future development of society and reasonably cope with the complex real world has become an important mission in the current education reform and development around the world (Ma and Yang, 2021). Different types of problems produce different teaching methods and also guide the development of students’ different thinking skills. Project-based learning, as a new type of teaching and learning method in the context of curriculum and teaching reform, takes real life as the background, is driven by practical problems, breaks the disciplinary boundaries, integrates multiple disciplines into one project, and develops students’ future-oriented abilities——creative thinking, problem raising, problem solving, critical thinking, communication and collaboration, etc. The advantages of this approach over traditional teaching and learning models are being recognized and explored. A large number of studies on the effects of project-based learning have been done, but there is not complete agreement on the effects on the development of students’ thinking skills, academic performance, and affective attitudes. Over the past few decades, project-based learning has received a lot of attention in the field of education. Many studies have shown that project-based learning can improve students’ learning motivation, problem-solving skills, teamwork, and communication skills. However, due to the complexity and diversity of project-based learning, as well as differences in research methods, research findings on its effectiveness and influencing factors vary. A key research question in project-based learning meta-analytic studies is to assess the impact of project-based learning on student learning outcomes, including student performance in the areas of academic achievement, thinking skills, and affective attitudes. By combining the results of multiple independent studies, more accurate and reliable conclusions can be obtained to further understand the effects of project-based learning. In addition, project-based learning meta-analysis studies can help reveal the factors and mechanisms influencing project-based learning

Interest is one the core determinants of career choice among adolescents in Senior Secondary Schools the world over. Interest is defined as “likes and dislikes or aversions”. Interest can be defined as “a feeling or preference concerning one’s own activities”. On their part, interest can also be seen as the “extent of attraction to act in, to be engaged in or to receive training for any task, job or occupation”. It describes an individual’s intensity of emotion or commitment to a subject or a course. See Samples Of Project Topics, Works And Research Materials For Colleges’ Students. Interest emphasizes a person’s preference to which he or she is attentive, concerned, involved, committed or occupied. Interest can be classified as expressed; manifest; tested; and inventoried. It is believed that the stronger the interest expressed by an individual for a career the easier for the person to actualize his or her aspirations
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
Teaching as a concept requires that teachers should not only have knowledge and skills in a subject but also the professional competence in the use of methods and materials to be able to influence the behavior of learners by using instructional materials. Defined instructional materials as ways and means of making the teaching and learning process easy, more meaningful and understandable. In a similar definition, explained that instructional materials are designed to promote and encourage effective teaching and learning experiences. In view of the above definitions, instructional materials are therefore, sight tools for teachers at all levels of education process for effective instructional delivery and promote learner’s academic achievement and enable the achievement of the stated objectives of a lesson.
STUDENTS LEARNING INTEREST
Learning will be more meaningful if students experience firsthand what they learn by activating more senses in full, rather than just listening to the teacher's explanation and the material is given separately. Especially if it refers to Piaget's theory of cognitive development that elementary school-age children are at a stage of concrete operational development where real experience is really needed by students in learning. The use of innovative learning methods is an alternative choice of solution. One method that can be used is active learning. Active learning is learning that requires students to play a role and be active in the learning process in the form of interaction between students and educators and students and students. Besides, the focus of education is currently still many dwellings on cognitive problems. While the affective and psychomotor aspects did not receive much attention. Most curriculum only designs how students become intellectually intelligent children, achievers, high grades, and get good rankings. While students' morality, creativity, and behavior are not really given attention. As a result, students become selfish human beings, not obedient to the norm, and ignorant in all their deeds
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS AND STUDENTS’ LEARNING INTEREST
The sole aim of any teacher is to ensure effective teaching and learning on the part of his pupils. Therefore, no teaching is possible at any significant age level without the use of instructional materials. And no teacher who hopes to promote learning can ignore the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning. The use of instructional materials obviously helps the students in remembering and retaining what they have learnt. Described instructional materials as instruments used to transmit information, ideas and notes to learners. Also, indicate that the role of instructional materials in teaching and learning is one of the most important and widely discussed issues in contemporary education policy. Therefore, instructional materials are paramount important issues in classroom interaction and successful transfer of knowledge from the teacher to the learners. Effective use of instructional materials and its relevance with the topic would enable the learners to effectively learn and retain what they have learnt and thereby advancing their performance in the topic been taught. Stated that learning is a process through which knowledge, skills, habits, facts, ideas and principles are acquired, retained and utilized; and the only means of achieving this is through the use of instructional materials in teaching process. Therefore, the use of relevant instructional materials helps and enhances teachers to teach effectively and productivity during teaching process. Moreover, who noted that are only the teachers who will guarantee effective and adequate usage of instructional materials and thereby facilitate success in learning. Honestly, a teacher who makes use of appropriate instructional materials to supplement his teaching will help and enhance learners’ innovative and creative thinking as well as help them become believable spontaneous and eagerness in any lesson.