In the field of teaching-learning, it is necessary for teachers to be familiar with and knowhow of using great many materials techniques, ideas and special skills which is referred to as teaching methods. The teacher should adopt method that would enable the students to understand whatever concepts or topics or principles that are being taught. There are varieties of methods for teaching-learning such as inquiry, problem-solving, case studies, field trips and demonstration. All these methods rely on various forms of teacher students activities; however, some have more activities than others.
See Samples Of Undergraduate Projects And Research On Teaching Methods
Demonstration method (DM) has been recommended for teaching the contents in school curriculum. This approach utilizes several senses; students can see, hear and possibly experience an actual event, it stimulate interest, present ideas and concepts more clearly, provide direct experiences and reinforce learning. It requires pre-preparation or it may limit student’s participation.
Lecture Method (LM) on the other hand save time and energy of the teacher, as teacher can say one thing to the whole students at the same time. It helps the students to develop and improve the ability to listen attentively to the teacher but it kills students. It has been observed that female student prefers seeing them than hearing while on the other hand; male students prefer hearing them than seeing in teaching-learning process. Methods for teaching and learning should therefore be made stimulating and attractive to students in addition to being the means of preparing and selecting the next generations of students of higher education who in turn become the nation’s professional teachers or leaders. In the same vein, it has been discovered that prevailing teaching methods predominantly employed by school teachers at all level in Nigeria is teacher-centered, involving showing, telling and observing. Ideally, an effective method of teaching must integrate the nature of the subject into it, with the mode of inquiry, strength of the knowledge, theory, practice, and models used. By this, students are made to participate both mentally and practically in the teaching and learning activities in the class or laboratory as the case may be.
LECTURE METHOD OF TEACHING
Lecture method of teaching is the oldest teaching method applied in educational institution. This teaching method is one way channel of communication of information. Students’ involvement in this teaching method is just to listen and sometimes pen down some notes if necessary during the lecture, combine the information and organized it. However, one of the problems in this method is to grab the attention of students in class room. Another big problem is that many students in the class cannot follow the theme. Learning has a strong influence on method of teaching. More so, lecture method is the oldest method of teaching. It is based on the philosophy of idealism. This method refers to the explanation of the topic to the students. The emphasis is on the presentation of the content. The teacher clarifies the content matter to the students by using gestures, simple devices, by changing voice, change in position and facial expressions. Teachers are more active and students are passive but the teacher also asks questions to keep the students attentive. This method is economical and can be used among large number of students. It saves time and also covers syllabus. It is the simplest method for teachers and does not require any arrangements. It gives the students training in listening. It provides an opportunity an opportunity for better clarification of the topics and lying stress on significant ideas. It brings a personal contact and touch to impress or influence the pupils. This method is useful in large classes, but it also has some limitations. This method makes the students passive listeners. There is very little scope for pupil activity. It is against the principle of learning by doing. It does not take into consideration individual differences. It does not develop power of rezoning of the students. It becomes monotonous to the students. Though this method has much limitation but still it is the most used method. The lecture method can be made effective by using following points matter should be arranged properly. Teacher should have process in between the lesson. These should be abundant repetition of the topic. The teacher should encourage the students to ask questions teaching aids should also be used to make the lecture effective. The content of the lecture should be logical and according to the standard of the students. Furthermore, lecture method is most convenient and inexpensive method of teaching any subject. It hardly requires the use of scientific apparatus, experiment, and aids materials except for the black board. Lecture method is teacher controlled and information centered approach in which teacher works as a role resource in classroom instruction. In this method, the only teacher does the talking and the student is passive listens. This creates dullness in the classrooms as the interaction between the pupil and teacher ceases to occur.
In the field of education, lecture method is used very frequently. This method is used in order to acquire knowledge and concept. Lecture method mainly focuses on cognitive objectives. The main emphasis of this strategy is the presentation of the content. In this method teachers plans and controls the whole teaching – learning process. To make the lecture interesting, the teacher can take the help of audio -visual aids.
DEMONSTRATION METHOD OF TEACHING
A method demonstration is a teaching method used to communicate an idea with the aid of visuals such as flip charts, posters, power point, etc. A demonstration is the process of teaching someone how to make or do something in a step-by-step process.
A method demonstration is a teaching method used to communicate an idea with the aid of visuals such as flip charts, posters, power point, etc. A demonstration is the process of teaching someone how to make or do something in a step-by-step process. As you show how, you “tell” what you are doing. A demonstration always has a finished product. The key to a good demonstration is for the audience to be able to go home and do what you have taught them how to do.
Demonstration method of teaching may enable learners to evoke the “wow” experience. This consequently can increase their curiosity and enhance their reasoning abilities. In addition, it may have an impact on students’ achievements. Moreover, there are occasions in which teachers' demonstrations are educationally more effective than are students' own experimentations. Demonstrations encourage generalization because they promote active participation on the part of the students. Demonstrations in use as a teaching strategy may prove beneficial for students with different or special learning needs. It is assumed that, when combined with traditional methods, demonstrations can be effective for low-achieving students with high visual and spatial intelligence but with limited cognitive abilities.
In teaching through demonstration, students are set up to potentially conceptualize class material more effectively as shown in a study which specifically focuses on chemistry demonstrations presented by teachers. Demonstrations often occur when students have a hard time connecting theories to actual practice or when students are unable to understand application of theories.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LECTURE METHOD AND DEMONSTRATION METHOD
Lecture method is the oldest method of teaching. It is based on the philosophy of idealism. This method refers to the explanation of the topic to the students. The emphasis is on the presentation of the content. The teacher clarifies the content matter to the students by using gestures, simple devices, by changing voice, change in position and facial expressions. Teachers are more active and students are passive but the teacher also asks questions to keep the students attentive.
While demonstration method is a teaching method used to communicate an idea with the aid of visuals such as flip charts, posters, power point, etc. A demonstration is the process of teaching someone how to make or do something in a step-by-step process. A method demonstration is a teaching method used to communicate an idea with the aid of visuals such as flip charts, posters, power point, etc. A demonstration is the process of teaching someone how to make or do something in a step-by-step process. As you show how, you “tell” what you are doing. A demonstration always has a finished product. A demonstration always has a finished product. The key to a good demonstration is for the audience to be able to go home and do what you have taught them how to do.
CONCLUSION
Demonstrations can serve as an effective platform for enhancing students’ understanding of certain teaching concepts as well as increase their motivation and interest to learn. But in lecture method, the emphasis is on the presentation of the content. The most important thing is for teachers to identify which method suits each subject as well as students performance.

It is unreasonable to expect students to continuously pay attention while listening to a lecture, reading a textbook, or studying for a test. The mind naturally wanders, shifting attention from the primary learning task at hand to internal, personally relevant thoughts. Many of the activities that take place in schools and colleges require that students attend to the classroom environment for a sustained period. In many of these environments, it is common to catch our minds wandering and to notice that instead of paying attention to lectures, seminar or experiment for undergraduate projects and other learning activities our awareness will be directed elsewhere.
Mind-wandering is one of the most ubiquitous of all mental activities. Estimates suggest that the tendency for the mind to stray from the here and now in favor of thoughts unrelated to current external events constitutes as much as 50% of our waking hours. Notably, these incessant mental meanderings come at quite a cost, significantly disrupting performance on a great range of activities ranging from the banal to the most demanding. This is because most of our activities occur in interaction with the external environment, and mind-wandering is characterized specifically by a decoupling of attention from an immediate task context toward unrelated concerns.
This experience of having our thoughts wander from a task we are engaged in to our internal thoughts or feelings is a universally experienced phenomenon commonly referred to as mind wandering. Mind-wandering is a common everyday experience in which attention becomes disengaged from the immediate external environment and focused on internal trains of thought.
MIND WANDERING
Mind-wandering is the experience of thoughts not remaining on a single topic for a long period of time, particularly when people are engaged in an attention-demanding task. Mind-wandering tends to occur when one is driving.
Mind wandering is also a condition in which thoughts do not remain focused on the task at hand but range widely and spontaneously across other topics. It tends to occur during tasks that do not require sustained attention. Mind wandering cannot be scientifically quantified but has been studied using thought sampling and questionnaires.
Mind wandering without noticing it is a quintessential example of temporal dissociation meta-awareness. The pervasive phenomenon of mind wandering occurs when attention is decoupled from the task an individual intended it be directed toward. In many situations, mind wandering may be quite adaptive or at least, harmless. For example, when one is walking to work, it may be helpful to think about what one needs to do that day, rather than devoting all attention to the non-demanding task of walking down the sidewalk.
The fact that individuals mind wander even when engaged in tasks that they recognize as being undermined by mind wandering illustrates how easy it is to temporarily lose track of what is going on in one's mind, that is, to have a temporal dissociation of meta-awareness.
CAUSES OF MIND WANDERING
The causes of mind wandering especially when reading are lack of concentration, distraction of any kind, thoughts that are contrary to what you are reading etc.
MIND WANDERING AND READING COMPREHENSION
Reading comprehension is a task that involves both externally-directed attentions in reading the words on the page as well as a good deal of internally-directed attention to the mental representation of the text being constructed. Comprehension of an expository text is a common learning task and involves coherence building processes that manipulate mental representations of meaning in order to construct inferences and elaborations that connect the text with prior knowledge. The overlap between mind wandering regions and discourse comprehension regions indicates that mind wandering and comprehension likely share many of the same cognitive processes. This overlap in processes may also indicate why mind wandering is so detrimental to comprehension.
Difficult texts have more discontinuities in cohesion, which may make it more challenging to maintain sustained control and attention on the comprehension activities. In line with this idea, we expected that mind wandering would occur when a reader had difficulty constructing a situation model of the text because of a failure of executive processing, be it due to control or insufficient executive resources. Furthermore, mind wandering may disrupt comprehension as a result of the reader’s inability to construct a well-formulated situational model of the text.
HOW TO AVOID IT
A) SEEK COUNSELING SERVICES
One of the ways to avoid mind wandering as an undergraduate especially during reading is to first of all seek counseling services. It is advised that you seek professional counseling services. Discuss your issue with the counselor and other reasons why your mind wanders. The counselor will be in a best position to help you as well as help you with tips on how best to avoid mind wandering especially when you are reading or in class for lectures.
B) TRY TO CONCENTRATE
Another way to avoid mind wandering as an undergraduate is to try as much as possible to concentrate especially when reading and listening to lecture. Concentration is not just about looking at your text books or lecture notes while studying or even looking at the lecturer during lectures. There is more to concentration than just mopping at whatever activity you are involve in at the moment. Concentration therefore, entails been committed physically, mentally, psychologically and otherwise. The more you concentrate the likelihood of avoiding mind wandering.
C) AVOID DISTRACTION
Another way to avoid mind wandering is to avoid distraction. As an undergraduate, you must try by all means to avoid any kind of distraction. Make sure your mind and attention is on what you are doing at all times. Learn to pay more attention to whatever activity you are doing even if it means changing your environment.
D) CLEAR YOUR MIND BEFORE READING
It is also important that you clear your mind before reading. Clear your mind of any sort of worry or thought that is contrary to what you are reading that way you will avoid your mind wandering.
CONCLUSION
Conclusively, it is expected that at some point when reading the mind is likely to wander away but the important thing is that you should be mindful not to allow it wander that it distracts you or make you lose focus. Try at all times to avoid mind wandering especially when reading.

Determining whether or not undergraduate project topics or topic requires research hypothesis is very important for effective and efficient research project writing. The outcome of an undergraduate projects is partly dependent on the nature or the kind of the research hypothesis you choose. The choice of statistical tool(s) for the validation of the stated hypothesis is dependent on the type of hypothesis stated. A research hypothesis that is trying to determine the impact of a variable on the other will push the method of data analysis to the use of non parametric test (chi-square) while the hypothesis that is trying to relate or determine the influence of a variable on the other will push the method of data analysis to correlation method.
Research Projects
Research project is a request or examination directed by an research that makes a unique scholarly or imaginative commitment to the control. Research project is a scholastic task (or examination) attempted by an understudy towards the consummation of his/her scholarly quest for a first degree as expressed in quite a while first degree educational program. Research projects can be intended to fit an assortment of class develops and to advance understudy learning at all degrees of undergraduate schooling. It is additionally an errand attempted by student(s) inside a given time frame in a given branch of knowledge pointed toward causing the understudy to have autonomous limit with regards to requests and to enhance and to supplement formal educating in his general vicinity of study. This empowers the understudy sharpen in the hypothetical course work in the college. There is no uncertainty that the activity will uncover to the instructor who is doled out to direct the understudy, the understudy's territory of solidarity and shortcomings. At the point when these shortcomings are adjusted during speaker – understudy collaboration, the understudy comes out to be the pride of the college – the place of graduation. Research project undertakings can be understudy or workforce started, and understudies can either take part in a work in advance or enter a task at its beginning. Research projectis the investigation of a particular point inside a field by an research understudy that makes a unique commitment to the control.
Research Hypothesis
We cannot take a single step forward in any inquiry unless we begin with a suggested explanation or solution of the difficulty which originated it. Such tentative explanations are suggested to us by something in the subject-matter and by our previous knowledge. When they are formulated as propositions, they are called hypotheses. The hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a tentative solution of a problem. The research activities are planned to verify the hypothesis and not to find out the solution of the problem or to seek an answer of a question. It is very essential to a research worker to understand the meaning and nature of hypothesis. The researcher always plan or formulate a hypothesis in the beginning of the problem. The word hypothesis consists of two words: Hypo + thesis = Hypothesis. ‘Hypo’ means tentative or subject to the verification and ‘Thesis’ means statement about solution of a problem. The word meaning of the term hypothesis is a tentative statement about the solution of the problem. Hypothesis offers a solution of the problem that is to be verified empirically and based on some rationale. Another meaning of the word hypothesis which is composed of two words – ‘Hypo’ means composition of two or more variables which is to be verified. ‘Thesis’ means position of these variables in the specific frame of reference. This is the operational meaning of the term hypothesis. Hypothesis is the composition of some variables which have some specific position or role of the variables i.e. to be verified empirically. It is a proposition about the factual and conceptual elements. Hypothesis is called a leap into the dark. It is a brilliant guess about the solution of a problem. A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study. To be complete the hypothesis must include three components –
 The variables;
 The population; and
 The relationship between the variables.
Remember, a hypothesis does not have to be correct. While the hypothesis predicts what the researchers expect to see, the goal of research is to determine whether this guess is right or wrong. When conducting an experiment, researchers might explore a number of different factors to determine which ones might contribute to the ultimate outcome. In many cases, researchers may find that the results of an experiment do not support the original hypothesis. When writing up these results, the researchers might suggest other options that should be explored in future studies.
Why Some Research Projects Do Not Require Hypothesis
Not all research projects require hypothesis; some of these projects are those that have to do with design and construction, design and implementation, law projects, english and literary studies etc. There are a whole lots of them. This because the projects under design and contruction is not hypothetical in nature; any body designing a project have an expected outcome in mind and he/she will not stop until he/she achieve the aim of his research work. But the projects that require hypothesis usually contains two or more variables that can or not be quantified. The researcher usually get the information he/she need from primary or secondary source. The kind of response he/she gets from her respondents will influence the outcome of the project.
Conclusion
In conclusion, not all project require hypothesis; projects under social science normally require hypothesis but those in the field of engineering, computert science and law do not require hypothesis.

The use of audio-visual aids or instruction is becoming very popular in the education sector. Visual aids include pictures, textbooks, charts, models, television, films, radio maps, tape recorders, slides, video tapes, strip projectors and overhead projectors. Physical facilities include classrooms, theatres, laboratories, resource centres, etc. As a matter of fact, vocational or trade subjects have advantages in terms of suitability for visual aids because substances and processes are common and can easily be seen and demonstrated. The audio-visual aids are most used for teaching and presentation like seminars, paper, undergraduate project defence and a lot more.
2.0 Audio-Visual Aids
Teaching aids arouse the interest of learners and help the teachers to explain the concepts easily. Undoubtedly, audio visual aids are those instructional aids which are used in the classroom to encourage teaching learning process. Audio visual can also be seen as any device which by sight and sound increase the individuals' experience beyond that acquired through read described as an audio visual aids. Audio- Visual aids are those instructional devices which are used in the classroom to encourage learning and make it easier and interesting. The materials like charts, maps, models, film strip, projectors, radio, television etc called instructional aids. Audio-Visual Aids is also a training or educational materials directed at both the senses of hearing and the sense of sight, films, recordings, photographs, etc used in classroom instructions, library collections or the likes. Audio-visuals present information through the sense of hearing as in audio resources; sight as in visual resources or through a combination of senses. Indeed, the variety of such resources is a striking characteristic. The term audio-visual material is commonly used to refer to those instructional materials that may be used to convey meaning without complete dependence upon verbal symbols or language.

See Samples Of Education Projects On Audio-Visual Aids

A text book or a reference material does not fall within this grouping of instructional materials but an illustration in a book does. Some audio-visual components are in the nature of process and experience for example, dramatizing an event or a procedure or making diorama. Some of the audio-visual materials like the motion pictures require the use of equipment to release their latent value. Some do not need equipment at all like an exhibit or a study print. This term designates in common usage both material things as well as processes such as field trips. Anzaku further states that audio-visual materials include materials and equipment alike that materials are considered to be system or body of content of potential value when put to work while equipment or instructions often referred to as hardware, components are the means of presenting such content.
3.0 Academic Performance
Academic instruction is arguably the primary business of education. To this end, schools are expected to influence students’ learning, socialisation, and even vocational preparedness for education courses. Despite the attention paid to a broad definition of educational outcomes, however, academic performance remains central. Students’ academic performance is a term that appears frequently married in higher education discourse. Academic performance is a multidimensional construct composed of the skills, attitudes, and behaviors of a learner that contribute to academic success in education courses. It is a satisfactory and superior level of performance of students as they progress through and complete their school experience. The implication of this definition is underscored by research which repeatedly demonstrates that the vast majority of students who withdraw from school do so for no reason other than poor academic performance. Although the importance of academic achievement is rarely questioned, reaching unanimity regarding its measurement has been elusive. The measurement of students’ academic performance continues to be a controversial topic among policymakers, measurement experts, and educators. Researchers have used a variety of ways to measure academic achievement such as report card grades, grade point averages, standardized test scores, teacher ratings, other cognitive test scores, grade retention, and dropout rates.
4.0 how audio-visual aids affects students performance in education courses
The use audio visual materials bring freshness and variety to the learning experience. They make learning meaningful over a wide range of student’s abilities. They encourage meaningful use of subject matter by allowing negative involvement and active participation. Audio-visual materials technology provides the teacher with means of extending the students horizon of experience in education courses; the main feature of visual materials, lies in the ability to make possible, a wide range of sensory stimuli, by providing a more direction from seeing, doing and trying The best audio visual materials are those designed specially to meet some particular teaching needs. The teacher’s main task is to make his or her student learn effectively. To carry this out effectively, he or she needs the materials also known as teaching materials therefore, most of the effective and useful materials must be constructed by the teachers. Any teacher wished to teach effectively, and efficiently must anticipate the need, and he or she is expected to produce his or her own audio visual materials designed for a particular or specific needs. No matter the efforts the ministries of education may make, to actively promote and encourage the use of audio visual materials, they are bond to yield not much dividend unless the teacher shows them interest in the design, development and use to the audio visual materials. To the end, in service training courses, and workshop, should be conducted from time to keep up the interest and zeal of then teachers. This is with view of enhancing their ability to produce or improved a variety of teaching materials.
5.0 conclusion
In conclusion the use of audio visual aids is very effective in improving students academic performance in education courses. The only challenge that might hinder the effective administration of audio visual aids for education courses are lack of instructional personnels that can use various audio visual aids in teaching and learning.

As a year one student one of the challenges I faced was learning things faster. There are a whole lot of things that can limit your level of assimilation as a fresh student. Year one is usually full of running up and down doing course registration, screening and attendance to lecture. At the end of the day, you become drained and stressed which in turn affect your learning ability. Another thing that affected my learning speed was the issue of environment. There is this thing that has to do with new environment; it affect your body system and way of life. Environment can make or break you if you are not careful. I have seen lots of undergraduate projects on effect of environment on academic performance; all their findings seem to show that environment affects learning ability of students. Though some people are lucky they didn’t experience such because body system differs.
1.0 Teaching and learning
Teaching is a set of events, outside the learners which are designed to support internal process of learning. Teaching (Instruction) is outside the learner. Learning is internal to learners. You cannot motivate others if you are not self-motivated. Motives are not seen, but, Behaviors are seen. Is learning a motive or behavior? Learning is both a motive and behavior but only behavior is seen, learning is internal, performance is external.
Learning is about a change: the change brought about by developing a new skill, understanding a scientific law, changing an attitude. The change is not merely incidental or natural in the way that our appearance changes as we get older. Learning is a relatively permanent change, usually brought about intentionally. When we attend a course, search through a book, or read a discussion paper, we set out to learn! Other learning can take place without planning, for example by experience. Generally with all learning there is an element within us of wishing to remember and understand why something happens and to do it better next time.
2.0 Skills development
Skills development is generally used to refer to the productive capabilities acquired through all levels of learning and training, occurring in formal, non-formal, informal and on-the-job settings. It enables individuals to become fully and productively engaged in livelihoods, and to have the opportunity to adapt these capabilities to meet the changing demands and opportunities of economy and labour market. The acquisition of such capabilities depends on many factors, including a quality lifelong learning system and a supportive learning environment. The types of skills required for employment can be divided into:
• Basic and foundation skills, which are acquired through the primary and secondary formal school system, or through non-formal and/or informal learning processes (e.g. active learning, oral expression, reading comprehension, written expression, ICT literacy, active listening). These are pre-requisites for acquiring further skills enhancing the prospect of sustainable employment.
• Transferable skills, which include the abilities to learn and adapt, solve problems, communicate ideas effectively, think critically and creatively and the ability to manage self and others. These skills enable people to adapt to different work environments as well as improving their opportunities to career-building.
• Technical and vocational skills, which are specialized skills, knowledge or know-how to perform specific duties or tasks, mainly in a professional environment. These include, but are not limited to, the traditional forms of technical and vocational education and training (TVET), skills acquired through the secondary level of the formal school system or through non-formal and/or informal learning processes.
• Professional and personal skills, including individual attributes relevant to work such as honesty, integrity, reliability, work ethic, and judgement.
3.0 How I started learning things faster than usual in my final year
- Experience
Like they say “experience is the best teacher”; I was able to examine all the study approaches I have used from my year one to final year; compare my performance based on the method of study I used; then select the best study approach that works best for me.
-I came to realize my best study time
As simple as it may seen; study time play a significant role in your learning ability. Most people students especially those in year one do not know their best study time. They follow their fellow students to study when they are studying. At the end of the day the there will be variation in the rate of assimilation. Some people study best at night, some study better during the day while other study better at the early hours of the morning. In my year one I was affected by this. I usually follow my colleague to study when they are studying; but later on I came to realize that I study and understand better at night. So I changed my study time. When people are going home from the class; that is when I will be coming to the class to study.
-I understand now how to avoid distractions
Distraction is very bad in learning environment; as a student be mindful of distractions. The major source of distraction comes from peer group influence. When most of your friends are the types that do not have time for their studies; they will end up distracting you or even make become like them. Another form of distraction is noise from people studying in the same class or your studying environment. It is always advisable to look for a quiet environment when ever you want to study.
- I have a good study group
As a student a good study group will help boost your academic performance because of information and idea sharing among you. From your year one to your final year, you should be able to identify the good students in your class. Good student doesn’t mean student that have just good behaviour; good in terms of academic performance and dedication to their studies. Go close to those student, if possible make friends with them and study together. This will help you a whole lot.
4.0 My Final Thought
Every student have their challenges going in as a year one student; but with time they become use to it. There are things you can control as a student and some you just have to flow with. Thing like study time, study group and distraction can all be control if you so choose to but the nature of the environment is something you cannot control; all you need to do is to adapt to it.

Though mathematical understanding is ancient, stretching back into pre-history, its concepts, organization, scope, outlook and practice have seen profound evolution over the millenia. So what is this thing called mathematics? Can a single definition be found that captures the meaning of Mathematics across the millennia of its recorded history? What unites the practice of mathematics throughout its history and into the present time? Getting at a satisfactory answer is slippery business. What adequately describes mathematics at various earlier periods of its history is typically inadequate for contemporary mathematics. The same is true in reverse: an abstract, structure based discussion of mathematics that fits contemporary mathematics would exclude large periods in the early history of mathematics. Mathematics is one of the most interesting subjects in the education sector. All science subjects like physics and chemistry have a strong correlation with mathematics; that is why mathematics teachers or lecturer are among of the most sort after teachers or lecturers in Nigeria.
Why People Fail Mathematics:
There have been series of questions as to why people fail mathematics; some of the reasons why people fail mathematics is discussed below:
1. Lack Of Learning Materials
Instructional materials refer to those alternative channels of communication, which a classroom teacher can use to concretize a concept during teaching and learning process. Traditionally, classroom teachers have relied heavily on the 'talk-chalk' method during their teaching. But recently, instructional materials help to provide variations in the ways in which messages are sent across. In using instructional materials teachers and students do not only extend the range of sense organs we use but also extend the range of materials used for convening the same message through the same organ. For instance, in teaching a topic a teacher can manipulate real objects or use their stimulators.

See samples of mathematics education projects and research materials that are based on academic performance in mathematics.

Instructional materials therefore constitute the media of exchange through which a message transaction is facilitated between a source and a receiver. In addition to extending the range of materials that can be used to convey the same instructional message to learners instructional materials also facilitate the 'process' nature of communication. In this passage, the process nature of communication implies that both the source and the receiver of a message are actively involved in a communication encounter. Infarct, it means that both the receiver and the source share and exchange ideas, feelings in any communication. However most secondary schools in Nigeria do not have the adequate resources for the provision of instructional materials for teaching and learning of mathematics in secondary schools. Some of the schools have old mathematics learning instructions and materials and the school management is not willing to restock their library with new books and learning materials for mathematics students.
2. Lack Of Qualified Teachers
Mathematics teachers are usually very hard to come by these days; some of those that are available tend to have little or no experience in teaching mathematics. Their inability to use mathematics instructional materials in teaching mathematics is not encouraging; at the end of the day it will affect the interest of students in studying mathematics.
3. Study Time And Reading Comprehension
Most student hardly give time to the study of mathematics because they don’t have interest in it or might not have time to study because of other school activities. But study time is very crucial for who ever that want to improve his/her performance in mathematics. Study Time means time allowed off from normal duties granted on full pay to staff members who are studying in approved part-time courses. Study Time means the time allowed off from normal duties on full pay to a staff member who is studying in a part time course which is of relevance to the department. There is a high correlation between study time and reading comprehension when study mathematics. Giving more time to study can improve your reading comprehension.
Reading comprehension is the ability to process text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows. Fundamental skills required in efficient reading comprehension are knowing meaning of words, ability to understand meaning of a word from discourse context, ability to follow organization of passage and to identify antecedents and references in it, ability to draw inferences from a passage about its contents, ability to identify the main thought of a passage, ability to answer questions answered in a passage, ability to recognize the literary devices or propositional structures used in a passage and determine its tone, to understand the situational mood (agents, objects, temporal and spatial reference points, casual and intentional inflections, etc.) conveyed for assertions, questioning, commanding, refraining etc. and finally ability to determine writer's purpose, intent and point of view, and draw inferences about the writer.
4. Peer Influence
Peer group play a large role in the social, emotional and academic development of students. Peer group influence begins at an early age and increases through the teenage years. Thus, understanding the prospects and challenges of peer group is crucial for the productivity of educational processes and the organizational design of school systems in order to improve student’s academic performance. For many students, friendships are critical interpersonal vehicle that move them towards psychological growth and maturity, allowing social compassion which influences the development of self-evaluation. The peer influence is usually notice in students interest in mathematics. I conducted an experiment last month; I selected a group of five brilliant students that have high performance in their mathematics courses to group A and I also selected another group of five students with average performance in mathematics into group B. The I brought another student who served as a control group. I introduced one student each into group A and B making them six in number. I provided instructional materials for learning mathematics; I allowed them to study for four weeks on a particular course module. At the end of the study exercise; I set a quiz for the two students I introduced to the group A and B. It was found that the student I introduced into group A performed better than the student I introduced in group B. This is to show that peer influence play a major role in student performance in mathematics.
How To Become The Best Mathematics Students In Your Class:
A good student that is looking forward to becoming the best student in his or her class can practice the following steps I listed below:
1. Get The Required Mathematics Text Book For Your Class
Like the saying goes it better to read books than watching netflix; how can one know mathematics without mathematics textbooks?. The first major step to becoming the best mathematics student in your class is to start by get the required textbook that is recommended by your teacher or school management and start studying. You can get the syllabus for your level and study with the syllabus. It is not a crime to study ahead of your teachers. Just keep studying.
2. Study Always Because Consistency Is Key
If you leave mathematics, mathematics will leave; this statement has always been true from time immemorial. Consistency is always the key to perfection. A brilliant student that is not consistent with his studies will be beaten by an average student that always study and improve his/her skills. Always give 2-3 hours every the study of mathematics if you really want to become the best in your class. One more thing; every mathematics textbook have a section for exercises; it is advisable to always attempt the questions after study a particular topic.
3. Get A Mathematics Coach
Getting a mathematics is another good and vital method to use if you want to become the best mathematics student in your class. Like the saying goes “no man is an island” the same goes to any student. Everybody need guide in one way or the other. As you are studying, you might find out that one of two exercises is difficult for you, you can take it to someone that is good at mathematics and that is higher than you academically to put you through; by so doing you develop new skill and ideas on how to tackle mathematics problems
4. Go Closer To Your Mathematics Teacher
Going closer to your mathematics teacher tend to increase your interest in learning mathematics unless your teacher is not approachable but majority of the mathematics teachers I have come in contact with always like a student that come to them with their mathematics problems. You mathematics teacher can serve as your coach. Every school have time for break; a good student can utilize the 30 minutes break to gain knowledge; he or she can write out some mathematics problems that are difficult for him or her to his or her mathematics teacher for solution and guide.
Conclusion
In conclusion, mathematics is a very important in all institutions in Nigeria. For a student to become the best in his or her class, we highlight some points like improvement of study time, get a mathematics coach, get all the necessary text books for learning mathematics and going closer to your mathematics teacher. All the points listed above if properly followed will improve student academic performance in mathematics

There has been lots of improvement in the education sector in Nigeria with the advancement of technology. The new technologies play a significant role in the provision of instructional materials, audio-visuals and instructional delivery strategies for effective teaching and learning. The use of advanced technology in teaching, learning and presentation is not only limited to the primary and secondary schools in Nigeria but also the tertiary institutions in Nigeria. The advancement of technologies in the education sector made it easy for seminar and research projects presentation and workshop attendance and participation. This technology is very important especially when you have large gathering or audience that you want to communicate your research work with.
SEMINARS AND RESEARCH PROJECTS
Seminar and research projects are one of the most important activities student enage themselves in the university; the project usually play a significant role in the CGPA of students. Seminar and projects are all under research works however there are some difference between seminar and research projects. The difference is usually seen in the bulkiness or projects compare to seminar. Seminars are usually written in sections while projects are written in chapters. Another thing to look out for when comparing seminar to projects; a student go online to source for undergraduate projects and complete materials to aid his/her research project work. But in seminar writing you don’t go about looking for undergraduate projects to download rather you look for other seminar papers to download or study to enable you write your own seminar research work.
A complete research project usually have five chapters unless the school other supervisor demand otherwise; I have seen some projects with seven chapters but the standard project format is usually from chapter 1-5. The chapter one of the project usually contain the background of the study, the statement of the problem, the aim and objectives of the study, the research questions, the statement of the hypothesis, the significance/justification of the study, the scope or delimitation of the study and defintion of terms. The chapter two contain the review of related literature, chapter three the methodology, chapter four is the data presentation and analysis while the chapter five is the conclusion and recommendation. But in seminar writing your list out your point but first introduce your semiar topic and identify the reason for the study. Then attempt the points you listed out.
POWER POINT PRESENTATION
Microsoft PowerPoint is a professional presentation program that allows the user to create "presentation slides" that can be displayed on the computer screen or through a projector that is plugged into the computer. A PowerPoint presentation is a good way to convey pieces of information, usually in the form of an outline, to a large audience. Generally, PowerPoint presentations are appealing to users because they are easy to create and edit and generally small enough to fit onto a CD or a USB Jump Drive. Therefore, a user does not have to carry around any slides or slide projector, and, if necessary, can make any last-minute changes to the presentation.
PREZI PRESENTATION
Prezi builds virtual presentation tools that are the most engaging and effective way to share visual content online.
Since 2009, we’ve been on a mission to create exciting and immersive experiences that help people connect more meaningfully with their audiences. This pursuit has made Prezi a global leader in presentations, inspiring and empowering hundreds of millions of people to communicate better.
Prezi is used in the world’s biggest companies and in its tiniest startups. In Ivy League universities as well as remote rural high schools. On grand global stages and in hastily organized team meetings. By huge international stars and by everyday heroes such as teachers and small business owners.
In time with the world’s shift to online meetings, we refocused our mission to bring that same engaging experience to video conferencing with Prezi Video. Now anyone can create and share highly personalized, professional-looking video presentations that bring their graphics on screen with them as they present to remote audiences anywhere. Integrations with conferencing tools such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Google Meet, and Cisco Webex are making Prezi an indispensable part of the modern virtual workplace.
WHY MOST SUPERVISORS PREFER PREZI TO POWER POINT
The prezi presentation tool and the microsoft power point presentation tool is very important for presentation of research paper, conference paper, research projects etc. However most supervisors these days tend to favour prezi presentation tool over microsoft power point because the prezi is more flexible; you can zoom the page you want to present to audience on prezi but you cannot do that using just power point. Before you use the prezi you must first of all convert your files to ppt format and then insert in the prezi app; then convert it.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion the micro soft and prezi power point presentation are all very important for seminar and undergraduate project presentation; however the prezi presentation tool is more complete and better than the just the normal power presentation. You can zoom your presentation for clearer view for the audience but you cannot do that on microsoft power point hence the reason for preference by the supervisors.

The most powerful part in the art of attraction is when someone is attracted to you mentally. It’s much more rewarding than physical attraction.
Being attractive is more than just physical appeal. If you want to know how to be more physically attractive, check out how to be more physically attractive. More importantly, what makes someone truly want to stick around in your life is when they appreciate you for who you are. That means for your intellect, sense of character and how you treat them. Therefore, it is not unusual for someone to see a person, and instantly have a mental connection with them. Most people are visual, so physical attraction is often what piques our romantic or sexual interest in another person. Although, physical attraction often comes first, but there are times when a mental connection can happen almost instantly. Therefore, it is only natural that students who are mentally attractive excel more than others especially in research writing. Research writing is all about investigation conducted that makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to the discipline. It is also the exploration of a specific topic within a field by an undergraduate student that makes a substantial contribution to an already existing knowledge. It therefore, requires that the researcher must be mentally attractive to be able to carry out the research and eventually comes out with an excellent and substantial finding. Mentally attractiveness for students is also very important as it will help them all through their academic years in the higher institution and most especially when writing their final year research project which requires high intellectual intelligence to carry out an extensive research.
MENTAL ATTRACTIVENESS
To be mentally attractive means that people like your personality. People also like being around you as well as like what you always have to say concerning any subject matter under discourse. This is something that is not only useful for dating but also for any relationship you have in general. Mental attraction can be both platonic and romantic. The platonic part is what you have with your friends. You optionally choose to hang out with them. You have no choice of who you family members are, but you do choose your friends. Think about what it is you like about the ones you are closest with. Those positive qualities are part of their mental attractiveness. You must also understand that to be mentally attractive has everything to do with your personality. In simple terms, it’s about being the best possible version of you.
RESEARCH PROJECT WRITING
Undergraduate research project is an inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate that makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to the discipline. Undergraduate project is an academic assignment (or research) undertaken by a student towards the completion of his/her academic pursuit of a first degree as stated in his first degree curriculum.
Undergraduate research projects can be designed to fit a variety of class constructs and to promote student learning at all levels of undergraduate education. It is also a task undertaken by student(s) within a given period of time in a given subject area aimed at making the student have independent capacity for inquiries and to supplement and as well complement formal teaching in his area of study. This enables the student hone-in the theoretical course work in the university. There is no doubt that the exercise will reveal to the lecturer who is assigned to supervise the student, the student’s area of strength and weaknesses. When these weaknesses are corrected during lecturer – student interaction, the student comes out to be the pride of the university – the alma mater.
Undergraduate research projects can be student or faculty initiated, and students can either participate in a work in progress or enter a project at its start. Undergraduate research is the exploration of a specific topic within a field by an undergraduate student that makes an original contribution to the discipline. Student usually engage in writing their project after the topic has been approved by his/her supervisor; he or she go and source for materials or down free undergraduate projects to study various methodologies and organisation of the project so as to ease the stress during research project writing.
REASONS WHY MENTALLY ATTRACTIVE STUDENTS EXCEL MORE IN RESEARCH WRITING
1) THEY HAVE CONFIDENCE
There are various reasons why mentally attractive students excel more in research writing than others but one of them is that they usually have confidence in themselves. Mentally attractive students exude lots of confidence wherever they are and in whatever situation they find themselves. They so much believe in themselves and in their ability that they can achieve whatever they set their mind to do. With this kind of confidence, they must strive to excel.
2) THEY ARE SMART
Another reason why mentally attractive students excel is because they are smart. To be smart means having or showing a quick-witted intelligence. A smart person is usually specific, achieving, realistic and timely. He/she understands time and what it should be used for at every point in time. A smart person is also intelligent and brilliant that is to say the person has a good amount of mental ability. Therefore, when a person is smart, it is expected that such a person excels in any field or task given to him/her.
3) THEY HAVE HIGH LEVEL OF COGNITION
Cognition is the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. It is the mental process involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension. These cognitive processes include thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem solving. It is in essence, the ability to perceive and react, process and understand, store and retrieve information, make decisions and produce appropriate responses. A student with a high level of cognition is bound to excel and succeed academically and even in research writing more than others.
4) THEY ARE CREATIVE WITH WORDS
Creativity is the ability to develop and express ourselves and our ideas in new ways. Creativity is going beyond the usual. It is stepping outside of the box. To be creative words means to be inventive, imaginative, innovative, innovatory, artistic, expressive, inspired, visionary, productive, prolific, talented, resourceful, quick-witted etc. been creative with words is what distinguishes an excelling students in writing research to others.
5) THEY ARE EASILY LIKABLE
Last but not least on reasons why mentally attractive students excel in research writing is that they are easily likable. A likable poison can get his/her way almost through anything because people will be willing to assist him/her in any way they can. And for a likable person writing research, it is easy to get through information and materials needed for your research project.
CONCLUSION
Conclusively, it can be said that a mentally attractive person excels more than others in research writing reasons been that he/she is more confident, smart, has high level of cognition, likable personality and of course very creative with words. More so, attractiveness impacts well-being. It confers social advantages, leads to conscious and unconscious positive expectations of the attractive and negative stereotypes of the unattractive and it has effects on important life outcomes. To the long list of the factors associated with physical attractiveness, we must add two others positive mental well-being. This is because it has great effects on life outcomes making attractiveness an issue of importance and concern.

Stress is a natural part of the human experience. In fact, stress can provide motivation and increase our performance. Psychological stress is known to suppress the immune system, making us more susceptible to illness. Stress is also associated with hypertension, heart disease, headaches, and cancer. Prolonged stress can also trigger depression, anxiety, and other psychological symptoms. It may seem that there’s nothing you can do about stress. The bills won’t stop coming, there will never be more hours in the day, and your career and family responsibilities will always be demanding. But you have more control than you might think. In fact, the simple realization that you’re in control of your life is the foundation of stress management and ways to reduce stress. Managing and reducing the rate of stress is all about taking charge of your thoughts, emotions, schedule, and the way you deal with problems.
Writing under pressure and on a deadline can be a stressful experience, as deadlines loom or the workload unexpectedly increases.
The undergraduate projects are often the first major piece of independent research that a student will undertake. We are today in knowledge driven world where knowledge assets rather than physical assets and natural assets are considered more relevant in creating competitive and differential advantages. For this reason, attempts are made at micro and macro levels to increase the stock of knowledge assets as a strategic choice for increasing development at diverse levels. Early development is always a better choice, in any form of development, so as to earn the best fruit of input or labour. This means that students’ project work in their undergraduate curriculum is aimed at meeting the knowledge needs of the students, society and the world at the level and stage when the body and mind are willing and receptive to knowledge.
UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT/EXAMINATION
Undergraduate research is an inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate that makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to the discipline. Undergraduate project is an academic assignment (or research) undertaken by a student towards the completion of his/her academic pursuit of a first degree as stated in his first degree curriculum.
Undergraduate research projects can be designed to fit a variety of class constructs and to promote student learning at all levels of undergraduate education. It is also a task undertaken by student(s) within a given period of time in a given subject area aimed at making the student have independent capacity for inquiries and to supplement and as well complement formal teaching in his area of study. This enables the student hone-in the theoretical course work in the university. There is no doubt that the exercise will reveal to the lecturer who is assigned to supervise the student, the student’s area of strength and weaknesses. When these weaknesses are corrected during lecturer – student interaction, the student comes out to be the pride of the university – the alma mater.
Undergraduate research projects can be student or faculty initiated, and students can either participate in a work in progress or enter a project at its start. Undergraduate research is the exploration of a specific topic within a field by an undergraduate student that makes an original contribution to the discipline.
While a test or examination is an educational assessment intended to measure a test-takers knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness, or classification in many other topics. The thought that you have an examination to write can create stress especially if you’ve not been preparing early enough. That is why it is important for student ton understand how to reduce stress especially when writing on a deadline.
STRESS
Stress can be defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional, or psychological strain. Stress is your body's response to anything that requires attention or action. Stress can also be defined as the degree to which you feel overwhelmed or unable to cope as a result of pressures that are unmanageable.
In a medical or biological context stress is a physical, mental, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension. Stresses can be external (from the environment, psychological, or social situations) or internal (illness, or from a medical procedure). Stress can initiate the "fight or flight" response, a complex reaction of neurologic and endocrinology systems.
Everyone experiences stress to some degree. The way you respond to stress, however, makes a big difference to your overall well-being. Stress can cause or influence the course of many medical conditions including psychological conditions such as depression and anxiety.
Therefore, stress can be said to be a normal human reaction that happens to everyone. In fact, the human body is designed to experience stress and react to it. When you experience changes or challenges (stressors), your body produces physical and mental responses. That’s stress.
Stress responses help your body adjust to new situations. Stress can be positive, keeping us alert, motivated and ready to avoid danger. For example, if you have an important test coming up, a stress response might help your body work harder and stay awake longer. But stress becomes a problem when stressors continue without relief or periods of relaxation.
HOW TO REDUCED STRESS WHEN WRITING ON A DEADLINE
People experience stress as they adjust to a continually changing environment. Stress has physical and emotional effects, and pressure can create both positive and negative feelings. Positive pressure can energize you and help you reach your peak performance. Too much pressure can turn into stress. Prolonged exposure to stress can be harmful to your physical and mental wellbeing. However below are ways to reduce stress when writing on a deadline or under pressure.
1) RELAX BEFORE AND DURING EXAMINATION
Writing under pressure and on a deadline can be a stressful experience, as deadlines loom or the workload unexpectedly increases. So it’s important to relax before and during writing and examination. This can help you avoid stress and relax while writing an examination. It can also help you to achieve your writing goals more effectively.
Relaxation has several benefits when you’re writing under pressure. It clears the mid and relaxes the body. It also reduces anxiety. And just as important, relaxing helps ideas and words flow more easily.
2) AVOID PERFECTIONISM
Perfectionism might not seem to be a bad habit. However, perfection isn’t really achievable. Striving for it can eat up your time, which can just add to your stress. The notion of perfection can also lead to creative paralysis. Try as much as possible to strike a balance between the time spent and the quality achieved in your writing project. The goal shouldn’t be to produce absolutely perfect writing, rather the aim should be producing a high quality writing that fits that fits the purpose and is delivered on time. You must also understand that while high quality writing should always be the aim, striving for absolute perfection can ultimately be counterproductive. Students must aim at producing work that’s of good and high quality.
3) DO NOT EXPECT TOO MUCH
Expecting too much of yourself can be another source of stress when writing on a deadline. Often the pressure you feel when writing on a deadline is entirely self-imposed. Stay positive about the experience as writing in a high pressure environment can help you improve your writing skills. Indeed, many writers attest to producing their best work under pressure and on a deadline. So rise to the challenge of your schedule and don’t put pressure on yourself. Make sure to do the best you can.
4) BE CONFIDENT
Lacking confidence can add to your stress when working under pressure and on a deadline. You must therefore, know your strengths as a writer and be confident in them. Try as much you can to capitalize more on these strengths as you’re working. Also be aware of your weaknesses but dwell more on your area of strength.
Use what you know about your weaknesses to help you improve your grammar, your vocabulary, structuring, or anything else that you feel has room for improvement.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it is important that students understand that they can reduce stress even while writing on a deadline if they can simply follow the simple tips stated above. Relaxation has numerous benefits when you’re writing under pressure. It clears the mind and relaxes the body and minimizes the anxiety that can often occur when writing. Relaxing also helps ideas and words flow more easily.
Therefore, there are three stress-building behaviors students should try to avoid when writing on a deadline these are: perfectionism, expecting too much and lack of confidence. Perfectionism causes stress because it’s an unattainable goal, and trying to achieve it is time consuming and tiring. Aim for quality writing, delivered within the agreed time line. Expecting too much of yourself can make a stressful working environment intolerably worse. Stop putting pressure on yourself. Lastly, lack of confidence can undermine your ability to write under pressure. Know your strengths and weaknesses as a writer. By knowing these you can capitalize on your strengths and use what you know about your weaknesses to improve those areas.

Self learning is the modern day form of learning. Not that it has replaced traditional and instructional learning, but it has supplemented it and with some great results. Self learning has proven to be effective, convenient, and fast, thanks to the rise of the internet. Nowadays, students can learn lot of things just by a simple Google search, social media classes, YouTube videos, and by simply reading instructional materials.
Self learning as the new form of learning has equipped students and anyone with skills that are relevant to their academic performance and daily activities as well. It is an important skill for students at all levels as they journey through education and beyond to adulthood, building independence and ability to progress without reliance on a teacher. Traditional, instructional learning has a place in school, however, working out an answer or solving a problem by yourself is not only more rewarding, it also helps to solidify the learning. Therefore, it is advised that students be encouraged to asses their own work as it will enable them to gain a better understanding of what they are best at and what they need to work harder on. If self learning, editing and reviewing of works is practiced by undergraduate students on a daily basis, they will soon become familiar with the process of self-assessment and will also be a plus to their academic pursuit.
SELF LEARNING
Self learning is a process by which individuals take the initiative, with or without the assistance of others, in diagnosing their learning needs, formulating learning goals, identifying human and material resources for learning, and evaluating outcomes.
Self learning also involves the ability to manage learning tasks without having them directed by others. They are skills necessary for effective lifelong learning and are one of many learning skills students are expected to develop in school as it will help them improve in their academic performance.
HOW TO IMPROVE SELF LEARNING
1) BE OVERLY CURIOUS ABOUT NEW IDEAS
One of the ways to improve self learning is by overly been curious about new ideas. When you start becoming too curious and the desire to create new ideas grows higher by the day, it is expected that you will seek for it and how to develop and nurture it that way you are improving your ability of self learning. People who are not curios about things do not create new things or even come up with new ideas thereby dampening their ability of self learning and self development.
2) SET GOALS TO CREATE NEW OPPORTUNITIES
Another ways to improving self learning is to set goals that will create new opportunities. Self learning is a skill that should be encouraged to all because out of it can sprout out new opportunities that would be beneficial to both the creative director and the society at large. When you desire to create opportunities for yourself and the society, it will drive you to self learning which will eventually lead you to discovery of new opportunities.
3) DOWNLOAD RESEARCH MATERIALS TO AID YOU
In your journey to self learning, you can also make use of the internet by downloading some undergraduate project materials to aid you in self learning. There are lots of research materials online, you can search for materials that are in cognizance with whatever you want to know more or research on that way you get to learn and acquire more knowledge on your own without the help of anyone.
4) TRY TO CREATE SOMETHING OUT OF WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT
Learning precedes practice. It is important that you put into practice whatever you have learnt in the course of self learning. Creating something pout of what you have learnt will be an everlasting memory to you as you will never lose such knowledge or skill.
5) HAVE A STUDY GROUP
Having a study group has shown to be highly beneficial to learning process. Group learning helps students to learn more. It also gives them the opportunity to make research on their own which is self learning and also make appropriate contributions to the study group.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion self learning is the modern type of learning. People are well aware of the importance of education. Unlike in the 70s and 80s when there are few equipment and materials for learning. Today there is youtube, there is google, there is facebook and a lot more where people can assess information concerning research. There are lots of research materials that will aid undergraduate students in their various academic researches like seminars, project etc.

The importance of English language acquisition as a stepping stone for proficiency in other school subjects cannot be over emphasized. The knowledge is important both for educational, economical and national development of a country.
The importance of English language as a school subject derives mainly from its utilitarian value to the larger Nigerian society; English is their official language of administration and commerce. It is also the major language of science. Above all, English language helps in improving the communication among, the various ethnic groups in Nigeria. Therefore, there is need for improving the quality of spoken and written English language among students at all levels.
Although English language retains its dominant position in the education delivery system in Nigeria, the thrust of our educational language policy is the use of the mother tongue or the language of the immediate community in teaching. The mother tongue medium education at the primary school level is provided in less than twenty Nigerian languages throughout the country.
However, there have been problems of communicative competence in the use of the English language and its use as the main language of instruction in Nigeria’s education delivery process. But it is quite unfortunate that most students do not possess the required competence on the four language skills for both cognitive and communicative functions.
Mother tongue therefore, is defined as the language which a group of people considered inhabitants of an area acquired in the early years and which eventually becomes their natural instrument of thoughts and communication. It is also the first language that a person learned. The mother tongue is a part of the Nigerian culture; it conveys or transmits culture and itself in subjects to culturally conditioned attitudes and beliefs.
MOTHER TONGUE INTERFERENCE
Mother tongue interference is the influence of the native language of the learner on her/his acquisition of the target language what the target language means in this context is the language the learner is aiming to learn.
Learners of English language, despite their different backgrounds, face difficulties when it comes to learning English as a second or foreign language. It is found that native speakers of English encounter shared difficulties when it comes to using English for performance. It is however; found that the cause of such problematic issue is due to the influence of mother tongue interference.
MOTHER TONGUE AND PROJECT DEFENSE
You there is usually a huge difference between writing your undergraduate projects and presenting it. Mother tongue affects students’ presentation during final year project defense. Students whose mother tongue has interfered greatly with the way they speak the English language may find it difficult expressing themselves freely and fluently during project defense and as a result of this, it could affect their performance and the marks awarded as well.
Also the mother tongue interference could make some students unable to explain the main findings of the research during project defense. This may look as though the student did not carry out a substantial research.
HOW TO REMOVE MOTHER TONGUE FROM YOUR ENGLISH
A) LEARN CORRECT INTONATION AND ENGLISH RHYTHM
One of the ways to remove mother tongue from the way you speak in English language is to learn correct intonation and English rhythm. You must understand that learning never stops whether in the classroom or out of the classroom you should always seek for more knowledge and to improve especially in speaking good, correct and fluent English devoid of mother tongue interference. You can on your own, learn correct intonation and various English rhythms to assist your spoken English so as to improve greatly in it.
B) ALWAYS SPEAK ENGLISH WORDS
Another point to note on how to remove mother tongue form your English is to always speak the English language. You must learn to inculcate the habit of always speaking English words no matter wherever you find yourself. Consistency is the key. If you are consistent with speaking English words often, you will automatically see yourself improve in the English language your fluency will also improve.
C) ENCOURAGE DAILY COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH
It is highly encouraged that as a student you learn to communicate daily in English language as it will help you to get rid of your mother tongue interference when speaking English language. In as much as communicating daily in English language is encouraged, it doesn’t mean you should do away with your mother tongue as the mother tongue is your identity as well as preserves the culture of a people. However, the aim here is to avoid mother tongue interference in speaking the English language and to ensure that you speak the English language fluently as well as express yourself very well in English.
D) KEEP READING
No one should ever think he/she has gotten that point in life where they no longer need to learn or read to acquire more knowledge or even have an understanding of the happenstances in the society. Constant reading of books, journals, newspaper, novels, texts etc. can impact greatly on your English language. It will also give you the opportunity of learning new words and their meanings.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, with the numerous problems of communicative competence in the use of the English language and its use as the main language of instruction in Nigeria’s education delivery process, it is quite unfortunate that most students do not possess the required competence on the four language skills for both cognitive and communicative functions and as such find it difficult in defending even their final year project. Mother tongue interference has affected lots of students especially those coming from highly cultured families who believe that the child shouldn’t learn any other language more than the child learns his/hers. As much as is the right thing, they must also understand that the English language has come to be the official language of administration and commerce. It is also the major language of science and as such for any child for attends an institution of learning must be able to speak the language fluently with mother tongue interference.

Being a student is no easy work. Students have to be organized and ready to face the hectic life of a student. Due to that, students’ need a lot of emotional support from people around them especially support from the family, peers and teachers. As time is precious, students have to manage their time properly to ensure that they are not left behind. Majority of the students said that they do not get enough sleep. This is because they have to finish their assignments or study for quizzes, tests or examinations until late at night. One way to fill up the students’ energy is by taking siesta. Taking a siesta is said to be helpful to the students because they can be energized after a siesta. This is especially needed for the Physical and Health students because they have a lot of physical activities in the day that required a lot of their energy. Getting involved in physical activities should not be a reason to skip classes. Taking an afternoon siesta can help the students become energized which will lead to a more quality of life.
A person can gain a lot of benefits from taking an afternoon nap. Just by taking daily afternoon naps, a person’s quality of life can increase. Taking siesta for 20 minutes in the afternoon provides more rest than 20 minutes of oversleeping in the morning. Siesta is closely related to a healthy life because it can increase work productivity and release stress. Napping has lots of benefits both mental and overall health. People seem to think that napping is only for children. However, adults need to take a daily nap as much as children do.
SIESTA
A siesta is a short nap taken in the early afternoon, often after the midday meal. Such a period of sleep of sleep is a common tradition in some countries, particularly those where the weather is warm.
Students who take siesta are more likely to be at alert at all times as well as be more actively involved in whatever they get involved.
BENEFITS OF SIESTA
A) IMPROVES MEMORY
One of the benefits of siesta is that it improves memory. Cognitive functioning can improve after an afternoon siesta. Taking a nap can increase or improve the memory and mental performance. In addition to that, naps can reduce sleepiness as well as improve cognitive and psychological motor performance. Taking an afternoon siesta has shown to improve the brain activity. Siesta can increase alertness, creativity, mood, and productivity in the remaining hours of the day on top of that, napping is said to improve the memory as well. Napping also enhances the memory and can give greater flexibility in learning.
B) RELIEVES STRESS
Another benefit of siestas is that it can decrease stress which can give a better quality of life to people. Most people will feel sleepy in the afternoon. Taking a siesta is one way to become more alert and to reduce stress. More so, if stress can be relieved by taking a siesta then fatigue can be avoided as well.
C) IMPROVE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
The academic performance of students in undergraduate projects and other departmental activities can be improved by simply inculcating the habit of taking a short nap or siesta. Students must understand when to take a time pout and rest so as to reading lost energy and also feel refreshed. Taking a siesta before reading/studying has shown a great impact on students as they tend to comprehend and retain faster which eventually leads to an improved academic performance.
D) IMPROVES IMMUNITY LEVEL
Siesta also improves immunity level it helps to boost your immunity which helps in fighting diseases and infections. This can only happen when the entire body system is made to rest and this can be achieved by taking siestas. The body is not a machine, so it needs to rest to regain lost energy in the cause of work and also recuperate.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, taking a siesta in the afternoon has a lot of benefits for a better quality of life. Majority of the Physical and Health Education undergraduate students take lots of short nap as it makes them feel fresh and energized. A short afternoon siesta of less than 30 minutes per day improves mood, performances and electroencephalograms (EEG) of both young and elderly people. Taking an afternoon siesta for as short as ten minutes can enhance alertness, mood, and mental performance especially after a night of poor sleep. Therefore, it can be inferred that by taking a daily nap, students can improve their mood and performances including academic performance. The fresh feeling from waking up from siesta will help students increase their alertness in the classroom as well as increase their physical fitness. Siestas are also said to reduce fatigue, enhance performance and improve brain functioning, all of which can lead to a better quality of life.
Therefore, taking a siesta is a significant thing to do because there are a lot of benefits one can gain from taking a siesta for a better quality of life. Undergraduate Students should be taking a nap as their daily routine. The students are aware that by taking a nap, it can help to reduce their stress level and tension towards a situation. This is one way to handle the stress problem that accompanies school activities.

Anxiety is distinguished from fear, which is an appropriate cognitive and emotional response to a perceived threat. Anxiety is related to the specific behaviors of fight-or-flight responses, defensive behavior or escape. It occurs in situations only perceived as uncontrollable or unavoidable, but not realistically so. It is a future-oriented mood state in which one is not ready or prepared to attempt to cope with upcoming negative events, and that it is a distinction between future and present dangers which divides anxiety and fear.
An anxiety disorder typically causes a great deal of distress, and interferes with the ability to relax and experience a sense of enjoyment and well-being. Feeling nervous for exams is a normal feeling among college students. However, extreme feelings of anxiety and stress before and during an exam can have unhealthy results. Anxiety can be problematic when it prevents you from taking or doing your best on an exam, causes you to feel anxious all the time, or becomes extreme.
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Test anxiety is a combination of physical symptoms and emotional reactions that interfere with your ability to perform well on tests. Many students experience varying levels of test anxiety for a number of difference reasons. If you’re someone who does, check out these suggestions and resources to reduce your text anxiety and improve your overall testing experience in school.
ANXIETY
Anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness and worry, usually generalized and unfocused as an overreaction to a situation that is only subjectively seen as menacing. It is often accompanied by muscular tension, restlessness, fatigue and problems in concentration. Anxiety is closely related to fear, which is a response to a real or perceived immediate threat; anxiety involves the expectation of future threat. People facing anxiety may withdraw from situations which have provoked anxiety in the past. It is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behavior such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination.[1] It includes subjectively unpleasant feelings of dread over anticipated event.
It is a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome. It however, differs from developmentally normative fear or anxiety by being excessive or persisting beyond developmentally appropriate periods. They differ from transient fear or anxiety, often stress-induced, by being persistent (e.g., typically lasting 6 months or more), although the criterion for duration is intended as a general guide with allowance for some degree of flexibility and is sometimes of shorter duration in children.
CAUSES OF ANXIETY
A big event or a buildup of smaller stressful life situations may trigger excessive anxiety for example, a death in the family, work stress or ongoing worry about finances. People with certain personality types are more prone to anxiety disorders than others are. Anxiety may be caused by a mental condition, a physical condition, the effects of drugs, or a combination of these. The doctor's initial task is to see if your anxiety is a symptom of another medical condition.
Common causes of anxiety include these mental conditions:
Panic disorder: Anxiety may be caused by a mental condition, a physical condition, the effects of drugs, or a combination of these. The doctor's initial task is to see if your anxiety is a symptom of another medical condition.
These common external factors can cause anxiety:
i. Stress at work
ii. Stress from school
iii. Stress in a personal relationship such as marriage
iv. Financial stress
v. Stress from global occurrences or political issues
vi. Stress from unpredictable or uncertain world events, like a pandemic”
vii. Stress from an emotional trauma such as the death of a loved one.
viii. Stress from a serious medical illness
ix. Side effect of medication
x. Use of an illicit drug, such as cocaine.
xi. Symptom of a medical illness (such as heart attack, heat stroke, hypoglycemia)
xii. Lack of oxygen in circumstances as diverse as high altitude sickness, emphysema, or pulmonary embolism (a blood clot in the vessels of the lung).
TYPES OF ANXIETY DISORDERS
There are several types of anxiety disorders, and each has its own set of common symptoms however, the two most common types are:
Low anxiety: students who experience low anxiety may feel a little nervous about an upcoming exam but are still able to focus their attention on their studies or the questions asked during the assessment. Usually low anxiety students are not struck with intrusive thoughts or feel debilitated by the exam.
High anxiety: students who experience high anxiety show an immediate anxiety reaction when exposed to the feared test situation. They attempt to avoid the situation by not showing up to the exam, or may endure it but with extreme fear. High anxiety can tip some into a sense of panic: “I just really can’t do this
Panic Disorder: Panic Disorder is characterized by sudden, intense episodes of fear and anxiety that occur often and without warning. During a panic attack, physical symptoms such as shortness of breath, racing heart, dizziness, or feeling flushed typically occur. Feelings of unreality and fear of fainting, losing control, or dying are also common during panic episodes. Although panic attacks are not physically harmful in themselves, the experience can be frightening. People who experience panic attacks may become fearful of having more, and may begin to avoid public situations, such as parties, classrooms or social gatherings. College students are in a high risk age group for Panic Disorder, which is most frequently diagnosed during young adulthood. Please click here for more information on Panic Attacks
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive apprehension and worry about everyday life events that is difficult to control. Ongoing feelings of restlessness or feeling keyed up, difficulty concentrating; muscle tension or headache, irritability, and difficulty sleeping are common symptoms of this disorder. People who have GAD often have a persistent, unrealistic fear that something bad is about to happen. About 5% of the population suffers from GAD.
Phobias: A phobia is an exaggerated fear of a specific object or situation (e.g. spiders, flying in an airplane, enclosed places, blood, heights, dogs, thunderstorms). A phobia may cause a person to limit oneself unnecessarily because of the anxiety associated with the possibility of encountering what is feared. Phobias often begin in childhood. Although 5-10% of the population have been found to have specific fears severe enough to be classified as phobic, often what is frightening can be avoided without causing significant difficulty in life. However, treatment is recommended if the fear of the object or situation causes frequent distress, or if it leads to significant disruption in routine, activities or relationships.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: The obsessions of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder are persistent thoughts, images or impulses that are distressing. Common examples of obsessive thoughts are doubts about having turned off an electrical appliance or having locked a door, unrealistic fears of germs, or disturbing thoughts of causing harm to a loved one. The compulsions of OCD are characterized by the urgent need to do something to prevent or get rid of the anxiety associated with the obsessive thoughts. Compulsions include behaviors such as hand washing, counting, or having to do things perfectly or in a particular order. Many people have occasional obsessive thoughts or compulsive behaviors. However, people who struggle with this disorder spend over an hour a day consumed with obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors, and these symptoms greatly interfere with daily life.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may occur in the wake of a traumatic event, such as a serious accident, sexual or physical assault, or combat in war. Symptoms may include avoidance or distress at reminders of the trauma, recurring images of the event, feeling numb or detached, irritability, being easily startled, and having nightmares or other sleep difficulties. Not everyone who experiences a traumatic event will develop PTSD, and it is common for people to experience some of these symptoms in the weeks following a traumatic event. However, PTSD is diagnosed when the symptoms persist for more than a month after the event, and cause significant distress or impairment in daily life.
Social Anxiety Disorder: Social Anxiety Disorder is a marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which there is exposure to unfamiliar people or the possibility of judgment by others. These situations are avoided because of the fear of acting in a way that might be humiliating. When the situation cannot be avoided, physical symptoms of anxiety such as trembling, blushing or nausea often occur. Many people experience some degree of nervousness in social settings. However, individuals who struggle with Social Anxiety Disorder severely limit what they do to avoid unfamiliar situations or people, and their anxiety usually does not diminish when actually in the stressful situation.
WHY YOU FEEL ANXIOUS DURING EXAMINATION
A) YOU FEEL YOU HAVE PREPARED ENOUGH
Waiting until the last minute or not studying at all can leave you feeling anxious and overwhelmed. It is important that you prepare very well even before the set date of the examination.
B) FEAR OF FAILURE
While the pressure of doing well on an exam can be motivating, it can be detrimental to yourself worth if you associate the grade of the test with your value. The uncertainty of whether you wrote the right or wrong thing can leave you feeling very anxious. And this thought can leave fear in you because you are not sure if you will fail or pass.
C) FEAR OF WHAT TO EXPECT
You are also not sure of what to expect you might be anticipating for an A but at the same time fear of having an F. so after an examination, you are not sure of what to expect or the outcome of the examination which is the result.
D) THE FEAR OF THE COURSE LECTURER
Most course lecturers have put fear in the hearts of their students mostly by what they say in the classroom like ‘nobody will get an A or B some course lecturers even go as far as saying nobody can and will pass the course no matter how they read. This words leave fear in the minds of students regardless of how well they prepare for the course exam.
HOW TO AVOID ANXIETY DURING EXAMINATION
A) BE CONFIDENT
It is advisable you start studying a few weeks in advance so that you have enough time to prepare for your examinations. Space your studying out into smaller chunks over time. If you feel confident that you’ve prepared thoroughly, you’ll feel more confident walking into the examination hall because you are well prepared and have done a lot of research. With preparation comes confident.
B) STUDY WITH PAST QUESTIONS
Studying with past questions is highly advisable for students preparing for any kind of examination be it internal or external examinations. There is tendencies of questions been repeated overtime. So if you have studied and answered those past questions, there is likelihood that you will answer those questions very well if repeated in the examination. Studying with past questions also gives you a glimpse on how lecturers set their questions and how to answer them appropriately. You can also ask your course lecturer questions form the past questions you’ve studied to help widen your knowledge.
C) ENSURE YOU HAVE ADEQUATE STUDY OF YOUR COURSE NOTE
As an undergraduate student it is important you take notes during lecturers and if for any reason you are not present or late for a lecture, it is advised you get course note from your colleagues who were present in the lecture to keep your note updated as it will help you during your study time.
CONCLUSION
Conclusively, students must ensure to be well prepared and ready for their examinations. They should also relax their minds and be confident in themselves knowing that confidence can only come when you are fully prepared by reading all that needs to be ready before the examination time. Anxiety has it positive and negative sides. The positive side of anxiety can make one perform a task efficiently and very fast too and can also make a students go all out to make sure he/she equips himself/herself for the examination by thorough reading and researching. While the negative aspect of anxiety is that it can easily take away all that you have studied away because your mind isn’t relax.

Health seeking behavior is any action of energetically seeking help from the health care services or form trusted people in the community that may include understanding, guidance, treatment and general support when feeling in trouble or encountering stressful circumstances. Study of human behavior is an art and dealing with solving its problem is science. One of the dynamics of human behavior is how they react in case of sickness. With plenty available options they took decision depending on their respective socio-cultural, economic and demographic circumstances.
Strategic policy formation in all health care systems should be based on information relating to health promoting, seeking and utilization behavior and the factors determining these behaviors. All such behaviors occur within some institutional structures such as family, Community or health care services. The factors determining the health behaviors may be seen in various contexts: physical, socio-economic, cultural and political.
Therefore, the utilization of a health care system, public or private, formal or non-formal, may depend on socio-demographic factors, social structures, level of education, cultural beliefs and practices, gender discrimination, status of women, economic and political systems environmental conditions, and the disease pattern and health care system itself. By this way we can understand how people engage with health care system and how they remain at full liberty and choice to decide on the best interest of the family to consult different types of healers.

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The main driver for the health seeking behavior is the organization of the health care system. In many health care systems there is tension between public and the private health sector. The private health sector tends to serve the affluent; thus the public sector resources should be freed for the poor. A dynamic cooperation, either formal or informal, between the two sectors is a must but the private sector is rarely taken into account in health planning scenarios. The public and private sector may substitute for each other. There are very often resource mixes with the doctors working in the public sector also establishing their own private practice. Features of the service outlet and confidence in the service provider also play a major role in decision making about the choice of health facility.
HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR
Health seeking behavior has been identified as any action or inaction undertaken by individuals who perceive themselves to have a health problem or to ill for the purpose of finding an appropriate remedy.
For this reason, the nature of care seeking is not homogenous depending on cognitive and non-cognitive factors that call for a contextual analysis of care seeking behavior. Context may be a factor of cognition or awareness, socio-cultural as well as economic factors.
Health seeking behavior can also be referred to as illness or behavior or sick-term behavior. It encompasses all activities undertaken to maintain good health, to prevent ill health, as well as dealing with any departure form a good state of health.
WHY PEOPLE DEVELOP HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR
People do not just develop health seeking behavior, there are factors or reasons which lead people to health seeking behavior and some of these factors are under listed below:
A) AGEING PROBLEM
Ageing problem is one of the reasons why people develop health seeking behavior. As people age, they tend to be prone to lots of illnesses since their immune system may no longer be as strong as when they were still young to fight diseases in their body. Therefore, they begin to seek for health behavior from medical professionals in order to maintain their health.
B) LITTLE OR NO DRUG RELATED KNOWLEDGE
When an individual have little or no drug related knowledge, it is expected that he/she begins to develop health seeking behavior. It is advisable that one with mo knowledge of drugs seek help to avoid getting the wrong medications for the perceived/diagnose illness.
C) LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
Another factor that makes people develop health seeking behavior is lack of access to health care facilities. It is a known fact that a proper and accessible healthcare service is one of the major problems in the country especially to those residing in the rural areas of the country. It is difficult for them to access health care facilities and as such there is need to develop health seeking behavior immediately.
D) CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT
There are some environments that seriously demands one developing a health seeking behavior especially those environment that are not healthy and are prone to contaminating different kinds of diseases.
HOW TO SOLVE IT
A) GO FOR REGULAR MEDICAL CHECK UP
One of the ways to solving some of these health issues or avoiding them is going for regular medical checkup. Regular medical checkups are highly advisable to all especially to the ageing adults. It helps in early detection of any illness and immediate treatment administered to avoid any serious health implications and complications. Regular medical checkups will also avail you the opportunity of getting medical advice to prevent any impeding illness.
B) ALWAYS OBSERVE YOUR BODY
Another point to note is the ability to always observe your body. Don’t be the ignorant type who cares les of then changes going on in the body. You should be highly observant and take note of any change or development ion your body especially the unusual ones as neglecting them could pose a serious threat to your health and total well-being.
C) SPEAK OUT IF YOU ARE NOT OK
Last but not the least, do not be silent learn to always speak out speak to someone whether especially a medical personnel or someone that can direct you to a medical personnel to get help immediately. Silence especially when it has to do with health have shown to be the leading cause of the untimely death of many. Do not feel ashamed of any sickness no matter what it is. Early detection can save your life and also prevent the sickness from escalating and becoming uncontrollable.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, there is need for provision of good health care services, affordability of such services and proximity were considered the most important service characteristics in seeking health seeking behavior. Thus, policy formulation and implementation should be directed towards improving access to healthcare services. This can be done by increasing the number of health facilities in under-served areas. The quality of care provided at health facilities also requires attention as mentoring, supportive supervision and other measures could be embarked upon in order to improve quality of care. Issues concerning affordability of such health services can be addressed by up-scaling the coverage of the National Health Insurance Scheme. This would provide financial protection for households with lower socio-economic status in order to encourage use of appropriate healthcare sources during illness episodes

Emotions are inherently neither positive nor negative; rather, they serve as the single most powerful source of human energy, authenticity, drive and can offer us a wellspring of intuitive creative wisdom. In fact each feeling provides us with vital and potential profitable information every minute of the day.
Emotional intelligence is a set of emotional and social skills that influence the way we perceive and express ourselves, develop and maintain social relationships, cope with challenges and use emotional information in an effective and meaningful way. Emotional quotient or intelligence demands that a person is able to manage and control his or her emotions and possess the ability to control the emotions of others as well. In other words, they can influence the emotions of other people also. It is believed that to be emotionally and socially intelligent, individuals must be able to understand and express themselves, be able to comprehend and build healthy relationships with others, and effectively cope with the challenges, pressures and significant demands placed on the individual on a daily basis.
It is the ability to perceive accurately, appraise, and express emotions; the ability to generate feelings when they facilitate thought, understand emotion and emotional knowledge and to regulate emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth. Higher scores in emotional intelligence result in greater wellness, happiness, better job performance, more pro-social behavior, and less aggressive behavior. It also correlates positively with positive mood and negatively with negative mood.
Students with higher levels of emotional intelligence are able to better manage themselves and to relate to others around them. This can help them develop improved self-motivation and more effective communication skills essential skills to helping students become more confident learners.
Emotional intelligence for example is important to business graduates who work in all types of workplaces and roles across the globe. This is because Business graduates need emotional intelligence skills to communicate effectively in teams, cope with the stressors of deadlines, foster working relationships with colleagues and industry partners, and ultimately, make decisions under emotional pressure and deal with conflicts that are inherent in many workplaces. Higher emotional intelligence skills are often more effective.
EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT
Emotional intelligence represents a specific subset group of tasks to social intelligence. It does not only encompass reasoning about emotions in social relationships, but also reasoning about internal emotions that are important for personal growth. Emotional intelligence is also more focused than social intelligence in that it pertains to emotional problems embedded in personal and social problems. Emotional intelligence is used interchangeably with emotional quotient (EQ) in many ways, where these terms are representative of emotional awareness and emotional skills. It is pointed out that an emotionally skilled person is skilled in four areas: identifying, using, understanding and regulating emotions.
Emotional intelligence, emotional quotient and emotional intelligence quotient, is the capability of individuals to recognize their own emotions and those of others, discern between different feelings and label them appropriately, use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior, and adjust emotions to adapt to environments.
Emotional intelligence otherwise known as emotional quotient is concerned with effectively understanding oneself and others, relating well to people, and adapting to and coping with the immediate surroundings to be more successful in dealing with environmental demands. It is the ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict. Emotional intelligence helps you build stronger relationships, succeed at school and work, and achieve your career and personal goals. It can also help you to connect with your feelings, turn intention into action, and make informed decisions about what matters most to you.
WHY EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT IS IMPORTANT
A) IT IMPROVES COMMUNICATION
One importance of emotional quotient is that it improves communication. This is largely because when you have a better understanding of yourself which includes your emotions as well as that of others, you are in a better position to communicate better. Undergraduate students needs this more because they are at that stage of the lives when they have a lot of meetings and conversation to do especially with their supervisors especially during their undergraduate projects and other research works like seminar, paper and dissertation. With communication comes understanding and with understanding comes communication. You must understand to be able to have a good and articulated communication with anyone. This is because you already know how anyone would react therefore; you would know what to say in the course of communication to avoid any sort of rift or misunderstanding between parties. Therefore, emotional quotient leads to effective communication.
B) IT IMPROVES PROBLEM SOLVING ABILITY
Another importance of emotional quotient is that it improves problem solving ability. When one is confronted with problem (s), it takes one that has control of his/her emotions to calm down and look for solution or think a way out of the problem (s). People, who allow their emotions to have a better part of them in any given situation, may find it difficult solving the problem. However, instead of solving the problem, they may end up magnifying it. But those with a higher emotional intelligence are more likely to have the ability to solve problems that confront them rather than getting overwhelmed as no problem ever gets solved by worry.
C) IT RELIEVE STRESS
Emotional quotient or emotional intelligence also has the ability to help you understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways in order to relieve stress. There is a saying that no one understands you better than yourself. The understanding of yourself must also accompany with it your emotions that way you are able to relax and relieve yourself of any stress.
HOW TO BOOST EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT
Because of the importance of emotional quotient in all areas of life, it is also important that we have an understanding of how this emotional quotient can be boosted. Below are few points on how to boost emotional quotient.
A) OBSERVE HOW YOU REACT TO PEOPLE
One of the ways to boost emotional quotient is to observe how you react to people. Since emotional quotient has to do with understanding your emotions and that of others therefore, in order to achieve that you must first of all observe how you react to people as well as how people react in any given situations. That way you can be able to have a control over your emotions and also boost your emotional intelligence overtime.
B) DO SELF EVALUATION
It is advised that we set out time to self evaluate ourselves and this will help us know where we need to make necessary improvement or adjustment. It will also help us to know how well we have performed or are performing towards our desired goals and attitudes. In fact, self evaluation helps in boosting emotional quotient.
C) MEDITATE
Meditation is another way to boost emotional quotient. Meditation is very important and should be encouraged among people of different ages especially adults as meditation can be relaxing, inspiring, stress relieving and recognition of oneself. By recognition here it means a better understanding of oneself that way you avail yourself the opportunity of understand ding your emotions better and improve on them.
D) EXAMINE HOW YOUR ACTIONS AFFECT OTHERS BEFORE TAKING SUCH ACTION
In the course of meditation, it will lead you to examining how your actions affect others before taking such action. You must understand that your actions can affect those around you either positively or negatively. Therefore, you must first of all have a proper examination of your actions and think how this action may affect others rightly before you take such actions.
CONCLUSION
Emotional intelligence is gaining fast momentum and the importance and awareness around the arena is steadily growing. Each individual possess emotions which either drives them to their success or failure. Having said this, if an academic student can utilize, manage and filter their emotions in positive ways with the best or adverse initiations, it is likely that this could influence their adaptation and successful completion of academic courses.

A holiday is an occasion recognized by both the state and federal government in any country and it’s usually marked on calendars. Many people both workers and students love to have holidays, moments they will have all to themselves and their families. It is a well known fact that holidays not only provide students with positive impacts it also affect their productivity as well. During the school holidays, students have more time to spend with their families, but also a long time away from school may mot the best thing for students. When students don’t have classes their level of knowledge goes down, and when they come to school, they are troubled by the change of their environment.
For students especially undergraduate students, having a lot or log holidays tend to pose as a problem especially as their knowledge of things taught in school diminishes with time as they spend most their time watching TV, playing games, playing and visiting family and friends. All these activities during the holiday especially when overly done without creating time to study and research will affect the performance of students in undergraduate projects and other departmental activities. That is why parents must ensure that even during the holidays, learning never stops. Perhaps it’s not so much about how much time students spend in class, but what they do when they’re not.
However, another advantage of holidays is that it is the perfect healer that helps people to regain their well-being and freedom after being obligated to work.
Furthermore, some students enjoy having holidays because they can take a break from their deadlines, improve their mental performance or take time to de-stress. However, they don’t know that having lots of school holidays can give negative effects on their school’s performance. A long study break can be damaging because students cannot find the extra support that they need ion school or focus well in the environment.
HOLIDAY
School holidays also referred to as vacations, breaks, and recess are the periods during which schools are closed or no classes are held. The dates and periods of school holidays vary considerably throughout the world, and there is usually some variation even within the same jurisdiction. It is any special day set aside for leisure or celebration.
However, school holidays teach students to occupy themselves and not to rely on others for entertainment. It also provides students with the opportunity to learn other things that are not taught in school because children are constantly learning and therefore, need more than just academic education.
SCHOOL RESUMPTION
After the stipulated time given for the holidays, it is expected that students resume/return back to school for resumption of academic activities. However, in most cases students tend not to resume at the stipulated time which could be deliberate or as a result of unforeseen circumstances. Students must understand that not resuming early or the stipulated time given by the school management, might pose a threat to their academic performance in the sense that most lecturers tend to give a resumption test to their students which of course is accompanied with marks, if you are not present at the time the test was written, you have automatically lost some marks no matter how little. So it is advisable as an undergraduate student that you resume school early or at the stipulated time.
HOW TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE AFTER THE HOLIDAY
i. Develop a positive mental attitude: for everything one must achieve in life, you must first and foremost develop a positive mindset towards it. You must believe in yourself and in your ability to achieve anything. Therefore, when you return back to school after the holidays, be optimistic that you will achieve your desired CGPA this semester and make sure you work towards it.
ii. Work out where you’re falling short before the holiday/last semester: another point to note on how to improve your academic performance after the holiday is trying as much as you can to work out where you are lacking academically. If there is any course you find difficult, it is only necessary that you study more, ask questions and make more research on it/them so as to improve. And if any case is not course related but rather some negative behaviors and attitudes that causes you not to concentrate or give the time to your study, then it is time to review your attitudes and make positive change.
iii. Talk to your teachers: it is quite unfortunate that most students think their teachers as only useful in the classroom and concerns themselves with their teachings only regardless of how their students are performing. But that is not the case; most of these teachers are actually happy when their students approach them on some issues especially as it concerns their academic performance and how they can improve. It is also important that you discuss with your teachers if you don’t understand or like their method of teaching that way, teachers can adopt a more suitable method to use in teaching and learning.
iv. Pay more attention in class and ask questions: no one knows it all. Whatever you don’t understand in the cause of teaching in class please ask don’t feel shy to ask questions be it your teachers or colleagues that is another way to gain clarity and know more.
Paying attention in class is also very important. You know during the holiday, it is possible that your knowledge of some certain things have diminished, so it is advisable that you pay stern attention to the teachings in class avoid any kind of distraction especially when teaching is going on in class.
v. Improve your note taking skills: aside paying attention during teaching and learning in class. It is also important that you develop the skill of writing that is taking note of what your lecturer is teaching. Most times it is during explanation that the lecturer actually divulges what is likely to come out in exams or how they like their questions been answered during examinations. If you are the type of student that doesn’t take note during lectures, you have automatically missed it. Taking note during lecture will also help you during your study time especially in topics you didn’t understand in the classroom, you can quickly refer to your note to gain more understanding and clarity.
vi. Find the right learning/reading skill for you: individuals are different and so are their levels of understanding and comprehension. Therefore, it is important that you understand what method of learning and reading works for you. There are students who learn faster during the day as well as enjoy the daytime reading while some prefer the night time reading/learning. Identify the one that best works for you and stick to it.
CONCLUSION
Conclusively, students must avoid seeing the holiday time as the period to forget all about school and focus more on having fun with family and friends in as much as having fun and spending time with family and friends is one of the essence of holiday, students must not forget to keep developing themselves and keep learning new things everyday so as to improve their knowledge and keep their brains working and afresh of what was taught in school so that they don’t go blank and empty once school resumes. The activities during the holiday must be balanced so no side suffers and bear the consequences alone.

Birth, marriage and death are the standard trio of key events in most people’s lives. But only one which is marriage is a matter of choice. The right to exercise that choice was recognized as a principle of law even in Roman times and has long been established in international human rights instruments. Yet many girls, and a smaller number of boys, enter marriage without any chance of exercising their right to choose. Some are forced into marriage at a very early age. Others are simply too young to make an informed decision about their marriage partner or about the implications of marriage itself. They may have given what passes for ‘consent’ in the eyes of custom or the law, but in reality, consent to their binding union has been made by others on their behalf. However, some of these young lads make their decisions themselves as regards marriage even while in school which is either their choice or situational. Also most parents who give out their girl child early in marriage do not care how these girls will cope with school that is for those who are lucky to be in school.
Early marriage is a social phenomenon which cuts across nations, religions, cultures and ethnicity. Traditionally, the undergraduate years are thought of as a time of self discovery, exploration and independence but what happens to those values when the college students are married? People typically do not define marriage in individual terms but rather consider it a partnership in which each member sacrifices some of his or her autonomy.
Students generally are faced with a number of stressors. These include continuous evaluation, pressure to earn good grades, time pressures, unclear assignments and poor performance in their undergraduate projects, heavy workload, uncomfortable classrooms, and relationship with family and friends. Students are said to experience the greatest stressors with school-family conflict. Low incomes, course work, and children were all factors in role strain in female married students. Role strain from increased roles as wives and mothers as the case may be and from time conflicts are all associated with high stress, depression, and anxiety among married undergraduate students.
Having to study poses challenges to single undergraduate students you can then imagine the stress it poses on young married undergraduate students who are saddled with their family responsibilities. Several challenges arise when individuals tend to negotiate the role of university students with their role inside of marriage and the family. Women from time immemorial have been saddled with many family responsibilities and are traditionally assigned many roles including custody of children, maintenance of the home, feeding and preservation of the family health. The female married undergraduate students are also expected to perform duties as wife and mother, in addition to fulfilling their academic responsibilities. Within marriages, the strain faced can include, but are not limited to quarrels between spouses, feelings of exhaustion and resentment over inequitable division s of household labour.
Adjusting to an academic setting can be difficult for all students, no matter what stage of life they are in. The rigorous demand of the university level courses coupled with the patriarchal values of the institution can be overwhelming for even the most studious students. Instructors expect more with less guidance and may seem unapproachable to new students who have questions.
EARLY MARRIAGE
Early marriage is a marriage or similar union, formal or informal, between a child and an adult or another child under a certain age, typically age eighteen. The vast majorities of child marriages is between a girl and a man, and are rooted in gender inequality.
Early marriage also known as Child marriage violates the rights of children and has widespread and long-term consequences for child brides and child grooms. For girls, in addition to mental health issues and a lack of access to education and career opportunities, this includes adverse health effects as a result of early pregnancy (including teenage pregnancy) and childbirth.
Therefore, child marriage is generally understood to mean marriages that take place before age 18, but for many girls, marriage occurs much earlier. In some countries, girls as young as 7 or 8 are forced by their families to marry much older men. The reasons girls are married are diverse, and parents sometimes believe that through marriage, they are protecting their daughters and increasing their economic opportunities. However, child marriage exposes girls to increased health problems and violence, denies them access to social networks and support systems, and perpetuates a cycle of poverty and gender inequality.
CAUSES OF EARLY MARRIAGE
Poverty: Poverty plays a central role in perpetuating child marriage. Parents want to ensure their daughters' financial security; however, daughters are considered an economic burden. Feeding, clothing, and educating girls is costly, and girls will eventually leave the household.
For many poor families, marrying their daughter at an early age essentially is a strategy for economic survival; it means one less person to feed, clothe and educate. In most countries especially the third world countries, the importance of financial transactions at the time of marriage also tends to push families to marry their daughters early.
Globally, forced child marriage is much more common in poorer countries and regions, and within those countries, it tends to be concentrated among the poorest households. For example, a girl from a poor household in Senegal is four times more likely to marry as a child than a girl from a rich household. However, in impoverished situations, parents see few alternatives for their daughters, aside from early marriage.
Limited education and economic options: Little or no schooling strongly correlates with being married at a young age. Conversely, attending school and having higher levels of education protect girls from the possibility of early marriage. In many countries, educating girls often is less of a priority than educating boys. When a woman’s most important role is considered to be that of a wife, mother and homemaker, schooling girls and preparing them for the jobs may be given short shrift. And even when poor families want to send their daughters to school, they often lack access to nearby, quality schools and the ability to pay school fees. It is usually safer and economically more rewarding to spend limited resources on educating sons than daughters. This boxes families into early marriage as the only viable option for girls.
Tradition and Religion: In many societies, parents are under pressure to marry off their daughters as early as possible in an effort to prevent her from becoming sexually active before marriage; a woman who does so brings dishonor to her family and community. Because marriage often determines a woman’s status in many societies, parents also worry that if they don’t marry their daughters according to social expectations, they will not be able to marry them at all. Forced child marriage also is a route to cementing family, clan, and tribal connections or settling obligations.
Protective mechanism against premarital sexual activity: Parents worry about ensuring their daughters' virginity and chastity. Child marriage is also seen as a protective mechanism against premarital sexual activity, unintended pregnancies, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The latter concern is even greater in this era of HIV/AIDS.
HOW TO COPE WITH EARLY MARRIAGE
Early marriage, a problem faced mostly by girls, leads to inequality and discrimination in the lives of women. Marrying off a girl child at an early age contravenes human rights and children’s rights; it is one of the forms of discrimination and violence against women.
Therefore, for girls who find themselves in this pathetic situation must learn to cope with it. They must first come to the realization that they’ve given up their rights which includes right to education except if they are lucky to get married to a man who believes in the girl child education which of course are rare cases as seen in the society today especially the third world countries. Therefore, they must make sure to speak out at all times when they are been violated or deprived some certain life important amenities like healthcare. They must ensure not to be silent which could eventually lead to loss of life.
CONCLUSION
Schooling for married females can indeed be very tedious and challenging. The challenge that is most common among married undergraduate female students is managing multiple roles and that the major cause of it is role contagion. It can however, be concluded that combining work commitment, family responsibilities and school obligations leads to stress among the married undergraduate female students and this has the greatest effect on them.

Research is becoming dynamic by the day as more ideas and methodologies are introduced in research project writing. Mini project group research is very popular among most of the developed countries of the world like UK, USA, and Germany etc. The idea of engaging student in mini project group research is to prepare them for the major final year research project works. Sometimes depending on the supervisor or lecturer in charge; he or she might decide to ask a student to handle the mini project him/her self. But in most cases it is usually a group research.
MINI PROJECT
A mini project is small research work just like the usually undergraduate projects or MBA thesis or dissertation. The only difference between a mini projects with a major project is just the word count, number of pages and methodologies is smaller than that of a complete undergraduate project. Any topic used for undergraduate projects can also be used for mini project. A mini project research work adopted the same procedure with the usually undergraduate projects in terms of the research design (Quantitative and qualitative)
See samples of undergraduate research project topics and materials
A NERD
In most schools, there seems to be a clear understanding of who is a nerd. Adolescents are assigned to a specific group by their peers because they have reputations and characteristics that fit with the stereotype of that crowd. The label nerd refers to one of the least liked crowds at school. It includes the following characteristics: being ambitious, intelligent, having good grades, studying a lot, displaying success publicly, being shy, having few friends, not wearing fashionable clothes, not being athletic, and not being physically attractive. The label nerd is feared by students who receive good grades. Several labels are used for deprecating high-achieving students, for example nerd, brain, geek, or teacher's pet. The current study primarily refers to brains and nerds because of their similarity to the German label “Streber”. From an etymological perspective, “Streber” is a disparaging term that describes an overambitious, diligent person. Literally it means a person who strives for success, achievement etc. Being labeled a nerd is not a trifle. If being labeled as such in class goes along with a lack of acceptance and being rejected, serious consequences can occur. Research shows that lack of acceptance is related to social isolation, loneliness, reduced self-esteem, and other forms of maladjustment. Students who were called brains by their peers exhibited increases in anxiety and loneliness as well as decreases in self-esteem over the course of time.
A potential consequence of being labeled a nerd is that the respective student might reduce future performance. If high-achieving students have to make a choice between doing well in school and being popular, they may try to achieve liking by decreasing success. The fear of being called a nerd predicted lower achievement in academic activities.
PROBLEM HAVING A NERD IN YOUR TEAM
Having a brilliant team is the dream of every student when involved in a group mini project group research. However dealing with a nerd is somehow a problem. Nerd usually have this kind of reserved lifestyle and poor social and communication skills. Even though he has a lot to bring to the table during the mini project group research, he or she won’t be able to communicate effectively with his team in stead he prefers work alone.
One striking features noticed in most of the nerd is that they have a very low self esteem. They easily feel the whole world is criticizing them. They always feel they are not worthy even though they are very brilliant.
HOW TO WORK WITH A NERD IN MINI PROJECT GROUP RESEARCH
Most students have had their fair share of working with a nerd and the experience is usually not a very pleasant one. You wouldn’t want to come to conclusion that they cannot work with a nerd when handling a mini project group research. Most nerd are usually practical in nature. To work with a nerd; you have to look for his/her area of strength since most of the nerds lack communication and social skills; in order to work effectively with a nerd, all you need do is to put them in area where they will have little interaction with his/her colleagues.
Take for instance you have a group of five students to handle a mini project group research; it is advisable to entertain division of labour. Those that have good communication skills should engage in stuff like questionnaires distribution and interview while the nerd should be allow to be the writer of the mini project. All information gathered should be given to the nerd to put it in writing.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, a mini project is small research work just like the usually undergraduate projects or MBA thesis or dissertation. However working with a nerd can be difficult because nerd usually have this kind of reserved lifestyle and poor social and communication skills. So in order to work effectively with a nerd, all you need do is to put them in area where they will have little interaction with his/her colleagues

Like the saying goes “if you want to be successful, learning from people’s mistake”. This statement is still applicable in the education sector today. To succeed academically is not a one-day exercise but a continuous struggle for the better. Academic success is all about consistency. Undergraduate level is one of the most difficult stages in tertiary institution ranging from the number courses to participation in other departmental activities like seminar presentation, paper, industrial training and undergraduate projects. There are few things students can pick from a failed undergraduate student(s).
UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT
Undergraduate research is an inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate that makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to the discipline. Undergraduate project is an academic assignment (or research) undertaken by a student towards the completion of his/her academic pursuit of a first degree as stated in his first degree curriculum.
Undergraduate research projects can be designed to fit a variety of class constructs and to promote student learning at all levels of undergraduate education. It is also a task undertaken by student(s) within a given period of time in a given subject area aimed at making the student have independent capacity for inquiries and to supplement and as well complement formal teaching in his area of study. This enables the student hone-in the theoretical course work in the university. There is no doubt that the exercise will reveal to the lecturer who is assigned to supervise the student, the student’s area of strength and weaknesses. When these weaknesses are corrected during lecturer – student interaction, the student comes out to be the pride of the university – the alma mater.
Undergraduate research projects can be student or faculty initiated, and students can either participate in a work in progress or enter a project at its start. Undergraduate research is the exploration of a specific topic within a field by an undergraduate student that makes an original contribution to the discipline.
REASON WHY STUDENT FAIL UNDERGRADUATE PROJECTS
LACK OF GOOD RESEARCH KNOWLEDGE
Undergraduate research project is usually the most tasking aspect of final year classes. Most final year students do not have any knowledge about research project writing. This will lead to delay in the completion and submission of their research project work. They end up not meeting up with project defence with their colleague. Good research project knowledge is one of the most important criteria for students’ success in undergraduate project writing.
POOR RELATIONSHIP WITH YOUR PROJECT SUPERVISOR
After a student has mastered the act of research project writing the next challenge he or she might face is their project supervisor. Having a project supervisor that is kind enough to guide you through your research project writing is one of the good things that can happen to any student. Most students do not know how to relate with their supervisor; the outcome of the misunderstanding will lead to their research project work being cancelled or ask to redo.
PROCRASTINATION
The origin of the term is derived from the Latin ‘Pro’(Forward on in favor of) and ‘Crastinus’ (of tomorrow) and it refers to either avoiding a task altogether or deferring it to a later, often unspecified time. In an academic situation procrastination as ‘knowing that one is supposed to and perhaps even wanting to complete an academic task but failing to perform the activity within the expected or desired time frame’. Procrastination involves avoiding doing what we know we should be doing. Sometimes we can be creative in our avoidance strategies. The best definition for procrastination is the delaying of a task that was originally planned despite expecting to be worse off the delay. It is evident that all conceptualizations of procrastination recognize that there must be a postponing, delaying, or putting off a task or decision, in keeping with the term’s Latin origins of pro meaning “forward, forth, or in favor of, 'and crastinus, meaning “of tomorrow”.
Building on this base, one procrastinates when one delays beginning or completing an intended course of action; procrastination is a common behavior, mainly in school setting. The term procrastinate comes from the Latin word procrastinare which means to put off, delay, prolong, defer, stall, or postpone performing a task. It implies performing an alternative activity to the one intended, which is not synonymous with idleness.
Academic procrastination which can be named as reflection of daily postponement of school work is defined as to delay duties and responsibilities related to school, or to save them to the last minute. Procrastination behavior occurs as not completing the given assignments or delaying, Preparation for examinations. Although procrastination is a phenomenon which is globally seen but equally likely unfavorable around the globe, it affects the individuals' daily routine in negative way.
Procrastination can also be seen as a series of delay or postpone one task perceived as more important or satisfying, which results in the imperfect behavioral product; which further leads to emotional upset. Procrastination dominates all areas of behavior and action but the most general foam is academic procrastination which occurs in the academic setting. It is about having the knowledge that a student has to complete one or more tasks or administer any activity for example solving a term paper, preparing for exams, completing undergraduate research project or concluding a reading assignment, but lacking in motivation to do in a specified time period.
LACK OF CONFIDENCE
Confidence is the most important key for the actualization of academic success. During undergraduate project defence, you will notice a lot of drama among student. Students fail their final year project not because these students are not brilliant but because they lack confidence. Lack of confidence can make a good student not to be able to express themselves during their project defence.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it is always very important to learn from peoples’ mistakes; this does not only end in academic environment but also in our day to day lives and other activities. It is idea for students especially those in 300 levels to attend final year project defence to gain experience on how it is usually done.

Self esteem refers to an individual overall positive evaluation of him or her. High self-esteem consists of an individual respecting him/herself and considering him/herself worthy. Self-esteem is also an individual’s perception or subjective appraisal of one’s own self-worth, one’s feelings of self-respect and self-confidence and the extent to which the individual holds positive or negative views about self. It’s hard for someone who doesn't already have it to know what it would be like to have it. One way for people who have lower self-esteem to begin to appreciate what it would be like to have higher self-esteem is to consider how they may feel about things in their lives that they value. Therefore, it is important to know your worth and know who you are. When you understand who you are and place value on yourself, you will have so much confidence in yourself because it is how you treat and see yourself, that is how people see you and value you. It is important that you exhibit some habits that show you have a high self esteem. No one can give you confidence or place value on you, you alone can boost your confidence and make people see you the way you want to be seen. When you have a low self esteem, you may never get to achieve what you want to achieve because you believe you are not capable or have what it takes to achieve them.
SELF ESTEEM
Self-esteem refers to a person's beliefs about his/her worth and value. It also has to do with the feelings people experience that follows from their sense of worthiness or unworthiness. Self-esteem is important because it heavily influences people's choices and decisions. In other words, self-esteem serves a motivational function by making it more or less likely that people will take care of themselves and explore their full potential. Self-esteem is also defined as a global barometer of self-evaluation involving cognitive appraisals about general self-worth and affective experiences of the self that are linked to these global appraisals. Therefore, people with high self-esteem are also people who are motivated to take care of themselves and to persistently strive towards the fulfillment of personal goals and aspirations. People with lower self-esteem don't tend to regard themselves as worthy of happy outcomes or capable of achieving them and so tend to let important things slide and to be less persistent and resilient in terms of overcoming adversity. They may have the same kinds of goals as people with higher self-esteem, but they are generally less motivated to pursue them to their conclusion.
PSYCHOLOGICAL HABITS TO BOOST YOUR SELF ESTEEM
A) LEARN TO KEEP YOUR PROMISES TO YOURSELF
One psychological habit to boost your self esteem is to learn to keep your promises to yourself. This is one habit that is difficult for people to do. People tend to let out their promises to people or to themselves to others. When you let out your promises, it compels you by all means to fulfill them and when you don’t, it lowers your self confidence and esteem as you may never have the courage to promise anyone anything anymore.
However, when you keep your promises to yourself it has a way of boosting your self esteem because whether or not you fulfill those promises, your self esteem and confidence is intact.
B) SURROUND YOURSELF WITH PEOPLE YOU ENJOY
Another point to note on psychological habit to boost yourself esteem is to surround yourself with people you enjoy. Try as much as possible to avoid the company of those who always bring you down and make mockery of you in one way or the other. Also avoid the company of those, who think you do not have the potential or ability to achieve certain things in life. Rather make sure you surround yourself with forms and people who motivate, encourage, and bring out the best in you. More so, surround yourself with people who belief in you and those who motivate you as well. When you have these set of people around you, it boost your self esteem and confidence.
C) ALWAYS REMIND YOURSELF OF YOUR VALUES
It is important that you remind yourself of your values. This is one way to boost your self esteem. Place value on yourself and people will see you that way. Remember that the way you carry yourself is the same way people will see you. You must understand that you are valued and you are loved. Do not allow anything or anyone talk you down or make you see less of whom you are or should be. Always carry it in mind that you are valued and you are loved and you have the ability to achieve anything you want to achieve and nothing can stop you. The consciousness of this will make you a better version of yourself and people will have no choice than to believe in you and in your ability as well as value you.
D) READ SOME RESEARCH WORKS ON SELF ESTEEM
Another to point is to read some undergraduate projects on self esteem. There is a saying that if you are not informed you are deformed. Information is power. You must be abreast at all times with things happening around your environment and the world at large. Inculcate the habit of reading. Read to know and to be informed. One of the books or research work to read is on self esteem it will help you know how to boost your self esteem and improve your self confidence.
E) BELIEVE IN YOURSELF
Believing in yourself is another important point to note. Understand that no one will believe in you if you don’t first believe in yourself. Self believe is an attribute of self esteem. Self believe will take you far in life. Because even when people around you seem to discourage you or be discouraged, your-self believe will see you through. Self believe is also the absence of fear. It boosts your self esteem.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, self esteem is very important if one must go far and achieve things in life. You must understand who you are and what you can do. Understand that you are valued and loved. Allow no one talk you down or make you feel less of yourself. Self-esteem is a person’s overall sense of his or her value or worth. It can be considered a sort of measure of how much a person “values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likes him or herself”.
Guard your self esteem jealously by also avoiding the company of those who you do not enjoy or make you feel less of yourself as well as those who do not believe in you. Do all you can to boost your self esteem regardless of what anyone thinks of you

Early child education is an encouraged step towards a child’s mental and psychological development. It is a time of remarkable growth with brain development at its peak. During this stage, children are highly influenced by the environment and the people that surround them. Early child education is more than preparation for primary school. It aims at the holistic development of a child’s social, emotional, cognitive and physical needs in order to build a solid and broad foundation for lifelong learning and wellbeing. Early child education has the possibility to nurture caring, capable and responsible future citizens.
Early years in life are widely accepted as the most important period during which children experience cognitive, language, perceptual, socio-emotional and motor development which they will need for future achievements and social functioning. This informs the reason why the periods of the early years need to be handled with all special and detailed attention. The early years of a child is a remarkable period of growth and development in the lives of children. The early years of children are years of extreme vulnerability and tremendous potentials, during which adequate protection, care and stimulation are essential to provide the foundation for well-being and development. It is pertinent to note that all ECE activities and programmes are geared towards giving positive early experiences to children. This further underscores the importance of early years.

See samples of child education project topics and research materials

However, one of the reasons that early childhood is regarded up to the age of eight is to enable him or her acquire a smooth understanding of the entire education from the level of play group to pre-primary and from pre-primary to the level of primary. The early childhood education is in an organized form to a major extent. The teachers and the other members of the pre-school, who are involved in this education, are required to be systematic and methodical in their workings and conduct. It requires efficiency in its format and implication.
The undergraduate project is often the first major piece of independent research that a student will undertake. We are today in knowledge driven world where knowledge assets rather than physical assets and natural assets are considered more relevant in creating competitive and differential advantages. It is therefore a point where and when a student leaves a statement as a foot print on the part that he/she traversed over a period of time. The statement or the content of the project may be a building block for the future students or humanity at large. Undergraduate research is an inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate that makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to the discipline.

EARLY CHILD EDUCATION

Early childhood education (ECE; also nursery education) is a branch of education theory that relates to the teaching of children (formally and informally) from birth up to the age of eight. Early childhood education consists of activities and/or experiences that are intended to effect developmental changes in children prior to their entry into elementary school.
Early childhood education (ECE) programs include any type of educational program that serves children in the preschool years and is designed to improve later school performance. This trend allowed the majority of children to have access to some form of early childhood education.

THE NEED FOR EARLY CHILD EDUCATION

Early childhood education can produce significant gains in children's learning and development. High quality early childhood education assists many at-risk children in avoiding poor outcomes, such as dropping out of school.
Although the benefits seem to cross all economic and social lines, the most significant gains are almost always noted among children from families with the lowest income levels and the least amount of formal education.
However, whether these benefits are long lasting is disputed.

EARLY CHILD EDUCATION AND STUDENTS COMPETENCE IN UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT

At the most basic level, early childhood education (ECE) encompasses all forms of education, both formal and informal, provided to young children up to approximately 8 years of age. This education is fundamental to the development of a child and can significantly shape the later years of an individual’s life. Early childhood education is an important area within the lives of the individuals. This education begins, when the child reaches the age of two. It establishes the foundation from where the learning of the child takes place.
However, as the child grows and get into the higher institution, he/she is expected at a certain stage of his/her education to write an undergraduate project. At this stage the child is expected to be competent in writing of undergraduate projects by years of teaching and learning that is to say some level of competence is expected. This is where the benefits of early child education come into play. The child must have groomed properly for this purpose and must have gathered all the necessary knowledge and ability to write an excellent undergraduate project.

CONCLUSION

Education is a comprehensive area. It covers skills, knowledge, attitudes, habits, communication, cognitive skills, intellectual abilities, wisdom, astuteness, righteousness and honesty. These factors are essential for the development of the mind-set of the students and it also contributes towards their progression. The students have to be well prepared to enter the education system at the formal level. In order to seek admission in formal schools, it is vital for the students to possess adequate understanding of academic concepts, so that they can appropriately cope up with the teaching-learning methods, provided to them by the teachers and enhance their performance. Early childhood education renders an effective contribution in the facilitation of learning and education.

The undergraduate projects are among the first major piece of independent research that a student will undertake. We are today in knowledge driven world where knowledge assets rather than physical assets and natural assets are considered more relevant in creating competitive and differential advantages.
A case study can be defined as an intensive study about a person, a group or people or a unit, which is aimed to generalize over several units. it has been described as an intensive, systematic investigation of a single individual, group, community or some other unit in which the researcher examines in-depth data relating to several variables.
A case study is the process or record of research into the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time. It is a particular place or something used or analyzed in order to illustrate a thesis or principle. Therefore, project work at the undergraduate level is an undertaking usually at the last lap of a journey of four or five years programme depending on the choice of course or academic pursuit/career. It is therefore a point where and when a student leaves a statement as a foot print on the part that he/she traversed over a period of time. The statement or the content of the project may be a building block for the future students or humanity at large.
Writing an undergraduate project will require that undergraduate students have a case study which serves a guide and direction to their research. It also tells the audience where the researcher intends to research on. Case study in a research is very important because it examines complex phenomenon in the natural setting to increase understanding of them. The steps undertaken while using a case study approach allows the researcher to take a complex and broad topic, or phenomenon, and narrow it down into a manageable research question(s). By collecting qualitative or quantitative datasets about the phenomenon, the researcher gains a more in-depth insight into the phenomenon than would be obtained using only one type of data. That is to say case study in a research is very important.
UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT
Undergraduate research is an inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate that makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to the discipline. Undergraduate project is an academic assignment (or research) undertaken by a student towards the completion of his/her academic pursuit of a first degree as stated in his first degree curriculum.
Undergraduate research projects can be designed to fit a variety of class constructs and to promote student learning at all levels of undergraduate education. It is also a task undertaken by student(s) within a given period of time in a given subject area aimed at making the student have independent capacity for inquiries and to supplement and as well complement formal teaching in his area of study. This enables the student hone-in the theoretical course work in the university. There is no doubt that the exercise will reveal to the lecturer who is assigned to supervise the student, the student’s area of strength and weaknesses. When these weaknesses are corrected during lecturer – student interaction, the student comes out to be the pride of the university – the alma mater.
Undergraduate research projects can be student or faculty initiated, and students can either participate in a work in progress or enter a project at its start. Undergraduate research is the exploration of a specific topic within a field by an undergraduate student that makes an original contribution to the discipline.
THE IMPORTANCE OF CASE STUDY TO UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT
A) IT GIVES YOUR PROJECT A SCOPE
One the importance of a case study in a research is that it gives your project a scope. The ability of a case study to investigate cases in depth and to employ multiple sources of evidence makes it a useful tool for any kind of research studies where the focus is on a specific situation or context where generalizing is less important and in applied research. Anyone that comes across your research has an idea where your research is based. It gives your research a scope by this it means that your research intends to cover a particular area. It gives your research a direction and serves as a compass to your research findings.
B) IT GIVES YOUR PROJECT A DEFINITION
Another point is that it gives your project a definition. When an undergraduate student presents his/her project topic to his/her project supervisor, it is expected that the project topic contains in it your case study which defines the entire project. You don’t just have a project topic without clearly stating the case study as well which tells where the research is based on.
C) IT CONTROLS TIME WASTING
When a research lacks a compass or direction it keeps going round a circle. Same thing happens to a researcher who does not have a case study; you will rigmarole all through the research which of course is time wasting and exhausting. But when you have a case study which tells your scope of study as well, it saves you time as your research and findings will only be targeted around your case study.
HOW TO CHOOSE A CASE STUDY
A) LOOK FOR CASE STUDY CLOSE TO YOU
There are ways to choose a case study and one of such ways is choosing a case study that is close to you. To avoid waste of time, getting frustrated and having limited findings, it is important that you choose a case study that is not far from you. That way, you can have a close eye and easy access to your case study as well as have your research findings on time.
B) EXAMINE THE ENVIRONMENT OR ORGANIZATION TO ENSURE IS SAFE
Another factor to consider when choosing a case study for undergraduate project is the environment. Have an intensive examination of the environment or organization you intend to use as your case study to be sure it is safe and the residents are also accommodating. Some students have had negative experiences in their case study because they did not do a thorough investigation of the place they intend to use as case study. It is important that you ensure your safety as well while doing your findings.
C) EXAMINE YOUR LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE CASE STUDY YOU WANT TO CHOOSE
Your level of knowledge of the case study you want to choose is also important because it will help you in making the right choice when choosing a case study for your undergraduate project. Whatever case study you choose, make sure you have a very good knowledge about it so that it will not be difficult for you to do your findings.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, your case study is your research compass and direction, it is therefore, very important that you understand how to choose a case study for your undergraduate project to avoid getting frustrated along the line and wasting so much time because you chose the wrong case study for your research project.

Undergraduate students have a great deal to create anxiety, especially in research project writing process which affect their confidence. Other factors that are likely to create anxiety among undergraduate students are difficulty of subjects, new roommates, identity crises, cultural shock, and relationship problems. Anxiety disorders keep rising among students as the day goes by. Anxiety has a way of interrupting with students’ performance especially when it comes to research project writing. Individuals in high anxiety levels tend to experience poor academic performance throughout their years in the university. Anxiety has demonstrated to have detrimental effect both on the health and academic performance of students.
High level of anxiety also interferes with concentration and memory, which are critical for academic success. However, most of students would lack the concentration of study because of exam anxiety, social anxiety, mathematics anxiety, and many anxiety sources. Feeling discomfort and anxious in the classroom does not enhance learning of any kind. The anxiety’s psychological symptoms among students include feeling nervous before a study class, panicking, going blank during a test, feeling helpless while doing assignments, or lack of interest of subjects difficult whereas the physiological symptoms include sweaty palms, racing heartbeat, or an upset stomach.
Anxiety is a psychological and physical response to treat a self-concept characterized by subjective, consciously perceived feelings of tension. Anxious students have experience of cognitive deficits like misapprehension of information or blocking of memory and recall. Study anxiety is not only due to the lack of study motivation or to insufficient skills, but is also due to misperception about courses and negative experiences in previous study classes. High level anxiety is more closely associated with lowered performance in low-ability students than in high-ability counterparts. At the global level, anxiety is viewed as a permanent trait, as some people are predisposed to be anxious.
ANXIETY
Anxiety is a basic human emotion consisting of fear and uncertainty that typically appears when an individual perceives an event as being a threat to the ego or self esteem. Anxiety is defined as an emotional state consisting of feeling, tension, apprehension, nervousness, and worry with activation or arousal of the autonomic nervous system, these are differentiated as state and trait anxiety. Individuals with high levels of anxiety generally hold heightened levels of trait anxiety, but in evaluative situations, the state anxiety also elevates.
Anxiety is also an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure. People with anxiety disorders usually have recurring intrusive thoughts or concerns. They may avoid certain situations out of worry.
Anxiety is a mental health disorder characterized by feelings of worry, anxiety or fear that are strong enough to interfere with one's daily activities. Examples of anxiety disorders include panic attacks, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Symptoms include stress that's out of proportion to the impact of the event, inability to set aside a worry and restlessness.
Treatment includes counseling or medication, including antidepressants.
CAUSES/TYPES OF ANXIETY
Although early exposure to stress and the experience of trauma are important risk factors for anxiety disorders, evidence also highlights biological causes, such as issues with the regulation of neurotransmitters and heritable genetic causes.
Stress – and particularly continued exposure to stress has been linked to anxiety, as well as having a negative impact on the body’s immune, cardiovascular, neuro-endocrine and central nervous systems.
Physical health problems -can also cause or perpetuate anxiety disorders. In patients with a malignant disease, for example, a response of anxiety is understandable; however, in some patients, anxiety may increase to a level that is disproportionately high and that, if it does not improve, can lead to functional impairments.
TYPES OF ANXIETY
Generalized anxiety: You feel excessive, unrealistic worry and tension with little or no reason.
Panic disorder: You feel sudden, intense fear that brings on a panic attack. During a panic attack you may break out in a sweat, have chest pain, and have a pounding heartbeat (palpitations). Sometimes you may feel like you’re choking or having a heart attack.
Social anxiety disorder: Also called social phobia, this is when you feel overwhelming worry and self-consciousness about everyday social situations. You obsessively worry about others judging you or being embarrassed or ridiculed.
Specific phobias: You feel intense fear of a specific object or situation, such as heights or flying. The fear goes beyond what’s appropriate and may cause you to avoid ordinary situations.
Agoraphobia: You have an intense fear of being in a place where it seems hard to escape or get help if an emergency occurs. For example, you may panic or feel anxious when on an airplane, public transportation, or standing in line with a crowd.
Separation anxiety: Little kids aren’t the only ones who feel scared or anxious when a loved one leaves. Anyone can get separation anxiety disorder. If you do, you’ll feel very anxious or fearful when a person you’re close with leaves your sight. You’ll always worry that something bad may happen to your loved one.
Selective mutism: This is a type of social anxiety in which young kids who talk normally with their family don’t speak in public, like at school.
Medication-induced anxiety disorder: Use of certain medications or illegal drugs, or withdrawal from certain drugs, can trigger some symptoms of anxiety disorder.
UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT
Undergraduate research is an inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate that makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to the discipline. Undergraduate project is an academic assignment (or research) undertaken by a student towards the completion of his/her academic pursuit of a first degree as stated in his first degree curriculum.
Undergraduate project topics can be designed to fit a variety of class constructs and to promote student learning at all levels of undergraduate education. It is also a task undertaken by student(s) within a given period of time in a given subject area aimed at making the student have independent capacity for inquiries and to supplement and as well complement formal teaching in his area of study. This enables the student hone-in the theoretical course work in the university. There is no doubt that the exercise will reveal to the lecturer who is assigned to supervise the student, the student’s area of strength and weaknesses. When these weaknesses are corrected during lecturer – student interaction, the student comes out to be the pride of the university – the alma mater.
Undergraduate research projects can be student or faculty initiated, and students can either participate in a work in progress or enter a project at its start. Undergraduate research is the exploration of a specific topic within a field by an undergraduate student that makes an original contribution to the discipline.
ANXIETY AND STUDENTS CONFIDENCE IN UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT
Everyone has feelings of anxiety at some point in their life, whether it is about preparing for a job interview, meeting a partner’s family for the first time, or the prospect of parenthood. While we associate anxiety with alterations to our mental state, experienced as worry or apprehension perhaps, and physical symptoms such as raised heart rate and adrenaline, we also understand that it is likely to affect us only temporarily until the source of our anxiety has passed or we have learnt to cope with it. Anxiety is therefore one of a range of emotions that serves the positive function of alerting us to things we might need to worry about: things that are potentially harmful. More importantly, these emotions help us to evaluate potential threats and respond to them in an appropriate way, perhaps by quickening our reflexes or focusing our attention.
Therefore, when students have a feel of anxiety especially when writing research project, they tend to lose their confidence because of fear of what and how the project will turn out and most of this cases are seen where undergraduate students have strict and unsupportive project supervisor. So the fear of not wanting to disappoint their supervisors or the fear of whether they can write an excellent project that will be accepted without much criticism bothers them which eventually turns into anxiety. And when students begin to feel this way, there is every tendency that they lose their self confidence which may lead to poor research project.
CONCLUSION
Fear is probably the most basic of all emotions. Not only do all humans experience it, but fear responses have been found in all species even animals right down to the sea slug. Experiences of fear vary tremendously in their severity, from mild anxiety to extreme terror and panic. The experience of fear can also vary in duration from a brief, almost fleeting flash, to a constant, all day experience. While anxiety and panic, by their nature, are unpleasant, they are not in the least bit dangerous.
It can be concluded that anxiety is manifest by disturbances of mood, thinking, behavior, and physiological activity and accompanying disturbances of sleep, concentration, social and/or occupational functioning. Also, it is associated with restlessness, feeling keyed up or on edge, being easily fatigued, difficulty in concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, and irritability. And all of these can make one lose his/her self confidence in anything which may or may not turn out excellently well.

We are in a world today that is highly driven in knowledge where knowledge is more an assets rather than physical assets and natural assets are considered more relevant in creating competitive and differential advantages.
Undergraduate projects are usually the first major piece of independent research that a student will undertake. Project work at the undergraduate level is an undertaking usually at the last lap of a journey of four or five years programme depending on the choice of course or academic pursuit/career. It is therefore a point where and when a student leaves a statement as a foot print on the part that he/she traversed over a period of time. The statement or the content of the project may be a building block for the future students or humanity at large. When students are at the point of entry into the university they ought to know that they will leave a footprint by way of project, for this, they ought to read widely and get focused early enough.
Therefore, because it is a building block for the future as well as an increase to already existing knowledge, for this reason, attempts are made at micro and macro levels to increase the stock of knowledge assets as a strategic choice for increasing development at diverse levels. Early development is always a better choice, in any form of development, so as to earn the best fruit of input or labour. This means that students’ project work in their undergraduate curriculum is aimed at meeting the knowledge needs of the students, society and the world at the level and stage when the body and mind are willing and receptive to knowledge.
Therefore, it is important that students get abreast with how to write undergraduate project, not just writing but knowing all that is involved in an excellent undergraduate project. As an undergraduate, there are some certain factors that will convince you to know you are ready to undertake your undergraduate project and some of these factors are discussed below.

UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT

Undergraduate research is an inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate that makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to the discipline. Undergraduate project is an academic assignment (or research) undertaken by a student towards the completion of his/her academic pursuit of a first degree as stated in his first degree curriculum.
Undergraduate research projects can be designed to fit a variety of class constructs and to promote student learning at all levels of undergraduate education. It is also a task undertaken by student(s) within a given period of time in a given subject area aimed at making the student have independent capacity for inquiries and to supplement and as well complement formal teaching in his area of study. This enables the student hone-in the theoretical course work in the university. There is no doubt that the exercise will reveal to the lecturer who is assigned to supervise the student, the student’s area of strength and weaknesses. When these weaknesses are corrected during lecturer – student interaction, the student comes out to be the pride of the university – the alma mater.
Undergraduate research projects can be student or faculty initiated, and students can either participate in a work in progress or enter a project at its start. Undergraduate research is the exploration of a specific topic within a field by an undergraduate student that makes an original contribution to the discipline.

HOW TO KNOW IF YOU ARE READY

A) YOU CAN CHOOSE A PROJECT TOPIC

One of the ways to know if you are ready is the ability to choose a project topic. As an undergraduate who is preparing to write an undergraduate project, it is important that you understand how to choose a project topic even before your get to final year. Choosing a project topic is beyond just writing anything as a topic you want to research on, you must understand that your project topic must contain two or more variables; it should be a researchable topic and one you can confidently research and defend at the end of the day. When you understand all that there is in choosing a project topic, then you can be sure that you are ready to undertake undergraduate project research.

B) YOU ARE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM IN THE TOPIC YOU CHOOSE

Another point to note in determining if you are ready to undertake undergraduate project is the ability to identify the research problem in the project topic you have chosen.
You must understand that one the reasons why research are been carried out is because of problem identification. You must have identified a problem to prompt your research. Therefore, as an undergraduate, you must be able to identify the research problem in the project topic you have chosen and research to find solution and make appropriate recommendation.

C) YOU CAN FORM OBJECTIVES FROM THE PROBLEM YOU IDENTIFIED

To know if you are ready to undertake an undergraduate project is to form objectives from the problem you identified in your research topic. Undergraduate students must understand that beyond problem identification in a research which of course prompted the research in the first place, is also the ability to form objectives of the research from the problem you’ve identified in your research topic. Objectives in a research tell your audience what you intend to research or find out about. That is it is very important that you understand your variables in your research topic.

D) UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPTS OF THE VARIABLE ON YOUR TOPIC

Understanding the concepts of the variable on your project topic is another way to finding out if you are ready to undertake an undergraduate project. You already know that your undergraduate project topic must have in it two or more variables. Therefore, another thing you must know is to understand the concepts of those variables because it is the understanding of these variables that will enable you write an excellent project as well as not derail from the main point in the research. The understanding of your variables will also help you in forming your research objectives as you will not only be researching on one variable but the whole variables in your research topic must be researched on and you can only achieve this if you have a proper understand ding of the concepts in the variables in your project topic.

E) YOU CAN DERIVE A METHODOLOGY

The knowledge on how to derive and identify the right methodology to use in your undergraduate project is another way to know if you are ready to undertake your undergraduate project. In every research, it is either you use the primary or secondary data. However, knowing which one to use in your research project is a plus to you and shows you are ready to undertake the undergraduate project.

F) FINALLY YOU CAN ANALYZE YOUR DATA

Lastly, you must have the knowledge of data analysis. Some undergraduate students neglect this aspect because they feel they can hire a data analyst to do that aspect for them. In as much as getting a data analyst is not a bad idea; it is also advisable that students have the full knowledge of data analysis because it will help them in their undergraduate project.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, undergraduate students must get themselves ready for their undergraduate project even before they get to final year. They can either learn from their predecessors or get a project coach. They must know all it takes to write an undergraduate project, it is a way of getting them ready and well prepared for their undergraduate project.

Further study in a research is giving room to other researchers to study and research further on the subject matter. Therefore, giving suggestion for further study is very important in an undergraduate projects because it will help other researchers to cover areas the research couldn’t cover as well as case studies where the research couldn’t get to may be because of time or financial constraints. But whatever may be the reason, it is pertinent that a researcher gives suggestion to further study on the subject matter. Further study on a research further expands on the findings of the research as well as feasible recommendations.

UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT WRITING

Undergraduate project writing is the act of an inquiry or investigation conducted by an undergraduate that makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to the discipline. Undergraduate project is an academic assignment (or research) undertaken by a student towards the completion of his/her academic pursuit of a first degree as stated in his first degree curriculum.
Undergraduate research projects can be designed to fit a variety of class constructs and to promote student learning at all levels of undergraduate education. It is also a task undertaken by student(s) within a given period of time in a given subject area aimed at making the student have independent capacity for inquiries and to supplement and as well complement formal teaching in his area of study. This enables the student hone-in the theoretical course work in the university. There is no doubt that the exercise will reveal to the lecturer who is assigned to supervise the student, the student’s area of strength and weaknesses. When these weaknesses are corrected during lecturer – student interaction, the student comes out to be the pride of the university – the alma mater.
Undergraduate research projects can be student or faculty initiated, and students can either participate in a work in progress or enter a project at its start. Undergraduate research is the exploration of a specific topic within a field by an undergraduate student that makes an original contribution to the discipline.

THE IMPORTANCE OF SUGGESTION TO FURTHER STUDIES

The importance of suggestion to further studies in an undergraduate research cannot be overemphasized it plays a great role even after the research and allows room and opportunity for further research and findings by other researchers. Suggestion to further studies breaks every research limitations and boundaries that will not allow for further study and research in the subject matter therefore, making the research a stagnant and limited one without further findings.

HOW TO WRITE SUGGESTION TO FURTHER STUDIES

There are various ways on how to write suggestion to further studies. However, below are few of the ways on how to write suggestion to further studies.

A) CHECK THE PROBLEM YOUR FINDINGS COULD NOT COVER

One of the ways to write suggestion to further studies is to check the problem your findings could not cover. In every research, it is important that you write in clear terms the statement of the research problem and what the research intends to find out, find solutions to and make appropriate recommendations. But however if you are unable to cover the whole area of the problems stated in your research, it is advised that you make suggestions on further studies on those areas your findings could not cover so that other researchers can research on.

B) FIND OUT THE CASE STUDIES WHERE THE RESEARCH HAS NOT BEEN CARRIED OUT ON

Another way on how to write suggestion to further studies is to find out the case studies where the research has not been carried out on. It is very important that you also state or write the case studies where your research could not cover or carried out. By so doing, it will serve as a compass to other researchers on where to focus their research and findings on.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, it is very important that undergraduates writing research project make room for further studies. The suggestion for further study in a research does not mean the work you did isn’t appropriate but however, you are only giving room for further findings on the subject matter which allows other researchers to cover area where your research and findings couldn’t cover.

When there is variation in something it means difference or conditions that could be the reason for something. Therefore variation in study time among students is the different time and condition that works for different students. These variation could be seen in their day to preparation for departmental examination, undergraduate projects, seminars and conferences. There are specific times that could be favorable for some students to adopt as their study time while to some students, it may not be favorable to them may be for one reason or the other. Study time is very important and should be encouraged among students at all level. Having a study time as a students will help you a lot both academically and in time management. It will help you to be conscious of your time as well as what you do with your time rather than spending it on unnecessary things that may not be of benefit to you in any way. However, study time is not all about having a time you read or just creating time in your daily activities to read it is beyond that. You must understand what works for you. Someone else’s study time must not be your own study time, avoid doing what others are doing especially if it doesn't favor you or works for you as it does for them. Rather you should identify and know what works for you and stick to it. When you identify and know what works for you, things become a lot easier and interesting to you. You wouldn’t have to struggle to do some certain things because it agrees with your being which includes your body, mind and soul. You must come to the understanding that everyone is unique and different in their own way and as such, approach things differently. Variations are bound in every aspect of life and study time among students isn’t an exemption.

STUDY TIME

Study time is a specific time mapped out for study and nothing else. Students tend to look at how they spend their time both during the day and at night to be able to map out a specific time to study which they call study time.
Study time should be encouraged among students in all schools and at all levels. It is very necessary for students to have study time, it has lots of advantages as a matter of fact it seem to have more advantages with little or no disadvantages. One of its advantages is that it improves study habit among students as well as improves academic performance generally.

VARIATION IN STUDY TIME AMONG STUDENTS

Variation on study time among students simply means that there is differences and varying times that works for students to use as their study time. The variation here simply means that what works for MR A may not work for MR B. MR A might find early hours of the morning as the best time for him/her to study and finds assimilation very easy, while MR B might find the night time as the best time for him/her to study. These variations that exist among students is based on some conditions which are discussed below.

HOW TO CHOOSE A GOOD STUDY TIME FOR YOURSELF

It is very important that students not only create time for study but also know how to choose and identify study times that works for them and stick with it rather than trying to follow the study time of others which could make them struggle through understanding and proper assimilation. Below are some points to note while choosing a good study time for yourself as a student.

A) COMPARE YOUR RATE OF ASSIMILATION DURING MORNING AND EVENING STUDY

One of the point you must note while choosing a good study time is comparing your rate of assimilation during morning and evening study. It is very important that students take note and are conscious of the times they study. Take note of how well you assimilate both in the morning and at night. If your rate of assimilation when you read in the morning is high, then you choose the morning time as your study time but make sure it doesn’t clash with your morning lectures as the case may be.
Then if your rate of assimilation when you read at night is high, then you can choose the night time as your study time. The most important point to note here is how well you assimilate in each of this times you study. Be very intentional when you read both in the morning and at night to be able to identify which time best works for you and ensure to stick to it. Do not let anybody convince you otherwise. Because what works for them might not work for you, you must understand that. That is why there are variations. If you decide to follow the study time of another, you might it find it difficult assimilating and comprehending what you are studying and may lead to you finally giving up on having a consistent study time which could have improved your reading habits as well as improve your academic performance.

B)CHOOSE THE ONE THAT IS FAVORABLE TO YOU

Just as discussed in the first point on comparing your rate of assimilation during morning and night when you study to be able to identify the one that best suits you to study and assimilate better, this second point is about choosing the one that is favourable to you that is after comparing your rate of assimilation during the morning and night study. Your rate of assimilation during any of the study time will tell you which time is best for you, the one that is best for you is the one that is favorable to you and ensure to stick to that time.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, whatever study time you choose which must be based on whether you assimilate very well as well as if the time favours you must not clash with any of your academic activities especially lectures. Because it is when you attend lectures that you have and know what to study and research further on. Therefore, your study time must be a very good and favorable time. In a nut shell just make sure to have a balance even when choosing the study time that works for you.

Writing a project entails more than just getting a project topics. You must first and foremost understand what project writing is all about and what you need to know even before you start writing project. Undergraduate project writing is what all final year students in higher institutions must do regardless of the department they are or their course of study. However, some student tends to complain about their course of study especially when it is time for them to write project. They feel their course of study is the most difficult and getting materials for their project topics makes it even more frustrating, difficult, and almost impossible.
However, education project topics have shown to be lots easier than writing project for other courses. Education project topics are easier to form and there is availability of research materials which further makes the research work and easy one.

HOW TO CHOOSE A PROJECT TOPIC

Final year must understand certain things while choosing a project topic. Don’t just assume you already have a project topic in mind you want to research on and so you wouldn’t need to make necessary enquiries. In as much in choosing a project topic, it is advisable you choose a project topic that you are familiar with and find quite interesting, it is more important that you make sure that there are materials available for your choice of project topic.
Another point to note while choosing a project topic is case study. Ensure your case study is close. Avoid choosing case study that is very far from you or places that cannot be easily accessible thereby making you spend more than necessary. It is therefore, advisable that you choose project topics that are researchable and have materials available as well. Make all the necessary enquiries about your choice of project topic before submitting it to your supervisor for approval.

THE ACT OF RESEARCH PROJECT WRITING

The act of research project writing is an academic exercise carried out by final year students in higher institution for the completion of their degree program. It is the exploration of a specific topic within a field by undergraduate students that makes an original contribution to the discipline. It is an exercise expected of students at the end of their study. The act of research project writing must contribute to an already existing knowledge or provide solution to a problem with appropriate and feasible recommendation.

WHY EDUCATION PROJECT TOPICS IS EASY TO WORK ON

There are various reasons why education project topics are easier to write on and some of the reasons are as follows:
A) THERE ARE LOTS OF MATERIALS FOR EDUCATION PROJECT
One of the reasons why education project topics are easy to write is because there are lots of materials for education project writing. Education courses seem to have more materials both online and even offline. The materials for writing education project can be easily accessible and seen unlike other courses. Reasons had been that they are mostly generated from the day to day happenstances in school and the entire education system.
B) EDUCATION PROJECT TOPICS ARE GENERATED FROM REAL LIFE SITUATION
Another reason why education project writing is easy is because the topics are generated from real life situations. Aside the fact the materials are readily and easily accessible, the topics are drawn from mostly present happenstances/real life situations. Project topics that are drawn or gotten from real life situations are easy to write on because the materials and all the information you need will be at your finger tips and readily available as well.
C) THE METHODOLOGY IS SIMPLE
Of course you should know that for any education project topic, the methodology to employ is the primary data and primary data is easy to study. You can easily get all the information you need using the primary data as far as education project topic is concerned. Just as eelier stated the project topics are drawn from real life situations which makes it even easier when you employ the primary methodology to it as people already have all the information you need from them.
D) THE SOURCE OF DATA FOR THE ANALYSIS IS EASY
Last but not the least is the source of data for the analysis which is also easy when writing an education project topic. Getting data for the analysis is quite easy. This is because they are usually gotten from primary and secondary source, the primary source which is usually the use of questionnaire. The researcher can easily form a questionnaire targeting his/her research objectives and administer to the respondent to get information concerning the variables on his/her project topic or the researcher can also interview a group of people that have a good knowledge background concerning their project topic. But this cannot be done in other project topics under other departments for example project topics in department like economics, computer science; engineering cannot be done using questionnaires why because their methodology is totally dependent on secondary source.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it can be categorically said that education project topics are easier to write than other project topics under other departments. Starting from the project topics, materials, simple methodology and data for the analysis all these are easy to use while writing an education project topic. However, the fact that it is easy to write doesn’t mean you don’t have to work or carry out an extensive research in order to come up with an excellent research work.

Self reflection which is more like self assessment and thinking generally about life is very important to students especially in terms of improving on their academic performance. Self reflection is very important as it helps students to have a deep thought about their academics generally and if they are not comfortable with their performance, they sort ways for improvement. The practice of self-reflection assists undergraduate students and individuals to identify their weaknesses and improve their practice. However, transitioning students from external to intrinsic motivation to succeed; reflection must be integrated and embraced within the classroom. Therefore, while reflection does not need to take the place of a teacher’s assessment, it can be infused as part of an activity to enhance student performance because, if students are “makers of meaning,” their own thoughts and interpretation of their work and its overall impact “have to be part of the mix.
Reflection requires the ability to analyze and prioritize issues, to use tacit and resource-based knowledge, and to develop a feasible plan of action. “Reflection is also a means by which practitioners can develop a greater level of self-awareness about the nature and impact of their performance.” This awareness of one’s performance makes individuals think about and mull over their experiences, classroom activities and leads to improved practice. Lecturers and teachers use reflection to facilitate their own teaching as well as for the facilitation of teaching and learning.

SELF REFLECTION

Self reflection is like looking into a mirror and describing what you see. It is a way of assessing yourself, your ways of working, and how you study. To put it simply 'reflection' means to think about something.
Self-reflection is the key to self-awareness: it allows us to look neutrally at our thoughts, feelings, emotions, and actions. Through this practice, we are able to look at ourselves with interest and curiosity.
Reflection is an active process of witnessing one’s own experience in order to take a closer look at it, sometimes to direct attention to it briefly, but often to explore it in greater depth. This can be done in the midst of an activity or as an activity in itself. The key to reflection is learning how to take perspective on one’s own actions and experience in other words, to examine that experience rather than just living it.

THE IMPORTANCE OF SELF REFLECTION
The importance of self reflection to both individual and undergraduate students cannot be overemphasized. Self reflection helps one to deliberate about his/her life and identify where he/she needs to make amendments and improvement as well. It also gives one the opportunity to have a deep thought about what he/she is doing, has achieved, character, attitudes, general well-being and performance. Self-reflection also helps us to look upon what we've done in order to change and grow. By practicing reflection, undergraduate students can better integrate learning and approach teaching with an improved state of awareness and confidence. To understand the power of reflection on learning, we must understand how the brain processes experience.

SELF REFLECTION AND UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE

Reflection during studies is especially important in education of future special educators for their inclusive type of work, when the activities are based on relations between the educational process participants, encountering personal objections, contradictory feelings and emotions, and the like. Special educators who seek humane and stimulating inclusive education will be able to integrate their own experience and theoretical knowledge when they adequately reflect during their study, which is one of the aims required to foster students’ ability to reflect on their own experiences and improve their academic performance. The importance of self reflection is also seen in undergraduate projects and seminar presentation. Students that engage them selves in self reflection tend to stand out. Self reflection has a great influence on the performance of undergraduate students’ performance as it helps them to think and reflect upon their academic performance ion school which eventually helps them identify what they are not doing as well as areas they need to improve on academically and otherwise.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, self reflection is very important and necessary for the improvement of academic performance. It is a moment of deep thought about how far you’ve come and where you are going. It is a mirror through which you see yourself and know places or area you need to give attention to especially in your academics.