IGBO AND NIGER-DELTA PEOPLE'S HISTORICAL, LINGUISTIC, CULTURAL AND DNA EVIDENCES
AUTHOR: NWAOGU, WILLIAM KELECHI
SOURCE: http://ngwaforumabuja.org/index.php/ndi-ngwa
SOURCE: History of Aba in British archives London.
SOURCE: Orally received, but documented history by my dad, my maternal grand father who was a British high chief.
SOURCE: Interesting Narrative of The Life of Olaudah Equiano (Ola-Ude Ikwuano), The African Slave or Gustavus Vassa.
SOURCE: Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia.
SOURCE: Encyclopedia Britannica - https://www.britannica.com.
SOURCE: https://www.rogerblench.info/PubOP.htm.
OVERVIEW:
These is achieved by linguistic anthropology (comparing of languages or dialects, especially origin of root words); cultural anthropology (study of peoples cultural elements like, music and art); historical anthropology (study of peoples origin from their historical events); scientific anthropology (study of peoples DNA to determine their ancestry), and comparing archeological evidences related to the group.
DNA STUDY: These is very accurate, since it is based on matching similar or shared traits in the genetic codes of individuals or groups. This method has been used by many researchers. In fact many African-Americans have traced their ancestral roots and re-united with their clans by this means. The West African choromatins, who are among DNA haplogroups classification covered in human genome projects. You can trace your ancestry some millennia back based on DNA kits with database of many countries, races, tribes, clans or families. You can trace the migration pattern of your ancestors down to your current location with map that give insight into your ancestry. The best for now is the Ancestry DNA kit at www.ancestry.com.
A complete Ancestry DNA result reveals - your relatives worldwide; identifies your paternal and maternal roots, and shows you the peoples of the world from different regions within countries, but not countries. These DNA kits reveal your degree of relationship to individuals and groups in the database. It has over 20 billion records and over 100 million family trees from many races, tribes, clans and families.
STUDY SCOPE: This work is based on linguistic, historical, scientific (DNA) and cultural evidences, with focus on migration and settlement of more recent southern Igbo tribes.
BACKGROUND OF IGBO SETTLEMENT IN SOUTH-EAST NIGERIA:
Igbos followed southward migration pattern, accounting for why most southern Igbo tribes are more recent than northern Igbo tribes.
Oha Igbo settled at different phases and times as can be reckoned from archeological studies, such as the Igbo-Ukwu bronze evidence -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo-Ukwu. Igbo Ukwu artifacts discovered in 1939 by Isaiah Anozie in Anambra dated to 9th century C.E. Further excavations between 1959-1964 by Thurstan Shaw revealed more than 700 high quality copper, bronze and iron artifacts with 165000 pieces consisting of - glass, carnelian, stone beads, pottery, textiles and ivory. These are oldest bronze artifacts known in West Africa, and were produced before Ife and Benin artifacts. Igbo Ukwu is trace to 300-900 C.E. Discovery of monoliths at Ugwelle Uturu Okigwe dated 4500 B.C. Nsukka metal cultural site dated 3000 B.C. While another attributed to Ngwa culture is dated 18 C.E.
Most Eri clans can be seen at Anambra and Enugu. Nri kingdom was established at Aguleri. Umuleri is the closest to their Nri brothers in Aguleri. Other Eris migrated into Imo which included today's Abia and possibly Ebonyi.
Some Igbos settled in southeast Nigeria earlier, and others later, due to stop overs during their sojourn and other distractions.
Some aboriginal Benue-Congo language group tribes had settled in the southeast of the Niger before arrival of the Igbos. These include - the Bantus who lived in now Igbo occupied South-East Nigeria and Cameroon at approximately between 1000 BC to 1 BCE according to the map shewing Bantu expansion. map.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_expansion
PATERNAL IGBO DNA (Y-DNA ADAM's): Igbo type of Y-DNA is seen in Afro-Caribbeans, African-Americans; some Cameroonian populations, Equitorial Guinea, Liberia. Among Liberians is Edward James Roy – 5th Liberian President.
All Africans carry E1B1A haplogroups, which was found in the second Twentieth Dynasty Pharaoh Ramses III and last powerful ruler of the New Kingdom. This shows that the African Y-DNA is dominant. It has been scientifically proven that all the races of the world share common traits, showing that we all share a common ancestry. The difference is that there exist variations as populations continue to grow.
23&me Igbo DNA sample is here: https://tracingafricanroots./category/igbo/
IGBO HAPLOGROUP (E1B1A): A Wikipedia source “Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Sahara Africa” shows Y-DNA results below.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_Sub-Saharan_Africa
Haplogroup A: ‘A’ is human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup to all known patrilineal lineages. Y-chromosomal Adam is found predominantly in African populations. Haplogroup BT (clade II-IX) participated in out of Africa migrations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_A (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup B (B-M60): ‘B ‘is Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup to common patrilineal lineages in Africa.
Haplogroup E1a: E1a is human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-P177 is joined with it to give two main branches of the older E-P147 paternal clade or men ancestors. These include – Moroccan Berbers, Burkina Faso, Fulbe of Northern Cameroon, Senegal, Fante of Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Hausa and Fulani of Sudan, Egypt, Albanian and Italian Calabria, Canary Islands, Guanche of Tentrino of North-East Italy and Constanta of Romania. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/World_Map_of_Y-DNA_Haplogroups.png
Results are as follows:
Igbo of Nigeria (Volta-Niger and Niger-Congo language) – A=nil B=nil E1a=nil E1b1a= 89.3 E1b1b=nil E2=nil J=nil R1b=nil T=nil
Cross River of Nigeria (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=nil E1a=nil E1b1a= 87 E1b1b=nil E2=nil J=0 R1b=0 T=0
Yorubas of Nigeria (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=8 E1a=0 E1b1a= 92 E1b1b=0 E2=0 J=0 R1b=0 T=0
Burkina Fasso (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=0.9 E1a=3.8 E1b1a= 81.1 E1b1b=2.8 E2=11.3 J=o R1b=0 T=0
Kwa of Ghana (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=0 E1a=2.2 E1b1a= 92.3 E1b1b=1.1 E2=0 J=o R1b=1.1 T=0
Fon of Benin (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=0 E1a=0 E1b1a= 95 E1b1b=0 E2=5 J=0 R1b=0 T=0
Mandinkan of Guinea Bissau - A=5 B=3 E1a=3 E1b1a=79 E1b1b=nil E2=nil J=nil R1b=nil T=nil
Mossi of Ivory Coast (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=2 E1a=nil E1b1a= 90 E1b1b=2 E2=nil J=nil R1b=nil T=nil
Senegalese (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=nil E1a=0 E1b1a= 5.1 E1b1b=81.3 E2=6.5 J=2.9 R1b=0 T=0
Hutu Rwanda (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=4 E1a=0 E1b1a= 83 E1b1b=3 E2=8 J=0 R1b=1 T=0
Tutsi of Rwanda (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=8 E1a=0 E1b1a= 92 E1b1b=0 E2=0 J=0 R1b=0 T=0
Igbos and Efiks have only E1b1a of Niger-Volta or Niger-Congo language groups. There is no E1b1b or other subclades in Y-DNA of Igbo and Efiks, showing that there is no other haplogroup, unlike others that has values in more than one sub-clade.
The haplogroup of Igbo is distributed as E-V38 further classified into E-M329 and E-M2. EM-2 is mainly seen in Ethiopia, while E-M329 subclade is in West Africa, Central Africa, South Africa and around African Great Lakes. It is in North America, Middle-East and the Americas.
Haplogroup E-M2 has E1b1a1, further branch into E1b1a1a1 and further into E1b1a1a1a. That is how we have E1b1a1a1b, E1b1a1a1c, E1b1a1a1d, E1b1a1a1e and E1b1a1a1f (YCC).
E1b1a1a1f further branches into E1b1a1a1f1 and E1b1a1a1f1a.
E1b1a1a1f1a with marker M191/P86 is found in Gur speakers of Burkina Fasso, Annang (38.3%), Ibibio (45.6%), Efik (45%), and Igbo (54.3%). Americans (34.9%) for M191. This shows how close Igbo are related to Efik, Ibibio and Annang by Y-DNA,though they speak different dialects. In genetic anthropology Efiks and Ibibios are classified as close relatives of Igbos (Igboid) by Y-DNA genome project.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M2
LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS: To start with, my ancestors are part of those that migrated to Bonny accounting for why we share dialects with - same words, word roots and word variants.
Abala says 'read' as 'gu o, Ndoki says 'gu o' Asa says 'gu o' Ngwa says 'gu o' Igbo izugbe says 'gu o.'
Abala says 'yes' as 'ee', Ndoki says 'ee?' Ngwa says 'ee' Igbo izugbe says 'ee' and Ibani says 'iin.'
Abala says 'fry' as 'kpagharia', Ndoki says 'kpaharia', Ngwa says 'kpagharia' and Igbo izugbe says 'kpagharia' and Ibani says 'kpangiri.'
Abala says 'our place' as 'nka kai or nkai', Ndoki says 'nka anyi', Asa says 'nka anyi', Ngwa says 'obe anyi', Ibani says 'ama ayi', and Igbo izugbe says 'ebe anyi.'
Abala says 'and' as 'li', Ndoki says 'na', Asa says 'na', Ngwa says 'la', Ibani says 'na', and Igbo izugbe says 'na.'
Abala says 'yellow' as 'odo-odo', Ndoki says 'odo-odo', Asa says 'odo', Ngwa says 'odo', Ibani says 'odo-odo', and Igbo izugbe says 'odo.'
Abala says 'my in-law' as 'ogom', Ndoki says 'ogom', Asa says 'ogom', Ngwa says 'ogom', Ibani says 'ogom', and Igbo izugbe says 'ogom.'
Roger Blench with the support of Kay Williamson Educational Foundation, did linguistic, ethno-scientific, archeological, anthropological and genetic studies. His linguistic works to show variants and sameness in root words in Igbo and Ibani. https://www.rogerblench.info/PubOP.htm
Ibani language of today is an Igbo-Ijaw dialect that evolved from Ndoki, Abala (Ibeme), Asa, Ngwa and Ndoni/Ijaw.
IGBO-EFIK LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS:
Judgment - Igbo ‘ikpe’, Efik-Ibibio ‘ikpe’
World - Igbo ‘uwa’, Efik-Ibibio ‘iwa’
Diety – Igbo ‘obasi’, Efik-Ibibio 'abasi’
Vulture – Igbo ‘udele’, Efik ‘utere’
In fact, the people (Abala of Old Ibeme) and other Ukwa-Ngwas in Bonny (Okoloma land) account for majority of migrants and other left over slaves after abolition of trans-Atlantic slave trade remnants that make up Bonny settlers. That is why we have Abalabiama in Bonny (Abala biama). Ibani or Bonny was formed by Igbos from Ngwa-Ukwu clans, Asas, Ndoki and Ibibio (Ikot-Abasi in Akwa Ibom) with Ijo or Ijaw aborigines (Obolo or Andoni). Igbo that is most prominent is Jaja from old Orlu zone (Amaigbo in Nkwerre) due to his success in earning freedom from bonds of slavery. Royal (Amanyanagbo or Okpala Ndoli) of Pepple family are among earliest settlers. My father narrated that the 'Obanis or Ubanis or Ibanis' their brothers used to visit my community for cultural activities (shared cultural heritage e.g Ekpe, Ikoro, Okonko and others), until modernization stopped that some decades ago.
JOURNEY: Songhai empire (14000-15000 C.E.) covered from Niger as far as Timbuktu in today's Mali. Sudanic kingdom gave birth to - Gold Coast (now Ghana), Songhai, Hausa and Kanem Bornu within Sahara Africa, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/western-Africa#ref516319. Later, Songhai broke up after inversion of North African Sonnis or Sunni Muslims of Morocco (Berbers), giving birth to Dahomey (Benin Republic), Sierra Leon, Liberia, Ghana and amalgamated tribes that form Nigeria and then Southern Cameroun, and others. Igbos came southward passing and temporarily settling among Benue Nok cultures (Idomas and Igalas). Later some crossed to Anambra and Enugu, while others moved to join Benin kingdom (when Olaudah Equiano was sold as slave during slave-trade period of 14th - 18th century C.E.). Dispute later erupted prompting some Igbos to go and re-unite with other Igbos in Anambra and Imo settlements. Some Igbos were integrated in to Edo (those around Igbanke, Ikpon, Inyelen, Iru, Owanikeke, Ute Obagie, Owa-Riuzo Idu and Igbogili communities in Edo). The other Ika Igbo subgroup moved to Delta state area (Agbor, Owa, Umunede, Owerre Olubor, Ekuoma, Emuhu, Mbiri, Abavo, Orogodo, Otolokpo, Igbodo, Ute-Okpu, Ute-Ogbeje, Idumuesah, Akumazi). The Aniomas also settled with the Ukwuanis adjacent to Isokos and Urhobos. Other Ika Igbos migrated to Abakaliki area of Ebonyi state and Oguta in Imo state. Asaba is part of Edo returnees who settled before river Niger.
The Igbos that wanted to reunite with their brothers had language metamorphosis due to their stay in Edo and are misrepresented as Edos or Benis or Ijaws by some. The link below shows that Igbo land was called Guinea by slave merchants after disintegration of Songhai.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra
The Bight of Biafara as pronounced by Spaniads 'coastal part of Gulf of Guinea.' It has existed before colonization came. This shows why the gulf was also called 'Gulf of Guinea' as can be seen in this link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra#/media/File:1710_moll.jpg
https://songhaiempireproject.weebly.com/map.html
Map shewing Sudanic states dating 11th-16th century C.E., Songhai (largest empire of then Sahel West Africa) where the great multi-ethnic empire existed. It gave birth to Dahomey (Benin Republic) and Nigeria after invasion by Sonni dynasty of Morrocan Berbers with capital in Gao then.
IJAWs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw_people Ijaws settled southward along the coastal areas of Niger-Delta swampy and oil rich tributaries down to the Bight of Bonny or part of Atlantic coastal lines. These are where Ijaws live today - Abonnema, Buguma, Bakana, Degema, Kalabari, Andoni, Okrika, Ibani, Bonny, Finima and Opobo and Nkoroo.
ITSEKIRIs https://www.britannica.com/topic/Itsekiri Itsekiris originated from Benin dynasty and settled as neighbor right before the Ijaws from west along the Bight of Benin in the Atlantic coast.
DISTRIBUTION OF IGBO PEOPLE: Igbo people are distributed in these Nigerian states: Abia, Anambra, Imo, Enugu, Ebonyi, Delta, Rivers, Bayelsa, Cross-River, Akwa-Ibom, Benue and Edo. Igbo towns in the heartland are - Aba, Onitsha, Enugu,Abakaliki, Owerri, Orlu, Okigwe, Arochukwu, Port Harcourt, Asaba, Awka,Nnewi, Awka, Nsuka, Afikpo and Agbor.
EFIK-IBIBIO-IGBO LINK: Nsibidi symbolic writing is common in south-east of Nigeria mostly among the Efik, Ekoi, Igbo and Ibibio. It is another shared heritage of Igbos and Calabars. These inscriptions are seen in potteries in Calabar dating 400 – 1400 C.E. Nsibidi is also used as decorative works on walls, tattoos, calabashes and metals. Nsibidi was transferred to Cuba and Haiti by means of the slave trade where it developed to anafuruana or veve symbols. Court cases used Nsibidi in judgments called ikpe in Efik. Nsibidi is used as a design pattern for woven material called ‘ukara ekpe’ clothes in Abakaliki, Abiriba, Arochukwu and Ohafia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsibidi
Efik oral history narrates that Efiks migrated from Arochukwu now in Abia to their location now in Cross-River. They settled briefly at Uraun in Akwa-Ibom and Eniong areas. The account has it that they settled for about a century at Uruan, then moved to Ikpa Ene and Ndodihi before arriving Esit Edik. The Efik are relatives of Annang, Ibibio, Biase, Eket, Akamkpa, Uruan and Oron people. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efik_people
Connected Efik-Ibibio subgroups (Ibibioids) includes diverse Obolo (Ndoni) languages – Obolo, Efik, Ibibio, Ibino (Ibeno), Oro (Oron), Enwang-Uda, Usaghede, Iko, Ilue and Okobo.
IGBO: Ukwa-Ngwa - Ibeme (focusing on Abala) sojourns to south: Abala Autonomuos Community is in Obingwa local government area of Abia State in Nigeria. Abala consists of 'Abala and Abala Nkamiri.' Ibeme clans consists of: Abala, Abala-Nkamiri, Ibeme and Oberete-Isiala. Abala is sorrounded by Abiaka, Abala-Nkomiri, Ahiaka, Oberete, Obete-Uku, Obete-Umuodo, Obete-Umuoha, Obete-Nchine, Oko-Enyi, Ohanze-Agwo, Akpaa Mbato, Ovom Amasa, Akirika, Urua-Inyang, Ikot-Okpana Nwa, Akirika-Obu and Ntighauzo.
Old Aba gave birth to Aba North, Aba South, Obioma Ngwa (give birth to - Osisioma, Obingwa and Ugwunagbo), Ukwa (give birth to - Ukwa East and Ukwa West).
My paternal ancestors went to Owerri village called Umunaoha (These are the Ozas of Asa origin, among Onyeukwu, Nwoha and Avosi. My paternal ancestors (Umuchukwunna or Umu Chukwu Nna) with their brothers Azu-Ahia and others who are in Abala, part of old Ibeme are from Ezeukwu clan of Asa. Some of Asas of Oza from my community (Azu-Ahia of Abala in then old Ibeme) went back to Obegu to join their brothers due to a dispute of which Anaba family of Obegu (family of former deputy governor of Abia state) is part of them.
Onyeukwu of three Ngwa brothers that left Owerri zone (Umunaoha), crossing Imo river were given lands by Ibibios, mostly of Ika and Annang Ibibioid and Igboid mixed speaking clans who were then in old Aba division, but now they are in Abbak division after constitutional amendment of state boundaries.
NWOHAs (Umuoha in Ibeme, Mbutu, Ovuokwu, Ovungwu and Avosi adopted Ibeme culture and language) forming Mgboko settlement. Ngwas were welcome by Ozas of Asa, where "Ezeukwu of Asa," father of Nnah father of Chukwu father of Nwaogu father of my dad came from with their Asa brothers and Ndoki brothers from near Ohambele (village of former Senate President of Federal Republic of Nigeria Adolphus or Adolf Nwagbara, precisely before Nkpaijekere where we have Abia palm plantation) for hunting expedition in old Ibeme land and finally settled in Abala.
My maternal ancestors and their kins, actually are of near Ohambele origin and settled in Abala after the joint hunting event.
Ngwa-Ukwu united southward with Ozas (Azu Ahia clan of Abala were part of Ozas) that joined to form Obegu.
Ahiaba and Abayi are from Ukwu.
OLD IBEME: It was formed by Ika Igboid mixed Igbo and Ibibio speaking group called Ika na Annang, Mgboko (from Nsulu) and Ntigha (Joined their Ngwa brothers from the hinterland beyond Imo river).
Mgboko Umuanunu consists of Ibemes, Bende, Okpala Ngwa-ukwu, Nsulu and Ntigha.
Ugwunagbo moved from Opobo or Bonny and Akwete (all Ngwa-ukwu with varied dialects due to language metamorphosis as they sojourned).
Uratta, Ntigha, Mbutu, Ovungwu, Amapu Umuoha, Umunka, Nnentu, Umuakwa, Amuhu and Asas are of Ozas and Ozuzu (Owerri migrants).
NDOKI (Anyi na adoke) who left the coastal Opobo-Bonny due to a dispute mistaken as Ijaws due to their initial migration along Ijaw through Rivers state as did the Ikwerres who has link with Owerri and Orlu with the Etches. Ndokis settled in Akasse, then Oguta, later they moved to Umunaoha in Owerri before Mbaitolu local government council in Umuorieubi, then they passed through Ndizuorgu and arrived Azumini (Okolomakiri), then they arrived Umuagbayi and broke into two groups. Some to Okoloma (land of curlew birds) forming Ibani or Bonny. The second group remained at Umuagbayi, Izuorgu, Ayama and Obunku.
Later those in Bonny (the Ibanis) retraced there route and established trade route of which King Jaja of Opobo was one. That was why they fought with Pebbles to monopolize trade with the British then. Jaja used to travel back to Owerri for traditional events then. Talbot dated founding of Bonny to 14000-1480. Most migration of southern Igbo happened in 15th century and matches the Narrative of Olaudah Equiano by reckoning based on events that happened.
Ndokis- Umuihueze, Akwete met at Obunku for Ogu worship, while Obohia of prince Iloko Umu Kwokwoeze worshiped at Azumini.
ASAs MOVEMENT: It happened after break up of a piece of dynasty from disintegrated Songhai empire (Niger to Timbuktu or Mali). Philip Emeagwali the Nigerian supercomputer wizard in his lecture at Indian Institute of Technology confirms Songhai history of Igbo too.
Mkporobo are of same ancestry with Asa Umunka, while Ohuru (in Ndoki) are of same ancestry with Mgboko- Ngwa.
Ukwa is enclave of Asa, Omuma or Etche, Ndoki.
Ubani (Nwaubani) is a common southern Igbo name used in Ndoki, Orlu zone, old Ibeme and rest of Ngwa.

IGBO AND NIGER-DELTA PEOPLE'S HISTORICAL, LINGUISTIC, CULTURAL AND DNA EVIDENCES
AUTHOR: NWAOGU, WILLIAM KELECHI
SOURCE: http://ngwaforumabuja.org/index.php/ndi-ngwa
SOURCE: History of Aba in British archives London.
SOURCE: Orally received, but documented history by my dad, my maternal grand father who was a British high chief.
SOURCE: Interesting Narrative of The Life of Olaudah Equiano (Ola-Ude Ikwuano), The African Slave or Gustavus Vassa.
SOURCE: Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia.
SOURCE: Encyclopedia Britannica - https://www.britannica.com.
SOURCE: https://www.rogerblench.info/PubOP.htm.
OVERVIEW:
These is achieved by linguistic anthropology (comparing of languages or dialects, especially origin of root words); cultural anthropology (study of peoples cultural elements like, music and art); historical anthropology (study of peoples origin from their historical events); scientific anthropology (study of peoples DNA to determine their ancestry), and comparing archeological evidences related to the group.
DNA STUDY: These is very accurate, since it is based on matching similar or shared traits in the genetic codes of individuals or groups. This method has been used by many researchers. In fact many African-Americans have traced their ancestral roots and re-united with their clans by this means. The West African choromatins, who are among DNA haplogroups classification covered in human genome projects. You can trace your ancestry some millennia back based on DNA kits with database of many countries, races, tribes, clans or families. You can trace the migration pattern of your ancestors down to your current location with map that give insight into your ancestry. The best for now is the Ancestry DNA kit at www.ancestry.com.
A complete Ancestry DNA result reveals - your relatives worldwide; identifies your paternal and maternal roots, and shows you the peoples of the world from different regions within countries, but not countries. These DNA kits reveal your degree of relationship to individuals and groups in the database. It has over 20 billion records and over 100 million family trees from many races, tribes, clans and families.
STUDY SCOPE: This work is based on linguistic, historical, scientific (DNA) and cultural evidences, with focus on migration and settlement of more recent southern Igbo tribes.
BACKGROUND OF IGBO SETTLEMENT IN SOUTH-EAST NIGERIA:
Igbos followed southward migration pattern, accounting for why most southern Igbo tribes are more recent than northern Igbo tribes.
Oha Igbo settled at different phases and times as can be reckoned from archeological studies, such as the Igbo-Ukwu bronze evidence -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo-Ukwu. Igbo Ukwu artifacts discovered in 1939 by Isaiah Anozie in Anambra dated to 9th century C.E. Further excavations between 1959-1964 by Thurstan Shaw revealed more than 700 high quality copper, bronze and iron artifacts with 165000 pieces consisting of - glass, carnelian, stone beads, pottery, textiles and ivory. These are oldest bronze artifacts known in West Africa, and were produced before Ife and Benin artifacts. Igbo Ukwu is trace to 300-900 C.E. Discovery of monoliths at Ugwelle Uturu Okigwe dated 4500 B.C. Nsukka metal cultural site dated 3000 B.C. While another attributed to Ngwa culture is dated 18 C.E.
Most Eri clans can be seen at Anambra and Enugu. Nri kingdom was established at Aguleri. Umuleri is the closest to their Nri brothers in Aguleri. Other Eris migrated into Imo which included today's Abia and possibly Ebonyi.
Some Igbos settled in southeast Nigeria earlier, and others later, due to stop overs during their sojourn and other distractions.
Some aboriginal Benue-Congo language group tribes had settled in the southeast of the Niger before arrival of the Igbos. These include - the Bantus who lived in now Igbo occupied South-East Nigeria and Cameroon at approximately between 1000 BC to 1 BCE according to the map shewing Bantu expansion. map.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_expansion
PATERNAL IGBO DNA (Y-DNA ADAM's): Igbo type of Y-DNA is seen in Afro-Caribbeans, African-Americans; some Cameroonian populations, Equitorial Guinea, Liberia. Among Liberians is Edward James Roy – 5th Liberian President.
All Africans carry E1B1A haplogroups, which was found in the second Twentieth Dynasty Pharaoh Ramses III and last powerful ruler of the New Kingdom. This shows that the African Y-DNA is dominant. It has been scientifically proven that all the races of the world share common traits, showing that we all share a common ancestry. The difference is that there exist variations as populations continue to grow.
23&me Igbo DNA sample is here: https://tracingafricanroots./category/igbo/
IGBO HAPLOGROUP (E1B1A): A Wikipedia source “Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Sahara Africa” shows Y-DNA results below.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_Sub-Saharan_Africa
Haplogroup A: ‘A’ is human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup to all known patrilineal lineages. Y-chromosomal Adam is found predominantly in African populations. Haplogroup BT (clade II-IX) participated in out of Africa migrations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_A (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup B (B-M60): ‘B ‘is Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup to common patrilineal lineages in Africa.
Haplogroup E1a: E1a is human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-P177 is joined with it to give two main branches of the older E-P147 paternal clade or men ancestors. These include – Moroccan Berbers, Burkina Faso, Fulbe of Northern Cameroon, Senegal, Fante of Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Hausa and Fulani of Sudan, Egypt, Albanian and Italian Calabria, Canary Islands, Guanche of Tentrino of North-East Italy and Constanta of Romania. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/World_Map_of_Y-DNA_Haplogroups.png
Results are as follows:
Igbo of Nigeria (Volta-Niger and Niger-Congo language) – A=nil B=nil E1a=nil E1b1a= 89.3 E1b1b=nil E2=nil J=nil R1b=nil T=nil
Cross River of Nigeria (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=nil E1a=nil E1b1a= 87 E1b1b=nil E2=nil J=0 R1b=0 T=0
Yorubas of Nigeria (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=8 E1a=0 E1b1a= 92 E1b1b=0 E2=0 J=0 R1b=0 T=0
Burkina Fasso (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=0.9 E1a=3.8 E1b1a= 81.1 E1b1b=2.8 E2=11.3 J=o R1b=0 T=0
Kwa of Ghana (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=0 E1a=2.2 E1b1a= 92.3 E1b1b=1.1 E2=0 J=o R1b=1.1 T=0
Fon of Benin (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=0 E1a=0 E1b1a= 95 E1b1b=0 E2=5 J=0 R1b=0 T=0
Mandinkan of Guinea Bissau - A=5 B=3 E1a=3 E1b1a=79 E1b1b=nil E2=nil J=nil R1b=nil T=nil
Mossi of Ivory Coast (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=2 E1a=nil E1b1a= 90 E1b1b=2 E2=nil J=nil R1b=nil T=nil
Senegalese (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=nil E1a=0 E1b1a= 5.1 E1b1b=81.3 E2=6.5 J=2.9 R1b=0 T=0
Hutu Rwanda (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=4 E1a=0 E1b1a= 83 E1b1b=3 E2=8 J=0 R1b=1 T=0
Tutsi of Rwanda (Niger-Congo language) - A=0 B=8 E1a=0 E1b1a= 92 E1b1b=0 E2=0 J=0 R1b=0 T=0
Igbos and Efiks have only E1b1a of Niger-Volta or Niger-Congo language groups. There is no E1b1b or other subclades in Y-DNA of Igbo and Efiks, showing that there is no other haplogroup, unlike others that has values in more than one sub-clade.
The haplogroup of Igbo is distributed as E-V38 further classified into E-M329 and E-M2. EM-2 is mainly seen in Ethiopia, while E-M329 subclade is in West Africa, Central Africa, South Africa and around African Great Lakes. It is in North America, Middle-East and the Americas.
Haplogroup E-M2 has E1b1a1, further branch into E1b1a1a1 and further into E1b1a1a1a. That is how we have E1b1a1a1b, E1b1a1a1c, E1b1a1a1d, E1b1a1a1e and E1b1a1a1f (YCC).
E1b1a1a1f further branches into E1b1a1a1f1 and E1b1a1a1f1a.
E1b1a1a1f1a with marker M191/P86 is found in Gur speakers of Burkina Fasso, Annang (38.3%), Ibibio (45.6%), Efik (45%), and Igbo (54.3%). Americans (34.9%) for M191. This shows how close Igbo are related to Efik, Ibibio and Annang by Y-DNA,though they speak different dialects. In genetic anthropology Efiks and Ibibios are classified as close relatives of Igbos (Igboid) by Y-DNA genome project.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M2
LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS: To start with, my ancestors are part of those that migrated to Bonny accounting for why we share dialects with - same words, word roots and word variants.
Abala says 'read' as 'gu o, Ndoki says 'gu o' Asa says 'gu o' Ngwa says 'gu o' Igbo izugbe says 'gu o.'
Abala says 'yes' as 'ee', Ndoki says 'ee?' Ngwa says 'ee' Igbo izugbe says 'ee' and Ibani says 'iin.'
Abala says 'fry' as 'kpagharia', Ndoki says 'kpaharia', Ngwa says 'kpagharia' and Igbo izugbe says 'kpagharia' and Ibani says 'kpangiri.'
Abala says 'our place' as 'nka kai or nkai', Ndoki says 'nka anyi', Asa says 'nka anyi', Ngwa says 'obe anyi', Ibani says 'ama ayi', and Igbo izugbe says 'ebe anyi.'
Abala says 'and' as 'li', Ndoki says 'na', Asa says 'na', Ngwa says 'la', Ibani says 'na', and Igbo izugbe says 'na.'
Abala says 'yellow' as 'odo-odo', Ndoki says 'odo-odo', Asa says 'odo', Ngwa says 'odo', Ibani says 'odo-odo', and Igbo izugbe says 'odo.'
Abala says 'my in-law' as 'ogom', Ndoki says 'ogom', Asa says 'ogom', Ngwa says 'ogom', Ibani says 'ogom', and Igbo izugbe says 'ogom.'
Roger Blench with the support of Kay Williamson Educational Foundation, did linguistic, ethno-scientific, archeological, anthropological and genetic studies. His linguistic works to show variants and sameness in root words in Igbo and Ibani. https://www.rogerblench.info/PubOP.htm
Ibani language of today is an Igbo-Ijaw dialect that evolved from Ndoki, Abala (Ibeme), Asa, Ngwa and Ndoni/Ijaw.
IGBO-EFIK LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS:
Judgment - Igbo ‘ikpe’, Efik-Ibibio ‘ikpe’
World - Igbo ‘uwa’, Efik-Ibibio ‘iwa’
Diety – Igbo ‘obasi’, Efik-Ibibio 'abasi’
Vulture – Igbo ‘udele’, Efik ‘utere’
In fact, the people (Abala of Old Ibeme) and other Ukwa-Ngwas in Bonny (Okoloma land) account for majority of migrants and other left over slaves after abolition of trans-Atlantic slave trade remnants that make up Bonny settlers. That is why we have Abalabiama in Bonny (Abala biama). Ibani or Bonny was formed by Igbos from Ngwa-Ukwu clans, Asas, Ndoki and Ibibio (Ikot-Abasi in Akwa Ibom) with Ijo or Ijaw aborigines (Obolo or Andoni). Igbo that is most prominent is Jaja from old Orlu zone (Amaigbo in Nkwerre) due to his success in earning freedom from bonds of slavery. Royal (Amanyanagbo or Okpala Ndoli) of Pepple family are among earliest settlers. My father narrated that the 'Obanis or Ubanis or Ibanis' their brothers used to visit my community for cultural activities (shared cultural heritage e.g Ekpe, Ikoro, Okonko and others), until modernization stopped that some decades ago.
JOURNEY: Songhai empire (14000-15000 C.E.) covered from Niger as far as Timbuktu in today's Mali. Sudanic kingdom gave birth to - Gold Coast (now Ghana), Songhai, Hausa and Kanem Bornu within Sahara Africa, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/western-Africa#ref516319. Later, Songhai broke up after inversion of North African Sonnis or Sunni Muslims of Morocco (Berbers), giving birth to Dahomey (Benin Republic), Sierra Leon, Liberia, Ghana and amalgamated tribes that form Nigeria and then Southern Cameroun, and others. Igbos came southward passing and temporarily settling among Benue Nok cultures (Idomas and Igalas). Later some crossed to Anambra and Enugu, while others moved to join Benin kingdom (when Olaudah Equiano was sold as slave during slave-trade period of 14th - 18th century C.E.). Dispute later erupted prompting some Igbos to go and re-unite with other Igbos in Anambra and Imo settlements. Some Igbos were integrated in to Edo (those around Igbanke, Ikpon, Inyelen, Iru, Owanikeke, Ute Obagie, Owa-Riuzo Idu and Igbogili communities in Edo). The other Ika Igbo subgroup moved to Delta state area (Agbor, Owa, Umunede, Owerre Olubor, Ekuoma, Emuhu, Mbiri, Abavo, Orogodo, Otolokpo, Igbodo, Ute-Okpu, Ute-Ogbeje, Idumuesah, Akumazi). The Aniomas also settled with the Ukwuanis adjacent to Isokos and Urhobos. Other Ika Igbos migrated to Abakaliki area of Ebonyi state and Oguta in Imo state. Asaba is part of Edo returnees who settled before river Niger.
The Igbos that wanted to reunite with their brothers had language metamorphosis due to their stay in Edo and are misrepresented as Edos or Benis or Ijaws by some. The link below shows that Igbo land was called Guinea by slave merchants after disintegration of Songhai.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra
The Bight of Biafara as pronounced by Spaniads 'coastal part of Gulf of Guinea.' It has existed before colonization came. This shows why the gulf was also called 'Gulf of Guinea' as can be seen in this link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra#/media/File:1710_moll.jpg
https://songhaiempireproject.weebly.com/map.html
Map shewing Sudanic states dating 11th-16th century C.E., Songhai (largest empire of then Sahel West Africa) where the great multi-ethnic empire existed. It gave birth to Dahomey (Benin Republic) and Nigeria after invasion by Sonni dynasty of Morrocan Berbers with capital in Gao then.
IJAWs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijaw_people Ijaws settled southward along the coastal areas of Niger-Delta swampy and oil rich tributaries down to the Bight of Bonny or part of Atlantic coastal lines. These are where Ijaws live today - Abonnema, Buguma, Bakana, Degema, Kalabari, Andoni, Okrika, Ibani, Bonny, Finima and Opobo and Nkoroo.
ITSEKIRIs https://www.britannica.com/topic/Itsekiri Itsekiris originated from Benin dynasty and settled as neighbor right before the Ijaws from west along the Bight of Benin in the Atlantic coast.
DISTRIBUTION OF IGBO PEOPLE: Igbo people are distributed in these Nigerian states: Abia, Anambra, Imo, Enugu, Ebonyi, Delta, Rivers, Bayelsa, Cross-River, Akwa-Ibom, Benue and Edo. Igbo towns in the heartland are - Aba, Onitsha, Enugu,Abakaliki, Owerri, Orlu, Okigwe, Arochukwu, Port Harcourt, Asaba, Awka,Nnewi, Awka, Nsuka, Afikpo and Agbor.
EFIK-IBIBIO-IGBO LINK: Nsibidi symbolic writing is common in south-east of Nigeria mostly among the Efik, Ekoi, Igbo and Ibibio. It is another shared heritage of Igbos and Calabars. These inscriptions are seen in potteries in Calabar dating 400 – 1400 C.E. Nsibidi is also used as decorative works on walls, tattoos, calabashes and metals. Nsibidi was transferred to Cuba and Haiti by means of the slave trade where it developed to anafuruana or veve symbols. Court cases used Nsibidi in judgments called ikpe in Efik. Nsibidi is used as a design pattern for woven material called ‘ukara ekpe’ clothes in Abakaliki, Abiriba, Arochukwu and Ohafia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsibidi
Efik oral history narrates that Efiks migrated from Arochukwu now in Abia to their location now in Cross-River. They settled briefly at Uraun in Akwa-Ibom and Eniong areas. The account has it that they settled for about a century at Uruan, then moved to Ikpa Ene and Ndodihi before arriving Esit Edik. The Efik are relatives of Annang, Ibibio, Biase, Eket, Akamkpa, Uruan and Oron people. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efik_people
Connected Efik-Ibibio subgroups (Ibibioids) includes diverse Obolo (Ndoni) languages – Obolo, Efik, Ibibio, Ibino (Ibeno), Oro (Oron), Enwang-Uda, Usaghede, Iko, Ilue and Okobo.
IGBO: Ukwa-Ngwa - Ibeme (focusing on Abala) sojourns to south: Abala Autonomuos Community is in Obingwa local government area of Abia State in Nigeria. Abala consists of 'Abala and Abala Nkamiri.' Ibeme clans consists of: Abala, Abala-Nkamiri, Ibeme and Oberete-Isiala. Abala is sorrounded by Abiaka, Abala-Nkomiri, Ahiaka, Oberete, Obete-Uku, Obete-Umuodo, Obete-Umuoha, Obete-Nchine, Oko-Enyi, Ohanze-Agwo, Akpaa Mbato, Ovom Amasa, Akirika, Urua-Inyang, Ikot-Okpana Nwa, Akirika-Obu and Ntighauzo.
Old Aba gave birth to Aba North, Aba South, Obioma Ngwa (give birth to - Osisioma, Obingwa and Ugwunagbo), Ukwa (give birth to - Ukwa East and Ukwa West).
My paternal ancestors went to Owerri village called Umunaoha (These are the Ozas of Asa origin, among Onyeukwu, Nwoha and Avosi. My paternal ancestors (Umuchukwunna or Umu Chukwu Nna) with their brothers Azu-Ahia and others who are in Abala, part of old Ibeme are from Ezeukwu clan of Asa. Some of Asas of Oza from my community (Azu-Ahia of Abala in then old Ibeme) went back to Obegu to join their brothers due to a dispute of which Anaba family of Obegu (family of former deputy governor of Abia state) is part of them.
Onyeukwu of three Ngwa brothers that left Owerri zone (Umunaoha), crossing Imo river were given lands by Ibibios, mostly of Ika and Annang Ibibioid and Igboid mixed speaking clans who were then in old Aba division, but now they are in Abbak division after constitutional amendment of state boundaries.
NWOHAs (Umuoha in Ibeme, Mbutu, Ovuokwu, Ovungwu and Avosi adopted Ibeme culture and language) forming Mgboko settlement. Ngwas were welcome by Ozas of Asa, where "Ezeukwu of Asa," father of Nnah father of Chukwu father of Nwaogu father of my dad came from with their Asa brothers and Ndoki brothers from near Ohambele (village of former Senate President of Federal Republic of Nigeria Adolphus or Adolf Nwagbara, precisely before Nkpaijekere where we have Abia palm plantation) for hunting expedition in old Ibeme land and finally settled in Abala.
My maternal ancestors and their kins, actually are of near Ohambele origin and settled in Abala after the joint hunting event.
Ngwa-Ukwu united southward with Ozas (Azu Ahia clan of Abala were part of Ozas) that joined to form Obegu.
Ahiaba and Abayi are from Ukwu.
OLD IBEME: It was formed by Ika Igboid mixed Igbo and Ibibio speaking group called Ika na Annang, Mgboko (from Nsulu) and Ntigha (Joined their Ngwa brothers from the hinterland beyond Imo river).
Mgboko Umuanunu consists of Ibemes, Bende, Okpala Ngwa-ukwu, Nsulu and Ntigha.
Ugwunagbo moved from Opobo or Bonny and Akwete (all Ngwa-ukwu with varied dialects due to language metamorphosis as they sojourned).
Uratta, Ntigha, Mbutu, Ovungwu, Amapu Umuoha, Umunka, Nnentu, Umuakwa, Amuhu and Asas are of Ozas and Ozuzu (Owerri migrants).
NDOKI (Anyi na adoke) who left the coastal Opobo-Bonny due to a dispute mistaken as Ijaws due to their initial migration along Ijaw through Rivers state as did the Ikwerres who has link with Owerri and Orlu with the Etches. Ndokis settled in Akasse, then Oguta, later they moved to Umunaoha in Owerri before Mbaitolu local government council in Umuorieubi, then they passed through Ndizuorgu and arrived Azumini (Okolomakiri), then they arrived Umuagbayi and broke into two groups. Some to Okoloma (land of curlew birds) forming Ibani or Bonny. The second group remained at Umuagbayi, Izuorgu, Ayama and Obunku.
Later those in Bonny (the Ibanis) retraced there route and established trade route of which King Jaja of Opobo was one. That was why they fought with Pebbles to monopolize trade with the British then. Jaja used to travel back to Owerri for traditional events then. Talbot dated founding of Bonny to 14000-1480. Most migration of southern Igbo happened in 15th century and matches the Narrative of Olaudah Equiano by reckoning based on events that happened.
Ndokis- Umuihueze, Akwete met at Obunku for Ogu worship, while Obohia of prince Iloko Umu Kwokwoeze worshiped at Azumini.
ASAs MOVEMENT: It happened after break up of a piece of dynasty from disintegrated Songhai empire (Niger to Timbuktu or Mali). Philip Emeagwali the Nigerian supercomputer wizard in his lecture at Indian Institute of Technology confirms Songhai history of Igbo too.
Mkporobo are of same ancestry with Asa Umunka, while Ohuru (in Ndoki) are of same ancestry with Mgboko- Ngwa.
Ukwa is enclave of Asa, Omuma or Etche, Ndoki.
Ubani (Nwaubani) is a common southern Igbo name used in Ndoki, Orlu zone, old Ibeme and rest of Ngwa.

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