₦airaland Forum

grandstar:
jumper524

Hello, you have a poor understanding of economics. Blaming the BDC for the Naira's free fall is a classic case of shooting the messenger and ignoring the message. The CBN's monetary and fx policies coupled with FG's fiscal policies are the primary causes of the Naira's rapid depreciation.

The price of Bonny Light is $95 per barrel and the Naira is crashing, and you excuse the government! The value of the Naira should be more like 460 at the official rate and parallel market, that is on the assumption that the FG properly managed things well since 2021.

The fundamentals here suggest that the Naira should be strengthing but the reverse is the case. Why? There are 3 reasons for this:

1. Buhari and not the market is the ultimate determinant of Naira exchange rate.

Ever since Buhari assumed power, he has been pegging the exchange rate. This is dead wrong. That is the business of the CBN. Mr Emefiele lacks the backbone to tell off the president. It was to prevent political meddling likw this was why it was granted autonomy.

Buhari has always said he hates devaluation. This can only be uttered by someone with a disastrous understanding of economics. Currencies rise and fall and its worse for countries like Nigeria.

Nigeria, a country dependent on oil for at least 75% of forex is bound to have its currency swoon when oil price crashes as this will lead to reduce dollar inflow and people will just have to pay more for dollars. It's common sense and not rocket science.

Buhari has always fixed the exchange rate at below its true market value and this has discouraged supply. Lamido Sanusi, a trained economist said the differential between the official rate and the parallel or black market must never be more than 3%. Let's assume the black market rate is N600, this would still leave a differential today of at least 30%, as the official rate hovers around 440. If you're sent $200, will you change it at the official rate or the parallel market?

2. Fuel subsidy

Buhari's refusal to end the subsidy and deregulate the price is eating deep into governments revenue. This year, the FG will be spending over 4 trillion. This is about $10b. Why won't their be forex scarcity and pressure on the Naira.

3. Not meeting Opec quota.

Nigeria's export quota is 1.8mpd if I'm correct but barely produces 1.1mpd. This is due to the lawlessness in the Niger Delta.

Again, this is Buhari fault. He scrapped the oil pipeline defence projects Jonathan govment gave to Tompolo for instance. He scrapped the Amnesty program as well.

By NNPC signing a new contract with Tompolo, it displays the ignorance of Buhari. The drop in oil production was avoidable. Nigeria should be producing 2mpd to gather as much cash dollars in.

With reduced crude oil exports, this translates to less dollar inflow and further pressure on the Naira.

The above 3 are the primary reasons why the Naira is doing badly. They are all linked to Buhari incompetence.

This was not the right time to do a redesign of the currency. It just compounded existing problems. That was the judgment of the finance minister. The timing is off.

By the way, the 3 leading presidential candidates have all promised to make the exchange rate market reflective once they get into office. It paid off before Buhari begun his nonsensical interference.

They have also all promised to end the fuel subsidy and deregulate the fuel price. I am sure they will also do all they can to increase crude oil output.

Tinubu has promised to boost non-oil exports, to reduce overdependence on crude oil.

The Court of Appeal sitting in Makurdi and presided over by Justices Jafaru Mailaile, Gana Msheila and S.C. Oseji on March 26, 2013, told the former governor of Nasarawa state, Senator Abdullahi Adamu and others who are being prosecuted by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, EFCC, for N15 billion fraud that substitution of court papers cannot be the same as amendment.

Soludo should start development projects and stop wasting people's time chasing flies where they don't exist

He has no control of security apparatus and certainly has no power to negotiate a referendum

He was not elected to fight IPOB

Where are the schools and education projects

Where are the roads he is commissioning??

Where are the hospitals he is constructing?

Where are the companies he is inviting to invest?

Where are the social programs for the poor?

Where is the rail line from Onitsha to Awka?

This man should stop wasting people's time

Soludo should start development projects and stop wasting people's time chasing flies where they don't exist

He has no control of security apparatus and certainly has no power to negotiate a referendum

He was not elected to fight IPOB

Where are the schools and education projects

Where are the roads he is commissioning??

Where are the hospitals he is constructing?

Where are the companies he is inviting to invest?

Where are the social programs for the poor?

Where is the rail line from Onitsha to Awka?

This man should stop wasting people's time

warlordd:
Otu gbawa nne gi there! Ipob bingo. Go back to your shithole state and leave Anambra alone. Anuofia.

letusbepieces:
WE WILL LEAVE THIS ONE FOR FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

* The complete and uncompensated seizure by the working people of all private wealth accumulated by public officials during and after their tenure of service.

* The complete socialisation of all land in the country and declaration of access to land as a basic right.

* To break the stranglehold of the ruling class on political power by banning from politics all who have stolen the people’s money and property since 1960.

This Sunday, May 12, a new anti-Christian jihadist attack was perpetrated in northern Burkina Faso, in Dablo (Sanmatenga province). According to a fairly classic scenario: six people, including a priest, were savagely murdered in high mass by thirty jihadists. The attack came just two days after the liberation of four hostages (two French, one American and one South Korean) from northern Burkina Faso by the French special forces of the commando Hubert (COS). Alexandre del Valle takes stock of the rise of jihadism in this part of the world.

The May 12 anti-Christian attack in Burkina Faso is in fact only the result of a long list that has been growing in numbers for years, to the point of becoming a basic trend. Recall that on April 28, an Islamist anti-Christian attack had killed six people in Burkina-Faso (faithful of the Protestant church of Silgadji, province of Soum, attacked at the exit of the office), and that already, in March , the Catholic priest Joël Yougbaré had been kidnapped then murdered by a jihadist group. A month earlier, on February 15, Spanish Protestant missionary César Fernandez was shot dead. On June 3, 2018, Evangelical pastor Pierre Boena was abducted with his son, daughter-in-law and granddaughter. And on May 20 of the same year, it was a Christian leader of Arbinda who had been kidnapped with his wife. We also remember the assassination in January 2016 in Ouagadougou - claimed by AQIM (al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb) - 30 people including 7 Christians (and an American missionary) on pilgrimage.

As can be seen, anti-Christian attacks have become commonplace in Burkina Faso since 2015 with the emergence and radicalization of a multitude of local jihadist groups all more or less attached to the two major Islamic world-terrorist centers, Daesh and al-Qaeda. These include the Islamic and Muslim Support Group (GSIM, JNIM in Arabic), close to AQIM, and the Islamic State in the Great Sahara (EIGS), attached to Daesh. In northern Burkina Faso, particularly the Soum region, jihadist attacks against Christian or indigenous targets accused of being close to former Western colonizers are now daily. The deadly anti-Christian attacks are regularly launched by jihadist groups throughout Africa, from Nigeria to Somalia, via Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Mali, Niger, Benin, and even , which is new, Ivory Coast ...

ON THE SAME SUBJECT The fake news of Islamophobia: why the hatred of Muslims by the West is an "ideological intoxication"
The new anti-Christian intolerance is of course the direct result of the spread of Wahhabi salafism imported from petrodollars for decades in Saudi Arabia and Qatar.
In general, we have seen for the last two decades that Muslim sub-Saharan Africa and the neighboring non-Muslim regions are the area of ​​the world where the persecution of Christians is worsening as quickly as possible and causing the most deaths. - general indifference of the West, the United Nations, the European Union and the European governments, much more concerned by the often imaginary Western "Islamophobia" than by the defense of African Christians whose fate leaves them even more indifferent than the Christians of the East. This new anti-Christian intolerance is of course the direct result of the spread of Wahhabi salafism imported from petrodollars for decades in Saudi Arabia and Qatar.

ON THE SAME SUBJECT Towards an international special tribunal to judge jihadists?
This "wahhabisation" of African Islam is a real tragedy for Christians, non-Muslims in general (animists), and non-Salafist or heterodox Muslims (moderate Sufis, secular, etc.), because African Islam, formerly imbued with heterodox marabout traditions stemming from totemism and Sufism, became more and more orthodox, strict, Salafist, and therefore more intolerant towards the "deviants, apostates and infidels", and therefore more totalitarian. The neo-Salafists systematically attack Christians, especially converts, but also followers of maraboutism and Sufism.

However, we will see in the following lines that although Wahhabi Salafism, stemming from the radical Sunni school of hanbalism, is foreign to official African Islam, a Malikite majority rite and often imbued with heterodox maraboutic Sufism, it exists in certain currents. of the Sunni African Malikite Islam and even confrère ultra-radical trends and historical precedents of jihadist gesture that owe nothing to Salafism while being potentially permeable.

Burkina-Faso-Benin: weak link and new privileged target of African jihadism
According to the Center for Strategic Studies of Africa linked to the US Department of Defense, and according to French forces present on site, the Sahel is today the area where Islamist terrorism is growing fastest. In the already very chaotic context of the Sahel, a new land of predilection for jihadism, Burkina Faso has suffered since 2015 alone about 80 Islamic attacks. Since 2015, Burkina Faso has been confronted with increasingly deadly and recurrent jihadist attacks perpetrated by al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and Ansar Dine, the Movement for the Uniqueness of the Jihad in West Africa (Mujao). ), Al-Mourabitoune, the Support Group for Islam and Muslims (GSIM, linked to al-Qaeda), the Islamic State in the Great Sahara, Katiba Macina or Ansar-ul Islam, linked to Daesh.

We remember in particular the jihadist attack of March 2, 2018 against the General Staff of the Armed Forces and the French Embassy in Ouagadougou, claimed by the GSIM, which killed 16 people. Or that of August 13, 2017, when jihadists opened fire on a restaurant in central Ouagadougou (19 dead). Across the continent, there is increasing tension between communities, most of the time fueled by Salafist / jihadist Islamist groups. In recent years, jihadism has progressed not only in Muslim countries (Mali, Burkina-Faso), but also more and more in mixed Christian / Muslim countries, as we see in Nigeria, of course, but also, what is new in countries like Côte d'Ivoire, a country torn between antagonistic tribes and between Muslims in the north and Christians in the south, but where the jihadist attacks are very recent.

We remember in particular the attack of March 13, 2016 that killed 19 people (including three Ivorian soldiers) in a tourist area of ​​the seaside resort of Ivory Coast Grand-Bassam, a popular tourist destination in Ivory Coast classified Heritage UNESCO, which was claimed by al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. As elsewhere, the tourist places and people are, with the military of the G5 Sahel countries and the governmental symbols ("loyal to the Western imperialists", privileged targets of the jihadists. As for Benin, increasingly infiltrated by jihadism from neighboring Burkina Faso, it will be recalled that the French hostages released by the French commando COS had ventured as part of a safari in the park of Penjari (Benin), one of the most beautiful in West Africa. Already reported for its proximity to the jihad and terrorism zones, this park is less and less visited due to insecurity and risk of kidnapping. As in Egypt (Nile, Sharm el-Sheikh, Alexandria, etc.), Tunisia (Bardo attacks and beaches), or elsewhere, the strategy of the jihadist groups is to destroy tourism and make the whole area (in the Sahel) is unstable and dangerous.

It is clear that for years, areas where security is no longer guaranteed continue to expand, with the prospect of destabilization and the establishment of lasting ethno-tribal and interreligious chaos for the countries in place. . Thus, countries like Benin, which is trying to develop its tourism, or even Ivory Coast, Ghana and Cameroon, without forgetting Nigeria, have their coasts and their border areas more targeted.

Fulani Muslim nomads fleeing desertification by raiding the sedentary and Christian South: a double movement of climate and civilization background
The underlying (jihadist) problem in sub-Saharan Africa lies in the vast phenomenon of the exodus of African Muslim nomads from the Fulani or Foulani ethnic groups, from the north and prey to drought, who are descending more and more towards the center and the south in mixed Muslim / Christian or predominantly non-Muslim countries. Recall that in the Sahelian band, rainfall has dropped by 20% in the last 40 years, forcing Fulani nomads to seek new grazing areas to the detriment of sedentary farmers. At the same time, the other major "concrete" scourge of sub-Saharan Africa, the uncontrolled supernaturality (the Sahel is the only region in the world that has not begun its demographic transition), is leading farmers to seek new lands, which is more and more problematic. Another amplifying phenomenon is the disintegration of the state that has been observed since the 1980s.

This phenomenon is particularly noticeable in Nigeria, for example, the most dangerous country for Christians (poor Muslims in the North and better-off Christians, who hold water and hydrocarbons in the South), Mali, Burkina Faso or the Republic. Central African (victim of massive raids for several years). In their pilgrimage to find grazing land for their cattle, nomadic Muslim predators attack the villages of Christians, animists or moderate Muslims who are not Fulani or hostile to Islamism. These raiders are "blessed" by Islamist preachers who rely on the legal tradition of jihad and raids contained in Sharia law and inherited from Fulani Islamic "empires" of the past. Founded in 2015 and operating mainly in the Mopti region, Katiba Macina is the region's most feared terrorist group. Privileged target of the French military, it is this jihadist group that was to recover the hostages released last Friday by the men of the COS (commando Hubert). Macina is also the name of a former Islamic state / jihadist Fulani who dominated the region in the nineteenth century in western Mali, on the northern border of Burkina Faso and south of Mauritania. In the Peul imagination, the "Empire of Macina" (also called the "Diina", of which Mopti was the capital, represents the golden age, the time when the Peul were not dominated minorities or marginalized by nation-states of sedentary but domineering ...

The Macina empire, like the jihadists of today, launched jihad aimed at "purifying" the Muslim societies of the region, and the ultra-radical Islamic teaching then dispensed in this empire was central.
Because of this theocratic "imperial" inheritance, the Fulani live themselves as the proponents of a "pure Islam", in the wake of the Sufi brotherhood Qadiriyya, very rigorous, which makes them very permeable to Salafist propaganda current. It should also be remembered that the Macina empire, like the jihadists of today, launched jihads intended to "purify" the Muslim societies of the region, and that the ultrarumenic Islamic teaching then dispensed in this "empire" was central. Today, it is clear that jihadist propaganda, by advocating rebelling against states in place supposedly "accomplices" of the West, is better received in Fulani circles than anywhere else. The leader of the Macina Group or "Macina Liberation Front", Hamadoun Koufa, is himself a preacher who was once moderate and suddenly radicalized in contact with the Islamist-terrorist group Ansar Dine. He alone embodies the Fulani-African civilizational roots of Sahelian jihadism: his irredentist and neo-califal objective is to restore the old Fulani "empire" of "Macina". The group has been operating in various municipalities in the Gao region since 2014-2015. He has risen since March 2017, he joined the GSIM, an alliance of multiple factions including Ansar Dine, branches of AQIM, fighters of the deceased Mujao and MNLA Berber Mali, in short most of jihadist groups that have been threatening the Sahel since 2012.

Its ideologues are nostalgic of the Fulani empire and slavery, which applies Sharia law to the letter and terrifies the non-Fulani and non-Muslim populations of Africa. From this "predator" point of view, he had nothing to envy to Daesh or al-Qaeda. The Fulani Malian jihadists are therefore nostalgic for this Fulani empire ("jihadist" before the time), in the manner of Daesh ideologues wanting to "restore" the Arab Caliphates (Umayyad and Abbasid) in Syria and Iraq. Katiba Macina is today the jihadist group that perpetrates the greatest number of terrorist attacks in Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger and the Beninese border. And soon perhaps also in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Guinea Conakri and Equatorial, then wherever Peul tribal groups are permeable to the ideological contagion of Fulani irredentist jihadism. And this organization is all the more formidable because it is not only terrorist, but has, like Daesh in Syria-Iraq or the Taliban in Afghanistan, ethno-clanic and popular bases in Peul.

"Peul-neo-imperial Islamism" or the endogenous roots of African jihadism
Unlike Islamically correct commonplaces, jihadism in sub-Saharan Africa as elsewhere is not just an external "graft" that mixes separatist agendas, smuggling networks and Salafist preachers formed in Saudi Arabia or elsewhere. As we have seen with Katiba Macina, the nostalgia for Islamist "empires" of the past mobilizes entire tribes. Recall that, from the eighteenth century, this "proto-jihadism" has plagued in the current sub-Saharan Africa and Sahel: the theocratic state of Fouta-Djalon in Middle Guinea in the eighteenth century; the Fulani Empire of Macina in Mali between 1818-1862; and the Muslim theocratic empire of Sékou Amadou Barryi, then Sékou Amadou, which conquered Timbuktu, without forgetting the Sokoto Empire in the nineteenth century in Nigeria. Another misconception consists in making believe that the current violence and intolerance of jihadist groups is totally foreign to the Sufi and maraboutic Islam of the past, admittedly often in conflict with the Salafists.

In fact, despite oppositions, Fulani jihadist theocratic kingdoms were often built by Sufi and maraboutic religious leaders imbued with this local Islam wrongly considered "tolerant" just because it is not always "orthodox". Today, the Katiba Macina aims to secede the Malian state in its stronghold in central Mali, like the Berber-Arab jihadists in the north of the country. Katiba Macina has carried out massive attacks, including the attack on the Byblos hotel in Sévaré and the Radisson in Bamako, which killed 22 people in November 2015. In total, the group was responsible for the death of some 100 people. of Malian soldiers. Regarding the case of the four hostages released by the COS commandos, we know that it would be Burkina Faso jihadists linked to Daesh who tried to hand over the hostages (French, South Korean and American) to Katiba Macina, affiliated to al-Qaeda. Since 2018, its leader Hamadoun Koufa was given for death following a targeted strike by the French military operation Barkhane, but this death was refuted by jihadist leaders and even by the French authorities. Katiba Macina remains for the moment one of the most formidable threats for the countries of the region and for the French army present on the spot.

The "Fulani question"
In Africa there are about 40 million Fulani (also called Fulbe, Halpular, Fulani or Fellata, depending on the country), present in about fifteen countries in the Sahel and West Africa, Cameroon, Guineas, or still in the Central African Republic and Sudan. The Fulani from Fouta Toro settled in the region of Mali and Burkina Faso in the late 14th century. At all times, throughout Africa, conflicts have arisen between sedentary farmers and generally nomadic pastoralists (including Fulani) who practice transhumance and are accustomed to predation / raiding and slavery. The former have consistently accused the latter of ransacking their crops with their herds, while they complain of cattle theft, difficult access to water points or obstacles to movement.

Since 2010, however, conflicts have become both more numerous and more deadly, in a triple context of global warming that pushes nomads towards the Christian South, Salafist fanatization imported from Saudi Arabia, and separatist agenda on background of weak states weakening. The craze of many Fulani groups for jihadism, which has been vividly seen since 2015 in central Mali, is the combined result of the imperial Islamic history of Fulani empires and a frustrated identity coupled with social exclusion phenomena. -economic and supposed or real policies.

Admittedly, not all Fulani are Islamist, let alone all jihadists. And it is clear that the amalgamation between Fulani and jihadists - at the root of summary retaliation against Peul minorities by the sedentary non-Fulani powers - is exploited by jihadist groups for the purpose of recruiting. This does not prevent that there is a real nostalgia for the Fulani empire of Macina, and that this irredentist and supremacist nostalgia serves as justification identity and religious jihadism and actions of predation (raids, hostage, raids, massacres of "infidels" or "apostates".

Even then, non-Muslims were massively targeted and persecuted.
It should be remembered that in the 19th century, the Fulani Islamic empire of Marabout Sékou Amadou, from the Barry clan, extended over part of present-day Mali, from Timbuktu to the north, to Mossi country in the south, from Mauritania. in the east to the region of Mopti with Hamdallaye as capital, and that he practiced permanently looting "unfaithful" goods and the enslavement of the vanquished. Any "Sufi" he was training (because all Sufi brotherhoods are not "tolerant" unlike the commonplace Islamically correct), do not forget that Sékou Hamadoun declared a pitiless jihad to conquer his empire "Diina". Although created by a follower of the Qadiriyya Sufi brotherhood, the empire was governed by an extremely rigorous application of the sharia in the highly orthodox and anti-Christian rite of Malikism (dominant in the Maghreb and Muslim Africa), allowing current jihadists to move their totalitarian neo-imperial enterprise for a sort of "return" to a "pre-colonial" past. Remember also that at the time already, non-Muslims were massively targeted and persecuted. The Bambara, Soninke, Bwa, Dogon and non-Muslim Fulani (who remained animist, therefore "pagan" populations were victims of terrible jihad and raids and became "riimaybe", "serfs" of the Fulani Muslims ...

This Sunday, May 12, a new anti-Christian jihadist attack was perpetrated in northern Burkina Faso, in Dablo (Sanmatenga province). According to a fairly classic scenario: six people, including a priest, were savagely murdered in high mass by thirty jihadists. The attack came just two days after the liberation of four hostages (two French, one American and one South Korean) from northern Burkina Faso by the French special forces of the commando Hubert (COS). Alexandre del Valle takes stock of the rise of jihadism in this part of the world.

The May 12 anti-Christian attack in Burkina Faso is in fact only the result of a long list that has been growing in numbers for years, to the point of becoming a basic trend. Recall that on April 28, an Islamist anti-Christian attack had killed six people in Burkina-Faso (faithful of the Protestant church of Silgadji, province of Soum, attacked at the exit of the office), and that already, in March , the Catholic priest Joël Yougbaré had been kidnapped then murdered by a jihadist group. A month earlier, on February 15, Spanish Protestant missionary César Fernandez was shot dead. On June 3, 2018, Evangelical pastor Pierre Boena was abducted with his son, daughter-in-law and granddaughter. And on May 20 of the same year, it was a Christian leader of Arbinda who had been kidnapped with his wife. We also remember the assassination in January 2016 in Ouagadougou - claimed by AQIM (al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb) - 30 people including 7 Christians (and an American missionary) on pilgrimage.

As can be seen, anti-Christian attacks have become commonplace in Burkina Faso since 2015 with the emergence and radicalization of a multitude of local jihadist groups all more or less attached to the two major Islamic world-terrorist centers, Daesh and al-Qaeda. These include the Islamic and Muslim Support Group (GSIM, JNIM in Arabic), close to AQIM, and the Islamic State in the Great Sahara (EIGS), attached to Daesh. In northern Burkina Faso, particularly the Soum region, jihadist attacks against Christian or indigenous targets accused of being close to former Western colonizers are now daily. The deadly anti-Christian attacks are regularly launched by jihadist groups throughout Africa, from Nigeria to Somalia, via Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Mali, Niger, Benin, and even , which is new, Ivory Coast ...

ON THE SAME SUBJECT The fake news of Islamophobia: why the hatred of Muslims by the West is an "ideological intoxication"
The new anti-Christian intolerance is of course the direct result of the spread of Wahhabi salafism imported from petrodollars for decades in Saudi Arabia and Qatar.
In general, we have seen for the last two decades that Muslim sub-Saharan Africa and the neighboring non-Muslim regions are the area of ​​the world where the persecution of Christians is worsening as quickly as possible and causing the most deaths. - general indifference of the West, the United Nations, the European Union and the European governments, much more concerned by the often imaginary Western "Islamophobia" than by the defense of African Christians whose fate leaves them even more indifferent than the Christians of the East. This new anti-Christian intolerance is of course the direct result of the spread of Wahhabi salafism imported from petrodollars for decades in Saudi Arabia and Qatar.

ON THE SAME SUBJECT Towards an international special tribunal to judge jihadists?
This "wahhabisation" of African Islam is a real tragedy for Christians, non-Muslims in general (animists), and non-Salafist or heterodox Muslims (moderate Sufis, secular, etc.), because African Islam, formerly imbued with heterodox marabout traditions stemming from totemism and Sufism, became more and more orthodox, strict, Salafist, and therefore more intolerant towards the "deviants, apostates and infidels", and therefore more totalitarian. The neo-Salafists systematically attack Christians, especially converts, but also followers of maraboutism and Sufism.

However, we will see in the following lines that although Wahhabi Salafism, stemming from the radical Sunni school of hanbalism, is foreign to official African Islam, a Malikite majority rite and often imbued with heterodox maraboutic Sufism, it exists in certain currents. of the Sunni African Malikite Islam and even confrère ultra-radical trends and historical precedents of jihadist gesture that owe nothing to Salafism while being potentially permeable.

Burkina-Faso-Benin: weak link and new privileged target of African jihadism
According to the Center for Strategic Studies of Africa linked to the US Department of Defense, and according to French forces present on site, the Sahel is today the area where Islamist terrorism is growing fastest. In the already very chaotic context of the Sahel, a new land of predilection for jihadism, Burkina Faso has suffered since 2015 alone about 80 Islamic attacks. Since 2015, Burkina Faso has been confronted with increasingly deadly and recurrent jihadist attacks perpetrated by al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and Ansar Dine, the Movement for the Uniqueness of the Jihad in West Africa (Mujao). ), Al-Mourabitoune, the Support Group for Islam and Muslims (GSIM, linked to al-Qaeda), the Islamic State in the Great Sahara, Katiba Macina or Ansar-ul Islam, linked to Daesh.

We remember in particular the jihadist attack of March 2, 2018 against the General Staff of the Armed Forces and the French Embassy in Ouagadougou, claimed by the GSIM, which killed 16 people. Or that of August 13, 2017, when jihadists opened fire on a restaurant in central Ouagadougou (19 dead). Across the continent, there is increasing tension between communities, most of the time fueled by Salafist / jihadist Islamist groups. In recent years, jihadism has progressed not only in Muslim countries (Mali, Burkina-Faso), but also more and more in mixed Christian / Muslim countries, as we see in Nigeria, of course, but also, what is new in countries like Côte d'Ivoire, a country torn between antagonistic tribes and between Muslims in the north and Christians in the south, but where the jihadist attacks are very recent.

We remember in particular the attack of March 13, 2016 that killed 19 people (including three Ivorian soldiers) in a tourist area of ​​the seaside resort of Ivory Coast Grand-Bassam, a popular tourist destination in Ivory Coast classified Heritage UNESCO, which was claimed by al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. As elsewhere, the tourist places and people are, with the military of the G5 Sahel countries and the governmental symbols ("loyal to the Western imperialists", privileged targets of the jihadists. As for Benin, increasingly infiltrated by jihadism from neighboring Burkina Faso, it will be recalled that the French hostages released by the French commando COS had ventured as part of a safari in the park of Penjari (Benin), one of the most beautiful in West Africa. Already reported for its proximity to the jihad and terrorism zones, this park is less and less visited due to insecurity and risk of kidnapping. As in Egypt (Nile, Sharm el-Sheikh, Alexandria, etc.), Tunisia (Bardo attacks and beaches), or elsewhere, the strategy of the jihadist groups is to destroy tourism and make the whole area (in the Sahel) is unstable and dangerous.

It is clear that for years, areas where security is no longer guaranteed continue to expand, with the prospect of destabilization and the establishment of lasting ethno-tribal and interreligious chaos for the countries in place. . Thus, countries like Benin, which is trying to develop its tourism, or even Ivory Coast, Ghana and Cameroon, without forgetting Nigeria, have their coasts and their border areas more targeted.

Fulani Muslim nomads fleeing desertification by raiding the sedentary and Christian South: a double movement of climate and civilization background
The underlying (jihadist) problem in sub-Saharan Africa lies in the vast phenomenon of the exodus of African Muslim nomads from the Fulani or Foulani ethnic groups, from the north and prey to drought, who are descending more and more towards the center and the south in mixed Muslim / Christian or predominantly non-Muslim countries. Recall that in the Sahelian band, rainfall has dropped by 20% in the last 40 years, forcing Fulani nomads to seek new grazing areas to the detriment of sedentary farmers. At the same time, the other major "concrete" scourge of sub-Saharan Africa, the uncontrolled supernaturality (the Sahel is the only region in the world that has not begun its demographic transition), is leading farmers to seek new lands, which is more and more problematic. Another amplifying phenomenon is the disintegration of the state that has been observed since the 1980s.

This phenomenon is particularly noticeable in Nigeria, for example, the most dangerous country for Christians (poor Muslims in the North and better-off Christians, who hold water and hydrocarbons in the South), Mali, Burkina Faso or the Republic. Central African (victim of massive raids for several years). In their pilgrimage to find grazing land for their cattle, nomadic Muslim predators attack the villages of Christians, animists or moderate Muslims who are not Fulani or hostile to Islamism. These raiders are "blessed" by Islamist preachers who rely on the legal tradition of jihad and raids contained in Sharia law and inherited from Fulani Islamic "empires" of the past. Founded in 2015 and operating mainly in the Mopti region, Katiba Macina is the region's most feared terrorist group. Privileged target of the French military, it is this jihadist group that was to recover the hostages released last Friday by the men of the COS (commando Hubert). Macina is also the name of a former Islamic state / jihadist Fulani who dominated the region in the nineteenth century in western Mali, on the northern border of Burkina Faso and south of Mauritania. In the Peul imagination, the "Empire of Macina" (also called the "Diina", of which Mopti was the capital, represents the golden age, the time when the Peul were not dominated minorities or marginalized by nation-states of sedentary but domineering ...

The Macina empire, like the jihadists of today, launched jihad aimed at "purifying" the Muslim societies of the region, and the ultra-radical Islamic teaching then dispensed in this empire was central.
Because of this theocratic "imperial" inheritance, the Fulani live themselves as the proponents of a "pure Islam", in the wake of the Sufi brotherhood Qadiriyya, very rigorous, which makes them very permeable to Salafist propaganda current. It should also be remembered that the Macina empire, like the jihadists of today, launched jihads intended to "purify" the Muslim societies of the region, and that the ultrarumenic Islamic teaching then dispensed in this "empire" was central. Today, it is clear that jihadist propaganda, by advocating rebelling against states in place supposedly "accomplices" of the West, is better received in Fulani circles than anywhere else. The leader of the Macina Group or "Macina Liberation Front", Hamadoun Koufa, is himself a preacher who was once moderate and suddenly radicalized in contact with the Islamist-terrorist group Ansar Dine. He alone embodies the Fulani-African civilizational roots of Sahelian jihadism: his irredentist and neo-califal objective is to restore the old Fulani "empire" of "Macina". The group has been operating in various municipalities in the Gao region since 2014-2015. He has risen since March 2017, he joined the GSIM, an alliance of multiple factions including Ansar Dine, branches of AQIM, fighters of the deceased Mujao and MNLA Berber Mali, in short most of jihadist groups that have been threatening the Sahel since 2012.

Its ideologues are nostalgic of the Fulani empire and slavery, which applies Sharia law to the letter and terrifies the non-Fulani and non-Muslim populations of Africa. From this "predator" point of view, he had nothing to envy to Daesh or al-Qaeda. The Fulani Malian jihadists are therefore nostalgic for this Fulani empire ("jihadist" before the time), in the manner of Daesh ideologues wanting to "restore" the Arab Caliphates (Umayyad and Abbasid) in Syria and Iraq. Katiba Macina is today the jihadist group that perpetrates the greatest number of terrorist attacks in Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger and the Beninese border. And soon perhaps also in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Guinea Conakri and Equatorial, then wherever Peul tribal groups are permeable to the ideological contagion of Fulani irredentist jihadism. And this organization is all the more formidable because it is not only terrorist, but has, like Daesh in Syria-Iraq or the Taliban in Afghanistan, ethno-clanic and popular bases in Peul.

"Peul-neo-imperial Islamism" or the endogenous roots of African jihadism
Unlike Islamically correct commonplaces, jihadism in sub-Saharan Africa as elsewhere is not just an external "graft" that mixes separatist agendas, smuggling networks and Salafist preachers formed in Saudi Arabia or elsewhere. As we have seen with Katiba Macina, the nostalgia for Islamist "empires" of the past mobilizes entire tribes. Recall that, from the eighteenth century, this "proto-jihadism" has plagued in the current sub-Saharan Africa and Sahel: the theocratic state of Fouta-Djalon in Middle Guinea in the eighteenth century; the Fulani Empire of Macina in Mali between 1818-1862; and the Muslim theocratic empire of Sékou Amadou Barryi, then Sékou Amadou, which conquered Timbuktu, without forgetting the Sokoto Empire in the nineteenth century in Nigeria. Another misconception consists in making believe that the current violence and intolerance of jihadist groups is totally foreign to the Sufi and maraboutic Islam of the past, admittedly often in conflict with the Salafists.

In fact, despite oppositions, Fulani jihadist theocratic kingdoms were often built by Sufi and maraboutic religious leaders imbued with this local Islam wrongly considered "tolerant" just because it is not always "orthodox". Today, the Katiba Macina aims to secede the Malian state in its stronghold in central Mali, like the Berber-Arab jihadists in the north of the country. Katiba Macina has carried out massive attacks, including the attack on the Byblos hotel in Sévaré and the Radisson in Bamako, which killed 22 people in November 2015. In total, the group was responsible for the death of some 100 people. of Malian soldiers. Regarding the case of the four hostages released by the COS commandos, we know that it would be Burkina Faso jihadists linked to Daesh who tried to hand over the hostages (French, South Korean and American) to Katiba Macina, affiliated to al-Qaeda. Since 2018, its leader Hamadoun Koufa was given for death following a targeted strike by the French military operation Barkhane, but this death was refuted by jihadist leaders and even by the French authorities. Katiba Macina remains for the moment one of the most formidable threats for the countries of the region and for the French army present on the spot.

The "Fulani question"
In Africa there are about 40 million Fulani (also called Fulbe, Halpular, Fulani or Fellata, depending on the country), present in about fifteen countries in the Sahel and West Africa, Cameroon, Guineas, or still in the Central African Republic and Sudan. The Fulani from Fouta Toro settled in the region of Mali and Burkina Faso in the late 14th century. At all times, throughout Africa, conflicts have arisen between sedentary farmers and generally nomadic pastoralists (including Fulani) who practice transhumance and are accustomed to predation / raiding and slavery. The former have consistently accused the latter of ransacking their crops with their herds, while they complain of cattle theft, difficult access to water points or obstacles to movement.

Since 2010, however, conflicts have become both more numerous and more deadly, in a triple context of global warming that pushes nomads towards the Christian South, Salafist fanatization imported from Saudi Arabia, and separatist agenda on background of weak states weakening. The craze of many Fulani groups for jihadism, which has been vividly seen since 2015 in central Mali, is the combined result of the imperial Islamic history of Fulani empires and a frustrated identity coupled with social exclusion phenomena. -economic and supposed or real policies.

Admittedly, not all Fulani are Islamist, let alone all jihadists. And it is clear that the amalgamation between Fulani and jihadists - at the root of summary retaliation against Peul minorities by the sedentary non-Fulani powers - is exploited by jihadist groups for the purpose of recruiting. This does not prevent that there is a real nostalgia for the Fulani empire of Macina, and that this irredentist and supremacist nostalgia serves as justification identity and religious jihadism and actions of predation (raids, hostage, raids, massacres of "infidels" or "apostates".

Even then, non-Muslims were massively targeted and persecuted.
It should be remembered that in the 19th century, the Fulani Islamic empire of Marabout Sékou Amadou, from the Barry clan, extended over part of present-day Mali, from Timbuktu to the north, to Mossi country in the south, from Mauritania. in the east to the region of Mopti with Hamdallaye as capital, and that he practiced permanently looting "unfaithful" goods and the enslavement of the vanquished. Any "Sufi" he was training (because all Sufi brotherhoods are not "tolerant" unlike the commonplace Islamically correct), do not forget that Sékou Hamadoun declared a pitiless jihad to conquer his empire "Diina". Although created by a follower of the Qadiriyya Sufi brotherhood, the empire was governed by an extremely rigorous application of the sharia in the highly orthodox and anti-Christian rite of Malikism (dominant in the Maghreb and Muslim Africa), allowing current jihadists to move their totalitarian neo-imperial enterprise for a sort of "return" to a "pre-colonial" past. Remember also that at the time already, non-Muslims were massively targeted and persecuted. The Bambara, Soninke, Bwa, Dogon and non-Muslim Fulani (who remained animist, therefore "pagan" populations were victims of terrible jihad and raids and became "riimaybe", "serfs" of the Fulani Muslims ...