A BBC investigation has discovered that political parties in Nigeria are secretly paying social media influencers to spread disinformation about their opponents ahead of general elections in February.
The BBC's Global Disinformation Team has spoken to whistle-blowers working for two of Nigeria's political parties, and prominent influencers who have described it as "an industry".
The whistle-blowers say parties give out cash, lavish gifts, government contracts and even political appointments for their work.
We changed their names to protect their identity. "Yemi" is a prominent strategist and "Godiya" a politician.
"We've paid an influencer up to 20m naira ($45,000; £37,000) for delivering a result. We've also given people gifts. Other people prefer to hear: 'What do you want to do in government, be a board member, be a special assistant?'," says Godiya.
Situation rooms are commonplace in the run-up to an election. It's where political parties strategise, develop plans and monitor their campaigns' success. But in the rooms the whistle-blowers described to us, there was another function: following how false narratives assigned to influencers were performing.
Strategist Yemi says fake stories are developed to improve their candidates' chances: "You can deliberately misinform in a suitable way for you."
The BBC has spoken to multiple influencers who have confirmed that payment in exchange for false political posts is widespread.
One influencer who asked not to be named - with almost 150,000 Facebook followers - told us he is paid by political parties to post completely false stories about political opponents. He says he does not do it openly but rather plants false stories through other micro-influencers he hires.
Separately, Rabi'u Biyora is a major influencer known for supporting the governing All Progressives Congress (APC) party.
He told us he was "wooed" by an opposition party to stop promoting the APC's candidate, and give his support to their candidate instead.
Posts on his Facebook timeline confirm he did just that. He told us he did not receive gifts of any kind to do so. But we discovered a Facebook post from 2019 in which he said he received a car and money from a party in exchange for his support on social media.
We put this finding to him, but he stopped responding to us.
Tactics With an estimated 80 million Nigerians online, social media plays a huge role in national debates about politics. Our investigation uncovered different tactics used to reach more people on Twitter. Many play on divisive issues such as religious, ethnic and regional differences.
In July, influencers widely shared posts associating Kashim Shettima, the APC's candidate for vice-president, with members of the Islamist militant group Boko Haram.
This false narrative gained momentum on Twitter and was shared thousands of times, spilling onto WhatsApp and other platforms.
Using reverse image search, we found that those in the picture with Mr Shettima were nomadic Fulani parents whose children he had enrolled in secular schools in 2017, not members of Boko Haram.
I must share this very interesting cooking-chef- international restaurant owner's story that was born in Ethiopia. It's very inspiring. Too much to copy and paste the article but will supply two good links and a short 10 minute YouTube video in this great thread of and for Naija chefs.
Chef Marcus Samuelsson was once told he wouldn't own a restaurant because he was Black Story by Ralphie Aversa
Modern journalism in 2023 .... learnt and sources said with zero proof or pics sha. Dem should know by now that NLers like pics just like other forums or social media sites
ZooOga: Took me all afternoon for me to get it right. Once again I thank the Almighty, my parents, one of my sisters, and chef training class teacher for the cooking skills. I decided to put a little egusi and some okra in the pot. I used curry powder to colour the special Thailand noodles.
luvlyoracle: Is the meat raw? If yes wont it spoil before morning?
I know the reason for marinating it is so the ingredients could penetrate the meat(I might be wrong,I dont know)Whats the difference doing this and parboiling?
Took me all afternoon for me to get it right. Once again I thank the Almighty, my parents, one of my sisters, and chef training class teacher for the cooking skills. I decided to put a little egusi and some okra in the pot. I used curry powder to colour the special Thailand noodles.
luvlyoracle: Is the meat raw? If yes wont it spoil before morning?
I know the reason for marinating it is so the ingredients could penetrate the meat(I might be wrong,I dont know)Whats the difference doing this and parboiling?
I'm lucky to to have good electric power to refrigerate and a good backup generator which rarely comes on. I will parboil or brown the meat for several minutes before slow boiling for about two hours.
I have a pressure cooker for fast cooking if needed. I made rice and beans with some vegetables few days ago. It only took 30 minutes.
I'm calling b.s. on all this story story. So-called leaked sex tapes are in vogue for some entertainers seeking attention. Reference Kim Kardashian, the beautiful Tiwa, and also recently the Jane-Prince-Tonto wahala. Just recently Empress said this guy is based aboard perhaps in Liberia so what Naija police is going go over there to arrest him for this alleged drama. Think on that for a minute. And we all ready know the guild has a shaky history. Some grownups will recall when a certain former guild president killed a Naija medical doctor in an hit and run auto accident and got off easy. Any regular citizen would have been parked in prison for some years. Don't be gullible NL friends.
lhordspy: This is same guy bright okpocha(omo yiibo) aka Basketmouth that called himself '' Peter Obi Son'' back in 2019. Shifting his Show because of the Election back then
Baba refuses this time. We*rrey already realised Peter obi is a failed project.
Same goes to 90% of b!afraud people disturbing us here about Peter Obi everyday. They will still spend the whole of election day on this same platform without voting.
Good find, there's been a couple of strong revelations by entertainers going back to the year 2019.
Lolz, AGF Malami must cash out properly before May of this year. Golden opportunity presents itself for him to finance and build more malls back in his home state.
Progress if affordable for the mass markets. We may soon see more pics and vids from rural areas. And our beloved village peepo will join the 21st century.
Tife270: I have a challenge which I need to overcome ASAP in this new year. I’m averagely good looking ( probably a 6/10), I find it difficult to say ‘NO’ to the financial requests of female friends, although I get laid in return sometimes. I have seen guys that do not spend much on ladies and they seem to attract a lot of ladies. Those category of guys also get laid lot of times without spending much. How do guys pull stunts like this?
As long as you get laid sometimes you are good to go until you find the right one to settle down with. You can't worry about the next man. Just look at the grand wahala that Yul Odochi finds himself in these days. It's better to pay for these females coded services to get your rocks off then go sample the next one without any obligations. Those are the rules of the game.
These rules do not apply to good females trying to do the right thing in life. Pls leave dem alone.
1Sharon: The same Google didn't tell you her mother is Japanese?
Why are you ignoring her Japanese side?
I didn't, wiki clearly mentioned it. Naomi Osaka was born on October 16, 1997, in Chūō-ku, Osaka in Japan to Tamaki Osaka (大坂 環, Ōsaka Tamaki). I simply focused on your accusation that's she's not black. You are free to use your fingers and thumbs to post a pic of her mom.
1Sharon: Naomi Osaka isn't black and that guy doesn't black either.
Google and Wikipedia is our friend, most of the time.
"Early life and background Naomi Osaka was born on October 16, 1997, in Chūō-ku, Osaka in Japan to Tamaki Osaka (大坂 環, Ōsaka Tamaki) and Leonard François.[1] Her mother is from Nemuro, Hokkaido, Japan, and her father is from Jacmel, Haiti."