guardian:
There is now compelling evidence to show that humanity’s impact on the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans and wildlife has pushed the world into a new geological epoch, according to a group of scientists.
The question of whether humans’ combined environmental impact has tipped the planet into an “anthropocene” – ending the current holocene which began around 12,000 years ago – will be put to the geological body that formally approves such time divisions later this year.
The new study provides one of the strongest cases yet that from the amount of concrete mankind uses in building to the amount of plastic rubbish dumped in the oceans, Earth has entered a new geological epoch.
“We could be looking here at a stepchange from one world to another that justifies being called an epoch,” said Dr Colin Waters, principal geologist at the British Geological Survey and an author on the study published in Science on Thursday.
“What this paper does is to say the changes are as big as those that happened at the end of the last ice age . This is a big deal.”
He said that the scale and rate of change on measures such as CO2 and methane concentrations in the atmosphere were much larger and faster than the changes that defined the start of the holocene.
Humans have introduced entirely novel changes, geologically speaking, such as the roughly 300m metric tonnes of plastic produced annually. Concrete has become so prevalent in construction that more than half of all the concrete ever used was produced in the past 20 years.
Wildlife, meanwhile, is being pushed into an ever smaller area of the Earth, with just 25% of ice-free land considered wild now compared to 50% three centuries ago. As a result, rates of extinction of species are far above long-term averages.
But the study says perhaps the clearest fingerprint humans have left, in geological terms, is the presence of isotopes from nuclear weapons testing that took place in the 1950s and 60s.
Tower blocks in Hong Kong. More than half of all the concrete ever used was produced in the past 20 years.
Tower blocks in Hong Kong. More than half of all the concrete ever used was produced in the past 20 years. Photograph: Bobby Yip/Reuters
“Potentially the most widespread and globally synchronous anthropogenic signal is the fallout from nuclear weapons testing,” the paper says.
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“It’s probably a good candidate [for a single line of evidence to justify a new epoch] ... we can recognise it in glacial ice, so if an ice core was taken from Greenland, we could say that’s where it [the start of the anthropocene] was defined,” Waters said.
The study says that accelerating technological change, and a growth in population and consumption have driven the move into the anthropocene, which advocates of the concept suggest started around the middle of the 20th century.
“We are becoming a major geological force, and that’s something that really has happened since we had that technological advance after the second world war. Before that it was horse and cart transporting stuff around the planet, it was low key, nothing was happening particularly dramatically,” said Waters.
He added that the study should not be taken as “conclusive statement” that the anthropocene had arrived, but as “another level of information” for the debate on whether it should be formally declared an epoch by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS).
Istopes common in nature, 14C, and a naturally rare isotope, 293Pu, are present through the Earth’s mid-latitudes due to nuclear testing in the 1950s and 60s.
Istopes common in nature, 14C, and a naturally rare isotope, 293Pu, are present through the Earth’s mid-latitudes due to nuclear testing in the 1950s and 60s. Photograph: Associated Press
Waters said that if the ICS was to formally vote in favour of making the anthropocene an official epoch, its significance to the wider world would be in conveying the scale of what humanity is doing to the Earth.
“We [the public] are well aware of the climate discussions that are going on. That’s one aspect of the changes happening to the entire planet. What this paper does, and the anthropocene concept, is say that’s part of a whole set of changes to not just the atmosphere, but the oceans, the ice – the glaciers that we’re using for this project might not be here in 10,000 years.
“People are environmentally aware these days but maybe the information is not available to them to show the scale of changes that are happening.”
The international team behind the paper includes several other members of the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy’s anthropocene working group, which hopes to present a proposal to the ICS later this year. The upswing in usage of the anthropocene term is credited to Paul Crutzen, the Dutch Nobel prize-winning atmospheric chemist, after he wrote about it in 2000.
Key markers of change that are indicative of the anthropocene. A shows new markers, while B shows long-ranging signals.
Key markers of change that are indicative of the anthropocene. A shows new markers, while B shows long-ranging signals. Photograph: sciencemag.org
Prof Phil Gibbard, a geologist at the University of Cambridge who initially set up the working group examining formalising the anthropocene, said that while he respected the work of Waters and others on the subject, he questioned how useful it would be to declare a new epoch.
“It’s really rather too near the present day for us to be really getting our teeth into this one. That’s not to say I or any of my colleagues are climate change deniers or anything of that kind, we fully recognise the points: the data and science is there.
“What we question is the philosophy, and usefulness. It’s like having a spanner but no use for it,” he said.
Gibbard suggested it might be better if the anthropocene was seen as a cultural term – such as as the neolithic era, the end of the stone age – rather than a geological one.
Evidence we’ve started an ‘anthropocene’
-We’ve pushed extinction rates of flora and fauna far above the long-term average. The Earth is now on course for a sixth mass extinction which would see 75% of species extinct in the next few centuries if current trends continue
Increased the concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere by about 120 parts per million since the industrial revolution because of fossil fuel-burning, leaving concentrations today at around 400ppm and rising
-Nuclear weapon tests in the 1950s and 60s left traces of an isotope common in nature, 14C, and a naturally rare isotope, 293Pu, through the Earth’s mid-latitudes
-Put so much plastic in our waterways and oceans that microplastic particles are now virtually ubiquitous, and plastics will likely leave identifiable fossil records for future generations to discover
-Doubled the nitrogen and phosphorous in our soils in the past century with our fertiliser use. According to some research, we’ve had the largest impact on the nitrogen cycle in 2.5bn years
-Left a permanent marker in sediment and glacial ice with airborne particulates such as black carbon from fossil fuel-burning
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/07/human-impact-has-pushed-earth-into-the-anthropocene-scientists-sayWe go kill this planet soon enough.. Silly. arrogant species.... 2 Likes 2 Shares |
johnydon22:
[b]
Humana are the most idiotic unintelligent species i know..
First they invent invisible Gods and then they worship and revere these invisible Gods and then they neglect and destroy visible nature. I disagree with you here on some points, human are the most intelligent specie. The higher their consciousness, the need to discover why they are here and from where they came from. The best answer that is appealing and seemed plausible ( even you will comform to that too then) is supernatural. what other ways would you feel like bronze age men ought have reacted seeing the sun rising everyday, unseen wind blowing its ass off, genealogies and complexities of varieties of animal species etc. I ve stopped blaming human on the path we threaded and still Counting, from the unknown to physical explanations we have today. Not knowing that their continuous existence is not dependent on the invisible Gods they worship but on the visible nature they neglect and destroy.
One day the earth will cry, she will cry for her life. and we will have to make a choice whether to help her or not and while at it we should remember that if we let her die, we die with her.
Humans are threats both to the planet we live in and other species we share this planet with because in our simplistic arrogance we have deluded our selves with the absurd belief that this planet and every other thing in it(including other life forms we share the planet with) was made for us to with what ever we please. [/b] since we are part of the unconscious universals, we and other animals have been unconsciously interacting with the universe for millions of years past, until recently we discovered science and are still doing more science to discover more in order to abate human and natural disasters within our reachable sphere. My contention is that we got to do much more to share informations that are based on facts derived from evidence, critical evaluation and prove. you could imagine that the Republican in the United States still doubt global warming and are vouching that if elected, will scrap those stuffs. I feel like religion and contemporary scientific facts are the unconscious normal process of our human nature and the universe. From simple and naive beginning to upmost complexity and intelligence. 3 Likes 2 Shares |
