The scrotum is a skin-covered pouch suspended outside the abdominal cavity. It contains the testes, epididymis and spermatic cord.

The temperature of the scrotum is maintained at 35 degrees Celsius. This allows for optimal conditions for sperm production. If the temperature drops too low, the scrotal muscle contracts involuntarily to bring the testes closer to the heat of the body and vice versa.

Am interested in sonography but I want to ask pls as a 3rd class human anatomist,is it possible to study sonography under Pgd level or I need to start afresh...pls reply...my number is 08028692851

A number of interstitial cells called Leydig cells produce and secrete testosterone. Testosterone stimulates the pubertal growth of the male Instruments, prostate and seminal vesicles.

You can run a Pgd in sonography.

yinkatolu16:
You can run a Pgd in sonography.

Pls any idea on universities that runs PGD in sonography??

Causes of infertility : ¤ Ovulatory failure or dysfunction ¤ Tubal failure ¤ Endometriosis ¤ Advanced age ¤ Uterine factors ¤ Cervical factors ¤ Unexplained causes

Some ultrasound centers that is affiliated to a university runs it perhaps.

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Tubal failure: The tubes may become blocked as a result of scarring due to pelvic infection, appendicitis peritonitis or previous abdominal surgery or due to fibroids.

Endometriosis: This is a condition in which the endometrium proliferates and spreads outside the uterus. The fertility is affected depending on the severity of the condition.

Advanced age: The fertility potential is maximum around 24years of age. The fertility potential begins to decline by age 30 and accelerates by age 35. With advancing age there is a decline in ovarian reserve and quality of the oocytes. It is also thought that diminished endometrial receptivity with advancing age may play a role.

Uterine factors: The uterine factors could be anatomical abnormalities like the presence of septum and polyps or fibroids which distort the uterine cavity and affects implantation. Also Asherman's Syndrome which is intrauterine adhesions and tubercular endometritis also affects fertility.

Ashermans Syndrome is also known as Uterine Synechiae.

Luteal phase defect: LPD occurs when the corpus luteum secretes an inadequate amount of progesterone. There are many causes for LPD but the end result is that the endometrium is not adequately prepared for implantation and nourishment of the fertilized embryo leading to infertility.

Cervical factors: Cervical causes may be related to poor quality or quantity of cervical mucus, cervical stenosis and varicosities of the cervical canal, all of which inhibit the migration of sperm through the cervical mucus. Endocervical polyps and cervical fibroids can obstruct os.

Unexplained causes: Other causes are obesity, hormonal imbalances like hyperprolactinemia, hypothyroidism, immunological causes like presence of antisperm antibodies, vaginal infections and some unknown causes.

MALE
¤ Semen containing no sperm (azoospermia), or few sperm (oligospermia), poor quality sperm (asthenospermia) or a high percentage of abnormal sperm (teratospermia) or a combination of these conditions.

¤ Anatomic factors like varicocele, cryptorchidism and congenital anomalies like hypospadias. Endocrine factors like Cushing's disease, acromegaly and pituitary tumour.

¤ Infections like gonorrhea/chlamydia, prostatitis and epididymitis.

¤ Ejaculatory dysfunction like retrograde ejaculation, Ejaculatory failure and neurologic impairment

¤ Immunologic factors like presence of antisperm antibodies.

¤ Mechanical trauma to external Instruments.

¤ Psychological dysfunction.

¤ Unexplained causes.

DIAGNOSIS OF INFERTILITY
A thorough and detailed history is essential for an accurate diagnosis. The assessment should include age, body mass index, occupation, menstrual cycle pattern, use of contraceptives, previous infections, coital frequency, history of infertility in the family, surgeries undergone and previous infertility treatment.

A physical examination for thyroid abnormalities and pelvic examination for the condition of the external Instruments and reproductive organs.

Serum hormonal evaluation of FSH, LH, prolactin and thyroid hormones.

Uterine assessment by hysteroscopy.

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In football for every goal scored.... several others have been missed...... THINK ABOUT IT..... HOW ABOUT LIFE..... good evening pals.

COOPERATION IS NECESSARY FOR MANIFESTATIONS