463 Start of Lunar Cycle of Hilarius

622 Muslim Era begins - Muhammad begins flight from Mecca to Medina (Hijra)

1054 Michael Caerularius excommunicated of Constantinople

1054 Three Roman legates fracture relations between Western and Eastern Christian churches by placing invalid Papal Bull of Excommunication on altar of Hagia Sophia during liturgy. Often dated start of the East-West Schism.

1099 Crusaders herd Jews of Jerusalem into a synagogue & set it afire

1212 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa; end of Muslim power in Spain





1251 The Virgin Mary gives Simon Stock a Brown Scapular (legend)

1338 The six Electors of the Holy Roman Empire signed the Agreement of Rhense confirming Emperor Louis IV.

1439 Kissing is banned in England (to stop germs from spreading)

1465 Battle at Montlhéry between Louis XI and the League of the Public Weal

1548 La Paz, Bolivia, is founded

1573 Alva demands submission of Zealand/Holland

1618 Capt John Gilbert patents 1st dredger in Britain

1661 1st banknotes in Europe are issued by Bank of Stockholm

1683 Turkish troops under Kara Mustafa reach Vienna

1683 Manchu/Chinese Qing Dynasty naval forces under commander Shi Lang defeat the Kingdom of Tungning in the Battle of Penghu near the Pescadores Islands.

1790 Congress declares the city of Washington in the District of Columbia, the permanent capital of the United States

1798 US Public Health Service forms & US Marine Hospital authorized

1801 Pope Pius VII & 1st consul
Napoleon sign concord

1809 La Paz, Bolivia declares its independence from the Spanish Crown and forms the Junta Tuitiva. The first independent government in Spanish America, led by Pedro Domingo Murillo

1819 Fabian Gottlieb von Bellinghausen sets sail to explore Antarctica for Tsar Alexander I

1845 NY Yacht Club holds its 1st regatta

1856 Statue of Laurens Jansz Coster unveiled in Haarlem

1857 Sir Henry Havelock arrives at Battle of Cawnpore

1861 Battle of Bull Run, the 1st major battle of the Civil War, is fought

1861 Manassas Campaign [->JUL 22]