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TRADITIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN OMU-ARAN DURING THE COLONIAL ERA


https://www.iprojectmaster.com/EDUCATION/final-year-project-materials/traditional-institutions-in-omu-aran-during-the-colonial-era


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Omu-Aran is the most populous and largest town in igbominaland of kwara state. The town was originally called “Omu” but was later changed to Omu-Aran about 1400 when the people moved finally to the present site.

The name “Omu” was derived from Omutoto, the woman whose children established the first settlement at Odo-Omu between the 13th and 14th century.

Indeed, it was largely in recognition of Omu-Aran’s historic importance in igbominaland that the town was chosen as the headquarters of the former igbomina-Ekiti local government authority in 1968.

It also became the headquarters of Irepodun local government area when the former Igbomina-Ekiti local government was split into two on the 24th of august 1976.

The people speak Igbomina dialect or Yoruba language and their customs are in many ways similar to those of the other Yorubas.

Their occupation was largely influenced by the vegetation of the area. Thus, they are predominantly farmers, producing such crops as yam, maize, guinea corn, cassava, beans and vegetable for consumption. While kola nut, palm products, cocoa and coffee in very small quantities are economic crops.

Omu-Aran is famous in handicraft such as basket making, blacksmithing, carving, dyeing, cloth weaving, wood carving and pottery.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

The aim of this research work is to discuss traditional institutions in Omu-Aran during the colonial era.

Objectively, it seeks to examine the impact of colonial rule on the traditional institutions in Omu-Aran.

The work intends to look at how traditional institutions were able to survive and co-exist with the incursion of the Europeans and the advent of colonialism.

It explores the activities of traditional institutions prior to colonial rule and how British administration interfered with these institutions. By this, making available to the public and the academic world, an analytical research work on traditional institutions and their survival in the face of foreign domination.

1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY:

The research work covers three eras i.e. pre-colonial, colonial and post independence. It seeks to make one understand the distinct roles played by the various indigenous local administration in the area laying emphasis on their evolution and hierarchical organization and sphere of influence. It is to be noted that Omu-Aran as a whole has generated interest from historians, scholars and others but there have been some wrong notions and interpretations made as regard the local administrative set-up of the area and this project seeks to correct such distortions.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY:

Omu-Aran was chosen because of her historic importance in Igbominaland, much have been written about Omu-Aran town and Igbominaland in general but researchers have paid little or no attention to the place of traditional institutions and their role in bringing about social and political development to their area.

Also there have been wrong notions expressed about leadership among the people of Igbominaland and so I have decided to bell the cat and in doing this, I will take pains to properly conceptualize and delineate my work.

The essence is to know the traditional institutions that existed, how they operated, and their relationship with the people and also to try and know the problems the encountered in dealing with external overlords.

That is to say that what happened when the traditional way of existence faced challenges from foreign incursion.

1.5 RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND METHODOLOGY:

A research work of this nature naturally depends on both oral and written sources so the two approaches were employed to enhance a credible and worthwhile endeavor in the form of this work.

In the course of this research, people of diverse origin and background were interviewed, those whose antecedents are from the area under review. Those who are not from the area but work there. Those who are witnesses or offspring of witnesses, who could narrate with pleasing exactitude, the time of arrival of colonial masters and the effect that their coming had on these institutions.

On written documents, there are no sufficient materials to lay hands on and so materials used include library materials either private or public library, articles, thesis as well as existing projects.

Meanwhile, the major problem faced in the course of this research is non-availability of materials as not much had been written on the area.

Also, there was reluctance of the informants in giving out information and so they had to be cajoled and in most cases interview had to be rescheduled.

1.6 LITERATURE REVIEW

Various written works were consulted in the course of this research although there are not specific written works on traditional institutions in Omu-Aran during the colonial era but there were some books either written on the whole of Omu-Aran, Yoruba land or Igbominaland.

On the early history and traditions of origin of Omu-Aran, AfolabiFatai’s book “Igbominaland land in the context of Yoruba history” was consulted. Also consulted on the early history of Omu-Aran was “the chronicle of Omu-Aran, Oduduwa age to 2002”.

On the traditions of origin of Omu-Aran, “the history of the Yoruba” by rev. Samuel Johnson; “Gazetteer of Ilorin province” by K.V. Elphinstone, Robert Smith’s, “kingdoms of the Yoruba” were consulted.

On the activities of traditional institutions in Omu-Aran during the pre-colonial era, “Omu-Aran-Ilorin relations” by Afolayan J.A, “Yoruba warfare in the 19th century” by Ajayi and Smith were consulted.

On the impact of colonial rule; N.A.K 324/1917, Northern and southern provincial boundary, “power and diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804-1906” by Adeleye, R.A. were consulted.

However, as useful and important as the above works are, they still leave gaps that are readily filled by learned journals, national dailies and news articles like Atoka Igbominae.t.c.

AfolabiFatai’s work “Igbominaland in the context of Yoruba history” proved useful on the early history and traditions of origin of Omu-Aran. The work not only shed light on the circumstances surrounding the founding of Omu-Aran but also talked about the settlement they initially stayed before moving to their present site.

“The chronicle of Omu-Aran, Oduduwa age to 2002” also proved useful on the origin and development of Omu-Aran before and after colonial rule.

“Yoruba warfare in the 19th century” by Ajayi and Smith as well as Afolayan, J.A’s “Omu-Aran-Ilorin relations” were useful to this work as they proved invaluable on the political terrain in Yoruba land and Ilorin before the advent of the colonial masters.

1.7 CHAPTERIZATION

The work is categorized into four chapters;

Chapter one is mainly introductory. It contains subtitles such as aims and objectives, scope of study, significance of study etc.

Chapter two goes deeper into the history of the area; it includes the geographical description of Omu-Aran, traditions of origin, political set- up and administrative organization.

Chapter three deals with the evolution and various functions of the traditional institutions. This will be analyzed under pre-colonial, colonial and post-independence eras laying emphasis on their inter and intra relations within the context of the study.

Chapter four discusses the impact of colonial rule on traditional institutions and the chapter concludes with a brief review of the points raised in the work.

1.8 NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. N.A.K-ILORPROF file 223oA: Letters between Government Officials 1908-1918, p.3

2. O.D.A Memorandum on the grading of Oba Olomu 1978, p.4

3. Afolabi, F. “Igbominaland in the context of Yoruba history” 2006, p.223

4. Afolayan, M.O. “evolution of Omu-Aran from the earliest time to 1930” B.A. history dissertation, University of Ilorin, 1980, p.2

5. Interview with chief Asanlu, Omu-Aran, December 19, 2010



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MANAGEMENT/LABOUR RELATIONS & ITS EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The word management has been defined, as getting things done through people. It is a process of setting objectives, organizing resources to attain these predetermined goals, and then evaluating the results for purpose of determining future actions.
Hodgetts, (1990) said that management has for thousands of years been a key to success to individuals and civilizations alike.
Labour is one of the factors of production and consists of all human energy expended in the production and distribution of goods and services.
Nwachukwu (1988) opined that this definition includes all professional executives, all levels of employees and self employed people. According to the United States Bureau of census, the labour force includes all who are willing and able to work whether employed or self employed.
Productivity is the achieved set objectives in firm by the workers. It is the output of what the input of workers yield productivity when increased, favours the firms because this means that the predetermined goals of firm are realized but when it is decreased the firm is at loss and this affects both management and labour in the context of this research work, management should be seen as owners of business, firms of categories of management who participate in the setting objectives of firms and in the decision making, those who take leadership positions in such firms.
Labour in this work should be seen as those hired employees of a firm who takes directives from the management in carrying out their official duties, who have no hand in the decision and objective settings of the firm, who through the management gets done the work that should be done in order to achieve the set objectives.
These two groups, management labour are the two major groups, that exist in firms where goods and services are produced. These two groups must be built up effectively and efficiently in any firm for a harmonious work flow between labour and management.
Nwachukwu 91988) had to state that management must work harmoniously with employees and must therefore develop programmes and policies that will enable them to achieve the best results of the organizational goals, understands labour (Employees).
Most often management labour are in conflicting objectives. This comes in because management will always want higher productivity with minimal costs while labour will want to achieve higher price for its members through the instrumentality of labour unions. The conflicting objectives between labour management always result in strike action which causes loss of man-hour which results in decreased productivity.
The need to promote and improve good relationship between management cannot be over emphasized. In all managements, the management of human beings at work are the most complex. Management, therefore it needs to relate very well with labour in any firm like NITEL Plc. So that there will be no disruption to achieving the set objectives which will hinder productivity.
When labour is not satisfied with its management or management not satisfied with its labour, there is always a bridge to harmonious working in the firm and productivity suffers.
As a means of achieving industrial peace, high productivity and attainment of all organizational objectives, management should regard and treat labour as the greatest asset of the organization having their interest in mind and communicating them effectively.
All the factors of production in firms are useless and cannot yield anything without human direction and effort.
Labour should understand that employers would benefit and be happy if they should put in all their best to improve productivity and work towards that. They should see with the management in times of crisis in firms and maintain their loyalty with the management.
Management should equally know that their effective communication to labour through the trade unions, their involving them in decision making, motivating them, setting up an effective leadership will help to promote relationship between the two groups and productivity will be on the increase.
An aggrieved worker is usually depressed, has a suggesting or law morale and poor attitude to work which affects productivity.
Thus, there is need for harmonious understanding between management labour in any firm in order not to allow the firm to run into chains of problems which hinders productivity and efficiency.
This study therefore reviews the importance of good management labour relationship and its effects on productivity in a telecommunication firm hence NITEl Plc, Enugu as a case study.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Many factors have been hindering the good relationship that should exist between management labour in many organizations which NITEL Plc is not an exception. This unhealthy relationship between management/labour has a force which hinders productivity which is the main goal of any oriented organization.
The neglect of workers’ interest as revealed in certain behaviours by workers of NITEl Plc, Enugu was observed by the researcher.
i. Employees may not be satisfied over the management’s attitude on the handling of performance appraisal system which is not taken into consideration in areas of training and promotion of staff.
ii. It is not clear whether there is any motivational incentives for the staff of NITEL Plc who stand as the key officers of the firm and are more exposed to risks in the course of discharging their duties.
iii. Ineffective trade union in NITEL Plc which does not represent the employees well in the management most often makes the workers feel that their interest is not protected by the trade union leaders on the management level.
iv. Employees spend a valuable man-hour discussing manager’s behaviour as it affects them and this attitude is likely to affect productivity which is the key objectives of setting up a firm.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this work is to identify how good management labour relations of NITEL Plc will help to bring to the knowledge of the management: specifically, the study seeks to investigate:
1. The dissatisfied state of the workers over the handling of performance appraisal records as it concerns promotion and training of staff.
2. The need for motivation in any firm especially as regards to the workers of NITEL Plc.
3. The incompetent trade unionism in the firm which does not make a good representative of the workers.
4. The need for good management labour relationship in a firm such as in NITEL Plc.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This project work will be of immense benefit to NITEL management and also to other employers of labour, policy makes and those who want to get the desired result of setting up firms.
On the side of employees both at NITEL or any other organization, the work will help them to realize that employers need their honesty and loyalty in discharging their duties. This will help them (employees) to reap the benefits of where they work because when an organizational goals are achieved.
Furthermore this study will contribute to policy formulation that will provide checks on the interactions between management labour and creates an environment that will sustain established industrial harmony.
When the finding of this study are implemented by government or any organization, they will improve the relationship between the management and labour which will create efficiency and effectiveness and high productivity at the working places. It will also help to maximize human resources as much man-hour would be utilized in production than in an endless confrontation and dialogue.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This project work which uses NITEL Plc as the case study is carried out in NITEL Plc, Enugu, Enugu State.
The researcher took time to study the type of relationship that exists between labour/management of NITEL Plc and the effect this has on productivity of the firm.

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research questions will guide the study:
1. Are the NITEL workers satisfied over the use of annual performance appraisal records by the management?
2. Are there some motivational incentives for the staff of NITEL Plc?
3. Does the performance of the trade union of NITEL Plc encourage or discourage workers?
4. Does the management of NITEL relate well with its employees?

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THE PROBLEMS OF HOSTEL MANAGEMENT & ACCOMMODATION IN HIGHER INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIAN

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ABSTRACT

The topic of this work is auditing as a measure on public accounting with reference to federal ministry of finance. Abakaliki.

To guide this work, four-research question and four null hypothesis were formulated. A structured questionnaire was produced to get response from the respondents. The statistical tools use to analyze both the descriptive and inferential include mean and t- test statistics to give worth for the results generated.

The finding on include that authoring promote transparency, accountability, deter waste and encourage good governance in the FMOE, Abakaliki. Also that the application of professional Edith’s and auditing standards by auditors in the ministry is questionable more over, that there was interplay of nepotism, favoritism and political affiliations in the appointment and removal of auditors in the based on the major findings, it was recommended that merit should be encourage also quality should be discourage a well as that of quote appointment in financial industries.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of the study

1.1 Purpose of the study

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Objective of the study

1.4 Significance of the study Research questions

1.5 Research questions

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 Research design

3.2 Areas of the study

3.3 Population of the study

3.4 Sample size

3.5 Administration of the instrument

3.6 Method of data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Presentation analysis and interpretation of data

4.1 Summary of results

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation

5.1 Discussion of result findings

5.2 Recommendations

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Limitation of the study

Reference
Appendixes LIST OF TABLES

Has IMT ever allocated hostel rooms all the applicants?

What do you think is responsible the non-allocation of hostel rooms to all the IMT applicants?

How do student in hostel read their lecture notes, especially during the time of examination?

Does this distraction has any adverse effect on the students, academic progress?

What is the resultant effect of this on the students in particular, and Imt. In general either in the labour market in the outside world?

How do students especially the female ones, who were unlucky to secure hostel accommodation, cope?

Why did consider any of the alternatives in table as improper?

Why is it that students living of the campus are not happy and secured?

What do student of IMT usually scrambles over hostel accommodation, irrespective of the protocol involved and limited available space?

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The establishment of the institute of management and technology (IMT) Enugu, there existed a college of technology up till 1967, also in existence at then were the institute of administration and the cooperative college. Unfortunately, none of this institution was able to meet up to the standard of an average higher institution of learning of course; most of their courses were limited to civil servants. Not only that, they cannot award certificate beyond ordinary level diploma (OND).

In an attempt to remedy this and advance the course being offered by the aforementioned institution and perhaps put them into acceptable standard the Ukpani Asika administration on list April 1972, merged the former college of technology with the college of administration.

Nevertheless, the amalgamation of the two-sister school could not meet up with both the state and national needs. Administration set October, 1972, the East central state administration set up a provisional council to determine structure of the government, the appropriate structure of an autonomous institution that would produce high quality technologist and technicians, professional managerial manpower in certain subject areas that will rhyme with the state and national needs.

Consequently, on 3ist may 1973, the edict no of 1973, titled” the institution of management technology Edict” was promulgated. The Edit become operational from Ist July, 1973 and thus gave birth to what is now known as the institute of management and technology (IMT) Enugu.


1.1 BACKGROUD OF THE STDUY

A hostel by definition is a building in which cheap food and lodging is provided for students, but unfortunately in tertiary institution in Nigeria. The never seems to be the case. This is what prompted as to research on this issue. This research, though on higher institutions, has a special reference on the institute of management and technology (IMT) Enugu.

It has been established that the inadequacy of hostel accommodation has an adverse effect on then actualization of qualitative and standard education in Nigeria, universities and polytechnics, that is why we have taken it upon our selves to find out the lapses and problems that has heralded to this problem of inadequate accommodation.

More so, there are other problems which prompted us to research on this topic this include: students involvement in armed robbery

Student’s involvement in prostitution

High rate of disobedience by student as a result of not living in an academic environment.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The problems associated with this subject matter includes that students in higher institution are being deprived of their sociological and psychological needs as a result of poor hostel accommodation. Include the student can stay in a room impacts some psychological pains on the students, as privacy is to a large extent

Further more, the academic pursuit of the students has being hindered, the students now pay less attention to studies. In I.M.T for instance, that institution has two campus and some of the students who stay in campus two now have to risk their lives in transporting themselves to the other campus. Not only that, the students spend a lot of money in transportation and education and the under standing which the students are supposed to gain on the part of the school it self, some of the rooms which were made to accommodate students are being used as offices for the stay in the institutes. Some of the rooms are vacancy and this being wasted because of poor management all this adversely affects the student academic pursuit.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

This study will be concerned with the problems posed by poor hostel accommodation, as it affects the quality of education in higher institute with particular reference to the institute of management and technology, ( IMT) Enugu and these are as follows:

The students lack concentration on studies as a result of deprivation of privacy

Students pay less attention to studies and spend much of their time trying to make money, as the money they have, have been spent on transportation.

Cultism is about to take our the academic activities that are supposed be going on in the school, as most of students who stay off campus now mix with undesirable elements and they get involved in corrupt practices

The dual campus system makes the students to be worn out before reaching their lecture halls.

Administrative lapse has hindered the implementation of policies that could enhance the quality of life of the students in the hostels.

The fact that apart from the hostel fees, student who stay in the hostels spend a lot of money on feeding and acquisition of other recreational facilities.

Student says they bribe officials before rooms could be allocated to them.

Why school authorities fail to provide accommodation for students eg in ESUT for instance, their is no accommodation for students, lest alone saying that it is inadequate.

The last but not least is for us to find out what the management is doing about the in suffivier rooms of accommodation in IMT for instance as some of the rooms that were meant to accommodation students are now being used as offices.

INCLUDE: OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

By and large, accommodation, irrespective of it s nature or shape lost ensure reasonable comfort and relaxation. To ensure thus, it must not be in capable of providing adequate rooms of accommodation and certain basic recreation facilities such as pipe borne water, library centers, etc. but unfortunately, most, if not all the higher institution of learning in Nigeria are devoid of some of these basic facilities and infrastructure.

The school, having been more advance and nationally known, created more rooms for the creation of more departments, which paved way for admission of student and recruitment of more personal.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The project will be of immense importance to the strident and authorities of tertiary institutions, especially imt as it would not only help them trace the cause and effect of accommoda5tion problem but also suggest how best to tackle them. Above all the way the researcher squarely traced and uprooted the root causes and effect before dashing out her recommendation will alert the government too quickly and precisely intervene, thus bringing the problems of poor student’s academic performance in adequate accommodation.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

Does IMT have enough accommodation space f0r his student?

Does inadequate hostel accommodation affect the student study habit?

Does lack of hostel accommodation contributes to the unnecessary exposure of IMT female student to sugar daddy and landlord?

Are students happy to be accommodation outside the two campuses?

Does accommodation problem make student of IMT spend most of their money on security accommodation else where?

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