According to a study conducted by researchers from the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research at the University of Copenhagen, it takes 24 hours for precursor fat cell to reprogram its epigenetic recipe for developing into a fat cell, this occurs when the cell is put into contact with the fatty acid palmitate or the hormone TNF-alpha. Precursor cells are cells that have not matured to undertake a specific function in the body- the function of a muscle or fat cell.

Palmitate and TNF-alpha are able to disturb the development of the cell, causing it to develop into a dysfunctional fat cell later in life. The reprogramming is found in obese patients suffering from type 2 diabetes. People are exposed to palmitate through foods that contains large amounts of saturated fat like dairy products, meat and palm oil. TNF-alpha is an inflammatory hormone that is secreted in the body during illness.

Obese patients have a higher level of TNF-alpha because obesity is linked to inflammation. Healthy diet and lifestyle are essential for metabolic health for preventing reprogramming of human precursor cells because it can reverse the abnormal programming of fat precursor cells, making them healthy and functional. Epigenetic studies have suggested that human precursor cells have a memory of past environmental exposure.

Researchers collected fat tissue from 43 planned operations. Fifteen patients were lean, 14 were obese and 14 were obese had suffered from type 2 diabetes. By collecting samples from these three groups of patients, the Researchers compared the health of the precursor fat cells between them by collecting their samples.

They discovered that cells from the group of obese patients suffering from type 2 diabetes had been reprogrammed and did not function like normal, healthy fat cells. Exposing healthy precursor fat cells to the two external factors for just 24 hours leads to mimicing the reprogramming they had observed in cells from the diabetic patients.
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