WHAT IS EXAMINATION – IN EDUCATION?
It is the consideration and evaluation of the learning process either of the student or the school system.
The word “Assessment” is used to express it. Examination can be considered in several dimensions. It is necessary to briefly state them so that we can appreciate the discussion on passing specific examinations.
(1) In Form:
Examination can be written, oral, practical and observational. It could range from watching examinees in the performance of a task to scoring short answer responses.
(2) Formal or Informal:
For example, responding to series of answers over a given period (timed) is formal. Whereas, observing someone’s behaviour – say, in Agricultural Extension Examination – may be informal.
(3) Objective, Purpose or Aim Such as
(a) to diagnose student learning difficulties – e.g. in class test.
(b) to motivate students to learn – class tests.
(c) to assess how effective teaching had been – Zonal or M.O.E. Exams.
(d) to certify achievement – types for WAEC Senior School
Certificate Examination, NABTEB, Technical and Business subjects Examination and NTI Teachers’ Certificate Examination.
(e) to select students for higher Institutions – JAMB’S UME, PCE, and NBEM’s NCEE.
(4) One-off/Terminal/End of Course or Continuous Assessment – Teachers’ Certificate Examination and old SC/GCE were one-off while WASSCE combines one-off with CASS.
(5) In terms of Locus of Control: i.e. Internal or External to the school. School/Class tests are internal; WASSCE is external.
(6) Association with Stake – High stake or Low stake – Where candidates performances have consequences – for promotion, certification, graduation & job selection. For examination, JSSE for promotion to SS Class, SSCE for certification, UME for selection/admission to higher institutions.
Youths have to face almost all of these forms or aspects of examination in their lives. It is their desire to pass or be successful not only to advance and take their places in the society, but also for esteem and respect among mates, relations etc.
But I wish to replace “Pass” with secure valid result. A valid result is one that represents the actual performance of the specific examinee. For all practical purposes it would represent the level of the candidates assimilation of the questions asked and the responses given by him in relation to the expected responses to the questions.
A valid result may reach a predetermined level for specific purposes. These would be grades of passes in achievement tests or cut-off point in selection tests. The valid result should be usable by the candidate. A result with wrong name or subjects will not be valid to the candidate.

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