AFRICAN DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION Association NIGERIA
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World Diabetes Day 2019

ADHA join the rest of the world to celebrate this special day by offering a free medical screening exercise and sensitizations to people in rural community. This was made possible by an Non-governmental Organization known as "African diabetes and Hypertension Association". The screening exercise is taking place at Rumuduru in Obiakpo L.G of River State.

On behalf of ADHA Nigeria, we have decided to educate the General Public about diabetes and what is obtainable.

Today is thursday 14th November. This is a day internationally recognized to mark diabetes, it takes place on 14th November every year.

Theme For This Year
The Family and Diabetes

Aim
The aim is to raise awareness of the impact that diabetes has on the family and support network of those affected, as well as promoting the role of the family in the management, care, prevention and education of diabetes.


*What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia due to abscence, relative deficiency of or diminished effectiveness of insulin. It can also be referred to as a long term metabolic disease that cause high blood sugar.
INSULIN- Is a protein hormone formed in the beta cell of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. It is secreted into the blood in response to a rise in concentration of blood glucose or amino acids. Insulin reduces blood glucose levels, insulin’s role in the body is to trigger cells to take up glucose so that the cells can use this energy-yielding sugar.

*Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus
425 million people have diabetes mellitus world wide, 16 million in Africa and almost 5 million in Nigeria. 2 in 4 people with diabetes mellitus are undiagnosed. It is 7th leading cause of death.

Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
A) Primary Diabetes Mellitus
B) Secondary Diabetes Mellitus
C) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

A) Primary Diabetes Mellitus is categorised as type 1 or type 2

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: It is formerly reffered to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile onset diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes accounts for about 5 to 10 percent of cases of diabetes. Most cases of type 1 diabetes develop in children or adolescents, but about 20 percent of new patients are adults.
Type 1 diabetes is usually caused by autoimmune destruction of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.There is severe deficiency or absence of insulin secretion due to destruction of beta-islet cells of pancreas. The onset is usually sudden and can be life threatening.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: This is previously known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1 diabetes, accounting for about 90 percent of all cases. Most patients with type 2 diabetes are adults, often older adults, but it can also occur in children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes mellitus could be asymptomatic and signs are found on routine investigation or a complication arises. Over 50% of type 2 diabetes is preventable.

B) Secondary Diabetes Mellitus: it is a form of diabetes that occur as result of other conditions, e.g acute or chronic pancreatitis, Cushing's syndrome

C) Gestational diabetes: is the type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and goes away after delivery. It comes along with the pregnancy. It can later develop after 5-10yrs of pregnancy.

CAUSES
Exact cause is idiopathic (unknown)

Predisposing factors:-
-sedentary lifestyle
-obesity
-genetic factors
-insulin antagonists
-viral infections
-liver disease
-a history of high blood pressure

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Individuals can experience different signs and symptoms of diabetes and sometimes there may be no signs. Some of the signs commonly experienced include:
- Excessive thirst
-Increased hunger
-Weight loss
-Frequent Urination
-Blurred vision
-Fatigue
-Weakness
-Dehydration
-Frequent infections
-Slow healing wound
-A tingling sensation or numbness in the hand or feet

Anyone with these signs and symptoms should seek medical attention. Families are urged to learn more about and take cognizance of the signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus because 90% of diabetes mellitus is type 2 which is preventable when early diagnosed. Two in four people living with diabetes mellitus are undiagnosed which worsen the state of health of such individuals.


COMPLICATIONS
Diabetic acidosis
Diabetic foot
Amputation
Diabetic retinopathy
Cataract
Kidney failure
Heart attack
Stroke

Preventive tips
DIETARY
-Eating a diet high in fresh, nutritious foods, including whole grains, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, low-fat dairy, and healthy fat sources, such as nuts.
-Avoiding high-sugar foods that provide empty calories, or calories that do not have other nutritional benefits, such as sweetened sodas, fried foods, and high-sugar desserts.
-Intake of moderate carbohydrate diet
-Intake of appropriate amount of fluids
-Reduction in consumption of unsaturated fat

PHYSICAL EXERCISE
-Engaging in at least 30 minutes exercise a day on at least 5 days of the week, such as of walking, aerobics, riding a bike, or swimming.
-Recognizing signs of low blood sugar when exercising, including dizziness, confusion, weakness, and profuse sweating.
-Weight reduction in obese people

OTHERS
-Avoid sedentary lifestyle
-Refraining from drinking excessive amounts of alcohol or keeping intake to less than one drink a day for women or two drinks a day for men.
-Do not indulge in smoking and abuse of drugs

The best preventive measure is getting tested early as over 50% of diabetes mellitus is preventable, i.e regular monitoring of glucose levels is of great benefit.

Together we can fight the menace of diabetes mellitus and put an end to the rise in it prevalence.


Courtesy of ADHA Nigeria

ADHA MEDIA COORDINATOR
(Nwankwo Paschal)

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