Obi Vs Amaechi

Tinubu can't be the president of Nigeria neither Wike

The op is either Ogundamisi or one of the tribal bigots on twitter. It's a shame they are cowards not to come out with their real identities.

TempoJames:



For real? You used FAB to stage CML? You can never be better than a pathologist. Technician! FAB is for AML and ALL. I like sharing knowledge from my reservoir. It won't take away my FMCpath. We classify CMl into chronic,Accelerated and Blast phase. It is the blast phase that is likely confused with film of leukemoid rxn. 85% patient present at d chronic phase and diagnosis using a blood film is accurate though cant be a substitute for FISH. You should pay for the knowledge I'm imparting on you.

I appreciate this insight. Thanks

TempoJames:


You see why you can never be better than a pathologist? I guess u never knew there is Acute and convalescent titre in widal test. What u technicians are taught is only the convalescent titre so it is either the patient has 1/160 or nothing. Idiots! You were never taught that u can get 1/20 as acute titre then if it rises to 1/80 after 2weeks(convalescent) then there is a 4fold rise and is significant.
Glorified technician! You ought to pay me for this lecture.
You never knew what causes most results to be upto 1/160 to1/340 is that most px present late so u catch them mostly at d convalescent(chronic) stage of typhoid. U see what differentiates a doc from a johesuite? A doctor thinks outside textbook. Outside Africa where px present early to d hospital u seldom see titre upto to 1/160....I know over here a glorified chief lab technician could be quick to rule out typhoid. Idiots!
Why px run away is that they don't like doing repeat widal when the result is below 1/160 .They go to a lab technician that tells them what they want to hear. A lab technician that will erroneous declare them negative n they go home treating stubborn malaria till they breakdown with pathognomic signs like Rosespots n intestinal perforations n run back to the hospital spreading falsehood that Nigerian doctors are quacks. The same doctor that is leading outside Africa where px follows the acumen of the doctor religiously.
E.g that result wic is 1/47 is the acute titre...if u repeat widal after 2weeks u may see 1/188 showing a 4-fold rise, if d px is actually +ve ....if its not up to 1/188 only then can u rule out typhoid. Lab technicians don't know this.
Standard practise is that u repeat widal after 2 weeks if it is not upto 1/160 n check for 4-fold rise. Boy!

Good response bro! Are you a pathologist? You are well knowledgeable!

chii8:
Same with malts?

It's mainly caffeinated drinks

Consumption of sugary beverages is alarmingly high in Nigeria. This is for learning purposes as it opens our eyes to dangers of excess intake of Coke and Pepsi . I hope Lalasticala and the health moderator will make this reach a wider audience so that they will benefit. Knowledge is power!

Sugary drink (including Coke and Pepsi) consumption is associated with an array of health conditions such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome and tooth decay. According to the Harvard School of Public Health, people who drink 1-2 cans of sugary beverages daily are 26% more likely to develop type 2 diabetes.

There are approximately 10 teaspoons of added sugar in a single can of cola. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends consuming no more than 6 teaspoons of added sugar daily, meaning drinking just one serving of cola a day could take us well above these guidelines

British pharmacist Niraj Naik shows the damage a 330 ml can of Coca-Cola can do to the body within 1 hour of consumption.

What Happens One Hour After Drinking a Can of Coke?

# First 10 minutes: According to Naik, the intense sweetness of Coca-Cola as a result of its high sugar content should make us vomit as soon as it enters the body. However, the phosphoric acid in the beverage dulls the sweetness, enabling us to keep the drink down.

# Within 20 minutes: Blood sugar levels increase dramatically, explains Naik, causing a burst of insulin. The liver then turns the high amounts of sugar circulating our body into fat.

# Within 40 minutes: The body has absorbed all of the caffeine from the Cola, causing a dilation of pupils and an increase in blood pressure. By this point, the adenosine receptors in the brain have been blocked, preventing fatigue.

# Within 45 minutes: Production of dopamine has increased – a neurotransmitter that helps control the pleasure and reward centers of the brain. The way Coca-Cola stimulates these centers is comparable to the effects of heroin, making us want another can or bottle.

# Within 60 minutes: A sugar crash will begin, causing irritability and drowsiness. In addition, the water from the Cola will have been cleared from the body via urination, along with nutrients that are important for our health.

According to Naik, this is not only applicable to Coca-Cola, but to all caffeinated fizzy drinks.

“Coke is not just high in high fructose corn syrup, but it is also packed with refined salts and caffeine. Regular consumption of these ingredients in the high quantities you find in Coke and other processed foods and drinks, can lead to higher blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes and obesity.” writes Naik on his blog The Renegade Pharmacist.

“However a small amount now and then won’t do any major harm,” he adds. “The key is moderation.”


http://www.healthmatters.cf/coke-pepsi/

What are hiccups?

Hiccups are bursts of inspiratory (breathing in) activity. The muscles we use when we take in a breath are the intercostal muscles situated between the ribs, and the diaphragm – a sheet of muscle below the lungs.

Most simple cases of hiccups come after eating or drinking too much or too quickly. The stomach, which is situated right below the diaphragm, becomes distended and irritates it. This will cause the diaphragm to contract, as it does when we breathe in.

Why do hiccups occur?

Sometimes hiccups will occur because of a disturbance to the nerve pathways from the brain to the muscles involved. This explains why hiccups may occur with temperature changes or emotional situations. It is also the reason that a sudden shock can sometimes abolish an attack.

Persistent hiccups may signify problems in the brain, spinal cord or any of the structures around the diaphragm or chest wall.

Everyone has their own pet remedy for curing hiccups. Simply holding your breath is often effective. Breathing into a paper bag, the best remedy, increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the lungs, relaxing the diaphragm and halting the spasms.

Causes of hiccups

Experts have yet to reach a definitive conclusion on what the mechanisms are that cause hiccups, or why they occur. According to studies, the following circumstances, conditions and illnesses have been associated with a higher risk of developing hiccups:

- Hot food has irritated the phrenic nerve. The phrenic nerve is near the esophagus.

- When there is gas in the stomach, which presses against the diaphragm.

- Too much food is eaten.

- Food is eaten too rapidly.

- There is a sudden change in temperature.

- Fizzy drinks are consumed.

- Some people get hiccups after eating spicy foods.

After eating dry breads.

- Many people anecdotally report hiccups after consuming alcoholic beverages.

- Some medications, such as opiates, benzodiazepines, anesthesia, corticosteroids, barbiturates, and mythyldopa are known to cause hiccups.

- Some medical conditions are linked to a higher incidence of hiccups, such as:

- Gastrointestinal conditions, including IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), a small bowel obstruction, or GERD (gastro-esophageal reflux disease).

- Respiratory conditions, such as pleurisy, pneumonia or asthma.

- Conditions which affect the CNS (central nervous system), including a traumatic brain injury, encephalitis, a brain tumor, or stroke.

- Conditions which irritate the vagus nerve, such as meningitis, pharyngitis or goitre.

- Psychological reactions, including grief, excitement, anxiety, stress, hysterical behavior, or shock.

- Conditions which affect metabolism, including hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, or diabetes.

Often, hiccups occur unexpectedly and neither the patient nor the doctor can identify their likely cause.

Possible complications of hiccups

If a patient has prolonged hiccups, complications may develop, including:

# Weight loss – in some cases the hiccups are not only long-term, but occur at short intervals, making it hard for the patient to eat properly.

# Insomnia – if the prolonged hiccups persist during the sleeping hours, the patient will find it hard to get to sleep, and/or stay asleep.

# Fatigue – people with prolonged hiccups may become exhausted, especially if they cannot sleep or eat properly.

# Communication problems – persistent hiccups may make it harder for the patient to communicate orally.

# Depression – patients with long-term hiccups have a considerably higher risk of developing clinical depression.

# Post-surgical wound healing – if the patient is hiccupping all day long, post-surgical wounds will probably take much longer to heal. Some patients may have a higher risk of developing infections, or start bleeding after surgery.

Tests for patients with prolonged hiccups

http://www.healthmatters.cf/hiccups

igbanbajo:


Just to call readers' attention to the above statistics. Please note that the risks are significantly higher in low income countries which Nigeria is part of. Note that:

a. In place of 1 infection in 1,250 exposures (0.08%) where a HIV negative female is exposed to a HIV positive male in high income countries, the risk is 1 infection in 333 exposures (0.30%) in low income countries; and

b. In place of 1 infection in 2,500 exposures (0.04%) where a HIV negative male is exposed to a HIV positive female in high income countries, the risk is 1 infection in 263 exposures (0.38%) in low income countries.

Link to full study report here
http://www.aidsmap.com/HIV-risk-levels-for-the-insertive-and-receptive-partner-in-different-types-of-sexual-intercourse/page/1443490/

The purpose of writing this rejoinder to OP & readers is strictly for enlightenment so that readers know the risks are higher in Nigeria and can choose to be more careful. I'm not positive and will not be, maa sha Allah. I make this disclosure before some under aged children trolling Nairaland arrive with their invectives.

Thanks bro for your input. When I read the above comment, I asked myself what accounted for the difference. Then I saw the additional note in your source provided :
Researchers are uncertain about how to account for the differences observed between the risks of vaginal transmission in high-income versus low-income countries. One possibility is that less accurate estimates came from low-income countries (e.g., due to the under-reporting of high-risk behaviours in the studies that took place there). However, since there are many factors affecting risk levels, they also suggest that any number of as-yet-undetermined viral, biological and genetic factors may be implicated in these differences.

.

1. Don’t skip breakfast

Breakfast is the most important meal. Skipping breakfast won’t help you lose weight. You could miss out on essential nutrients and you may end up snacking more throughout the day because you feel hungry. Breakfast kick-starts your metabolism, helping you burn calories throughout the day. It also gives you the energy you need to get things done and helps you focus at work or at school. Those are just a few reasons why it’s the most important meal of the day. Researchers have found that, on average, people who eat breakfast are thinner than those who don’t.

2. Eat regular meals

Eating at regular times during the day helps burn calories at a faster rate. It also reduces the temptation to snack on foods high in fat and sugar. Steps to Lose Weight by Eating 5-6 Times a Day

Step 1

Eat every three hours. An ideal day of eating should include breakfast, a mid-morning snack, lunch, mid-afternoon snack and dinner.

Step 2

Eat slowly. Eating five to six small meals each day helps you avoid overeating at meal times. When you approach the table ravenous, you start eating mindlessly, which leads to overeating. It takes your body about 20 minutes to signal to your brain that you are full

Step 3

Practice portion control. Your stomach is the size of your fist and a serving size should be the size of your palm.

Step 4

Maintain a balanced diet. Each meal should be made of a lean proteins, whole grains and healthy fats while snacks should be smaller portions mainly fruits and vegetables.

Step 5

Limit your sixth meal. Dessert would fall under “sixth meal;” try to limit this to only a few times a week. This should be considered a treat and not an excuse to binge.

However, a study from the University of Ottawa found that on a low-calorie diet, there was no weight loss advantage to splitting calories among six meals rather than three.


3. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables

Fruits and vegetables are low in calories and fat, and high in fibre – three essential ingredients for successful weight loss. They also contain plenty of vitamins and minerals. Don’t be afraid to load your plate with these low-carb vegetables. You can eat massive amounts of them without going over 20-50 net carbs per day.



4. Get more exercise

Being active is key to losing weight and keeping it off. As well as providing numerous health benefits, exercise can help burn off the excess calories you can’t cut through diet alone. You don’t need much to exercise to lose weight, but it is recommended.

The best option is to go to the gym 3-4 times a week. Do a warm up, lift weights, then stretch.

If you’re new to the gym, ask a trainer for some advice.

By lifting weights, you will burn a few calories and prevent your metabolism from slowing down, which is a common side effect of losing weight .

A study on low-carb diets shows that you can even gain a bit of muscle while losing significant amounts of body fat (Link).

If lifting weights is not an option for you, then doing some easier cardio workouts like running, jogging, swimming or walking will suffice.



5. Drink plenty of water

People sometimes confuse thirst with hunger. You can end up consuming extra calories when a glass of water is really what you need.

Most of the studies listed below looked at the effect of drinking one, 0.5 liter serving of water.Drinking water increases the amount of calories you burn, which is known as resting energy expenditure.

In adults, resting energy expenditure has been shown to increase by 24–30% within 10 minutes of drinking water. This lasts at least 60 minutes (Link 1, Link 2).

Supporting this, one study of overweight and obese children found a 25% increase in resting energy expenditure after drinking cold water (Link).

A study of overweight women examined the effects of increasing water intake to over 1 liter per day. They found that over a 12-month period, this resulted in an extra 2 kg of weight loss (Link).

http://www.healthmatters.cf/12-factual-weight-loss-tips/

sluk:



Who stands a greater risk of contacting the virus between man and a woman

The woman. Read the article carefully and you will see the transmission risks for men and women.

muller101:
Op is HIV positive

I'm a physician and it is my duty to enlighten people and give them hope. You could also be of help to many disadvantaged people.

Ishilove:
Despite the assurance, this is a very risky exercise.

This topic is not a mere assumption. This is backed with scientific researches which have proven overtime that this is actually real. If the measures outlined in the article are followed, the risk is almost zero.

This article is for educational purposes. Knowledge is power. You may help someone by reading this and sharing the info with him/her

What are the chances of a woman contracting HIV from her HIV positive man?

An HIV negative woman and an HIV positive man (discordant couple) can marry and conceive naturally. There are certain measures which are very important to be considered to make an HIV negative woman to remain negative.

Statistically, it is much harder to transmit HIV than to get pregnant. You will have the highest risk of pregnancy by having unprotected sex one or two days before your ovulation starts; when the ovary releases the egg. This is a 20%-30% chance. The risk of contracting HIV during vaginal penetration, for a woman, is 1 per 1,250 exposures (or 0.08 percent); for the man in that scenario, it’s 1 per 2,500 exposures (0.04 percent, which is the same as performing MouthAction). So, a woman is about 300 times more likely to get pregnant than to contract HIV from an HIV positive man.

To make this safe, your partner must have an undetectable viral load for at least 6 months. The risk then become close to zero. This is the first important step that must take place and a very necessary criterion for marriage and conception to take place. The HIV positive man must have been on Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) consistently for over six months to have achieved an undetectable viral load. This is very important as low viral load is a direct indication that the virus is undetectable in body fluids which are semen, blood and vaginal secretions. Hence, the risk of transmission is almost zero.

Then the next step is limited conception attempts during the most fertile days of your cycle. i.e when you are ovulating. Sexual activities should be tailored towards the ovulation period of the woman. A low number of conception attempts has a very low risk if the HIV positive person has an undetectable viral load. It is also still recommended that couples use condoms when the woman is not ovulating, or has become pregnant.

Therefore, limited conception attempts made during ovulation may carry a low risk if your partner’s viral load is undetectable.

Sometimes PrEP [Pre exposure Prophylaxis] and PEP [Post Exposure Prophylaxis] are used as an additional precautions. This involves taking a single dose of treatment before and after having sex.

PrEP is not likely to add much or any protection, because having an undetectable viral load is enough. It might help for psychologically if you are nervous. PrEP is very effective too.

One study followed 91 HIV serodiscordant couples, 43 were positive in male partners and 48 were positive in female partners. There were 196 unprotected vaginal intercourses, 100 natural conception and 97 newborns. There were no cases of HIV seroconversion in uninfected sexual partners. Natural conception may be an acceptable option in HIV-serodiscordant couples in resource limited settings if HIV-positive individuals have undetectable viremia on HAART, combined with HIV counseling, PrEP, PEP and timed intercourse. [1]

The PARTNER study reported zero HIV transmissions after 800 couples had sex more than 58,000 times without a condom when the positive partner had an undetectable viral load. [2]

How often should she get tested and how long does it take for the infection to be detectable?

HIV antibody tests do not work as soon as you are infected. This is because it usually takes several weeks to generate antibodies to HIV. This is called the ‘window period’. Most people generate this response within 4–6 weeks, but approximately 5% of people take up to 3 months. Very rarely it can take longer.

The result of an antibody tests therefore only tells your your HIV status three months prior to the test. This is why people are advised to re-test three months after the exposure if you test at 4-6 weeks, or to wait three months before taking an HIV test.

Taking an antibody test less than 4 weeks after exposure will not tell you very much. You need to wait until at least 4–6 weeks after the exposure. [3]

Will the baby automatically be HIV positive?

As you are HIV negative, the baby will be HIV negative. If you are HIV positive and your viral load is undetectable, the chance your baby will be HIV positive is zero.

Will my baby be at risk?

Your baby can be at risk if you become HIV positive whilst pregnant and your viral load is very high. Returning to using condoms after you become pregnant might still be a good idea, even when your partners viral load is undetectable.

A high viral load is one of the main risk factors for transmission. If viral load is detectable, there is a higher risk of catching HIV during pregnancy.

Transmission to the baby can occur at 3 stages, but only if you become HIV positive.

During pregnancy
At the time of delivery
Through breast-feeding.
However, there are interventions to reduce the risk of transmission to the baby during pregnancy and birth. These include:

Taking treatment so that viral load is undetectable by the time of delivery
Giving the baby a course of treatment for the first 4 weeks of life.
.

Is it an ignorant choice?

This is not an ignorant choice. Far more sero-different couples have children naturally than from using sperm washing. Fortunately, treatment now dramatically reduces the risk of transmitting HIV if this process is done carefully.

However, it is important that both you and your partner make an informed choice. It is recommended that you discuss your options with your doctor.


http://www.healthmatters.cf/discordant-couple-conceive/