The Boeing B767-200ER
The Boeing B767-200ER is a wide body, twin-engine jet airliner. This aircraft seats up to 250 passengers in a single class configuration and has a maximum non-stop range of 12,000km. This aircraft has intercontinental range and is best suited for long range flights of up to 12 hours 30 minutes. The Boeing 767-200ER is ideal for large corporate travel requirements, repatriation flights, airline sub-charter or disaster relief operations.

Denver International Airport’s Runway USA.
Denver International Airport’s 16R/34L runway, measuring 16,000ft long, is the longest commercial runway in North America.
It is one of six operational runways that make Denver International one of the largest airports in the world, and also one of the busiest.
Constructed at a cost of $166m, the runway was paced in just 41 days using 168,000 cubic yards of concrete.
The runway forms part of the airport’s original master plan and can accommodate new generation airplanes, including the Airbus A380.
The successful addition has won numerous awards, most notably the 2004 Project Achievement Award by the Construction Management Association of America.

Malawi Airline B737-700

Lufthansa Airbus 321-131

.

Boeing produces over FORTY 737 airplanes a month. A train arrives with the main body in the morning. They assemble one every 18 hours. Very soon, the target is to build 60 every month

Suvarnabhumi International Airports of Thailand, also know as 'Bangkok Airport' (IATA: BKK), has the world’s tallest air traffic control (ATC) tower standing 132.2m (434ft). The airport handles about 76 flights per hour and has an east runway measuring 4,000m long and 60m wide and a west runway measuring 3,700m long and 60m wide.
The controllers equipped in the tower get a 360 degree view of the 32.4km2 surface area of the airport.

THE LEARJET 60.
The Learjet 60 is a medium size, twin-engine executive jet that seats up to 6 passengers. It has a longer range and larger cabin than the Learjet 45 and is ideal for non-stop flights up to 4000 km. The Learjet 60 can climb to 43,000 feet in less than 14 minutes and can reach a cruise speed of 850 km/hour and with an impressive range it is ideal for regional travel.

Today In 1988.
A Boeing 737-297 flight departed Hilo at 13:25 HST on April 28, 1988, with six crew members and 89 passengers.
No unusual occurrences were noticed during the pre-departure inspection of the aircraft. The aircraft had previously completed 3 round-trip flights from Honolulu to Hilo, Maui, and Kauai that day but
serving the flight suffered extensive damage after an explosive decompression in flight, but was able to land safely at Kahului Airport on Maui. There was one fatality, flight attendant Clarabelle Lansing, who was ejected from the airplane.
Another 65 passengers and crew were injured. The safe landing of the aircraft, despite the substantial damage inflicted by the decompression, established Aloha Airlines Flight 243 as a significant event in the history of aviation, with far-reaching effects on aviation safety policies and procedures.

The Boeing 737's Primary Flight Display (PFD).
A primary flight display or PFD is a modern
aircraft instrument dedicated to flight information. Much like multi-function displays, primary flight displays are built around an Liquid-crystal display or CRT
display device . Representations of older six pack or "steam gauge" instruments are combined on one compact display, simplifying pilot workflow and streamlining
cockpit layouts.
Most airliners built since the 1980s — as well as many business jets and an increasing number of newer general aviation aircraft — have glass cockpits equipped with primary flight and multi-function displays (MFDs). Cirrus Aircraft was the first general aviation manufacturer to add a PFD to their already existing MFD, which they made standard on their SR-series aircraft in 2003.
Mechanical gauges have not been completely eliminated from the cockpit with the onset of the PFD; they are retained for backup purposes in the event of total electrical failure.
While the PFD does not directly use the
pitot-static system to physically display flight data, it still uses the system to make altitude, airspeed , vertical speed, and other measurements precisely using air pressure and barometric readings. An air data computer analyzes the information and displays it to the pilot in a readable format. A number of manufacturers produce PFDs, varying slightly in appearance and functionality, but the information is displayed to the pilot in a similar fashion.

– The Ultra Long Range version of the A350 XWB, MSN 216, has successfully completed its first flight. The latest variant of the best-selling A350 XWB Family will be able to fly further than any other commercial airliner and will enter service with launch operator Singapore Airlines in second half 2018.
The aircraft powered by Rolls-Royce Trent XWB engines has embarked on a short flight test programme to certify the changes over the standard A350-900 that will extend its range capability to 9,700 nautical miles. These changes include a modified fuel system that increases fuel carrying capacity by 24,000 litres, without the need for additional fuel tanks. The test phase will also measure enhanced performance from aerodynamic improvements, including extended winglets.
Congratulations to the Airbus Company

On January 25, 2010, Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409 was a scheduled international flight from Beirut to Addis Ababa. There were 82 passengers and 8 crew members onboard the Boeing 737-8AS. The flight was on an IFR flight plan as the weather conditions consists cumulonimbus clouds and thunderstorms in the area. The flight was cleared by ATC on a LATEB 1 D Standard Instrument Departure from runway 21. The ATC then changed the clearance to an immediate right turn direct Chekka. The 737 takes off from runway 21 at 2:36am. Just after takeoff the controller instructed the plane to turn right at a heading of 315° and change frequencies and contact Beirut Control. The pilots acknowledged the clearance and continued a right turn. The plane was then intrcuted to turn left at 270°, which was acknowledged. The flight continued the climbing left turn to heading 270 but didn't maintain that heading. The aircraft continued on a southerly track. Just prior to reaching 7,700 feet, the stick shaker activated, for about 29 seconds. Meanwhile, the plane reached an angle of attack of 32° and began a descent to 6,000 feet. When the stick shaker ceased, the 737 began to climb again. At 2:40am, the stick shaker activated again just before reaching 9,000 feet. After reaching 9,000 feet, the 737 then rolled to the left at 118° and begins to go in a spiral dive at a speed of 407 knots. At 2:41am, the 737 crashed into the Mediterranean Sea, 11 km southwest of Beirut Airport. All 90 people onboard were killed. This was the airline's first fatal crash since the ETH961 hijacking 14 years earlier. The probable cause was the flight crew's mismanagement of the plane's speed, altitude, headings and attitude through inconsistent flight control inputs resulting the loss of control. The pilots also failed to abide by CRM principles of mutual support and calling deviations hindered any timely intervention and correction.

The WORLD's SHORTEST COMMERCIAL FLIGHT.​

The world’s shortest commercial flight is between the two Orkney Islands, Westray and Papa Westray. These islands are just at north of Scotland. These two islands are separated by a distance of only 1.7 miles. This shortest flight is operated by Loganair Scotland's Airline.
Loganair operates this flight with one of its two Pilatus Britten-Norman BN2B-26 Islander aircraft.
The flight duration is officially TWO MINUTES, but under ideal wind condition can be completed in only 47 SECONDS. Pilot Stuart Linklater flew the short hop a record more than 12,000 times, more than any other pilot, before he retired in 2013. Linklater set the record for the fastest flight between the islands at 53 SECONDS
This flight is commonly used by teachers, doctors, policemen and school pupils, helping them to go about their daily routines with ease and simplicity.

Boeing’s new NMA to be named 797, faces challenges due to engine issues.

The issues with engines to power Boeing new mid range aircraft, to be named as Boeing 797 will delay the launch of the program. The sources close to Being said, the world’s largest plane maker is seriously pushing the envelope to launch the 797 as soon as possible so that it will not miss out the market because of Airbus’s A321neos.
According to Steven Udvar-Hazy, executive chairman of Air Lease Corp, the engine problems that GE Aviation, Pratt & Whitney and Rolls-Royce are facing would take 12-18 months before the problems are resolved and that slows down NMA development.
He further added that “We’ve been pushing Boeing very hard for two engine choices. Will we have sufficiently reliable engines by 2025-26? I don’t think so.”
Boeing announced to launch the program for 2024-25 EIS, but if it delays further Airbus will cement its A321neos in the market.
Hazy sees about 2,500 A321neos in service by the time the NMA enters service because the “The engines are a huge question mark” he said

*FAA approves Boeing 777x’s folding wing-tips design.*

Federal Aviation Administration on Friday granted approval for Boeing’s new foldable wingtips design incorporated in its latest 777 jets.
The foldable wing-tips design incorporated into Boeing 777-8 and 777-9 models, would allow the aircraft wing-tips folded during ground operations and fit into the standard-sized airport parking space.
The wing-tips folding features 235 feet wingspan to be reduced to 212 feet upon touchdown. The wing-tips folds once the aircraft touches down and a set of locking mechanisms will make it impossible for them to fold while the aircraft is airborne.
As part of approval requirements, FAA required Boeing to have several warning systems that ensures the pilots will not attempt a takeoff with wing-tips folded and have the tips are locked in the correct position.
FAA also required Boeing to ensure that wing-tips will not rotate once the aircraft is airborne.
The FAA approval came four and a half years after the plane was announced and the 777x is scheduled for its first flight in first quarter of 2019 and anticipated to enter commercial service in December 2019.

Etihad A380

Meet Judy Cameron a Canadian retired commercial airline pilot. She was the first Canadian woman pilot to fly for Air Canada, the second woman to fly for a Canadian commercial airline, the first Canadian female captain of a Boeing 767 and the first Canadian female captain of a Boeing 777.
During a summer job interviewing pilots for Transport Canada, she became interested in an aviation career. She ended her Arts studies at the University of British Columbia and drove eight hours on a motorbike across British Columbia to enrol in flight school at Selkirk College in Castlegar. She was the only woman in a class of 30 men and had little background in math or physics. When she graduated in 1975, she was Selkirk's first female graduate.
Cameron went on to work for regional airlines in Alberta, and also spent a year co-piloting a DC-3 in Inuvik, NT, where she loaded planes on her own for supply runs to oil fields in Tuktoyaktuk.
In 1978, at the age of 24, she was hired by Air Canada, becoming the airline's first female pilot. She was the first woman hired as a pilot for a major Canadian airline.
Cameron was promoted to captain in 1997 and in 2010 became the first female captain in Canada of a Boeing 777. In 2015, she was awarded the Elsie MacGill Northern Lights Award. She retired on May 24, 2015, after a 37-year career with Air Canada, in which she had achieved 23,000 flying hours.

The Boeing 367-80.
The Boeing 367-80, known simply as the Dash 80, is an American four-engine prototype aircraft built by Boeing to demonstrate the advantages of jet propulsion for commercial aviation. It served as base for the design of the KC-135 tanker and the 707 airliner. The Boeing company produced only one Boeing 367-80 which was Produced in
1954, make her First flight
July 15, 1954 and Retired
1970.

MUMBAI: An Air India (AI) aircraft that was less than two minutes from touchdown at the Mumbai airport was told by air traffic control (ATC) to pull up and do a go-around after ATC noticed that an IndiGo plane on the ground, waiting to depart, had begun moving to enter the runway.
The civil aviation regulator is investigating the incident, which occurred around 9.45pm on Tuesday, during the evening peak hour. The congested Mumbai airport handles about 950 takeoffs and landings in 24 hours, all on a single operational runway. Since May 17, a navigation aid called the Instrument Landing System (ILS), which eases the workload of air traffic controllers and pilots during landing, has remained switched off for an upgrade.

At 9.42pm on Tuesday, an Alliance Air ATR aircraft for
Bhavnagar was holding on taxiway N3, while the IndiGo A320 aircraft for Kolkata was holding on taxiway N1. Both aircraft were holding short of runway 27. Both pilots were awaiting ATC’s instruction to enter the runway for takeoff. At the same time, an AI A321 aircraft flying in from Ahmedabad was on final approach to land. ATC asked the Alliance Air commander to enter the runway, line up and wait. Pilots read back instructions given to them from ATC. “But both pilots read back the instruction, one after another,” said a source. Seconds later, ATC saw both aircraft moving to enter the runway. “ATC asked the IndiGo commander whether his A320 had left its holding point on taxiway N1.

Aircraft that go around turn left over the runway, while the one that takes off flies straight ahead. There was no question of a breach of separation,” he said. “It was a case of runway incursion. There was an aircraft on ground (IndiGo) when another came in to land (Air India) and so that aircraft was asked to go around.” An IndiGo spokesperson said, “The IndiGo flight was advised to enter runway 27 for departure. While entering the runway, the pilot saw another aircraft lining on the runway. Our pilot stopped the aircraft at the holding position. After the other aircraft took off, the Indi- Go aircraft received clearance from ATC and subsequently took off. As an airline, we rely upon ATC’s traffic advisory. In the above-mentioned situation, the IndiGo pilot did not receive any instruction relating to runway incursion.”

19 hours on a plane: Flights between Newark and Singapore to return​

NewYork: Got 18 hours
and 45 minutes?
That is the length of a new flight between Singapore and Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey. Service on what Singapore Airlines says will become the longest commercial flight in the world begins on Oct 11. The flights will be daily beginning on Oct 18.
Contrast that to the shortest regularly scheduled commercial flight, a 1 1/2-minute hop between Westray and Papa Westray, two islands north of the Scottish mainland, by Loganair.
Singapore Airlines will be the first airline to use Airbus's A350-900 ULR (for ultra long range) planes, which have extra fuel capacity, are made of a carbon fibre that is lighter than the aluminium of traditional jets and burn less fuel because they have only two engines, compared with the four on many other long-haul jets.

Just as there is an healthy rivalry between commercial aircrafts such as Boeing (that uses a control wheel as yolk) and Airbus (that use a control stick as a yolk), training aircrafts have their competition too, as regards wings configuration. I will try to post some write ups I came across. Unfortunately, I can't post the URL of the site here cos I usually get banned when I do so
.
.
.
A quick look at any general aviation airport will show you that all single engine aircraft are either high wing or low wing designs. For pilots, each design has its advantages and drawbacks.
High wing aircraft have been popular since the beginning of general aviation. This design is prominent in early Piper aircraft, most Cessnas, and many newer, light sport aircraft. It provides pilots and passengers with an unobstructed view of the ground, as well as protection from the elements when standing beneath the wing. They are also the preferred design for aircraft operating from unimproved airfields as the wing is less susceptible to damage from obstructions on the ground. Another advantage is that fuel can be fed to the engine by gravity, so a fuel pump may not be necessary.
The most significant drawback to the high wing design is its inherently restricted visibility when maneuvering. The high wing makes it difficult to see higher altitude traffic on either side of the aircraft. When turning, traffic in the direction of the turn is obscured. This problem is partially mitigated by some designs which place the cockpit ahead of the wing. Having a window above the pilot can help too. Nevertheless, when flying a high wing aircraft it will still be necessary to raise the wing to clear traffic before executing a turn, especially in the pattern. Other minor drawbacks include difficulty fueling the aircraft and the potential for head injuries when pedestrians inadvertently collide with the wing.
Low Wing aircraft are perhaps even more popular, and there are more of them currently being offered by manufacturers. Low wing aircraft are more difficult to enter, as they typically require that they pilot climb up onto the wing. This can be difficult during inclement weather. Low wing aircraft have the advantage of being easier to refuel, however they will require the use of a fuel pump to ensure proper fuel flow to the engine.
From a visibility standpoint, pilots of low wing aircraft have a better view of traffic in all directions but below. It is for this reason that collisions between a descending low wing aircraft and an ascending high wing aircraft are the most common type of mid-air accidents in the pattern.
After decades of production, the continued presence of both high wing and low wing aircraft on the marketplace is proof that neither design is superior for all purposes. Certainly those who enjoy sightseeing, aerial photography, or operation from backcountry airfields will prefer the ground visibility and terrain clearance of the high wing design. At the same time, others remain loyal to the low wing design for its in-flight visibility and easy of fueling. In many other cases, people will choose to purchase or rent a particular aircraft for features unrelated to its wing location. Regardless of which type of aircraft you fly, it is important to be aware of its designs limitations in order to ensure proper visibility and flight safety.

High wing airplanes are a lot more stable than low wing airplanes. The reason being the way air flows over the surface of the wings. For example, if an airplane sideslips to the right, that is, it rolls to the right, the resultant air flow will act on the wings from the right side. This increases local angle of attack on the wing towards the wind which increases the lift it produces. The result is the aircraft returning to level flight, with very little input from the pilot.
Other advantages are obvious. Much better visibility and very good ground clearance.
Low wings are preferred in most passenger airplanes because they have to support quite massive engines and a high wing would mean the wings has to be made a lot more stiffer. The biggest advantage here is, you can make a low wing almost as stable as a high wing. This is done by fixing the wings on the fuselage with an upward curve. These types of wings are called dihedral wings. Almost all low wing airplanes have them. When the wings are tilted up, the air flows over them from the top like a high wing. If you have a straight low wing, the air generally comes from below and if the aircraft rolls towards the wind, the effect is destabilizing as the wing away from the winds get a higher angle and a higher lift increasing the roll rate.
With the dihedral you can get the structural advantages of a low wing and the stability advantages of a high wing airplane.

They healthy rivalry between Airbus and Boeing fans, is an unending one

.

Bombardier’s first Global 7500 aircraft started arriving at the company’s Montreal facilities last month, where high-precision completion work is being carried on the jet.
The workers have been building and assembling complete interior sets including kitchens, state room beds, dining furniture and Nuage seats for multiple customer aircraft since the centre’s inauguration in 2017.
The Global 7500 aircraft is the largest and longest range business jet ever built, with the increased range of 7,700 nautical miles. The Global 7500 aircraft has also exceeded takeoff and landing performance commitments, leading to a new published takeoff distance of 5,800 feet at full fuel in standard operating conditions which is 500feet shorter than standard takeoff run
The program’s five flight test vehicles are currently active and have completed over 2,300 flight test hours.
The Bombardier plans to deliver couple of G7500 this year, 20 aircraft in 2019, and enter into full production of about 40 units per year in 2021. The aircraft list price is $75million. Photo Credit: NEWSINFLIGHT

AVIATION CORNER �​

INTERNATIONAL ​​ AIRLAWS

TOPIC : RULES ​OF AIR ( ICAO )
SUB-TOPIC ​ : LIGHTS TO BE DISPLAYED BY AEROPLANES.

In Flight.

• From sunset to sunrise or during any period which may be prescribed by the appropriate authority all aeroplanes in flight must display:

•navigation lights intended to indicate the relative path of the aeroplane to an observer.

•Other lights are not to be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken for these lights.

•anti-collision lights intended to make an aircraft’s presence conspicuous.

—> Anti-collision lights must be displayed during daylight unless they adversely affect the performance of duties or cause a harmful dazzle to an outside observer.

Navigation Lights.

•There are three navigation lights fitted to aeroplanes, one on each wing tip, and the other on the aft parts of the fin.

• A red light is displayed on the port wing tip, a green light on the starboard wing tip and a white light at the rear of the aircraft.

•The red and green lights are required to be seen from straight ahead through 110° in the horizontal plane and through 90° above and below the aeroplane in the vertical plane. The white light must be able to be seen 70° to the right and left in the horizontal plane aft of the aeroplane and throughout 90° in the vertical plane

� NEXT SUB-TOPIC:
Aeroplanes on the Movement Area

Facts about Airports, Airlines and Air Traveling.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1. All International Airline Pilots speak English.

2. Flights longer than 8 hours require 3 pilots (1 captain and 2 first officers) to rotate flying duties. Flights longer than 12 hours require 4 pilots (1 captain and 3 first officers). They usually fly 3-4 hour shifts.

3. Each airline pilot flying the aircraft, eats a different meal to minimize the risk of all pilots on board being ill.

4. The height requirement for Flight Attendant is for safety reasons, making sure that all flight attendants can reach overhead safety equipment.

5. An air traveler looses approximately 1.5 liters of water in the body during a three-hour flight.

6. The reason why the lights are turned out during takeoff and landing Is for your eyes to adjust to lower levels of light.

7. The World's largest Airline in terms of Fleet Size is American Airlines with about 1500 aircraft in their fleet

8. The largest passenger plane is the Airbus 380 - nearly 240 feet long, almost 80 feet high, and has a wingspan of more than 260 feet. The double-decker plane has a standard seating capacity of 555 passengers for Emirates airline.

9. The Internet/On-Line check-in was first used by Alaskan Airlines in 1999.

10. The largest airport on earth is Atlanta Hartsfield airport Atlanta Georgia USA

11. The airport with the longest runway in the world is Qamdo Bangda Airport in the People’s Republic of China with 5.50 kilometers in length.

12. Singapore Airlines spends about $700 million on food every year and $16 million on wine alone. First class passengers consume 20,000 bottles of alcohol every month and Singapore Airlines is the second largest buyer of Dom Perignon champagne in the world.

13. KLM of Netherlands stands for Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij (meaning Royal Dutch Airlines).

14. KLM is the worlds' oldest airline established in 1919.

15. QANTAS - Australia's national airline, originally stood for Queensland and Northern Territories Air Service.
QANTAS is the second world's oldest airline established in 1920.
QANTAS still has the world's best safety record with no crashes.

16. Virgin Atlantic lists catering as their third biggest expense, after fuel and maintenance.

17. In one year, British Airways passengers consume: 40.5 tons of chicken, 6 tons of caviar, 22 tons of smoked salmon, 557,507 boxes of chocolate and 90 thousand cases (9 liter cases) of sparkling wine.

COPIED.

Stay true to a course

The FAA will issue an Airworthiness Directive (AD) within the next two weeks that will require inspections of certain CFM56-7B engines. The directive will require an ultrasonic inspection of fan blades when they reach a certain number of takeoffs and landings. Any blades that fail the inspection will have to be replaced.

� *AVIATION CORNER* �​
*INTERNATIONAL ​​ AIRLAWS*
*TOPIC* : _RULES OF AIR ( *ICAO* )_
*SUB-TOPIC* : _GENERAL RULES_
*Protection of Persons & Property.*
•An aircraft shall not be operated in a negligent or reckless manner so as to endanger life or property.
*Minimum Heights.*
•Except for taking off and landing, or when authorised, no aircraft may be flown over congested areas (cities, towns or settlements) unless at a height which permits, in the event of an emergency, a landing to be made without hazard to persons or property on the ground.
*Cruising Levels.*
•The cruising levels at which a flight, or a portion of a flight, is to be conducted shall be defined in terms of:
• flight levels, for flights above the Transition Altitude (TA)
and
•altitudes, for flights at or below the Transition Altitude.
*Dropping and Spraying.*
•Nothing must be dropped or sprayed from an aircraft except when using a method approved by the Authority, and when cleared to do so by Air Traffic Services (ATS).
*Towing.*
•No aircraft or other object must be towed by an aircraft, except in accordance with requirements prescribed by the appropriate Authority, and when cleared to do so by Air Traffic Services (ATS).
*Note:* The combination of a flying machine and the glider it is towing is to be considered as a single aircraft under the command of the pilot-in-command of the tug aircraft.
�*TO BE CONTINUED*
� *AVIATION CORNER*

​� *AVIATION CORNER* �​

*INTERNATIONAL ​​ AIRLAWS*

*TOPIC* : _RULES ​OF AIR ( *ICAO* )_
*SUB-TOPIC* ​ : _GENERAL RULES_

*_#CONTINUATION_*

*Parachute Descents and Aerobatic Flights.*

•Neither parachute descents nor aerobatic flights are to be made except under conditions prescribed by the appropriate Authority and when cleared to do so by Air Traffic Services (ATS).

*Formation Flying.*

•Aircraft must not be flown in formation except by prearrangement among the pilots-in-command of the aircraft taking part in the flight.

_The following conditions apply:_

• The formation operates as a single aircraft with regard to navigation and position reporting.

•Separation between aircraft in the formation shall be the responsibility of the Flight Leader and the pilots-in-command.

*Prohibited Areas and Restricted Areas.*

•Aircraft must not be flown in a Prohibited Area or in a Restricted Area except in accordance with the restrictions or with the permission of the State over which territory the areas are established.


� *TO BE CONTINUED TODAY*

​� *AVIATION CORNER* �​