FRSC JOB SCREENING & PHYSICAL TEST
Pls be informed that the above will commence nationwide on 17th Sept.
2. All shortlisted applicants will be contacted thru the email they applied with by 12th Sept .
3. Details of the entire process will be out on national newspapers soon. Watch out.
4. Those that scale through the above will be invited for the JAMB computer based test in OCT .
5. Pass this information to all concerned pls.
Thank you all

KingLennon:
Terry G is very smart indeed. That boy will bring the money home when the time comes. But chelsea no dey recognise young talents. Dem go send am on loan to Newport county

Or Trabzonspor in Turkey. lol....

Durbar is for all and sundry. We celebrate together in ilorin a day after Eidul Kabir, irrespective of political affiliations.

Stop giving Saraki unsolicited ego.

Reasonable population of Kwarans are for Buhari as you can see, an emir in kwaran north (Emir of Patigi) open declared his support for Buhari's reelection few days back.

unprecedented anti-saraki rallies at every nook and cranny of kwaran. We are ready and prepared to uproot Saraki's hegemony in Kwara.

I SUPPORT KWARA REBIRTH AGENDA.

odufalut:
Life is actually unfair, at times we don't really look exactly the mirror put us... Age has nothing to do with success, but it is necessary we keep the hard work and focus straight. Morgan Freeman got his big break at the age of 52, Steve Carell got his break at 40, Virgin was launched by Richard Brandson at 39, Jack Ma started Alibaba at 35. Graduating at the age of 25 is cool, getting married at the 30 is not bad, securing a job after 30 is perfect... We all have our own time, we work according to the pace set before us, don't allow people to rush you with their time, pls, try and live a fulfilling, meaningful and purposeful life.

God bless you...

You too watched that video. Lol.

Pls, add me 08062284284.

If one is shortlisted (maybe for test or other exercises), is it an assurance that one has got the job?

please enlighten me great minds.

OK. Thanks.

Kaizer86:

Them do u Valentine's day vetting lol... Dss loves u.. stay sharp aleast Dem vett u what of folks that haven't had from Dem after exams or next stage after interview, or even people dat did documentation and wer cancelled out for one reason or the Oda during back ground checks. At least they vetted u so be patient, if u filled documentation form a.k.a employment document ur 80percnt sure just stay outa trouble

My question is, do you stand a chance of being called to camp if you didn't do documentation or not being vetted at all?

Please add me to the group: 08062284284

Rablaw:
~One good thing about Dss is that, it takes its time to appoint, recruit or employ the best!


Camp Loading........90%

~

~

Rablaw:
One good thing about Dss is that, it takes its time to appoint, recruit or employ the best!~


Camp Loading........90%

How would they determine you're the best? It is your positive response to intelligence training and drill that would determine how best or competent.

Passing aptitude test or interview are never the best yardsticks for selection.

Fmnoble:
Is it message we will be receiving or call? Please, clearify it.

sampsonrichy:
the dg of dss have fixed the date of cadet training, but the date is yet to be announced, that means any moment we will start receiving messages

Fmnoble:
Is it message we will be receiving or call? Please, clearify it.

please, respond.

Is it message we will be receiving or call? Please, clearify it.

The people of Alago tribe, Nigeria is a heterogeneous society with over 250 million ethnic groups and languages but notable among these many entities are; Hausa-Fulani in the Northern axis of the country; second is the Yoruba nation in the Western part of the country; and the enterprising Igbo in the Eastern axis of the country.

Apart from these three major ethnic groups in Nigeria, it will be absurd no too bring to fore, other wonderful tribes. On the front burner is, one of the principal ethic groups in Nasarawa State namely; Alago.

The people of Alago tribe at present, are occupying 3 Local Government Areas in Nasarawa- Obi, Keana, Doma, including Assakio (a community within Lafia Local Government).

Before the creation of the state by the then Military President, General Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida in 1996, the people of Alago were subordinately and geographically part of Plateau State.

Tracing the path of history, it is established that the Alago nation originally migrated from the defunct Jukun Kingdom (in present day Taraba State) dated back to 800 AD as they finally found their homes in Keana; Doma; Obi; and Assakio respectively.

No historical account on the people of Alago tribe will be complete without an apt reference to Akyana Adi- a titanic ancestor and leader of the Alago nation who remains their pathfinder from Jukun Kingdom to their present destinations.

Topographic Features:
Keana, Doma, Obi and Assakio (ancestral homes of the Alago folks) are characterized with both flat and rocky terrains. They are blessed with attractive and scintillating scenery. And their ever-flowing rivers are; Akyana Bgobgo; Akyana Poole and One.

Land Mass and Population:
The Alago nation rests on an expense of land estimated at about 3,762.1km² and a total population of about 219.607 at the 2006 census. Alago as a language has about 219.607 native speakers.

Religion:
The dominant religions practised by vast majority are: Islam and Christianity with an extremely population of traditional believers.

Indigenous Economic Activities:
The land is graced with industrious and hardworking men and women. But there is one phenomenal belief that farming is a reserve for men and salt business (both extraction and refining) is predominantly women’s economic venture.

Marriage:
Inter-tribal marriage is highly encouraged among the people of Alago. This is evident in the agelong peaceful co-habitation with neighbouring tribes such as; Gwandara; Eggon; Koro; Tiv and many others.



Food:
Their several palatable local delicacies made the tribe stand exceptional in the league of other tribes in the country. And one of these delicacies is, Madidi (or alternatively called Agidi)- it is porridge made with flour from corn. Madidi can be served with either Moi-moi, beans or vegetable soup.

Notable Personas:
To many people, the tribe might sound so strange and perhaps, unfamiliar. But it is pretty interesting to learn that Alago as a tribe has produced (still producing) many notable and illustrious intelligentsia who have served (and still serving) the country in different capacities, popular among them are;

1. Alhaji Ahamadu Oga Onawo (Andoma of Doma).

2. Alhaji Abdulahi Osana Hayattudeen (Emir of Keana).

3. Mike Omeri (A former Director General, National Orientation Agency).

4. Musa Elaborate (A Former Minister of State For Justice Under Olusegun Obasanjo).

5. Alhaji Aliyu Akwe Doma (A former governor of Nasarawa State).

6. Yahya Adam Major (Former Majority Leader in the State House of Assembly).

7. Hamza Elayo (Secretary to the State Government during Tanko Al-Makura’s first term).

8. Senator Suleiman Adokwe (A Serving Senator)

There are thousands of personalities of Alago extraction, but just to mention a few.

Please note that; this epochal piece is subject to correction as it might not carry the ins and outs of the Alago nation. In light of this, the piece is predicted on materials available us in the course of our research. We therefore, plead that plead that our shortcomings be waived. Thanks and happy reading.

Researcher: Ibrahim Mo’ Gambari.
Source: Mallam Abubakar Eselema.

http://www.nairaresearch.com/people-alago/

Tuntheycr7:
E sweet die
Pls can anyone recommends me a good film ?

Go and watch: Aso Rock Rat Part 1

DOING A LITERATURE REVIEW IN RESEARCH
 August 9, 2017  Ibrahim Mo' Gambari  Research Tips Edit Post
This Study Guide explains why literature reviews are needed, and how they can be conducted and reported. Related Study Guides are: Referencing and bibliographies , Avoiding plagiarism , Writing a dissertation , What is critical reading? What is critical writing? 15 CARDINAL POINT TO WRITING A FANTASTIC PHD THESIS
The focus of the Study Guide is the literature review within a dissertation or a thesis, but many of the ideas are transferable to other kinds of writing, such as an extended essay, or a report.
What is a literature review?
The ability to review, and to report on relevant literature is a key academic skill. A literature review:
situates your research focus within the context of the wider academic community in your field;
reports your critical review of the relevant literature; and
identifies a gap within that literature that your research will attempt to address.
To some extent, particularly with postgraduate research, the literature review can become a project in itself. It is an important showcase of your talents of: understanding, interpretation, analysis, clarity of thought, synthesis, and development of argument. The process of conducting and reporting your literature review can help you clarify your own thoughts about your study. It can also establish a framework within which to present and analyse the findings.
After reading your literature review, it should be clear to the reader that you have up-to-date awareness of the relevant work of others, and that the research question you are asking is relevant. However, don’t promise too much! Be wary of saying that your research will solve a problem, or that it will change practice. It would be safer and probably more realistic to say that your research will ‘address a gap’, rather than that it will ‘fill a gap’.
Why do I need a literature review?
When readers come to your assignment, dissertation, or thesis, they will not just assume that your research or analysis is a good idea; they will want to be persuaded that it is relevant and that it was worth doing. They will ask questions such as:
What research question(s) are you asking?
Why are you asking it/them?
Has anyone else done anything similar?
Is your research relevant to research/practice/theory in your field?
What is already known or understood about this topic?
How might your research add to this understanding, or challenge existing theories and beliefs?
These are questions that you will already probably be asking yourself. You will also need to be ready to answer them in a viva if you will be having one.
A critical review
It is important that your literature review is more than just a list of references with a short description of each one. The Study Guides: What is critical reading? and What is critical writing? are particularly relevant to the process of critical review. Merriam (1988:6) describes the literature review as:
‘an interpretation and synthesis of published work’.
This very short statement contains some key concepts, which are examined in the table below.
Explanation Associated critique
Published work Merriam’s statement was made in 1988, since which time there has been further extension of the concept of being ‘ published ’ within the academic context. The term now encompasses a wide range of web-based sources, in addition to the more traditional books and print journals. Increased ease of access to a wider range of published material has also increased the need for careful and clear critique of sources. Just because something is ‘published’ does not mean its quality is assured. You need to demonstrate to your reader that you are examining your sources with a critical approach, and not just believing them automatically.
Interpretation You need to be actively involved in interpreting the literature that you are reviewing, and in explaining that interpretation to the reader, rather than just listing what others have written. Your interpretation of each piece of evidence is just that: an
interpretation . Your interpretation may be self-evident to you, but it may not be to everyone else. You need to critique your own interpretation of material, and to present your rationale, so that your reader can follow your thinking.
Synthesis The term ‘ synthesis ’ refers to the bringing together of material from different sources, and the creation of an integrated whole. In this case the ‘whole’ will be your structured review of relevant work, and your coherent argument for the study that you are doing. Creating a
synthesis is, in effect, like building interpretation upon interpretation. It is essential to check that you have constructed your synthesis well, and with sufficient supporting evidence.
When to review the literature
With small-scale writing projects, the literature review is likely to be done just once; probably before the writing begins. With longer projects such as a dissertation for a Masters degree, and certainly with a PhD, the literature review process will be more extended.
There are three stages at which a review of the literature is needed:
an early review is needed to establish the context and rationale for your study and to confirm your choice of research focus/question;
as the study period gets longer, you need to make sure that you keep in touch with current, relevant research in your field, which is published during the period of your research;
as you prepare your final report or thesis, you need to relate your findings to the findings of others, and to identify their implications for theory, practice, and research. This can involve further review with perhaps a slightly different focus from that of your initial review.
This applies especially to people doing PhDs on a part-time basis, where their research might extend over six or more years. You need to be able to demonstrate that you are aware of current issues and research, and to show how your research is relevant within a changing context.

For further reading visit: www.nairaresearch.com

STUDY GUIDE: WRITING AN EXCELLENT ESSAY
 August 9, 2017  Ibrahim Mo' Gambari  Research Tips Edit Post
This Study Guide addresses the topic of essay writing ”writing an excellent essay”. The essay is used as a form of assessment in many academic disciplines, and is used in both coursework and exams. It is the most common focus for study consultations among students using Learning Development.
Other useful guide: 15 CARDINAL POINT TO WRITING A FANTASTIC PHD THESIS
A collection of Question lists is available via the Learning Development website. These lists suggest questions to ask of your writing when you are reviewing it.
Why essays?
To produce a high quality/excellent essay you need to demonstrate your ability:
to understand the precise task set by the title;
to identify, appropriate material to read;
to understand and evaluate that material;
to select the most relevant material to refer to in your excellent essay;
to construct an effective argument; and
to arrive at a well-supported conclusion.
The need to use such a wide range of academic skills is probably the main reason why the essay format is so popular with tutors as an assignment.
The word limit adds to the challenge by requiring that all of these skills be demonstrated within a relatively small number of words. Producing incisive and clear written work within a word limit is an important skill in itself, which will be useful in many aspects of life beyond university.
Feedback
Good, constructively critical feedback can give you excellent guidance on how to improve your essay writing. It is worth attending to all of the suggestions and comments you receive, and trying to act on them.
Common criticism given to students is that their essay:
does not keep to the title that was set;
has a poor structure;
is too descriptive;
does not have enough critical writing.
These criticisms highlight the three basic elements of good essay writing:
attending closely to the title;
establishing a relevant structure that will help you show the development of your argument; and
using critical writing as much as possible; with descriptive writing being used where necessary, but kept to a minimum.
These elements will be used to give a broad overall structure to this Study Guide.
Attending closely to the title
The most important starting point is to listen carefully to what the essay title is telling you.
You need to read every single word of it, and to squeeze out as much guidance you can from the title. Then you need to plan how you will respond to every single element of the title. The guidance given to you by the title is freely available, and is your best clue to what is required in your essay.
As a tutor has said (Creme and Lea, 1997 p41):
‘When my students ask me about essay writing, there are three main pieces of advice that I give them. One, answer the question. Two, answer the question. Three, answer the question.’
This is important at the start, but also throughout your writing, as it can be easy to drift away and waste valuable words from your word limit by writing material that may be interesting, but which is not relevant to the title set.
The Mini Guide: Essay terms explained , and Questions to ask about interpreting your excellent essay titles may be useful.
Brainstorming
To start you off, and to minimise the likelihood of writer’s block, a useful exercise is to do a ‘brainstorm’ of all your ideas in connection with the essay title. It can be a way of making a lot of progress quite quickly.
It can be stressful and very difficult trying to work out solely in your mind how to tackle an essay title; asking yourself questions such as: What structure should I use? What are my main points? What reading do I need to do? Have I got enough evidence? It can be much less stressful to throw all your thoughts down on paper, before you start trying to find answers to these questions.
In these early stages of your thinking you may not be sure which of your ideas you want to follow up and which you will be discarding. So, don’t feel you have to make that decision in your head before you write anything. Instead, you can catch all of your ideas, in no particular order, on a sheet or two of A4. Once they are down there it will be easier for you to start to review them critically and to see where you need to focus your reading and note taking.
Breaking it down then building it up
Essentially, this is what you are doing within the essay process: breaking ideas down, then building them up again. You need to:
break down the essay title into its component parts, and consider possible ways of addressing them;
work with these component parts, as you select your reading and make relevant notes;
build up the essay using the material you have collected; ordering it;
presenting and discussing it;
and forming it into a coherent argument.
Throughout this process, the essay title is the single immovable feature. You begin there; you end there; and everything in between needs to be placed in relation to that title.
Efficient reading
All three of the processes described above will inform your decisions about what you need to read for a particular essay. If left unplanned, the reading stage can swallow up huge amounts of time. Fortunately, there is scope for developing efficiency in several ways:
making intelligent decisions, based on your initial planning, about which sources to target, so you don’t spend time reading less relevant, or even completely irrelevant material;
reading with a purpose, so that you are looking out for particularly relevant material, rather than paying equal attention to material that is less relevant;
systematic note taking, so that you record the most relevant material, and that you have full reference details (including page numbers of direct quotes) of all material you may end up using.
While a certain level of efficiency is desirable, it is also important to remain flexible enough to identify relevant and interesting ideas that you had not anticipated.
Writing as thinking
You can use the writing process to help you think through, clarify and develop your early ideas about how you might respond to the title that has been set:
‘you may not know what you think until you have written it down’ (Creme & Lea, 1997 p115).
As with teaching, it is often not until you try to communicate an argument and its evidence that you find where the gaps are in your knowledge or argument. So don’t be afraid of writing down your ideas before they are fully formed, or in the ‘right’ order.
Writing is an active and constructive process; it is not merely a neutral recording of your thoughts. It is therefore useful to go into the writing process expecting to make revisions. The first words you write do not have to be part of the final version. Editing your writing as you develop your ideas is a positive not a negative process: the more you cross out, re-write, and re-order, the better your essay should become.
Establishing a relevant structure to support your argument
All essays need structure. The structure may be strong and clear, or it may be unobtrusive and minimal but, in a good essay, it will be there.
Underpinning the structure will be the ‘argument’ your essay is making. Again this may be strong and obvious, or it may be almost invisible, but it needs to be there. In different subject areas, and with different styles of writing, the term ‘argument’ may seem more or less relevant. However, even in those essays that appear to be highly creative, unscientific, or personal, an argument of some kind is being made.
It is the argument, and how you decide to present and back up your argument, that will influence your decision on how to structure your essay.
The essay structure is not an end in itself, but a means to an end: the end is the excellent quality of the argument.
By creating a relevant structure, you make it much easier for yourself to present an effective argument. There are several generic structures that can help you start to think about your essay structure e.g.:
chronological;
thematic;
by context;
comparative.
These can be useful starting points, but you will probably decide to work with a more complicated structure e.g.:
overall chronological structure; broken down by comparisons according to the elements of the title;
overall thematic structure; broken down by sub-themes;
overall comparative structure; broken down by context.
In addition to these macro-structures you will probably need to establish a micro-structure relating to the particular elements you need to focus on e.g.: evidence / policy / theory / practice / case studies / examples / debates.
Fluid structures
You may feel that, for your particular essay, structures like these feel too rigid. You may wish to create a more flexible or fluid structure. Perhaps a more suitable word than ‘structure’ in those cases may be ‘pattern’, or ‘impression’, or ‘atmosphere’; although these merge into the field of creative writing rather than essay writing.
An analogy could be that of symphony writing. The composers Haydn and Mozart, working in the 18th century, tended to write symphonies to fit reliably and closely within what was called ‘symphonic form’. This set out a pattern for the numbers of movements within the symphony, and for the general structure of writing within each movement. The continued popularity of their work today shows that they clearly managed to achieve plenty of interest and variety within that basic structure.
Later composers moved away from strict symphonic form. Some retained a loose link to it while others abandoned it completely, in favour of more fluid patterns. It would be rare, however, to find a symphony that was without structure or pattern of any kind; it would probably not be satisfactory either to play or to listen to. Similarly, a structure of some kind is probably essential for every essay, however revolutionary.
Your decisions on structure will be based on a combination of:
the requirements of your department;
the potential of the essay title; and
your own preferences and skills.
An iterative, not necessarily a linear process
The process of essay planning and writing does not need to be a linear process, where each stage is done only once. It is often an iterative process i.e.: a process where earlier stages are repeated when they can be revised in the light of subsequent work. A possible iterative process is:
analyse the title
brainstorm relevant ideas
read around the title, making relevant notes
prepare a first draft
analyse the title again
critically review your first draft in the light of this further analysis
read further to fill in gaps
prepare final draft
critically edit the final draft
submit the finished excellent essay.
‘Helping your readers’
This section heading is in quotes as it is also the heading of chapter 8, pages 80-92, in Barass (1982). Barass (1982 p80) makes the simple but valid statement, that:
‘By making things easy for your readers, you help yourself to convey information and ideas.’
The tutors reading and marking your essays deserve your consideration. They will be reading and marking many, many student essays. If you make your argument hard to follow, so that they need to re-read a paragraph (or more) to try to make sense of what you have written, you will cause irritation, and make their job slower. Realistically, it is possible that they may even decide not to make that effort. It is your task to present your argument in a way that your audience can follow; it is not your audience’s job to launch an investigation to detect the points you are trying to make.
Your tutors will not necessarily be looking for the perfect, revolutionary, unique, special essay; they would be very happy to read a reasonably well-planned, well-argued and well-written essay. They will not want to pull your essay to pieces. They would much rather enjoy reading it, and be satisfied by the thread of your argument. In the words of a tutor:
‘I’m looking for focus, for a voice that I feel confident with and not bored by – someone who knows the area and is going to take me round the issues in an objective, informed and interesting way.’ Stott (2001 p 37)
The introduction
A powerful introduction is invaluable. It can engage your readers, and can give them confidence that you have thought carefully about the title, and about how you are going to address it. A useful generic structure is to:
begin with a general point about the central issue;
show your understanding of the task that has been set;
show how you plan to address the title in your essay structure;
make a link to the first point.
It may be possible to use only one paragraph for your introduction, but it may fall more easily into two or more. You will need to adapt and extend this basic structure to fit with your own discipline and the precise task set. Here is an example of an introduction for an essay entitled:
Examine and compare the nature and development of the tragic figures of Macbeth and Dr Faustus in their respective plays. 
Begin with a general point
Dr Faustus and Macbeth are both plays that show their respective playwrights at the pinnacle of their careers.
Show your understanding of the task set
When comparing the nature of the two plays’ respective heroes, both parallels and contrasts can be found.
Show how you plan to address the title
In the first section of this essay, the role of the tragic hero will be considered … The second section of the essay will examine the nature … Finally, a comparison will be made of the development of the two …
Make a link to the first point
In examining the characters’ tragic qualities, a useful starting point is Aristotle’s definition of tragedy…
Although the introduction appears at the beginning of your essay, you may prefer to write it towards the end of the drafting process:
‘It is only when you have completed a piece of writing that you can introduce it to the reader.’ (Crème & Lea, 1997 p115)
Questions to ask of your introduction and conclusion may be useful.
The heart of the essay
The middle part of the essay must fulfill the promises made in your introduction, and must support your final conclusions . Failure to meet either or both of these requirements will irritate your reader, and will demonstrate a lack of self-critique and of editing.
The central part of your essay is where the structure needs to do its work, however explicit or implicit your chosen structure may be. The structure you choose needs to be one that will be most helpful to you in addressing the essay title.
The content of this central part will probably contain: ideas; explanations; evidence; relevant referencing; and relevant examples. It will be characterised by:
appropriate academic style;
interesting and engaging writing;
clarity of thought and expression,
sensible ordering of material, to support and the development of ideas and the development of argument.
Questions to ask of your essay content may be useful.
Conclusion
A powerful conclusion is a valuable tool. The aim is to leave your reader feeling that you have done a good job. A generic structure that you may find useful is:
brief recap of what you have covered in relation to the essay title;
reference to the larger issue;
evaluation of the main arguments;
highlighting the most important aspects.
The example below relates to the essay title used on the previous page.
Brief recap
The characters of Macbeth and Faustus are very similar in many respects; for example they both willingly follow a path that leads to their damnation. …
Reference to the larger issue
The differences lie in the development of the characters in what are essentially two different types of plays.
Evaluation of the main arguments
As has been shown, the character of Macbeth has a nadir from which he ascends at the conclusion of the play. This is in keeping with Aristotle’s definition of tragedy. For Faustus however, there is no such ascension. This fits with the style of the morality play: the erring Faustus must be seen to be humbled at his end for the morality to be effective…
Highlighting the most important aspects
It is this strong element of morality in Dr Faustus that ultimately divides the two leading characters.
Questions to ask of your introduction and conclusion may be useful.
Being a critical writer
After attending closely to the title; and establishing a useful structure; a third main element in the essay-writing process is the confident use of ‘critical writing’. The study guide What is critical writing? provides more extensive guidance in this area, but it is useful to present one section from that guide below:
The most characteristic features of critical writing are:
a clear and confident refusal to accept the conclusions of other writers without evaluating the arguments and evidence that they provide;
a balanced presentation of reasons why the conclusions of other writers may be accepted or may need to be treated with caution;
a clear presentation of your own evidence and argument, leading to your conclusion; and
a recognition of the limitations in your own evidence, argument, and conclusion.
With critical writing, you are doing work with the evidence you are using, by adding a level of examination and evaluation. Stott (2001 p37) proposes that, ‘Knowledge-telling is the regurgitation of knowledge in an essay. But knowledge-transfer is what’s crucial: the ability to manipulate that basic, raw material in order to make a convincing argument’. Questions to ask about your level of critical writing may be useful.
One way to practise critical writing is to make sure that you don’t leave any description to speak for itself, if it is part of your evidence and argument. If a quote or piece of data is worth including, then it’s also worth explaining why you’ve included it: ‘Do not leave your reader to work out the implications of any statement.’ (Barass 1982 p80).
Another useful tool to support critical writing is the paragraph! Aim to present one idea per paragraph. Within the paragraph you could:
introduce the idea/piece of evidence/quote/stage of argument;
present the idea/piece of evidence/quote/stage of argument;
comment on it – this is where you demonstrate your critical thinking and writing.
A different pattern would be to use a paragraph to present and describe an idea/piece of evidence/quote/stage of argument, then to use the subsequent paragraph to explain its relevance.
Editing
Finally, you need to take a break from your essay so that you can return to it with fresh eyes for the final editing.
‘Editing and proof reading are not the icing on the cake, as some people think. They are absolutely crucial because it is only at this stage that the student can see that the argument hangs together, has a sequence and is well-expressed. Editing is both difficult and important.’ (Stott, 2001 p39)
Yes, editing is important, but no it does not need to be difficult. You’ve done most of the hard work already in the reading, evaluating, and writing. Also, criticising your writing tends to be easier than creating it in the first place. The study guide: The art of editing and the sheet:
Questions to ask when editing may be useful.

For further reading visit: www.nairaresearch.com

This brief study guide:referencing and bibliographies aims to help you to understand why you should include references to the information sources that you use to underpin your writing. It explains the main principles of accurately referencing such sources in your work. (Study guide)
Why referencing?
When you are writing an essay, report, dissertation or any other form of academic writing, your own thoughts and ideas inevitably build on those of other writers, researchers or teachers. It is essential that you acknowledge your debt to the sources of data, research and ideas on which you have drawn by including references to, and full details of, these sources in your work. Referencing your work allows the reader:
to distinguish your own ideas and findings from those you have drawn from the work of others;
to follow up in more detail the ideas or facts that you have referred to.
Before you write
Whenever you read or research material for your writing, make sure that you include in your notes, or on any photocopied material, the full publication details of each relevant text that you read. These details should include:
surname(s) and initial(s) of the author(s);
the date of publication;
the title of the text;
if it is a paper, the title of the journal and volume number;
if it is a chapter of an edited book, the book’s title and editor(s)
the publisher and place of publication*;
the first and last page numbers if it is a journal article or a chapter in an edited book.
For particularly important points, or for parts of texts that you might wish to quote word for word, also include in your notes the specific page reference.
* This study guide wants you to; please note that the publisher of a book should not be confused with the printer. The publisher’s name is normally on a book’s main title page, and often on the book’s spine too.
When to use references
Your source should be acknowledged every time the point that you make, or the data or other information that you use, is substantially that of another writer and not your own. As a very rough study guide, while the introduction and the conclusions to your writing might be largely based on your own ideas, within the main body of your report, essay or dissertation, you would expect to be drawing on, and thus referencing your debt to, the work of others in each main section or paragraph. Look at the ways in which your sources use references in their own work, and for further guidance consult the companion guide Avoiding Plagiarism .
Referencing styles
There are many different referencing conventions in common use. Each department will have its own preferred format, and every journal or book editor has a set of ‘house rules’. This guide aims to explain the general principles by giving details of the two most commonly used formats, the ‘author, date’ system and footnotes or
endnotes. Format for Project Reports Once you have understood the principles common to all referencing systems you should be able to apply the specific rules set by your own department.
How to reference using the ‘author, date’ system
In the ‘author, date’ system (often referred to as the ‘Harvard’ system) very brief details of the source from which a discussion point or piece of factual information is drawn are included in the text. Full details of the source are then given in a reference list or bibliography at the end of the text. This allows the writer to fully acknowledge her/his sources, without significantly interrupting the flow of the writing.

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1. Try to establish a routine of recording bibliographic information and page numbers at the time you are using the source. You may not have the opportunity to recheck the details later after you have written your assignment.
2. Be consistent! This is one of the most important rules of referencing; make sure you apply the same format consistently throughout. STUDY GUIDE: REFERENCING AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES
3. To avoid plagiarism, ensure you can tell apart your own notes and ideas that you have thought of, from the notes you have made from other sources. An easy way to do this is to use a coloured highlighter pen.
4. You may find it helpful if you are consulting lots of sources to write reference information on individual index cards and file them alphabetically.
5. To reference less conventional sources which are not covered in this manual, follow the referencing format for the source which most resembles the one you are using, and adapt as necessary. If in doubt, speak to your tutor for guidance.
6. Check that for each in-text citation in your essay or dissertation there is a corresponding entry in the reference list, unless it is taken from an unrecoverable source.
7. Make sure that you allow yourself plenty of time for doing your references and that you proofread the reference list before you submit your assignment; unnecessary mistakes can cost you marks.
8. Look at the tutorials on the University Library website on how to manage references using the
9. Download the templates to record bibliographic information for references in the following section.
10. You can find out more about the specifics of referencing within your department from the assigned Information Librarian for your course. To ask one of the Librarians a referencing question, or to arrange an individual appointment, email.

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Since the inception of this world, the words "Money" and "Finance" have been together like non-detachable siamese twins. As a matter of fact, if God himself, the maker and originator of all things did not put his grandeur and magnificence to play, the entire creation and all the components involved would have been a herculean task for him to achieve, but since he is the source and sole owner of everything present here and hereafter and other creations that are far beyond our simple imaginative instinct. In brief, God himself understands his own mightiness and he explores it to create mankind.

Over the past years, when we look into the lives of entrepreneurial Titans like; Bill Gates of Microsoft, Warren Buffet of Berkshire Hathaway, Amancio Ortega of Zara, Carlos Slim Helu of Telmex, and Jeff Bezos of Amazon.com. The list is endless, we would realise that these set of people have set themselves aside from the crowd by achieving landmarks in their various areas of specialty applying their intellectual and entrepreneurial resources.

In addition, giving it a second thought, these great entrepreneurial giants did not hit their successes by accident, but by strictly abiding by the ever-yielding principles of wealth creation, and so they use the meagre resources available to them to make fortunes for themselves. Did you know that as you're reading this article someone elsewhere has made millions of Naira? Maybe in his office, on the street, in the company of his friends, interesting enough, it might even be in the comfort of his room. Then, why do you think your case is an exception? But the good news is, when you decide to buckle up and chart a good course (as related to your human resources) that will add financial value to your life. Only then, You will realise you are all along a billionaire too


You see, in life we have three categories of people on earth; the rich, the poor, and paupers. I would suggest you know which class of these divides you belong to. If you are rich seek ways to be richer, if you are poor put your mind to work and enjoy the result of it, and if you are a pauper learn that you are not destined to be, rather realise you are indeed a great personality, but shrouded in temporary penury.

Below are the principles laid down to aid you in achieving your financial freedom;


To continue follow this link :
Financial Salvation By Dele Abioye - http://sagevibe.com.ng/2016/11/financial-salvation-by-dele-abioye/?utm_source=WhatsApp&utm_medium=IM&utm_campaign=share button

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[http://sagevibe.com.ng/2016/10/buhari-bring-back-our-corruption-by-ibrahim-mohammed-fg/] is good,have a look at it!

My dear teacher, this note is for you. Here are the words (unspoken) that your students aren’t ready or can’t say yet. They are still true.

Take them to heart. Be encouraged. Let a smile rise to your lips. It is okay. You can feel the pride. You deserve it!

Don’t give up! Do all that you do and keep doing it well. Keep on teaching, Teacher! You are AWESOME!

One of the reasons that you are awesome is because of the difference you make for others. You change lives. You make things better. You put yourself on the line for the sake and betterment of those around you.

I am not talking about students this time. I am not talking about their families. I am not even talking about the community or society at large.

No, I am talking about us. The teachers. Those you work with. Those that you meet. Those that just hear about you.

You know what we do. We watch each other. We look and see what other teachers are doing, saying, and how they are acting and reacting. The good and the bad, we watch to see it all. We make choices based on what we see. We change what we do based on what we observe.

You know the old saying, “Great teachers beg, borrow, and steal.” Or something like that. We all do it, in some way, shape, or form. We look around to see what the other teachers are doing and make adjustments in ourselves.

I saw you, you made a note about something for your class based on what you saw or did on vacation. Thank you!

You bought some supplies with money from your own pocket because your students needed it and it was on sale. Thanks!

You went to a seminar and/or workshop while on summer break. Thank you so much!

You made time for planning even though you are not “on the clock.” Thanks, again!

You kept your teacher brain on even though school is not in session. I needed to see that. Thank you, thank you, thank you.

You do a thousand little things day by day, in school and out of school, all of the time that we all see. These things make you a great teacher, and they are making all of us better teachers.

Thank you, from the bottom of my heart. You are awesome, Teacher. Education is better because of you! Keep on doing what you do and keep on teaching!

My reflections have been some thoughts that I really feel like I should write down. Writing helps me process them and will make them real to me. I decided to write them to you because, maybe, you are going through something similar and need some similar encouragement and thoughts.

This is one of those times that I am writing to myself and letting you listen in.

Too often I let myself get wrapped up in the actions, behavior, and/or attitude of one or a small handful of students. I let this small cluster change my day and change my attitude because of these students. I let this affect how I am feeling and change my behavior, actions, and reactions towards other students and my coworkers. I let this make me feel like a failure. I let this make me feel like a bad teacher. I let this make me doubt my choices the led to becoming a teacher at all.

These feelings do not last long, but they are nonetheless real. The feelings do affect me. They really do. Even if they are short-lasted, they do take a toll on me from time to time.

I know I shouldn’t let this happen. I know that letting one or a few students make me go down this road is not productive. But it happens. Every year. At least once or twice. The cycle begins and I have to work through it.

To continue follow this link: http://sagevibe.com.ng/2016/10/teacher-you-touched-my-life-part-3/

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My name is Ibrahim Mohammed FG, my blog (www.sagevibe.com.ng) is all about articles, opinions and project works for tertiary institutions students. I live in Abuja.

In recent times, there have been several calls and unjust attacks on Nigerian youths to rediscover their abilities and giftedness in the face of current economic predicament battling the country. And one those supercritical calls was, that of our own Nobel Prize Winner, professor Oluwole Soyinka as he sarcastically stated that, ‘’Nigerian youths nowadays are dead on arrival’’. With all sincerity, I unconsciously became emotionally imbalance with this unjust verbal attack.

Without breaking a nut with sledge hammer, my honest question is; what is wrong with Nigerian Youth? Nothing, if you ask me. In as much as I was not convinced and confused by Mr. Soyinka’s position I rather frown at his harsh stance on Nigerian youth. I would not blame Wole Soyinka and Co., during their time they had every reason to excel- Kings College and University College of Ibadan were ever waiting to receive them, cars and houses were takeaways for them graduates, these days, no such privileges for us.

I am aleways of the opinion that youth should not be made to suffer an iota of vituperation like a man nursing his excruciating sore-our inability to be part of the day-to-day affairs of our fatherland is not our own creation after all, rather our insensitive politicians have subjected us to both physical and psychological angsts. The elitist class has reduced us to nothing but a political syndicate and banditry- they have turned our promising future into a field of withered rose flowers just to have their uncultured and prodigal sons and daughters push on their corrupt agenda.

The dramatic proceedings in the court of law in recent days have brought to our knowledge how Nigeria has been reduced to fathers and sons enterprise where political marauders are greedily inaugurating their heirs into the treasury-sucking brotherhood- please, do a flashback to the corruption cases of; Murtala Nyako and son; Aminu Baba Kusa and son; Attairu Bafarawa and son; Dr. Bello Haliru Muhammed and son; Bamanga Tukur and son; Ahmadu Ali and son; and Sule Lamido and sons. please, I have not mentioned the age-long Saraki’s political dynasty in Kwara State.

http://sagevibe.com.ng/2016/10/is-something-wro…h-nigerian-youth/

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