₦airaland Forum

During the military regime of PMB as Head of State (1983–1985), Muhammadu Buhari primarily fought the Maitatsine sect, a violent extremist Islamic movement operating in Northern Nigeria.The details of this confrontation and other military-era operations include:1. The Maitatsine Sect (1984–1985)Who they were: The Maitatsine were an extremist, unorthodox Islamic group founded by Mohammed Marwa (nicknamed "Maitatsine". Similar to the modern-day Boko Haram, they vehemently opposed Western education, modern technology, and the authority of the Nigerian state, declaring anyone who did not follow their ideology as non-Muslims.The Military Response: Although the founder was killed in 1980 before Buhari took power, his fanatical followers resurfaced and launched violent insurrections during Buhari's military rule.The Yola and Jimeta Crises (1984): In early 1984, the sect launched a bloody uprising in Yola and Jimeta (Adamawa State). General Buhari flew directly to the region to personally supervise a ruthless military onslaught. The Nigerian Army cordoned off the areas and systematically dismantled the group.The Gombe Uprising (1985): The sect rose again in Gombe in April 1985. Buhari's regime deployed decisive military force once more, effectively crushing the remaining organized cells of the group before his government was overthrown in August 1985.2. Chadian Border Intruders (1983)Just months before he became Head of State, while serving as the General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the 3rd Infantry Division in Jos, Buhari fought Chadian military rebels along the northern border.Following border disputes and Chadian incursions into Nigerian islands on Lake Chad, Buhari defied direct orders from civilian President Shehu Shagari to seek a peaceful resolution.He ordered his troops to pursue the Chadian forces over 50 kilometers into Chadian territory, successfully securing the northern border but severely straining civil-military relations at the time.

To understand how Northern Nigeria's security crisis reached its current state, it helps to examine two closely linked developments: the transformation of local resource conflicts into multi-million naira criminal syndicates, and the ongoing military campaigns targeting their remote forest hideouts.

Phase 1: How Resource Clashes Evolved into Modern BanditryThe transition from localized disputes to full-scale banditry occurred over several distinct stages, fueled by environmental pressures and a breakdown in local governance.Land Deprivation and Climate Change: For decades, pastoralist Fulani herders and sedentary Hausa farmers coexisted through traditional land-sharing agreements. However, severe droughts, desertification in the far north, and a booming population forced herders southward. This migration encroached on designated farming areas, sparking intense competition over diminishing land and water resources.The Breakdown of Traditional Dispute Resolution: Historically, local chiefs and elders settled these disputes through mediation and compensation. As the state government stripped traditional rulers of their local authority, these informal legal channels collapsed. Farmers began forming local vigilante groups (Yan Voluntari or Yan Sakai) to protect their lands, while herders felt increasingly marginalized and unprotected by the formal legal system.Vigilante Overreach and Escalation: The crisis escalated dramatically when untrained vigilante groups began carrying out extrajudicial killings, burning Fulani settlements, and profiling ordinary herders as criminals. In response, herder groups formed armed defense units. Seeking revenge and survival, these groups quickly morphed into offensive militias.The Proliferation of Weapons: Porous borders with the unstable Sahel region allowed an influx of cheap automatic weapons, particularly AK-47s. Once armed, these herder-turned-militia groups realized that criminality was far more lucrative than livestock rearing. They abandoned cattle herding entirely to form heavily armed, mobile syndicates dedicated to mass kidnappings for ransom, highway robberies, and village raids.

Phase 2: How Current Security Forces Tackle Forest CampsModern bandits do not live in towns; they operate out of vast, contiguous forest reserves like the Rugu, Kamuku, and Sambisa forests, which stretch across Zamfara, Katsina, Kaduna, and Niger states. Confronting them requires specialized, jungle-warfare tactics.Joint Military Tasks Forces: The Nigerian Armed Forces lead coordinated operations, such as Operation Hadarin Daji in the North-West, combining the Army, Air Force, and police units to systematically locate and dismantle deep-forest camps.Air-Led Interdictions: Because the dense forest terrain makes ground navigation highly dangerous, the Nigerian Air Force uses fighter jets and armed drones for aerial surveillance and targeted strikes. These operations are designed to destroy bandit command structures and neutralise high-profile kingpins before ground troops move in.Clearing Operations and Special Forces: Army Special Forces units launch periodic ground assaults into the heart of the forests. Their objective is to flush bandits out of their fortified positions, rescue abducted civilians, and destroy makeshift logistics bases where bandits store food, fuel, and weapons.Telecommunications Blackouts: In moments of intense offensive operations, the government occasionally shuts down mobile network towers in targeted local government areas. This tactic successfully cuts off communication between bandits in the forest and their urban informants, preventing them from coordinating counter-attacks or negotiating ransoms.Involving Local Civilian Task Forces: Recognizing that formal troops cannot be everywhere, the military heavily relies on verified local vigilantes and the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF). These locals act as vital guides, utilizing their deep knowledge of the forest pathways to help state forces navigate the terrain.

Nothing Musa no go see for gate. So slippers ba issue now. Mehn u must be outta ur damn mind

idealogical:
Don't know if this is the standard wailing and joblessness or just stupidity and boredom.

Uduma Michael - Cares @DonSolution_ wrote:


https://mobile.twitter.com/DonSolution_/status/1249934379993960448

fancyhandsome:
Former Nigerian beauty queen Jennifer Okechukwu is set to tie the knot with her heartrobb in ibite Ogugu Awgu, Enugu state.

Jennifer was crowned Face of Culture Africa 2015 and was involved in numerous humanitarian projects during her reign including feeding/empowering over 500 widows in her local community in Enugu.

Here are stunning pre wedding shoot shared by the couple ahead of their traditional marriage on 6th,January 2020.

https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2020/01/ex-beauty-queen-jennifer-okechukwu.html?m=1

Queen Jennifer. Congratulations. The first time her. We went for an event @ owerri. Event organizers were behind schedule... Chairs and table not set. The queen took off her sarge even as an invited guest, she never mind she started arranging chairs and putting tables together. Was shocked at her humility. There and there I knew she was really an example. Happiness and fruitfulness in your home my queen.

fancyhandsome:
Former Nigerian beauty queen Jennifer Okechukwu is set to tie the knot with her heartrobb in ibite Ogugu Awgu, Enugu state.

Jennifer was crowned Face of Culture Africa 2015 and was involved in numerous humanitarian projects during her reign including feeding/empowering over 500 widows in her local community in Enugu.

Here are stunning pre wedding shoot shared by the couple ahead of their traditional marriage on 6th,January 2020.

https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2020/01/ex-beauty-queen-jennifer-okechukwu.html?m=1

Queen Jennifer. Congratulations. The first time her. We went for an event @ owerri. Event organizers were behind schedule... Chairs and table not set. The queen took off her sarge even as an invited guest, she never mind she started arranging chairs and putting tables together. Was shocked at her humility. There and there I knew she was really an example. Happiness and fruitfulness in your home my queen.

NwekeUG:
IgbereTV reports that the Senator and Congressman representing New Jersey, where Sowore resides in the U.S.A., wrote a letter to Nigerian Ambassador to the United States of America, on the detention of Sowore by the DSS.

See letter below

Congress of the United States
Washington, DC 20515




November 25, 2019

Ambassador Sylvianus Adiewere Nsofor
Head of Mission
Embassy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
3519 International Court, N.W.
Washington DC. 20008

Dear Ambassador Nsofor,

We write to express strong concern about closing media and Civic space in Nigeria. There have been a number of troubling reports about Nigeria security services assaulting and detaining journalists using excessive force on non-violent protesters and taking other actions that inhibit freedom of expression, and otherwise prevent Nigerians from fully exercising their constitutional rights.

Journalists and activists such as Omoyele Sowore, Jones Abiri, Kofi Bartels, Samuel Ogundipe, and others investigating and speaking-out politically sensitive problems like corruption or insecurity have been harassed and detained, with reports that some have been tortured. In at least one instance, the Department of Security Services has ignored a court order to release a detained activist. Restrictions and deadly crackdowns on non-violent protesters since 2015 have similarly reflected a lack of apparent commitment to civic freedoms which is beginning to negatively impact the image of Nigeria's government, both home and abroad. Security forces used live ammunitions on Shiite protestors in Zaria, Kaduna State in 2015; on protestors in Onitsha, Anambra State in 2016, again on a Shiite procession in Abuja in 2018, raided the office of Daily Trust, and arrested the editor in January, 2019, and shot and killed Precious Owolabi, a journalist covering a July 2019 protest in Abuja. The crackdowns have collectively killed hundreds of Nigerian citizens and serve serve as troubling demonstration of the excessive force used by the military. The alleged perpetrators of these abuse have yet to be brought to justice.

Mr. Ambassador, Nigeria has a critical role to play in preserving peace and and stability in West Africa, and as the most popular democracy in the continent, it could serve as a shining example of how countries can best observe the rights enshrined in the African Charter on Human and People's Rights. However, failure to failure to respect the rights in the Charter and those in Nigeria's own constitution undermine your nation's ability to lead in this area. We urge you to ensure that the rights and liberties contained in the constitution are observed for all citizens, and to take strong action against further closing space for journalists, political opposition, and those in civil society. The rights of all citizens must be respected without the threat of government reprisal. We look forward to seeing progress on this critically important issue. Thank you for your attention on this urgent matter.

Sincerely,


Signed

Robert Menendez
United States Senator

Josh Gottheimer
Member of Congress


http://igberetvnews.com/1167339/u-s-congress-writes-nigeria-detention-sowore-photo/

Nigeria is a free state. US Congress cannot tell us what to do.

SalamRushdie:
Campaigns for 3rd term have started in earnest

If he would continue. We would be happy

Hofbrauhaus:
People mumu sha...

How do you mean

Muhammadu Buhari GCFR (born 17 December 1942) is a Nigerian politician currently serving as the President of Nigeria, in office since 2015. He is a retired major general in the Nigerian Army and previously served as the nation's head of state from 31 December 1983 to 27 August 1985, after taking power in a military coup d'état.
 The term Buharismis ascribed to the Buhari military government.

He unsuccessfully ran for the office of president of Nigeria in the 2003, 2007, and 2011 general elections. In December 2014, he emerged as the presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress for the March 2015 general elections. Buhari won the election, defeating the incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan. This marked the first time in the history of Nigeria that an incumbent president lost to an opposition candidate in a general election. He was sworn in on 29 May 2015. In February 2019, Buhari was re-elected President, defeating his closest rival Atiku Abubakar by over 3 million votes.[8]

Buhari has stated that he takes responsibility for anything over which he presided during his military rule, and that he cannot change the past. He has described himself as a "converted democrat".[9]

Early life

Muhammadu Buhari was born to a Fulanifamily[10] on 17 December 1942, in Daura, Katsina State, to his father Hardo Adamu, a Fulani chief, and mother Zulaihat.[1][2] He is the twenty-third child of his father. Buhari was raised by his mother, after his father died when he was about four years old.[11]

Early military career

Buhari enrolled at age 19 in the Nigerian Military Training College (NMTC) in 1962.[12]In February 1964, the college was upgraded to an officer commissioning unit of the Nigerian Army and renamed the Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA) (prior to 1964, the Nigerian government sent cadets who had completed their NMTC preliminary training to mostly Commonwealth military academies[13][14][15]for officer cadet training). From 1962 to 1963, Buhari underwent officer cadet training at Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot in England.[16]

In January 1963, at age 20, Buhari was commissioned a second lieutenant and appointed Platoon Commander of the Second Infantry Battalion in Abeokuta, Nigeria. From November 1963 to January 1964, Buhari attended the Platoon Commanders' Course at the Nigerian Military Training College, Kaduna. In 1964, he facilitated his military training by attending the Mechanical Transport Officer's Course at the Army Mechanical Transport School in Borden, United Kingdom.

From 1965 to 1967, Buhari served as commander of the Second Infantry Battalion and appointed brigade major, Second Sector, First Infantry Division, April 1967 to July 1967.

Northern counter-coup of 28 July 1966

In July 1966 Lieutenant Muhammadu Buhari was one of the participants in the "July Rematch" or so called "Counter-Coup", led by Lt-Col Murtala Muhammed, that overthrew and assassinated Nigeria's first self-appointed military Head of State General Aguiyi Ironsi, who had assumed leadership of the Nigerian government after a failed coup attempt on 15 January 1966, which overthrew the elected parliamentary government of Nigeria (also known as first republic). Other participants in the coup on 28 July 1966 included 2nd Lieutenant Sani Abacha, Lieutenant Ibrahim Babangida, Major Theophilus Danjuma, Lieutenant Ibrahim Bako among others. The coup was a reaction to the January coupwhere a group of mostly Igbo officers led by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwuoverthrew the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Many Northern soldiers were aggrieved by the murder of senior politicians, Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, northern regional premier, Ahmadu Bello, and four senior officers from northern Nigeria: Brigadier Zakariya Maimalari, Colonel Kur Mohammed, Lt-Cols Abogo Largema and James Pam.[17] The counter-coup was very bloody leading to the murder of mostly Igbo officers. Among the casualties were the first military head of state General Aguiyi Ironsiand Lt Colonel Adekunle Fajuyi, the military governor of the Western Region.

Civil war

Buhari was assigned to the 1st Division under the command of Lt. Col Mohammed Shuwa,[18] the division had temporarily moved from Kaduna to Makurdi at the onset of the Nigerian Civil War. The 1st division was divided into sectors and then battalions [19]with Shuwa assisted by sector commanders Martin Adamu and Sule Apollo who was later replaced by Theophilus Danjuma. Buhari's initial assignment was as Adjutant and Company Commander 2 battalion unit, Second Sector Infantry of the 1st Division. The 2 battalion was one of the units that participated in the first actions of the war, they started from Gakem near Afikpo and moved towards Ogoja with support from Gado Nasko's artillery squad.[20] They reached and captured Ogoja within a week with the intention of advancing through the flanks to Enugu, the rebel capital.[21] Buhari was briefly the 2 battalion's Commander and led the battalion to Afikpo to link with the 3rd Marine Commando and advance towards Enugu through Nkalagu and Abakaliki. However, before the move to Enugu, he was posted to Nsukka as Brigade Major of the 3rd Infantry Brigade under Joshua Gin who would later become battle fatigued and replaced by Isa Bukar.[22] Buhari stayed with the infantry for a few months as the Nigerian army began to adjust tactics learnt from early battle experiences. Instead of swift advances, the new tactics involved securing and holding on to the lines of communications and using captured towns as training ground to train new recruits brought in from the army depots in Abeokuta and Zaria.[22] In 1968, he was posted to the 4 Sector also called the Awka sector which was charged to take over the capture of Onitsha from Division 2. The sector's operations was within the Awka-Abagana-Onitsha region which was important to Biafran forces because it was a major source of food supply. It was in the sector that Buhari's group suffered a lot of casualties trying to protect food supplies route of the rebels along Oji River and Abagana.[23]

After the war

From 1970 to 1971, Buhari was Brigade Major/Commandant, Thirty-first Infantry Brigade. He then served as the Assistant Adjutant-General, First Infantry Division Headquarters, from 1971 to 1972. He also attended the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington, India, in 1973.[24]

From 1974 to 1975 Buhari was Acting Director of Transport and Supply at the Nigerian Army Corps of Supply and Transport Headquarters.[25]

Participation in July 1975 coup

Then Lieutenant Colonel Buhari was among a group of officers[26] (led[27] by Colonels Ibrahim Taiwo, Joseph Garba, Abdulahi Mohammed, Anthony Ochefu, Lieutenant Colonels Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Ibrahim Babangida and Alfred Aduloju) who overthrew the Head of State, General Yakubu Gowon.

Governor of North Eastern State

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From 1 August 1975 to 3 February 1976, General Murtala Mohammed, appointed Buhari as Governor of the North-Eastern State, to oversee social, economic and political improvements in the state. Buhari also briefly served as Governor of Borno state from 3 February 1976 to 15 March 1976.

On 3 February 1976, the North Eastern state was divided by the Military Government into Bauchi, Borno and Gongola states. In August 1991, Yobe state was created from Borno state, while Gongola state was split into two states, Taraba and Adamawa. In October 1996, Gombe State was created from Bauchi State.

Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources

In March 1976, the Head of State, GeneralOlusegun Obasanjo, appointed Buhari as the Federal Commissioner (position now called Minister) for Petroleum and Natural Resources. When the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation was created in 1977,[28] Buhari was also appointed as its Chairman, a position he held until 1978. During his tenure as Commissioner, 2.8 billion dollars allegedly went missing from the accounts of the NNPC in Midlands Bank in the United Kingdom. Former President Ibrahim Babangida allegedly accused Buhari of being responsible for this fraud.[29][30][31]

However, in the conclusion of the Crude Oil Sales Tribunal of Inquiry headed by Justice Ayo Irikefe to investigate allegations of 2.8 billion Dollars misappropriation from the NNPC account, the tribunal found no truth in the allegations even though it noticed some lapses in the NNPC accounts.[32]

During Buhari's tenure as the Federal Commissioner for Petroleum and Natural Resources, the government invested in pipelines and petroleum storage infrastructures. The government built about 21 petroleum storage depots all over the country from Lagos to Maidugiuri and from Calabar to Gusau; the administration constructed a pipeline network that connected Bonny terminal and the Port Harcourt refinery to the depots. Also, the administration signed the contract for the construction of a refinery in Kaduna and an oil pipeline that will connect the Escravos oil terminal to Warri Refinery and the proposed Kaduna refinery.[33]

Back in military service

From 1978 to 1979, he was Military Secretary at the Army Headquarters and was a member of the Supreme Military Council from 1978 to 1979. From 1979 to 1980, at the rank of colonel, Buhari (class of 1980) attended the US Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in the United States, and gained a Masters Degree in Strategic Studies.[3][34][35]Upon completion of the on-campus full-time resident program lasting ten months and the two-year-long, distance learning program, the United States Army War College (USAWC) college awards its graduate officers a master's degree in Strategic Studies.

Other roles include:

General Officer Commanding, 4th Infantry Division, August 1980 – January 1981[36]

General Officer Commanding, 2nd Mechanised Infantry Division, January 1981 – October 1981[37]

General Officer Commanding, 3rd Armed Division Nigerian Army, October 1981 – December 1983

Chadian military affair

In 1983, when Chadian forces invaded Nigeria in the Borno State, Buhari used the forces under his command to chase them out of the country, crossing into Chadian territory in spite of an order given by President Shagari to withdraw.[38] This 1983 Chadian military affair led to more than 100 victims and "prisoners of war".[38]

December 1983 military coup

Main article: 1983 Nigerian coup d'état

Major-General Buhari was one of the leaders of the military coup of December 1983 that overthrew the democratically elected government of President Shehu Shagari. At the time of the coup plot, Buhari was the General Officer Commanding (GOC), Third Armored Division of Jos.[39] With the successful execution of the coup by General Buhari, Tunde Idiagbon was appointed Chief of General Staff (the de facto No. 2 in the administration). The coup ended Nigeria's short-lived Second Republic, a period of multi-party democracy started in 1979. According to The New York Times, the officers who took power argued that "a flawed democracy was worse than no democracy at all". Buhari justified the military's seizure of power by castigating the civilian government as hopelessly corrupt and promptly suspended Nigeria's 1979 Constitution. Another rationale for the coup was to correct economic decline in Nigeria. Sani Abacha in the military's first broadcast after the coup linked ' an inept and corrupt leadership'[40] with general economic decline. In Buhari's New Year day speech, he too mentioned the corrupt class of the second republic but also as the cause of a general decline in morality in the society.[40]

Head of state (1983–85)

The structure of the new military leadership which was also the fifth in Nigeria since independence resembled the last military regime, the Obasanjo/Yaradua administration. The new regime established a Supreme Military Council, a Federal Executive Council and a Council of States.[41] The number of ministries was trimmed to 18 while the administration carried out a retrenchment exercise among the senior ranks of the civil service and police. It retired 17 permanent secretaries and some senior police and naval officers. In addition, the new military administration promulgated new laws to achieve its aim. These laws included the Robbery and Firearms (Special Provisions) Decree for the prosecution of armed robbery cases, the State Security (Detention of Person) Decree which gave powers to the military to detain individuals suspected of jeopardizing state security or causing economic adversity.[42] Other decrees included the Civil Service Commission and Public Offenders Decree which constituted the legal and administrative basis to conduct a purge in the civil service.[42]

Policies and initiatives

Economic policy

In order to reform the economy, as Head of State, Buhari started to rebuild the nation's social-political and economic systems, along the realities of Nigeria's austere economic conditions.[43] The rebuilding included removing or cutting back the excesses in national expenditure, obliterating or removing completely, corruption from the nation's social ethics, shifting from mainly public sector employment to self-employment. Buhari also encouraged import substitution industrialisation based to a great extent on the use of local materials.[43] However, tightening of imports led to reduction in raw materials for industries causing many industries to operate below capacity,[44]reduction of workers and in some cases business closure.[45]

Buhari broke ties with the International Monetary Fund, when the fund asked the government to devalue the naira by 60%. However, the reforms that Buhari instigated on his own were as or more rigorous as those required by the IMF.[46][47]

On 7 May 1984, Buhari announced the country's 1984 National Budget. The budget came with a series of complementary measures:

A temporary ban on recruiting federal public sector workers

Raising of Interest rates

Halting Capital Projects

Prohibition of borrowing by State governments

15 percent cut from Shagari's 1983 Budget

Realignment of import duties

Reducing the balance of payment deficit by cutting imports

It also gave priority to the importation of raw materials and spare parts that were needed for agriculture and industry.

Other economic measures by Buhari took the form of counter trade, currency change, price reduction of goods and services.

Buhari's economic policies did not earn him the legitimacy of the masses due to the rise in inflation and the use of military might to continue to push many policies blamed for the rise in food prices.[48]


TO BE CONTINUE....

Shoodboi:
That's all.

Nice write up. Cool one.

prolog3111:
So you are just a troll clickbating people to fight each other ?

Not at all. Just that the mindset of Nigerians is distorting.

Onitsha (Igbo: Ọ̀nị̀chà Mmílí[3] or just Ọ̀nị̀chà) is a city located on the eastern bank of the Niger River, in Nigeria's Anambra State. A metropolitan city, Onitsha is known for its river port and as an economic hub for commerce, industry, and education. It hosts the Onitsha Main Market, the largest market in Africa in terms of geographical size and volume of goods.

Onitsha

Ọ̀nị̀chà Mmílí
City
Onitsha is the biggest river port city in Nigeria
Onitsha is the biggest river port city in Nigeria
Onitsha is located in NigeriaOnitshaOnitsha
Onitsha in Nigeria
Coordinates: 6°10′N 6°47′E / 6.167°N 6.783°E
Country
Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria
State
Anambra State
LGA
Onitsha North, Onitsha South
Founded
1550
Government
• Obi
Igwe Nnaemeka Alfred Achebe, "Agbogidi"
Area[1]
• City
52 km2 (20 sq mi)
• Land
36.12 km2 (13.95 sq mi)
• Water
0.067 km2 (0.026 sq mi)
• Urban
1,965 km2 (759 sq mi)
• Metro
1,965 km2 (759 sq mi)
Population (2006 census)
• City
261,604
• Density
5,030.8/km2 (13,030/sq mi)
• Urban
7,425,000
• Ethnicity
Igbo >90%, Others
• Demonym
Onye Onicha (singular)

Ndi Onicha (plural) (Igbo)
Time zone
UTC+1 (WAT)
Postcode
430...[2]
Area code(s)
046
Climate
Aw
In the 2006 Nigerian census, Onitsha had an estimated city proper population of over quarter a million people, and, as of 2016, had an estimated urban population of 7,425,000.[4] The indigenous people of Onitsha are Igbo and speak the Igbo language. The Onitsha people are referred to as Ndi Onicha.

Founding and settlement
Edit

Obi of Onitsha, Alfred Achebe
Onitsha Mmili was known as Ado N'Idu by migrants who departed from the vicinity of the Kingdom of Benin near the far western portion of Igboland (near what is now Agbor), after a violent dispute with the Oba of Benin that can be tentatively dated to the early 1500s.[5] These migrants traveled eastward through what is now Western Igboland and various towns also called "Onitsha", for example Onicha-Ugbo, "farmland-Onitsha". Folklore has it that, Onitsha was founded by one of the sons of Chima, the founder of Issele-Uku kingdom in western Igboland. Chima, a prince who emigrated, settled and founded what is now known as Issele-Uku in Aniocha North Local Government Area. The eldest son of Chima eventually emigrated across the Niger River to establish the Onitsha community.

After their arrival on the east bank (Onicha-mmili, "Onitsha-on-water", see above), the community gradually became a unitary kingdom, evolving from a loosely organized group of "royal" villages to encompass "non-royal" villages comprising Igala settlers, and the native Igbos to form a more centralized entity.[6] Eze Aroli was apparently the first genuinely powerful Obi of Onitsha, the ruler of the city.[7]

Some theories on the word Onicha point to the meanings "despiser" or "arrogant"; apparently the people of Onitsha were prone to "look down" upon the people of the towns adjacent to them.[8] Onicha may be a contraction of either 'Ọnịsịlị-ncha', meaning "too headstrong [to be disciplined]"; 'Ọnyịsịlị-ncha', "too headstrong [for everyone]"; or Ani-Ocha, "the fair or white land".

Some claim that Onicha is a contraction of Igbo and Edo words, and perhaps from the word Orisha. Therefore, as a matter of verifiable fact, there are as well other communities east of the Niger River known as Onicha with differing appendages. The communities are as follows: Onicha Igboeze (Ebonyi state), Onicha Uboma (Imo state), Onicha Agu (Enugu state), Onicha Nwenkwo (Imo state), Onicha Ngwa (Abia state), Onicha Amagunze (Enugu state), etc.[9]

Modern history
Edit

The famous Niger River and Niger Bridge defines Onitsha as the gateway to the Igbo heartland.
Onitsha slowly grew to become an important trading port for the Royal Niger Company in the mid-1850s following the abolition of slavery and with the development of the steam engine when Europeans were able to move into the hinterland.

Trade in palm kernels, palm oil, and other cash crops on the coast of Bight of Biafra increased around this river port in the 19th century.

In 1857 British palm oil traders established a permanent station in the city with Christian missionaries joining them, headed by the liberated African bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther (a Yoruba recaptive) and Reverend John Taylor (an Igbo Recaptive).[10]

In 1900 Onitsha became part of a British protectorate.[11] The British colonial government and Christian missionaries penetrated most of Igboland to set up their administration, schools and churches through the river port at Onitsha.


Dennis Memorial Grammar School established by the Anglican Church Mission Society in 1925
More immigrants from the hinterland of Igboland were drawn to the emerging boom town as did the British traders who settled there in Onitsha, and coordinated the palm oil and cash crops trade.

In 1965, the Niger River Bridge was built across the Niger River to replace the ferry crossing. This has helped to grow trade routes with western Nigeria and created significant economic linkages between Onitsha and Benin City and Lagos particularly.

The Nigerian-Biafran war brought devastation to Onitsha as the city was a major theatre of war for forces entering Biafra from the western front. The subsequent oil boom years of the 1970s and early 1980s witnessed a huge influx of immigrants into the city. The result has been hastily constructed and haphazard building which has created a huge number of slums.

People and culture
Edit

The Ofala Festival held once a year is a celebration of Onitsha tradition and culture.
Onitsha traditionally consists of nine villages, otherwise known as Ebo Itenani. These are descendants of the progenitor Umuezechima comprising Isiokwe, Olosi, Umuezearoli, Okebunabo, Obikporo and Ogbeotu which claim origin from Igala in Kogi state, Awada (Ogbeozoma), Obamkpa comprising Umuasele, Iyiawu and Odoje Ndugbe and Odumegwu Gbuagu, Ubulu na Ikem, Ulutu, Ubene, Ogboli Eke, Obior and Ogbeotu. Within these groupings there are six administrative wards namely Okebunabo, Umuezearoli, Ogbeolu, Isiokwe na Ogboli Olosi, Obamkpa and Eke na Ubene.

Umuaroli Ogbendida Ogbeozoma Isiokwe
Ogboli-Eke Ogboli-Olosi Umudei Ogbembubu/Ogbeabu
Ogbeodogwu Obikporo Ogbeotu Umuasele
Odoje Umuikem Mgbelekeke Iyiawu
Obior
Onitsha operates a traditional government headed by the Obi, the titular head of the town who is assisted by Ndi Ichie, titled red cap elders or chiefs. Among these are Ndi Ichie Ume, who are the First Class Chiefs. The Ndi Ichie are classified into six, namely: Onowu Iyasele, Ajie Ukadiugwu, Odu Osodi, Onya Ozoma, Ogene Onira and Owelle Osowa, with Onowu Iyasele as the traditional Prime Minister. There are also other Ndi Ichie, who are ranked second class, known as Ndi Okwa and third class, known as Ndi Ichie Okwareze. The Ndi Ichie serve as Council of Advisers to the Obi who solicits their advice in major decisions he takes in the Kingdom.

When the ruling Obi joins his ancestors, the Onowu Iyasele takes charge until a new Obi is enthroned.

Once a year in October the kingdom of Onitsha holds the Ofala Festival which coincides with the traditional New Yam festival held in many parts of Igboland. It is a way for the people of Onitsha to keep their culture alive and it has become a major event that draws visitors from far and wide to the city.

Geography
Edit
Onitsha lies at a major east-west crossing point of the Niger River, and occupies the northernmost point of the river regularly navigable by large vessels. These factors have historically made Onitsha a major center for trade between the coastal regions and the north, as well as between eastern and western Nigeria. Onitsha possesses one of the very few road bridge crossings of the mile-wide Niger River[12][13] and plans are in place to add a second bridge near it. Today, Onitsha is a textbook example of the perils of urbanization without planning or public services.[citation needed] Rapid urbanization in recent years negatively affects natural vegetation and local landscape.[14]

Urbanization
Edit
In the early 1960s, before the Nigerian Civil War (see also Biafra), the population was officially recorded as 76,000, and the town was distinctive in a number of dimensions; the great Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe (born and raised in the contiguous town of Ogidi) characterized it as harboring an "esoteric region from which creativity sallies forth at will to manifest itself," "a zone of occult instability" (see "Onitsha Matters".


Upper Iweka, Onitsha is a major distribution point for Nigerian movies.

GRA Onitsha

the residential neighborhood of Onitsha GRA
Indeed, Onitsha has played a creative role in the transformation to urban life in Eastern Nigeria famous as the setting for Onitsha Market Literature and as one of the hubs for the financing and distribution of Nollywood films.

However, infrastructure has not kept pace with urbanization and haphazard building practices without zoning regulations has left in its wake a chaotic and congested city rife with lawlessness. The World Health Organization Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution database's 2016 update indicates that Onitsha is the most polluted city in the world.[15]

However, as Onitsha has been a symbol of urban blight, it is also becoming a poster child of modern-day urban renewal.


Federal expressway reconstructed by Governor Peter Obi of Anambra
Significant efforts have been made by the Government of Anambra State to clean up the city and improve security, including the transformation of the formerly lawless Upper Iweka business district and the expansion and fixing of the collapsed federal expressway through Onitsha.

Today, Onitsha has grown into a modern-day urban city in Anambra State with a population approaching a million.


Onitsha City Skyline
In recent times with its expansion into neighboring communities, the Onitsha people have been involved in disputes over land ownership in the surrounding area with the people of Obosi and Nkwelle ezunka.[16][17][18][19] Fegge, Woliwo, Odoakpu, Awada and 3-3 are Onitsha metropolitan areas being disputed by the communities of Obosi and Nkwelle Ezunanka, respectively.


Onitsha Skyline
Economy
Edit

Harbor Industrial Layout of Onitsha
Lying at the bridge between Eastern Nigeria and Western Nigeria, and between the densely settled Igbo hinterland and the oil-rich creeks of the Niger Delta, Onitsha is strategically positioned as a regional hub for trade and logistics in Eastern Nigeria.

As the Nigerian economy has expanded, so too has Onitsha played a central role in the trade and distribution of manufactured goods from Lagos and food produce from various northern towns to buyers from all over Eastern Nigeria and across the West African region.

Consequently, Onitsha has grown to become one of Nigeria's most significant market towns and its Main Market, one of the largest markets in West Africa, a center point where billions of naira are transacted every day.[citation needed]


Main Market, one of the largest markets in West Africa
Onitsha's role as a strategic gateway for trade and commerce continues to expand and deepen and the Anambra State government has made a conscious effort to encourage industrialization over the past few years through infrastructure renewal and directed investment.

In 2012 the state government, through a joint venture, attracted SAB Miller to invest in Onitsha Brewery, which started production in August. It was the first large-scale investment in Onitsha since Premier breweries, makers of the Premier Beer, established production in Onitsha in the early part of the 1980s. In January it was announced that upgrades to the value of $110 million would triple the output of beer and malt drinks.[20]

Other factories have sprung up in the popular Harbor Industrial Layout including Orange Drugs, a soap-making factory; Krisoral, a bottle cap manufacturing company; and PZ Cussons, Dozzy Group Of Company, Golden Oil, Hyma Foam, Olympic Packers, Pokobros, Grand Cereals, Life Breweries, Tiger Spices, Kates Associates .


Onitsha Inland Port
The Nigerian federal government's initiative to expand transportation on inland waterways is expected to benefit Onitsha. Already, a small port has been constructed on the Banks of the River Niger.

Religion and politics
Edit
The Cathedral Basilica of the Most Holy Trinity is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Onitsha. The Church Of Nigeria Anglican Communion Anglican Church has All Saints' Cathedral, the Headquarters of the Diocese on the Niger with Rt. Rev Owen Chiedozie Nwokolo the Bishop on the Niger. The Anglicans were the first missionaries in Onitsha in 1857. Later came the Catholics in 1884. It is the residence of the traditional ruler of Onitsha, the Obi of Onitsha. There is also a teacher training college for women and a famous leper colony.

Islam is practiced in the city by people from Northern and Western Nigeria. In February 2006, armed militants killed at least 24 ethnic Hausa Fulani (Muslims) and burned a few Muslim sites, including two mosques.[21][22][23] The riots were in response to riots by Muslims in the city of Maiduguri days earlier, where at least 18 Christians were killed, sparked by the cartoon controversy in Denmark.

Twin towns
Edit
Onitsha is twinned with:

United States Compton, California, United States (2010)[24]
United States Indianapolis, Indiana, United States (2017)[25]
Notable people
Edit
The Onitsha people were among the first Igbo to embrace western education, producing notable people like Bishop Alphonsus Chukwuma Onyeabo, Order of the British Empire, 1879-1954, and the main contributor to English to igbo bible. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, Owele of Onicha, Zik of Africa, and the first president of the post independent Nigeria.

Ben Enwonwu, painter and sculptor
Louis Mbanefo, lawyer and justice
Phillip Emeagwali, notable scientist in supercomputing.
Chike Obi, mathematician
Ukpabi Asika, politician
Emmanuel Ifeajuna, former army major and high jumper - first Black African to win gold at a major international sports competition
Olisa Agbakoba, lawyer and human rights activist
Henry Onyekuru, footballer
Alex Iwobi, professional footballer, Arsenal forward
Ogbuli Stephanie

TAO11:
There are two variant historical accounts of the relationship between Oko¹ (or Èkó) and Benin kingdom, which are different in a number of important respects.

¹ "Oko" is the earlier Yoruba name of the Lagos region which later came to be phono-semantically-matched into the Bini word "Èkó".

Refer to the entry "Lagos" in "Encyclopaedia Britannica"
https://www.britannica.com/place/Lagos-Nigeria


The two available accounts are the Àwórì account of the autochthonous people (a.k.a. the Lagos account), and the Bini account.

The account put forward by the OP is the Bini account, and it essentially says that Lagos Island was colonized by Benin kingdom; and that Aṣipa (the first ruler of the present dynasty) was a grandson (or son) of the then king of Benin, viz. Oba Orhogbua.

The OP has presented this Bini account on the implicit assumption that this account is the only available account, and that it is exactly identical to the account held by the autochthonous people of Lagos, viz. the Àwórì.

This implicit assumption is terribly mistaken and actually false because the Lagos account is not only different, but also different in important respects.


While the Bini account lays claim to an outright conquest of Lagos Island by the Benin kingdom; the Awori account (a.k.a. the Lagos account) describes many indecisive conflicts and skirmishes between the indigenous Awori population on one hand, and the alien non-Awori resident population on the other hand.

The non-Awori resident population comprises largely of Bini resident traders, but also includes other resident traders such as: the Ijebu, the Ilaje, the Ikale, the Owo, the Egba, the Egbado, the Aja, and the Ijaw traders.

This Awori account notes that the conflicts and skirmishes between these two groups endured and escalated so badly as to almost completely cripple trading activities, and as a result, the Benin resident population thus became so affected that it could not make its usual due remittances back home to the then Oba of Benin.


This shortage of remittances from its Benin subjects residing in faraway Lagos Island attracted the attention of the government of Benin kingdom. The intervention thus necessitated the need to find a lasting solution to the incessant conflicts between the indigenous population and the non-Awori resident population.


It was, however, eventually resolved that an ultimate settlement would involve permitting the non-Awori resident population to have some representation and hence participation in the government of the Island which had been administered theretofore solely by the Olofin and his enclave of Awori chiefs.


This arrangement, therefore, gave a platform to Asheru --- a Benin chief who had been the leader and voice for the non-Awori resident population --- to participate in the governance of the island alongside the indigenous Awori people.


But unfortunately, the new arrangement proved to be ineffective in putting a final stop to the conflicts, and Asheru was soon afterwards killed in one of the clashes that ensued in the course of time.


A certain Awori prince by the name Aṣipa who is described in same Awori account as an Isheri chief of Ife royal descent (and who shared in some of the sentiments of the resident alien population) graciously led the party that conveyed Asheru's body to Benin kingdom.


Aṣipa --- with the support of his loyalists who consist of his Awori loyalists, the Bini resident population, and most (if not all) of the other resident population --- eventually became the king of a new dynasty of kings on the Island to whom the line of Lagos Island kings till date is traced as their progenitor.


In other words, Aṣipa (a son of the soil) found favour with the alien resident population because of his gracious feats, and he therefore became the choice candidate, among the competing Awori princes, largely due to the support of his Awori loyalists, as well as the support, popularity, and influence of the Oba of Benin and the popular Bini resident population.


Aṣipa therefore, according to the Lagos account, was a Yoruba prince (rather than a Bini) to whom the line of the present Lagos Island royal dynasty is traced.

And the Bini connection, according to the Lagos account, was (rather than an outright Bini conquest) simply that the influential Benin government endorsed and backed Aṣipa (instead of another Awori candidate) in his quest to become the progenitor of a new dynasty of kings on the Island.


Refer to: S. Adebanji Akintoye, A History of the Yoruba People, Amalion Publishing, 2010, pp. 221-222.

See also: Robert S. Smith, Kingdoms of the Yoruba, First University of Wisconsin Press, 1988, pp. 73-74.

[This second reference contains an interspersed description of both the Lagos account and the Bini account.]



Conclusion:

The foregoing submission demonstrates with evidence that there is not just one account of the relationship between Lagos Island and Benin kingdom, contrary to what many think.


If I am, however, faced with the option of adopting the most logical and consistent of the two accounts (as I am now faced with), then I am inclined to upholding the Awori account, not merely for being a Yoruba myself, but for the fact that only the Awori account explains the conspicuous historical absence of the use of Edo language (alongside Yoruba language) as an official (or unofficial) court language on the Island (or in any part of Lagos for that matter) --- a phenomenon which would have been present had Benin kingdom truly "colonized" Lagos Island, and was Aṣipa truly a son (or grandson) of an Oba of Benin.


Cheers!

True talk.

nisai:
I swear that guy na olodo and mumu combine.

���

prolog3111:
So no records, just some other empty Yoruba words. Now you want to teach me my own tradition ? There is something wrong with you Yoruba. Just to make things clear. The Oba of Benin is 100% Edo. He owns the entire Benin Kingdom of which Edo state is a part. The Oba of Lagos is a vassal to the Oba of Benin and the Oba of Lagos owns Lagos. The only migrants are the Yoruba who by all available records migrated from Brazil (in which they were enslaved) and from Dahomey and from Oyo. This is being factual.

Facts

MetaPhysical:

Ok, we hear you. Thanks for your history.
We will tell Elegushi, Oniru, Onikoyi and Oluwa to return their crowns and lands to Eleko. Eleko owns the lands.

Lesson learnt is a problem solved. �

prolog3111:
Do you care to show these "records" ?
To the best of my knowledge, the earliest record of the region ever made shows the Oba of Benin already ruling over an empire called Benin Kingdom whose capital is called Benin city.

Tell him. Because he forgot that Benin has been existing.

MetaPhysical:
The defeat of Kosoko was not the act that stopped the tribute. Akitoye did not stop the payment in rebellion as you put it. These two should be corrected in your entry.

What stopped the payment was a recorded document of Treaty. That record highlighted the cesession of Lagos and its autonomy as a Crown Colony. In other words, its allegiance is signed to British Crown. This is what STOPPED the tribute to Bini. Akitoye was still in allegiance to Bini until death. His son Dosunmu signed treaty of 1861 and changed allegiance.

Yea. That's the message behind the post. Thanks for.clearity.

MetaPhysical:
......even Binis are Yorubas.

You can't say Benin are yorubas, but you can say some yorubas have Benin descendants. Some people in yoruba land and bini because it was Benin that loves to Eko not yorubas that moved to bini. So that's the way it is.

Afemai people occupy six local government areas of Edo state: Etsako West, with headquarters in Auchi, Etsako Central, Etsako East, Owan East, Owan West and Akoko Edo. These make up the Edo-North Senatorial District.

Name
Edit
The Afemai are also known as the Afenmai, Etsako, Etsakor, Iyekhee,[1] or Yekhee people. In Benin, they are also known as Ivbiosakon people.[2]

Previously the name used by British colonial administration was Kukuruku, supposedly after a battle cry "ku-ku-ruku",[3] now considered derogatory.[4]

Language
Edit
The Afenmai language is a Ghotou-Uneme-Yekhee language, belonging to the North-Central branch of Edoid languages.[1] Afemai is closely related to Edo.

Afemai has several documented dialects:

Auchi ("Yekhee"
Avainwu (Fugar)
Aviele
Ekperi
Ivhiadaobi
South Ibie (South Ivbie)
Uwepa-Uwano (Weppa Wano)
Uzanu, Anegbette, Udochi, Imiava [Uneme]
Uzairue.
Owan
Okpella/Okpekpe/ North Ibie ("Ivie"
[1]

History
Edit
Afemai is made of several kingdoms and clans (large villages/townships ruled traditionally by monarchs) and many of them seem to have their own oral history versions of the origin of Afemai as well as its own starting point in history. Historical accounts claimed that they migrated from Benin, during the tyrannical rule of Oba Ewuare, the greatest warrior legend and the most outstanding king in the history of Benin Empire.[citation needed] “The title Ewuare (Oworuare), meaning "all is well" or the trouble has ceased and as a result the war is over.[citation needed] The title symbolizes an epoch of reconciliation, reconstruction and the return of peace among the warring factions in Benin between 1435-1440 AD.

Shortly after this critical period of war, Akalaka and his two sons Ekpeye and Ogba migrated further southeast to first settle at Ula-Ubie, and subsequently other groups moved out of Benin City and migrated north.[citation needed] However, it has recently become clear that there were people living in Afemailand prior to the migration from Benin City.

Some of the most celebrated sons and daughters of Afemailand, past and present, are

Rear Admiral Mike Okhai Akhigbe Former Chief Of General Staff and Vice President
Dele Giwa Journalist and Human Rights Activist
Alfred Yarduat Director CBN
Mike Agbedor Ozekhome SAN Human Rights and Constitutional Lawyer
Inusa Oshogwemoh Polo Club
Senator Engineer Yisa Braimoh Two Time Senator
Dr Austine Obozuwa: Former lecturer Faculty of Law University of Lagos, Former Legal Adviser to the Senate President (Joseph Wayas), Two time Commissioner Bendel State, Former Member House of Representatives(Etsako Federal Constituency),
Group Captain Brai Ayonote Mni, The 1st Vice President of the African Olympic committee, The Chairman of NABA Nigerian Amateur Boxing Association and former DOPRI Director of public relations and information of the Nigerian Airforce. The Afeakhuye of Uzairue.
Michael Imoudu, a former labour union leader and founder of the Nigeria state,
Chief Julius Momo Udochi the first Nigerian ambassador to the United States,
Gen. George Agbazika Innih, one-time military governor of Bendel and Kwara States,
major-general Abdul Rahman Mamudu, former commander, Nigerian Army Signals Corps and military administrator Gongola State,
Rt Hon Sir ColonelTunde Akogun, former Sole administrator for culture and archives, also former House Leader, Federal House of Representatives
Sir Pa Hudson Arikalume Momodu, MBE, leader of the National Labour Congress Union for the Nigerian War Workers department, who received the ADC hands medal] from His Excellency on behalf of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II)
John Momoh (Chairman/CEO of Channels Television )
Comrade OSESUA LUCKY. Past Zonal Chairman PH ZONE, Present 1st Deputy CHAIRMAN PTD NUPENG.
Adams Oshiomhole, past president of the Nigeria Labour Congress and Past governor of Edo State Present Chairman ALL PROGRESSIVE CONGRESS (APC),
Sule Okponobi Director Foreign Exchange CBN
Pa Johnson Jimoh Iyere,
Raymond Aleogho Dokpesi,(chairman/CEO Africa Independent Television),
Senator Francisca Afegbua, first Nigerian female senator, elected in[5]
Chief Inu Umoru, chairman/CEO, Setraco Ltd,
Hon. Justice J. Omo-Eboh (Court of Appeal);
Prince Tony Momoh, former Minister of Information and Culture,
Commander Anthony Ikhazoboh, minister of sports and transport,
Prince Fidelis Oyogoa (SNR), acclaimed former tennis coach at Port Washington Academy, who trained the likes of John McEnroe and Peter Fleming renowned Real Estate developer,
Aret Adams GMD NNPC,
Senator Domingo Alaba Obende
Chief Prudence Ogedengbe
Ex-chief of general staff and ambassador Abdulaziz Garuba etc.[citation needed].
Major David O. Odiwo
Senator Francis Alimikhena.
Lt. Col. Abiodun Uwadia RTD. Former Senior Special Assistant to the President Special Duties
Dele Momodu journalist/publisher, businessman, philanthropist and motivational speaker.
Alhaji Sule Abu, Director of JohnHolt, The First African Man to be elected as a director.
Chief Mike Aiyegbeni Oghiadomhe was the Deputy Governor of Edo State, Nigeria from 1999 to 2007 and Chief of Staff to former Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan from 2011 to 2014.
Hon Prince Clement Agba, Environmental commissioner under Governor Oshiomole.
Rev Dr. Emmanuel A. Akpeokhai (The first trained Pharmacist in Afemai Land).
Hobbies
Edit
Most people are hunters, farmers and fishermen.

Government
Edit
The Afemais do not have a central traditional ruler, but some of the prominent traditional institutions and rulers in Afemai land are the Okumagbe of Weppa Wanno (Agenebode), Ogieneni of Uzairue (Jattu), Aidonogie of south Ibie, Otaru of Auchi, Oba of Agbede, Otaru of Igarra, Ukor of Ihievbe, Oliola of Anegbette, Okumagbe of Iuleha clan, Okuopellagbe of Okpella etc. Afemai have produced many illustrious personalities in both national and international levels.[citation needed]

Tourist attractions, which span the expanse of Afemai, are exemplified by the Ise Lake in Agenebode (Weppa Wanno clan) Etsakor East, the Ososo hills (featured in an edition of Gulder Ultimate search), the famous Kukuruku hills and the Somorika hills in Akoko Edo.[citation needed] Somorika hills consist of an extended expanse of hills crowned by massive boulders perched precariously on the summits of hills and alongside seemingly inadequate locations on the sides.

Some of the most important towns/clans in Afemai land are Agenebode(Weppa-Wanno), Weppa, Oshiolo, Emokwemhe Iviagbapue, Auchi, Ihievbe, Afuze, Anegbette, Warrake, Iviukwe, South Ibie, Agbede, Sabongida Ora, Igarra, Ekperi, Jattu, Fugar, Aviele, Okpella, Uneme Ehrunrun, Uneme Osu, Iviukhua, Ososo, Uzanu, Uzebba, Iviukhua, Weppa, Okpella, Okpekpe, Somorika etc.[citation needed]

The autonomous clans, towns, villages and kingdoms in Afemai land are currently administratively arranged as follows under the current six local government areas:

Etsako East LGA, Agenebode:
Agenebode, Oshiolo, Iviagbapue, Imiakebu, Afana, Imiegba, Itsukwi, Emokweme, Ekwothor, Iviukhua, Okpella, Okpekpe, Iviebua, Ibie, Weppa, Uzanu City
Etsako Central LGA, Fugar:
Fugar, Ekperi, Ogbona, Anegbette, Udochi
Estako West LGA, Auchi:
Auchi, South Ibie, Agbede, Awain Community( Ewora, Eware, Ibvioba, Ama, Idegun, etc.) Jattu, Afashio, Ayogwiri, Aviele, Iyorah,Ikabigbo,Afowa,Irekpai,Ugbenor,Idato,
Owan East LGA, Afuze
Afuze, Warrake, Igue, Ihievbe, Ikao, Ivbi-Mion, Ive-Ada-Obi, Otuo and Uokha
Owan West LGA, Sabongida Ora:
Sabongida Ora, Iuleha Clan
Akoko Edo LGA, Igarra:
Igarra, Ibillo, Uneme Osu, Uneme Ehrunrun, Ososo, Somorika,
Aviawun (Iviawu) is one of the popular clans in Afemai. It comprises 1 Unone 2 Arua 3 Ogbona 4 Iriakhor

Awun is the father of Unone Arua Ogbona Iriakhor and Awun migrated from Benin Kingdom and settle in the present Fugar. Unone and Arua make up the present Fugar.

BUTTERMILKSUGAR:
History belongs to no one. History is just a story...
Once you die that's it. you mean the Oba of Benin failed in his duty to protect a protectorate that pledged allegiance to it. What was he looking at when Lagos was being bombarded by the "white enemy"? When the Oba of Lagos stopped remitting tributes why didn't the Oba of Benin send his entourage to go and fight him and depose him from the throne?

This is a clear case of democracy. Given the people their land back and also making them a sovereign state. If you read through very well. You would see that the Land didn't belong to the bini but they were only paying tribute to the oba of Benin because of his capacity to conquer and one who refused. Moreover the lineage of the obas of Lagos still is still from the bini monarch.

BUTTERMILKSUGAR:
History belongs to no one. History is just a story...
Once you die that's it. you mean the Oba of Benin failed in his duty to protect a protectorate that pledged allegiance to it. What was he looking at when Lagos was being bombarded by the "white enemy"? When the Oba of Lagos stopped remitting tributes why didn't the Oba of Benin send his entourage to go and fight him and depose him from the throne?

This is a clear case of democracy. Given the people their land back and also making them a sovereign state. Of you read through very well. You would see that the Land didn't belong to the bini but they were only paying tribute to the oba of Benin because of his capacity to conquer and one who refused. Moreover the lineage of the obas of Lagos still is the son of the bini monarch.

sagitariusbaby:
Waiting for the complete story

Ok noted.

macof:
People of Lagos know their roots. Thank you for your concern.

Those who are descended from Bini know themselves,
Those who are descended from Ife who own the lands know themselves
Those descended from Ekiti, Oyo and other parts of yorubaland know themselves

One thing is certain, no matter the case, native Lagosians are yoruba

That's your thinking. But trust me. We are not far fetched. Be is yoruba. We should also know that we should not misplace our roots.

leofab:
B

i

YourNemesis:
What’s your point sir?

my point is that. We need to know our root. It defines our future.

The name Warri province was once applicable to the part of an area now called Delta Stateunder the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. Its boundary in the Northeast was Sapele/Udu creek near Ughelli and Aboh, with Forçados River in the Southeast and Jameson Creek in the Southwest which later changed to Delta Province. Warri city is one of the major hubs of petroleum activities and businesses in the southern Nigeria. It is a commercial capital city of Delta State, with a population of over 311,970 people according to the national population census figures for 2006. The city is one of cosmopolitan cities in southern Nigeria comprising originally of Urhobo, Itsekiri and Ijaw people. Warri is predominantly Christian with mixture of African traditional religions like most of the Southern Nigeria. The city is known nationwide for its unique Pidgin English.

Warri was once a provincial capital to British rule. The Lagos and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria was formally united as Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria on 28 February 1906 and Walter Egerton was appointed as the Governor of new Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria, holding office until 1912. In the new Southern Nigeria, the old Lagos Colony became the Western Province, and the former Southern Nigerian Protectorate was split into a Central Province with capital at Warri and an Eastern Province with capital at Calabar.

Warri sits on the bank of River Warri which joined River Forcados and River Escravos through Jones Creek in the lower Niger Delta Region. The city has a modern seaport which serves as the cargo transit point between the Niger River and the Atlantic Ocean for import and export. The city's history dates back to the 15th century, when it was visited by Portuguese missionaries. Subsequently, it served as the base for Portuguese and Dutch slave traders. Warri became a more important port city during the late 19th century, when it became a centre for the palm oil trade and other major items such as rubber, palm products, cocoa, groundnuts, hides, and skins. Warri was then established as a provincial headquarters by the British in the early 20th century.There have been a tremendous growth in the population; it has grown from being a rural area to an urban area.

Warri is regarded as a modern metropolitan area with expanded infrastructural development in other local government areas such as Uvwie, Udu, and Okpe in recent years, with various road networks linking these places into one. Each of these areas has its own administrative structure. Warri City is residence to four monarchs namely the Olu of itsekiri (Itsekiri), Orosuen (Ovie) of the Okere-Urhobo Kingdom (Urhobo), the Ovie of Agbarha Kingdom (Urhobo) and the Pere of Ogbe Ijaw Kingdom (Ijaw).

The major people in Warri comprise the Urhobos, Ijaws and Itsekiris. However, due to its urban status, there is a large influx of people from all over the country, most notably the Igbos.

History has been taken from us. There is problem.in the Land.

Africans Must Wake Up.

All Obas of Lagos trace their lineage to Ashipa,a war captain of the Oba of Benin. Ashipa was rewarded with title of Oloriogun (or War leader) and received the Oba of Benin's sanction to govern Lagos. Some Benin accounts of history have the Ashipa as son or grandson of the Oba of Benin. Other accounts note that Ashipa is a Yorubacorruption of the Benin name Aisika-hienbore(translated "we shall not desert this place".

Ashipa received a sword and royal drum as symbols of his authority from the Oba of Benin on his mission to Lagos. Additionally, the Oba of Benin deployed a group of Benin officers charged with preserving Benin's interests in Lagos. These officers, led by Eletu Odibo, were the initial members of the Akarigbere class of Lagos White Cap Chiefs.

Prior to the arrival of the British, the Oba of Benin had "the undisputed right to crown or confirm the individual whom the people of Lagos elect[ed] to be their King".

The defeat of Oba Kosoko by British forces on December 28, 1851, in what is now known as the Bombardment of Lagos or Reduction of Lagos, or locally as Ogun Ahoyaya or Ogun Agidingbi (after boiling cannons), put an end to Lagos' s former allegiance to the Oba of Benin.

Kosoko was therefore the last Oba of Lagos to remit annual tributes from the people of Lagos to the Oba of Benin. Oba Akitoye, who was re-installed to the throne by the British, "seized the opportunity of his restoration under British protection to repudiate his former allegiance" to Benin and rebuffed subsequent tribute requests from the Oba of Benin.

Previous rulers of Lagos have used the titles of Ologun (derived from Oloriogun), Eleko and, most recently, Oba of Lagos.

The current Oba of Lagos, His Highness Oba Rilwan Akiolu, has served in the position since May 2003.

Welcome development. There will be less traffic and gridlock. I just pray the wicked ones don't destroy what is building. T

This is what is recommended. This will serve as warning to hoodlums that Nigerians no more wait for police. It's war against indiscipline