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Battery Sulfation

Causes of battery sulfation:

.Batteries sit too long between charges. As little as 24 hours in hot weather and several days in cooler weather.
.Battery is stored without some type of energy input.
.Undercharging of a battery to only 90% of capacity will allow sulfation of the battery using the 10% of battery chemistry not reactivated by not completing the charging cycle.
.Low electrolyte level - battery plates exposed to air will immediately sulfate.
Incorrect charging levels and settings. Rolls recommends a 3-phase charge cycle (Bulk, Absorption & Float). See State of Charge & charging information.
.The longer a battery sits and is not re-charged the more damaging sulfation build up there may be on the plates.

Studies have noted that nearly half of the L-16 battery capacity can be lost if the regulation voltage is too low and the time between finish-charges is too long.

In normal use, battery plates are getting sulfated all the time. When a battery is being discharged the lead active material on the plates will react with the sulfate from the electrolyte forming a lead sulfate on the plates. When there is no lead active material and or sulfate from the electrolyte remaining the battery then is completely discharged. After a battery reaches this state, it must be recharged. During recharge, the lead sulfate is reconverted into lead active material and the sulfate returned to the electrolyte.

When the sulfate is removed from the electrolyte the specific gravity is reduced and the reverse takes place when the sulfate is returned to the electrolyte. This is why the state of charge can be determined with the use of a hydrometer.
If a battery is left standing in a discharged condition the lead sulfate will become hard and have a high electrical resistance. This is what is normally called a sulfated battery. The lead sulfate may become so hard that normal recharging will not break it down. Most charging sources, engine alternators and battery chargers, are voltage regulated. Their charging current is controlled by the battery's state of charge. During charging, battery voltage rises until it meets the charger's regulated voltage, lowering the current output along the way.

When hard sulfate is present, the battery shows a false voltage, higher than it's true voltage, fooling the voltage regulator into thinking that the battery is fully charged. This causes the charger to prematurely lower it's current output, leaving the battery discharged. Charging at a higher than normal voltage and low current may be necessary to break down the hardened sulfate.

Hardened sulfate also forms in a battery that is constantly being cycled in the middle of its capacity range (somewhere between 80% charged and 80% discharged), and is never recharged to 100%. Over time, a portion of the plate's active materials turns into hard sulfate. If the battery is continually cycled in this manner, it will lose more and more of its capacity until it no longer has enough capacity to perform the task for which it was intended. An equalizing charge, applied routinely every three to four weeks, should prevent the sulfate from hardening.

In both cases, the fact that the battery "won't take a charge" is a result of improper charging procedures which allowed the sulfate to harden. In most instances, it is possible to salvage a battery with hardened sulfate. The battery should be charged from an outside source at 2.6 to 2.7 - volts per cell and a low current rate (approximately 5 Amps for small batteries and 10-Amps for larger ones) until the specific gravity of the electrolyte starts to rise. (This indicates that the sulfate is breaking down.) Be careful not to let the internal temperature of the battery rise above 125° F. If it does, turn the charger off and let the battery cool. Then, continue charging until each cell in the battery is brought up to full charge (nominal 1.265 specific gravity or higher).This time needed to complete this recharge depends on how long the battery has been discharged and how hard the sulfate has become.

The next time your batteries don't seem to be taking or holding a charge, check the specific gravity with a hydrometer. If all cells are low even after a long time on charge, chances are you've got some hardened sulfate that has accumulated on the plates. By following the instructions outlined above, the problem may be corrected.

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AjanleKoko: Sounds like you're more of a businessman than an engineer
Which is a good thing. You can pursue a career as a project manager/engineer, and focus on cost engineering

Thanks mr ajanlekoko for your response.u have just adviced me to pursue a career in project managent nd focus on cost engineering.please can you share with me on how to go about this effevtively.thank u

@ ajaniekoko sir I came across this thread today and I was happy I did cos I've always needed sm1 I cld share sm info with.am a graduate of EEE,graduated in 2010, I did both my IT nd NYSC in the maintenance department of NNPC,which I dealt more with changing of lighting fittings nd some few jobs on electrical motors.I didn't really enjoy my stay because d plants where not functional den. After service I got a job with cummins west africa as a graduate trainee for 6 months working on power generators.I left after d training cos I had discovered dat I really had no flare for power generators.Immediatly after I left I invested into the Beauty salon nd barbershop business nd suprisingly I found out I enjoyed d stress dat even came up with setting up and cld even endure the cash dat came with it. Pls now after 2 years of investing in the salon,i discovered I have more flare for searching 4 ideas and repackaging dem in such a way to meet d needs of clients. So please which part of electrical engineering do u think I will do very well in.

ogakpatakpata: @oneshowguy....................your passport will be given to you,but, you will be escorted out of the country with a 6 months labour ban by the government, because you have breached the terms of your contract, and again, the company that processed your residence visa must have spent so much in processing your documents, the company will also be downgraded by the government like been given a minus in their yearly visa quotas, and no organisation will like to have a minus in their reports with the government because it does affects them in the future when they try to employ/hire more employees, obtain loans from the government, expand their facilities etc it is not always good to breach your contract because it remains in the data base of the government, l say this base on my knowledge on how things work in my office and l am privy to some informations by virtue of my job description.



Notice: This will have multiple effects in the future to citizens of that country who intends to work for the same company that you breached their contracts, let me explain, lets say company A hires/employs you from country Z, and you worked for less than 6 months and decided to quit, when next they have a walk-in -interview or vacancies for any position in that company and citizens of country Z applies, they might not want to employ them again.


This is partly some of the reasons you see that in some organisations they discriminate against certain groups of ethnic nationalities, you will see some adverts saying we don't want Africans or only filipinos,indians or Pakistanis are needed, so it is always good to keep to the terms of your contracts because it has a multiple effects on citizens of your home country. This has happened to 2employees of my organisation (one was a lebanese and the other one was from lndian), infact the lebanese was a supervisor and was a middle level management staff & well paid. Hopes this answers your questions?.

thanks igwe for the detailed information,may God continue to bless ur hustle.ve a wonderful day.

Greetings to everybody in the house,I hope we are all enjoying d weekend?pls I have a question to ask on the dubai labour zone job contracts.let's assume I signed a 2 years job contract with a company nd Dey collected my passport. But after working for a month I found out dat I cldnt cope with the job nd I decided to quit the job,please wat happens to my passport, if: (a) I still want to remain in the UAE (B)I decide to fly back to nigeria. NOTE: my passport is still in there courstody. Thanks for the nice job

ogakpatakpata: Good question, UAE is not the problem but the managers of the economy who are mostly Indians; l was in a discussion with my boss recently, he is the owner of my company and also from Western Europe, we talked at length and he also told me the reason why they pay so low to unskilled migrants, he said they pay lots of taxes/fines and charges to the government and as a result sometimes they cannot break even, l agreed with him to an extent because l am in the know how of how things run in my office, just last month DEWA sent a water & light bill to my office, l received it and l was shocked that they billed our junior staff accommodation for 15,000dhs, my boss then told me to go and speak to the entire junior staff in the accommodation on proper management of the AC and water in the facility, while we try to pay them to avoid a fine, just yesterday during our senior staff meetings the HR said they have brought another bill for this month and it is 30,000dhs, and we all resolved during the meeting to investigate and protest to the authorities, after the meeting, my boss called me to his office and told me, can you see what we go through monthly to remain in business.


My advise/suggestion to anybody who intends to work in the UAE is not to rely on your job alone, make sure you have or run a business from here to Nigeria to boost your income, if you are smart enough, you can do good/clean business from here to your home country and make good returns.

igwe I greet you,hope u enjoyed your sallah break?concerning d issue of doing good business,how is car wash business over there nd do u know anybody that's into the car wash business that I can have a chat with.thank u

loverencha: @bunmi284

Yes, the ministry of foreign affairs will legalize your statement of result even if it is being Notarized by a Notary Public... Also Affidavits that are notarized by notary publics, the ministry of foreign affairs legalizes such documents.

As for d authentication of your statement of result @ ministry of education before taking it to d ministry of foreign affairs, it all depends on the kind of statement of result u want to legalize, if it is just a high school statement of result, you do not need to take it first to ministry of education for authentication, you just need to go ahead with the legalization @ foreign affairs. Also, I think I had a similar situation as yours, I also have a diploma statement of result from unilag, and a diploma certificate; when I got there @ Abuja, I was told to authenticate the diploma certificate at Ministry of education, but for the diploma statement, It was just legalized only at ministry of foreign affairs..(So, u should know what to do)

I am aware that certificates are to be authenticated at the ministry of education before taking them to the Ministry of foreign affairs for legalization, e.g: WAEC certificates, GCE certificates, Diploma certificates, or any university certificates and so on.......

Regards

hello guys pls I went to my school to get my transcript but exams nd record said it can't be giving to me personaly,that it has to be sent to the school that needs it. So due to this I was forced to collect my statement of result from my department.I want to travel to the UAE,pls will minstry of education attest my statement of result or shld I just take it to ministry of forigen affiars for legalization. Nd pls hw much will it cost me for a 5 pages document.pls I need an urgent response, thank u

ogakpatakpata: @yinkagbo.......don't tell me you are coming to the palace empty handed ooooo, l think all those food items you mentioned will be halved once you arrive, all the palace advisers need to formally welcome you,but, if you can add a keg of white liquid that will be fine...., on a serious note wishing you all the best,safe arrival and safe trip to the emirates....good luck.

Cypha8: Yes, the Ministry of Education and Foreign Affairs will attest your statement of result. But like Optimistic said, you have to go with your transcript. It may cost you extra since you will have to attest the transcript as well. I did the same in May.

You may also be wondering if statement of result will be accepted by the UAE Labour Ministry; I had the same doubts. The answer is YES! I used my statement of result to process my employment visa when I got here.

Best wishes...

Cypha8: Yes, the Ministry of Education and Foreign Affairs will attest your statement of result. But like Optimistic said, you have to go with your transcript. It may cost you extra since you will have to attest the transcript as well. I did the same in May.

You may also be wondering if statement of result will be accepted by the UAE Labour Ministry; I had the same doubts. The answer is YES! I used my statement of result to process my employment visa when I got here.

Best wishes...

thank you cypha8 for ur contribution,I don't ve my transcipt, I have only my statement of result.so will ministry of education attest just that 4 me cos the modalities involved in collecting transcript in my school is so tidious nd dey said dey can't give it to me,they will ve to send it to the school I want to use it.

ogakpatakpata: @yinkagbo.........hahahhahaha.......hmmmm......l reserve my comments; why on earth do you think l will need Osomo.....you make me laugh so much that l almost fell down from my stair case... .YES, you spoke well about attestation,but, once your first employment visa has been processed by any company without initial attestation, it makes no difference and has no bearing in getting better offers or package,the key in the UAE is EXPERIENCE, some organisations will even overlook your chains of degrees,because they have seen countless, l was with a camerounian friend today and he shared a nice story with me of one of his friend who arrived dubai as a mechanic, his starting salary was 2000dhs, and he worked with his first company for few months, but today RTA ; a government agency that manages their metro, taxi and bus services employed the guy and offered him a salary of 7000dhs, and he has resumed his new job, so the key in the UAE is what l call the God Factor or Favour and some other people call it mother luck.......attestation is good but,if you cannot attest you credentials it makes no difference....

thank you igwe 4 the response nd light shared on the issue.

ogakpatakpata: @yinkagbo.......don't tell me you are coming to the palace empty handed ooooo, l think all those food items you mentioned will be halved once you arrive, all the palace advisers need to formally welcome you,but, if you can add a keg of white liquid that will be fine...., on a serious note wishing you all the best,safe arrival and safe trip to the emirates....good luck.

hello guys pls I need a little clearification on cert attesttation.I just got my statement of result frm my department cos my BENG cert is not yet available. pls does ministry of education attest statement of result nd if yes will I still ve to take it to ministry of foreign affiars.pls just want to clarify b4 I send it to abuja.thank u

tricialarry: Ok the trend help me with each and every contribution from u guys I followed dubai4eva and he helped me so pls u guys should keep on helping nigerians pls God bless u

hello guys,d name dubai4eva has reappeared again.I spoke with dis guy 2 months ago nd frm our conversation he didn't sound like smone dat cld b trusted.he said I shld pay him 300k to get me a job as customer service in one of d airlines.wen ever he calls me he hide his number nd wen I told him I want to see his number he exploded and also frm his bb profile he also hide his location.if he's 4 real y will he go thru all those stress to hide his location nd phone number.guys just be careful,sm 9ja guys no send how u hustle get ur cash oh,spend it wisely.

ogakpatakpata: @henrimoto......l recalled when he came asking so many questions and we referred him back to read, am glad he got his visa.... the palace should not catch fire it will never .......wishing him safe trip to the emirates....

gudmorning igwe,hw are u today.pls just want to ask,how easy is it to get or switch to a professional job based on your certificate after having a 2 year UAE working experience.just asking based on your experience.

ogakpatakpata: @oneshowguy...........thanks for your suggestion, l think it makes sense, l also thought about it yesterday, l guess the house might go with this latest suggestion,but the bigger problem now is that Justwise seems not to be comfortable with the arrangement, and l guess this issue might have to be down played for now until we are able to get a possible and easy way around it, l understand the concern of justwise and l respect his opinion as well........enjoy ur day

Thanks igwe 4 considering my suggestion. I also reason n understand d concerns of justwise.you know you might have a clean heart but smother people cld capitalize on this nd use it as an avenue to swindle people(dubai4dollar).so it has to b a gradual nd well planed process.it cld b test run,nd d moderator can get feedback from d arrives to know the level of satisfaction they got from it.well they say change is d only constant tin in life,cld b in d right or wrong direction.so there is no harm trying justwise,it only gives u more responsibility.

Optimisticgondy: I'm completely in support of the arrangement Igwe. But let me ask if, for instance, 2 or 3 people arrive together at the same time like my cousins want to do, will they pay 100dollars each or 100dollars altogether?

Gud day guys,I really appriciate. Nd support the good effort of the house to assist the new arrives.but I think charging a group of let's say 3 @ $100 each on arrivial dosent sound to logical to me.since the keffy will b charged for per distance travelled not by d numbers of people in d taxi.so I suggest an additional charge of $50 can b charged for d group of 3,since d amount charged is for keffys transportation.well dats my own view to the house.ve a wonderful day

Optimisticgondy: Thanks Boss.

I think a passport photograph might be needed in ministry of foreign affiars cos I sent a friend to help me attest mine in abuja.he was successful in ministry of education but on getting to ministry of foreign affiars,he was asked for my passport photogragh,so I had to send a soft copy to him.

ogakpatakpata: l will suggest u comply with what u where told to avoid any form of embarrassment at the point of entry....Dubai immigration are strict when it comes to compliance with there laws.....my 2cent advise....

well I will like to comment on this.my e passport was to expire by july,but due to my plans of travling to the UAE,I went to renew it @ d immegration office in festac in may,nd nobody told me it was a problem in the immigration office and I got it in 3 days.so I think he shld go to the office himself instead of calling.

ogakpatakpata: Again, when u are buying things in d market, dnt buy expensive things, buy disposable, l mean something very cheap u can sell very fast in nigeria, ask questions in d market and am certain u wont be misled.

hello guys,thanks 4 your useful comments.pls I want to ask,4 sm1 working as a security guard under d labour zone,is it possible to still do biz,4 those dat are entrepenuers?

Emma8043: please my dear brother visit this site maybe it can help
http://dubaiemploymenttips.com/jobsites/

http://www.expatriates.com/cls/19758424.html any lady interested in a receptionist job can open dis link and call the no there.

Emma8043: please my dear brother visit this site maybe it can help
http://dubaiemploymenttips.com/jobsites/

hello nairalanders pls one of our own is in dubai,pls 4 those over there can we try and assist him.

[quote author=nuhu]I did just ssce, bsc and pgd. U can send someone to do it on your behalf just the way I did.[/quo. @nuhu. Pls did u send ur original copy of ur waec certificate to him, nd if yes pls hw did u do dat.

ogakpatakpata: Justwise, am so sorry, my system got messed up while responding to a question, hence the multiple post, l tried deleting them, but it wasn't responding, it wasn't intentional. l hope u understand. Thanx.[b][/b][b][/b]U can terminate ur contract on or before 1yr either in labour or freezone, the only difference is that if u must end ur contract under labour zone visa, u must get an offer of 5000dhs as a waec holder, 7500 as a Diploma holder and 12,500dhs as a degree holder, But under freezone visa u can change ur job anytime u get an offer irrespective of the salary.Again, u must bear in mind that it takes a miracle + God's favour to get a job that pays u 5000dhs as a fresher and new employee. Experience+ the company invovled + the kind of certificates u hv+ God is the key to a better offer in Dubai, probably that may also apply to other middle east countries.The rooms for 6people is 10ft by 14ft and for 8people is 10ft by 28ft. Again, some big companies hv self contain, 2bedroom and 3bedroom for their staff, that also depends on your position in the company. But generally, what is obatainable here is 6 or 8people will share a room, But if u choose to get an apartment for urself, u hv to discuss with ur HR, again, this also varies from company to company. Accomodation is damn expensive in dubai.finally, if u violate switch of jobs under labour zone visa without going tru all l hv said above, u will attract a 6months ban from the ministry of labour in dubai. Getting a good job or offer wether with a freezone or labour visa is purely all l hv explained above + GOD'S FAVOUR. l hope l answer ur questions. contract[b]U can terminate ur contract on or before 1yr either in labour or freezone, the only difference is that if u must end ur contract under labour zone visa, u must get an offer of 5000dhs as a waec holder, 7500 as a Diploma holder and 12,500dhs as a degree holder, But under freezone visa u can change ur job anytime u get an offer irrespective of the salary.Again, u must bear in mind that it takes a miracle + God's favour to get a job that pays u 5000dhs as a fresher and new employee. Experience+ the company invovled + the kind of certificates u hv+ God is the key to a better offer in Dubai, probably that may also apply to other middle east countries.The rooms for 6people is 10ft by 14ft and for 8people is 10ft by 28ft. Again, some big companies hv self contain, 2bedroom and 3bedroom for their staff, that also depends on your position in the company. But generally, what is obatainable. here is 6 or 8people will share a room, Bur if u choose to get an apartment for urself, u hv to discuss with ur HR, again, this also varies from company to company. Accomodation is damn expensive in dubai. l hope l answer ur questions. contract[/b]U can terminate ur contract on or before 1yr either in labour or freezone, the only difference is that if u must end ur contract under labour zone visa, u must get an offer of 5000dhs as a waec holder, 7500 as a Diploma holder and 12,500dhs as a degree holder, But under freezone visa u can change ur job anytime u get an offer irrespective of the salary.Again, u must bear in mind that it takes a miracle + God's favour to get a job that pays u 5000dhs as a fresher and new employee. Experience+ the company invovled + the kind of certificates u hv+ God is the key to a better offer in Dubai, probably that may also apply to other middle east countries.The rooms for 6people is 10ft by 14ft and for 8people is 10ft by 28ft. Again, some big companies hv self contain, 2bedroom and 3bedroom for their staff, that also depends on your position in the company. But generally, what is obatainable. here is 6 or 8people will share a room, Bur if u choose to get an apartment for urself, u hv to discuss with ur HR, again, this also varies from company to company. Accomodation is damn expensive in dubai. l hope l answer ur questions. contract

oboy,d accomodation issue over there nah boys hostel tins again sha.9ja still make sense 4 smtins oh.God dey,so I shld enjoy my room as much as I can b4 coming.

justi4jesu: I don't understand why you have to pay money for visa and work permit after you have been offered a job, it smells like scam to me, when you get a job here in dubai, automatically ur visa and work permit issue is ur company's issue and not yours.

sup justi4jesu,ve dis qus.if I get a 2yrs contract job and after working for a year I got a better offer from another coy,is it possible to terminate your contract witout getting any issue.nd wen we say 4-6 people stay in a room,pls how big is room(a self contain or two bedroom flat).thanks nd happy sunday.

kaffy4tope: Well, if u trust them and ur current biz aint earning u up to 100k mthly, I wil advice u to embrace d offer wif rushing. Are they going to send d visa befr paying dem?
How did u contact dem? In all, security job is not bad in Dubai, plus u cld be earning up 2 4k dhs, that is, approx 200k naija money, minus other tips and bonuses before d expiration of ur job.
You'l be workin inside a coy wif AC, infact if ure lucky to be posted to a good coy, u wil always bless d day u come to Dubai.

thanks @ kaffey4tope 4 ur post.I feel more relieve now with your message.this life is all about calculated risk,the payment is after the visa is ready.I wasn't to scared about the authenticity but was more scared about the life over there.more of the fear of the unknown. God will always protect he's own.the only challenge I have again is getting my transcript before the processing is ready.

kaffy4tope: Bravo 2 my co-contributorz here. Am so happy and satisfied with replies you goys are giving to pple here. God will attend to our questions and problems too...Amin

Now, here's d formula. Have seeing ppl traveled 2 America and cm back empty handed, while have seeing ppl travlld to Ghana wif lots of fortunes.

I wz into biz and doing fine in Naija, but God said, my son is time to move on. I started doubting, but I later realised my doubtness in God's word has started reflecting in my life, so I said ok lemme give it a shot.

I gat so many offers, but none worked out. As an addict of "Travel Sectn", I came here and fell in love with dis very thread. I decided to try it and with God on ma side, everyfn went well. I got a job Dubai in jes 2 wks (Glory be 2 God). After hv started working, up till today, am still getting calls to come for interviews.

In a nutshell: "Pray 2 God, ask wther abroad is ur way, ask wether Dubai is even d country, don't broadcast ur movement to pple while processing ur visa, once God hs answered, u can always come out and give testimonies". So, ppl cld learn and always knw how Great our God is.

As 4 d guy dat ve gat an offer letter, wtz d name of d security coy, wanna find out dia genuinety and authenticity b4 I answer ur questns.....Brb

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