₦airaland Forum

1. The Commonwealth of Nations, generally known simply as the Commonwealth,[3] is a political association, , nearly all of them former territories of the British Empire.[4] The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-governmental relations between member states.[5].


2. The Commonwealth comprises 54 countries, across all continents. The members have a combined population of 2.4 billion people, almost a third of the world population, of whom 1.26 billion live in India, 220 million live in Pakistan, almost 200 million live in Nigeria and 94% live in Asia and Africa combined.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations#


3. The combined gross domestic product of Commonwealth countries is estimated at US$10.4 trillion in 2017 and predicted to reach US$13 trillion in 2020. Bilateral costs for trading partners in Commonwealth countries are on average 19 percent less than between those in non-member countries.
Thecommonwealth.org › fastfacts
https://thecommonwealth.org/fastfacts


4. UK's top trading partner is the United States
$ 65.3 billion , ( 13. 4 % of UK 's total exports)
http://www.worldstopexports.com/united-kingdoms-top-import-partners/

The New York Times
By Zolan Kanno-Youngs
Jan. 31, 2020
WASHINGTON —

Trump Administration Adds Six Countries to Travel Ban
President Trump added Africa’s biggest country, Nigeria, as well as Myanmar, Eritrea, Kyrgyzstan, Sudan and Tanzania, to his restricted travel list.

Immigrant visas, issued to those seeking to live in the United States, will be banned for Nigeria, Myanmar, Eritrea and Kyrgyzstan. The ban will also prevent immigrants from Sudan and Tanzania from moving to the United States through the diversity visa lottery, which grants green cards to as many as 50,000 people a year.
The proclamation will take effect on February 22.

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/31/us/politics/trump-travel-ban.html

Neanderthal genes found for first time in African populations
Findings suggest human and Neanderthal lineages more closely intertwined that once thought

Hannah Devlin Science correspondent
@hannahdev
Thu 30 Jan 2020 11.00 EST , The Guardian


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African populations have been revealed to share Neanderthal ancestry for the first time, in findings that add a new twist to the tale of ancient humans and our closest known relatives.

Previously it was believed that only non-African populations carried Neanderthal genes due to interbreeding that took place after a major human migration out of Africa and across the globe about 60,000 years ago.

The latest findings suggest human and Neanderthal lineages are more closely intertwined than once thought and point to far earlier interbreeding events, about 200,000 years ago.


“Our results show this history was much more interesting and there were many waves of dispersal out of Africa, some of which led to admixture between modern humans and Neanderthals that we see in the genomes of all living individuals today,” said Joshua Akey, an evolutionary biologist at Princeton University and senior author of the research.

The study suggests living Europeans and Asians carry about 1% Neanderthal DNA, compared with on average 0.3% for those of African ancestry.

Akey and colleagues believe that this Neanderthal DNA arrived in Africa with ancient Europeans whose ancestors – over many generations – had left Africa, met and mated with Neanderthals and then returned to Africa and mixed with local populations.


“An important aspect of our study is that it highlights humans, and hominins, were moving in and out of Africa for hundreds of thousands of years and occasionally admixing,” said Akey. “These back-to-Africa migrations, largely from ancestors of contemporary Europeans, carried Neanderthal sequences with them, and through admixture, contributed to the Neanderthal ancestry we detect in African individuals today.”

The increasingly fine-grained details of our ancestors’ migration patterns and intimate encounters with other types of human are coming into focus thanks to the advent of sophisticated computational genetics techniques.

These statistical methods allow scientists to line up the Neanderthal genome side by side with that of ancient modern humans and DNA from different living populations and figure out whether the different lineages have been steadily diverging or whether there are blips where large chunks of DNA were exchanged at certain time points.


The latest comparison highlights previously unnoticed ancient human genes in the Neanderthal genome, apparently acquired from interbreeding events dating to about 200,000 years ago. This suggests an early group of humans travelled from Africa to Europe or Asia, where they encountered Neanderthal populations and left a faint imprint on their genome that could still be detected more than 100,000 years later.

The paper also highlights the relative lack of genetics research in African populations, despite modern humans having first emerged on the continent and despite African populations today being more diverse genetically than the inhabitants of the rest of the world combined.

“To more fully understand human genomic variation and human evolutionary history, it is imperative to comprehensively sample individuals from all regions of the world, and Africa remains one of the most understudied regions,” said Akey.


It is not known whether all African populations, some of whose roots stretch into the deep past, share this Neanderthal heritage. KhoeSan (bushmen) and Mbuti (central African pygmy) populations, for instance, appear to have split off from other groups more than 100,000 years ago.

The findings are published in the journal Cell.

Topics
Neanderthals

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/jan/30/neanderthal-genes-found-for-first-time-in-african-populations

'We love Europe, we just hate the European Union’: Nigel Farage blasts EU during goodbye speech
by Spencer Neale
| January 29, 2020 02:47 PM
In his final address to the European Union, Nigel Farage defended Britain's love for Europe while castigating the multinational governing body for being "anti-democratic."

"I can promise you, both in UKIP and indeed in the Brexit Party," said Farage. "We love Europe, we just hate the European Union. It's as simple as that."

Farage, 55, spearheaded the United Kingdom's efforts to leave the EU, claiming a shock victory for Brexit in a June 2016 referendum that was confirmed when Prime Minister Boris Johnson and the Conservative Party won handily in a general election held in late 2019.

"I'm hoping this begins the end of this project. It's a bad project. It isn't just undemocratic, it's anti-democratic, and it puts in that front row, it gives people power without accountability."

Farage, the euroskeptic leader of the Brexit Party and former candidate of the U.K.'s Independence Party, has represented England as a member of the European Parliament since 1999. He called the EU "a 47-year political experiment that the British frankly have never been very happy with."

"There is a historic battle going on now across the West, in Europe, America, and elsewhere. It is globalism vs. populism. And you may loathe populism, but I tell you a funny thing: it's becoming very popular."

The U.K. joined the European Economic Community in 1973 and will become the first nation to leave the EU on Jan. 31. The U.K. will follow all EU rules and regulations over the next 11 months until they exit on Dec. 31, 2020.

"I know you're going to miss us. I know you want to ban our national flags, but we're going to wave you goodbye," stated Farage as the British delegation stood and waved the Union Jack.
https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/we-love-europe-we-just-hate-the-european-union-nigel-farage-blasts-eu-during-goodbye-speech

madridguy:
O ' boy This is serious.

Nigeria government are using this boys to make huge cash out

Top government officials are smiling to the bank.

Top military men are buying properties abroad.

Poor Nigerians blood are splitting on the ground day by day.

Coward Nigerians are afraid to take to the street.

WORLD NEWSJANUARY 28, 2020 / 3:09 AM / UPDATED AN HOUR AGO
U.S. recovers remains from Afghanistan plane crash, verifying identities: officials
Idrees Ali, Abdul Qadir Sediqi
3 MIN READ


WASHINGTON/KABUL (Reuters) - The United States on Tuesday recovered the remains of individuals from a U.S. military aircraft that crashed in Afghanistan and was in the process of confirming their identities, U.S. and Afghan officials told Reuters on Tuesday.


On Monday, the U.S. military said an E-11A aircraft had crashed in the province of Ghazni, but disputed claims by the Taliban militant group that they brought it down.

Earlier on Tuesday, Afghan forces and Taliban fighters clashed in a central region where the U.S. military plane crashed as the government tried to reach the wreckage site in a Taliban stronghold.


The U.S. defense official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said multiple attempts had been made to recover the remains but they had been hampered by the terrain and weather.

The official said the remains were believed to be of two service members who were on the plane. A second U.S. defense official said the aircraft had been carrying no other individuals apart from the two service members.

The Pentagon declined to comment.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-airplane-crash/us-recovers-remains-from-afghanistan-plane-crash-verifying-identities-officials-idUSKBN1ZR0OU

Mali: provisional release for General Amadou Sanogo
January 28, 2020 at 1:42 pm | By Aïssatou Diallo and Baba Ahmed Jeune Afrique
https://www.jeuneafrique.com/medias/2016/11/29/amadou_haya_sanogo-592x296-1580213431.jpg
Amadou Haya Sanogo in March 2012.
Malian justice ordered Tuesday, January 28 the provisional release of Amadou Haya Sanogo and his co-accused, awaiting for nearly seven years a judgment in the case of "red berets", named after the 21 men found dead in a mass grave near Bamako.

"Sanogo and his fifteen co-defendants have been released, awaiting trial," rejoiced Cheick Oumar Konaré, one of the lawyers for the head of the former National Committee for the Recovery of Democracy and the Restoration of the State (CNRDRE). The Indictment Chamber of the Bamako Court of Appeal released its deliberations on Tuesday on the request for release made by the general's lawyers and his co-defendants.

“No judicial review has been instituted. Sanogo is free to move, "says the lawyer, for whom this decision is" a victory and a great joy after seven years

The ex-coup leader has been awaiting trial since his arrest in 2013, which ended the junta's power in Mali . He is accused of having ordered the assassination of 21 red berets in 2012. The bodies of these men loyal to the ousted president Amadou Toumani Touré and who had tried to overthrow the coup plotters were found in 2013 in a mass grave.

Previously under house arrest
Sanogo has since lived in a house under surveillance in Sélingué, in the Sikasso region, where his trial had been relocated in November 2016. After its spectacular opening, it had been adjourned , the defense having rejected the conditions under which the analyzes of the bones discovered in the mass grave had been made. The final results of the second autopsy have yet to be officially released.

The families of the victims had expressed concern about the resumption of the trial. “We have heard the news of the temporary release granted to Amadou Haya Sanogo and his fellow prisoners. We just want stability for our country. For the moment, we will meet with our lawyers and will soon communicate our official position on the subject, "said Sagara Bintou Maiga, president of the association of women victims of the" red berets "case.

https://www.jeuneafrique.com/887921/societe/mali-liberte-provisoire-pour-le-general-amadou-sanogo/

sweetonugbu:
Saudi Arabia non recist?.

World Population review 2020
Racism is the belief that a particular race is inferior or superior to another and that a person’s biological characteristics predetermine his or her moral or social traits. Those who hold racist beliefs can see other races as subhuman; such as how white Europeans saw black Africans during the period of slavery in the New World.

Least Racist Countries by Population 2020

Country............................... Population 2019

China...................... 1,433,783,686
Egypt...................... 100,388,073
India....................... 1,366,417,754
Indonesia ............... 270,625,568
Jordan..................... 10,101,694
Philippines.............. 108,116,615
Saudi Arabia............ 34,268,528

http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/least-racist-countries/

Belgium's ex-King Albert II admits fathering child after DNA test
27 January 2020 Europe
BBC NEWS

Former Belgian King Albert II has admitted he is the father of a woman born from an affair, after he was forced to give a DNA test which came back positive.

He had been fighting the paternity claim by Belgian artist Delphine Boël, 51, for more than a decade.

He lost his immunity from prosecution after he abdicated in 2013 due to ill health.

Ms Boël's lawyer said the admission from the former king was a "relief".

In a statement released on Monday, the ex-king's lawyers said he had "learnt the results of the DNA test... [and] the scientific conclusions indicate that he is the biological father of Mrs Delphine Boël".

The lawyers said the 85-year-old had decided to halt the legal battle, which had dragged on since 2013, and he now "accepts Delphine Boël becomes his fourth child".

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51275007

Pre-500 BC Edit
c. 5000 BC Talheim Death Pit
c. 1104–900 BC Dorian invasion
c. 753–351 BC Roman–Etruscan Wars
c. 753–494 BC Roman–Sabine wars
743–724 BC First Messenian War
710–650 BC Lelantine War
circa 700–601 BC Alban war with Rome
685–668 BC Second Messenian War
669–668 BC Sparta–Argos War
600–265 BC Greek–Punic Wars
595–585 BC First Sacred War
560 BC Second Arcadian War
540 BC Battle of Alalia
538–522 BC Polycrates wars
500–200 BC Edit
509–396 BC Early Italian campaigns
500–499 BC Persian invasion of Naxos
492–490 BC First Persian invasion of Greece
482–479 BC Second Persian invasion of Greece
480–307 BC Sicilian Wars
460–445 BC First Peloponnesian War
449–448 BC Second Sacred War
440–439 BC Samian War
431–404 BC Second Peloponnesian War
395–387 BC Corinthian War
390–387 BC Celtic invasion of Italia
335 BC Alexander's Balkan campaign
323–322 BC Lamian War
280–275 BC Pyrrhic War
267–261 BC Chremonidean War
264–241 BC First Punic War
229–228 BC First Illyrian War
220–219 BC Second Illyrian War
218–201 BC Second Punic War
214–205 BC First Macedonian War
200 BC onwards Edit
200–197 BC Second Macedonian War
191–189 BC Aetolian War
171–168 BC Third Macedonian War
135–132 BC First Servile War
113–101 BC Cimbrian War
113 BC – AD 439 Germanic Wars
104–100 BC Second Servile War
91–88 BC Social War
88–87 BC Sulla's first civil war
85 BC Colchis uprising against Pontus
83–72 BC Sertorian War
82–81 BC Sulla's second civil war
78 BC Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
73–71 BC Third Servile War
73–63 BC Roman Expansion in Syria & Judea
65–63 BC Pompey's campaign in Iberia and Albania
63–62 BC Second Catilinarian conspiracy
55–54 BC Caesar's invasions of Britain
58–51 BC Gallic Wars
49–45 BC Caesar's Civil War
44–36 BC Sicilian revolt
43 BC Battle of Mutina
43–42 BC Liberators' civil war
41–40 BC Perusine War
32–30 BC Final War of the Roman Republic
1st–10th century AD Edit

Battle of the Milvian Bridge, 312

Battle of the Hellespont, 324
35–41 Iberian-Parthian war
49–96 Roman conquest of Britain
51 Armenian–Iberian war
69 Year of the Four Emperors
69–70 Revolt of the Batavi
193 Year of the Five Emperors
208–210 Roman invasion of Caledoni
238 Year of the Six Emperors
271–278 Colchis–Roman War
284–285 Roman civil war
306–324 Civil wars of the Tetrarchy
350–351 Roman civil war
360–361 Roman civil war
367–368 Great Conspiracy
376–382 Gothic War
387–388 Roman civil war
394 Roman civil war of 394 AD
482–484 Iberian-Persian War
526–532 Iberian War
535–554 Gothic War
541–562 Lazic War
582–602 Maurice's Balkan campaigns
c. 600–793 Frisian–Frankish wars
650–799 Arab–Khazar wars
680–1355 Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
711–718 Umayyad conquest of Hispania
715–718 Frankish Civil War (715–718)
722–1492 Reconquista
735–737 Georgian-Umayyad Caliphate War
772–804 Saxon Wars
c. 800/862–973 Hungarian invasions of Europe
830s Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus'
839–1330 Bulgarian–Serbian Wars
854–1000 Croatian–Bulgarian wars
860 Rus'–Byzantine War
865–878 Invasion of the Great Heathen Army
907 Rus'–Byzantine War
914 Arab-Georgian War
939 Battle of Andernach
941 Rus'–Byzantine War
955 Battle of Recknitz
970–971 Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria
982 Battle of Stilo
983 Great Slav Rising
11th century Edit



Battle of Gvozd Mountain, 1097
1002–1018 German–Polish War
1014–1208 Byzantine–Georgian wars
1015–1016 Pisan–Genoese expeditions to Sardinia
1015–1016 Cnut's invasion of England
1018 Battle of Vlaardingen
1024 Battle of Listven
1024 Rus'–Byzantine War
1043 Rus'–Byzantine War
1044 Battle of Ménfő
1048–1064 Invasion of Denmark
1050–1185 Byzantine–Norman wars
1057 Battle of Petroe
1060 Battle of the Theben Pass
1065–1067 War of the Three Sanchos
1066 Norwegian invasion of England
1066–1088 Norman conquest of England
1067–1194 Norman invasion of Wales
1067 Battle on the Nemiga River
1068 Battle of the Alta River
1073–1075 Saxon Rebellion
1075 Revolt of the Earls
1077–1088 Great Saxon Revolt
1078 Battle of Kalavrye
1088 Rebellion of 1088
1093 Battle of Schmilau
1093 Battle of the Stugna River
1097 Battle of Gvozd Mountain
1099–1204 Georgian–Seljuk wars

12th century Edit

1109 Battle of Głogów
1115 Battle of Welfesholz
1121 Battle of Didgori
1126 Battle of Chlumec
1130–1240 Civil war era in Norway
1135–54 The Anarchy
1142–1445 Swedish–Novgorodian Wars
1144–1162 Baussenque Wars
1159–1345 Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines
1164 Battle of Verchen
1169–1175 Norman invasion of Ireland
1173–1174 Revolt of 1173–74
1185–1204 Uprising of Asen and Peter
1198 Battle of Gisors
1198–1290 Livonian Crusade

13th century Edit
Battle of Muret, 1213
1201 Battle of Stellau
1202 Siege of Zadar
1202–1214 Anglo–French War
1205 Battle of Zawichost
1208–1227 Conquest of Estonia
1209–1229 Albigensian Crusade
1211 Welsh uprising of 1211
1215–1217 First Barons' War
1216–1222 War of Succession of Champagne
1220–1264 Age of the Sturlungs
1223–1241 Mongol invasion of Europe
1223–1480 Tatar raids in Russia
1224 Siege of La Rochelle
1227 Battle of Bornhöved
1231–1233 Friso-Drentic War
1234–1238 Georgian-Mongol War
1239–1245 Teltow War
1242 Saintonge War
1256–1258 War of the Euboeote Succession
1256–1381 Venetian–Genoese Wars
1256–1422 Friso-Hollandic Wars
1260 Battle of Kressenbrunn
1262–1266 Scottish–Norwegian War
1264–1267 Second Barons' War
1265 Battle of Isaszeg
1275–1276 The war against Valdemar Birgersson
1276–1278 6000-mark war
1276 War of Navarra
1277–1280 Uprising of Ivaylo
1278 Battle on the Marchfeld
1282–1302 War of the Sicilian Vespers
1283–1289 War of the Limburg Succession
1284–1285 Aragonese Crusade
1288–1295 War of the Outlaws
1296–1357 Wars of Scottish Independence
1297–1305 Franco-Flemish War
1298 Battle of Göllheim
14th century Edit

Battle of Sluys, 1340, from a manuscript

Battle of Nájera, 1367
1302 Battle of the Golden Spurs
1304–1310 The Swedish brother's feud
1307 Battle of Lucka
1311 Battle of Halmyros
1311–1312 Rebellion of mayor Albert
1312 Battle of Rozgony
1321–1322 Despenser War
1321–1328 Byzantine civil war of 1321–28
1322 Battle of Bliska
1323–1328 Peasant revolt in Flanders
1324 War of Saint-Sardos
1326–1332 Polish–Teutonic War
1333–1338 Burke Civil War
1337–1453 Hundred Years' War
1340–1392 Galicia–Volhynia Wars
1340–1396 Bulgarian–Ottoman wars
1341–1347 Byzantine civil war of 1341–47
1342–1350 Zealot's Rebellion
1343–1345 St. George's Night Uprising
1347–1352 Neapolitan campaigns of Louis the Great
1350–1498 Wars of the Vetkopers and Schieringers
1350–1490 Hook and Cod wars
1356–1358 Jacquerie
1356–1375 War of the Two Peters
1362 Battle of Helsingborg
1362–1457 War of the Bands
1366–1369 Castilian Civil War
1366–1526 Ottoman–Hungarian Wars
1369–1370 First Fernandine War
1371–1913 Serbian–Ottoman wars
1371 Battle of Baesweiler
1371–1379 War of the Guelderian Succession
1371–1381 War of Chioggia
1372–1373 Second Fernandine War
1373–1379 Byzantine civil war of 1373–79
1375 Gugler War
1375–1378 War of the Eight Saints
1381 Peasants' Revolt
1381–1382 Third Fernandine War
1381–1384 Lithuanian Civil War (1381–84)
1382 Harelle and Maillotins Revolt
1381–1404 Second Georgian–Mongol War
1383-1385 Invasion of Portugal by Castille – Battle of Aljubarrota, 14 August 1385
1387 Battle of Margate
1389 Battle of Kosovo
1389–1392 Lithuanian Civil War (1389–92)
1395 Battle of Nicopolis
15th century Edit

Battle of Formigny, 1450
1400–1415 Glyndŵr Rising
1401–1429 Appenzell Wars
1407–1468 Georgian-Turkoman War
1409–1411 Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War
1410–1435 War of Slesvig
1414 Hunger War
1419–1434 Hussite Wars
1422 Gollub War
1422 Battle of Arbedo
1425–1454 Wars in Lombardy
1431–1435 Polish–Teutonic War
1434–1436 Engelbrekt rebellion
1437 Budai Nagy Antal revolt
1438–1556 Russo-Kazan Wars
1440–1446 Old Zürich War
1441 Battle of Samobor
1443–1444 Long campaign
1445 First Battle of Olmedo
1447–1448 Albanian–Venetian War
1449–1450 First Margrave War
1449 Battle of Castione
1449–1453 Revolt of Ghent
1450 Jack Cade's Rebellion
1451–1455 Navarrese Civil War
1453–1454 Morea revolt
1454–1466 Thirteen Years' War
1455–1485 Wars of the Roses
1462–1485 Rebellion of the Remences
1462–1472 Catalan Civil War
1463–1479 Ottoman–Venetian War
1465 Battle of Montlhéry
1465–1468 Wars of Liège
1466–1469 Irmandiño Wars
1467 Second Battle of Olmedo
1467–1479 War of the Priests
1468 Waldshut War
1468–1478 Bohemian War
1470–1471 Dano-Swedish War
1470–1474 Anglo-Hanseatic War
1475–1479 War of the Castilian Succession
1477–1488 Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–88)
1478 Carinthian Peasant Revolt
1478 Battle of Giornico
1479 Battle of Guinegate
1482–1484 War of Ferrara
1484 Battle of Lochmaben Fair
1485–1488 Mad War
1487 Battle of Crevola
1487 War of Rovereto
1488 Battle of Sauchieburn
1492–1583 Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
1493 Battle of Krbava Field
1493–1593 Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War
1494–1498 Italian War of 1494–98
1495–1497 Russo-Swedish War
1497 Cornish Rebellion of 1497
1497 Battle of Rotebro
1499 Swabian War
1499–1504 Italian War of 1499–1504 – 20,000 killed in action[1]

16th century
Continue reading https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Europe

Neo-Nazi Rinaldo Nazzaro running US militant group The Base from Russia
By Daniel De Simone, Andrei Soshnikov & Ali Winston
BBC News
7 hours ago
https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/660/cpsprodpb/EBAD/production/_110633306_24th_jan_1.jpg
https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/2C45/production/_110633311_ebbv-2nuwaa_xqe_kekpjdi_t2500.jpg

Rinaldo Nazzaro is now living in Russia
The American founder of US-based militant neo-Nazi group The Base is directing the organisation from Russia, a BBC investigation has found.

Rinaldo Nazzaro, 46, who uses the aliases "Norman Spear" and "Roman Wolf", left New York for St Petersburg less than two years ago.

The Base is a major counter terrorism focus for the FBI.

Seven alleged members were charged this month with various offences, including conspiracy to commit murder.

Paramilitary training
Court documents prepared by the FBI describe The Base as a "racially motivated violent extremist group" that "seeks to accelerate the downfall of the United States government, incite a race war, and establish a white ethno-state".

Image copyrightPROPAGANDA IMAGE
Image caption
Members of "The Base" posed for photos that were used as propaganda
The group - founded around July 2018 - gains followers online, communicates using encrypted messaging applications, and encourages members to engage in paramilitary training.

The leader's real identity had long been a mystery.

However, multiple images and videos of Nazzaro - taken over several years in both the USA and Russia - show the man known to be The Base founder, who goes by the two aliases.

He has previously used photographs of himself when promoting the group online

Last year Nazzaro was listed as a guest at a Russian government security exhibition in Moscow, which "focused on the demonstration of the results of state policy and achievements".

Living in Russia
A video posted online in March 2019 shows Nazzaro in Russia wearing a t-shirt bearing an image of President Vladimir Putin along with the words "Russia, absolute power".

We traced Nazzaro and his Russian wife to an upmarket property in central St Petersburg purchased in her name in July 2018 - the same month to which the FBI dates the creation of The Base.

Records show that, before moving to Russia, Nazzaro ran a company registered in New York that offered access to a "network of security professionals" with expertise in intelligence, counterterrorism, counterinsurgency, and psychological operations.

A website for the firm - Omega Solutions - once stated: "Our associates have worked with various government and military agencies, including multiple wartime deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan".

When we visited the company's one-time address it was little more than a mail drop, although the firm officially remains active and has a current insurance policy.

Property records show that an apartment associated with Nazzaro in New Jersey was given as the address for an entity called "Base Global" when it purchased land in the US state of Washington.

Guerrilla warfare
Nazzaro married a Russian woman in Manhattan in 2012. She had moved to the city from her homeland around four years earlier and her CV says she spent time working in a bank.

In 2018 - when he first began promoting The Base online using the "Norman Spear" pseudonym - they moved with their children to Russia.

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51236915