Time management is very important factor in the cycle of humanity and if there is anything you cannot take back, I think it is time. As an undergraduate at the verge of finishing school, time is a treasure you must hold very closely so it doesn’t slip. You are not far from the truth if you say you have enough time to write your undergraduate research project but how feasible is that? Do you really have enough time? If yes, how well can you use it to make the most of your project research?

Start early
Remember what they say about early birds (they are fortunate catching the early worms). When you start your research process early enough, first by choosing one or two undergraduate project topics, you will get your project topic approved earlier because there are yet very few files to be treated by your instructor so he/she has to attend to you.

That’s also the same case when you submit your project chapters early; because he still has few project cases to treat, you have better opportunity to table your research materials to your supervisor and be sure to get the vetted copy as soon as possible.

Your PC will do magic
If you have a personal computer, writing your research project will be as efficient as you want it and time saving too. Using your PC will save you so much stress writing in a sheet of paper and sending it to the typist; infact you can easily effect necessary corrections quick and early than going to the typist every other day.

Effect corrections immediately
For the sake of emphasis, make sure you effect every necessary correction that your supervisor has marked as soon as you can. Do not keep it, send the corrected copies to your supervisor as soon as possible so you can get approval to bring the next chapter.

Continue with the next chapter
Even when the previous chapter hasn’t been approved yet, keep writing. Don’t wait until chapter two is approved before you proceed to chapter three; as long as you are not a plagiarism evangelist keep writing.

Political science is a field of study that brings student to understanding the diversities in government both locally and internationally as well as how they operate and stabilize their economies. It is in the platform of political science studies that students are guided on the various political ideas, political institutions, policy enactment and implementations, political procedures and behaviors, political strategies, political regulations, international crisis and interest, political history.

Aside from public politics, political science is one of those academic fields that cannot do without borrowing ideas from other fields of study; I guess that’s where the diversities in political science specialization came in. One of such fields of study is sociology studies which include the study of the complexities in human behavior and relationships plus the study of the making critical analysis of the various human societies both locally and internationally. Another is Law; and as you may have rightly guessed, it entails the study of the various regulations guiding the establishment of institutions, mode of conduct, punishment for defaulters etc.

Also read: Political science undergraduate project topics for more

Kinds of job you can do with political science undergraduate degree

Be a Politician
You are not far from the truth if you think a political science degree will grant you a seat in government. Being a politician as many have understood wrongly is not about looting public funds, giving false manifestoes during campaigns, making fake promises, influencing policies for selfish ends, travelling all the time and owning luxury homes, cars and accessories. Being a politician is about being part of the government by participating actively in political debates as well as shaping and influencing government policies in the interest of the masses through debate.

Political legal adviser
Exactly one reason I mentioned earlier that it is difficult separating law from political science. With this in mind, you can take up the duty of advising politicians and political aspirants about the legal responsibilities which they must undertake and ofcourse the rule of law as regards politics.

Campaign manager
As a political science graduate can also function well as a campaign manager which entails guiding the political aspirants on the psychographics of the public and their needs towards a strategic campaign. Campaign managers are known to use propaganda as a tool during campaigns. This is how to use it…

Political science is a lucrative field of study that is open for people of various fields of human endeavors. Aside, sociology and law, a political science degree can also give a an edge in international business since they have good background in international relations, economic and business policies.

You can actually avoid plagiarism in research if you want to; though it has become the order of the day in recent research where undergraduates copy word for word the intellectual work of scholars or even their senior colleagues without any attempt to obtain due permission or give credit to the original writer.

In already researched political science undergraduate project topics, you can successfully adopt someone’s idea or paraphrase a viewpoint and even quote someone without committing the offence of intellectual theft.

Here is how to avoid plagiarism in political science project

Give credit to any borrowed idea
Whenever you adopt an idea while writing your political science project and indeed any other field of study, it is advised you quote the original source either before or after the statement. This must be done with the name of the author, the year of publication and possibly the page. In the case of quoting the original words of the author, you must quote in inverted commas; that’s an honest and obvious indication that this idea is not yours at all.

Have your project idea and plan on ground
Sometimes, political science project topic ideas come from previous research done in that field; some will be tempted to copy an old research topic and somehow try to use the same research materials; that’s plagiarism in the highest order. To escape this mess, I will advise you have your project topic on ground alongside your research plan; this will help curtail your level of dependency on other people’s idea in your research.

You can also use anti-plagiarism software on your research project
After you are done writing a section of your political science undergraduate project or the whole of it, you can use anti-plagiarism software to screen your project of possible plagiarism attempts. Some of the software allows you to input a paragraph or two while some allows you to paste the entire project while the software clearly marks out the faulty spots.

Now that you know, you really do not have any excuse to copy word for word someone’s intellectual idea without giving credit to the original owner. Incase you have the privilege of getting research material that matches yours, you can still do your project without committing that crime, just the name of the author, year of publication and page number gives you a green card.

It was just the beginning of a new dawn for a small beverage company when they successfully secured a partnership with a giant coffee conglomerate. Not too long after the partnership, the big coffee company announced their decision to withdraw the partnership it has with the yet growing beverage company as well as others in a bid to strategize better to pursue bigger business margins. The small business owner felt like a looser after the announcement because the partnership established a stable revenue source, rapid promotion of the legitimacy of the small business and brought about a favorable market for the small business.

On a normal basis, that situation above is just enough to end the relationship a business has with another and would extend to personal beef if not watched; but I can assure you that your business will have you to blame afterwards.

Here are common causes of business to business communication breakdown

When you take business misfortunes personal
Just like the scenario above, there is no need taking personal the fact that the partnership your business had with another business failed. Still showing a token of appreciation in spite of the discontinuation fetched the small business lots of good luck.

Try not to nurture a beef; that’s just business and its dynamics. The moment you learn how to separate yourself from the business I guess you will easily learn to separate yourself from the business failures and successes.

Other thoughtful ideas from business administration research

Poor way of burning the bridge
Popular among the various ways of reacting to business to business failure is to totally cut-off every form of communication; and that’s very wrong approach. Why would you stop keeping in touch with a big brand, do you think they will even remember to call you back for more of one such mouthwatering opportunities if they realize you have almost lost the communication cheer with them.

Did I tell you that burning the bridge poorly can limit your business’s opportunities too; like trying to delete their contacts, unsubscribe from their email or quit attending their events or even turn down their invitation? Do not stop communicating with them ‘cause something good will certainly come out of it.

I actually saved the best for the last; the small business actually got a new and bigger partnership deal with another multinational through their former partners.

In accounting, there is something called bookkeeping although it is one of the traditional methods of keeping records of accounts, it still holds sway in record keeping and accountability while the digitized methods still stands side by side. Even at that, the place of keeping records cannot be compromised with or without technology. When it has to do with public funds, extra caution should be taken so that one wouldn’t incur cost on oneself.

I have here tips on how to keep record and account for public funds in a way it favors you and your public.

Be sure there is a standing budget:
Understand first that public funds is not your personal money that you can choose to make purchases with at anytime, anywhere and at any rate that is favorable to you. Let me tell you, you can use public money and purchase something for them to eat; they will gladly join you, yet they will still serve you queries for not consulting them first.

Therefore, ensue there is a budget your group is working with, it will enable you ascertain and confirm how much you are giving out for a certain expenditure.

Match the budget with the funds at hand
If you have the funds, it’s not an oversight to have the budget too. It helps you align and match the budgets with the funds available. It gives a more preventive measure to extravagant spending of public funds.

Take stock of every expenditure
You will account for every dime that is spent, it doesn’t matter if you record the money or keep the money, what matters more is an accurate record that balances the total amount, expenditure and the cash at hand. What you may not know is that the tiniest amount of misplaced or misappropriated funds is enough to implicate you even a dime for transport fare should be approved before use, else you will have yourself to blame.

For more insight on keeping public funds, let me introduce you to these hand-picked accounting research work and materials; it will go a long way in helping you out

Such things do happen in this era but not without a reason. I know of an addicted drummer where I worship who was sent to school by his parents to study civil engineering. Fast forward to nine years, he added another degree in music making him a double degree holder by circumstance. This could be the story of some people who probably have had their own piece of the pie.

But here are common reasons undergraduates could have two degrees

To complement a course
Some academic discipline in the various fields of human endeavor require expertise and experience in atleast two different fields of study in order to perform better. So in that regard, undergraduates take to course either at a stretch or consecutively. This is actually a very good reason to own toe degree certificates but it constitutes a very big challenge to students especially if they are doing the two courses at once. For clarification on these challenges, read through the full details of these education project topics.

To please oneself and parents alike
Some parents still have not learnt to treat their children to their own career choices, so these children end up doing one degree course his parents wants and another one they truly have passion for. Now that’s the case of the guy I told you about earlier on. He studied engineering because his parents what’s him to. Shortly afterwards, he proceed to study music which is what he passionately needed to study improve to push his drumming career.

If the course you studied is outdated
Undergraduates may also have need to study a relevant course if the previous one he studied is not in vogue. Depending on a degree certificate that is outdated is as bad as not going to school at all ‘cos you have nothing to show for it.

There are as many definitions of leadership as there are leaders; with each defining this concept the best way it appeals to them. The world has seen many ceremonial leaders come and go especially in the political arena; and among most of the expected qualities they should possess should be accountability. Surprising enough, subjects of leadership find it a little difficult to see beyond the lapses of Leaders no matter how accountable they claim. It is in this dilemma that I’m tempted to question the place of accountability in leadership.

I was looking through the accounting project topics of some undergraduates recently to consider their perspective on this matter; am sure you can guess what I found- an average employee or student in the world of finance sees quality leadership from how well the leader is able to handle financial statements, economic performances and financial evaluation.

Now if you ask a Politician this same question, you will certainly get a different response, same it is when you ask a teacher, doctor or a business man. When it’s my turn to answer this question, my response will be;

[b]Well No…[/b]I can explain
Because accountability in leadership means different things to different people based on their psychological makeup, it could be a little difficult to grant a ‘kudos’ to a leader no matter how well the leader performs.

Many leaders exist who have not handled public finances no matter the number but they perform so well. What am I driving at? It is wrong to base the quality or performance of leadership from the accountability point of view because what appeals to one in accountability may not appeal to another the same way, there are other yardsticks to measure quality leadership.

Some of which includes but not limited to

• Effective communication, collaboration and commitment

• Ability to take responsibility

• Taking the first lead always

• Service

• Quality assurance and discipline

• Self-discipline and respect

Almost on daily bases, people get defrauded transacting businesses online; a lot good opportunities online exist which have the potential of fetching you so much wealth – knowledge, money, opportunities, connections etc.; unfortunately, some bad eggs have leveraged this new media to dupe their contemporaries. For some reasons which I’m going to point out, people get deceived and duped continually but I guess you will be in charge from now after the exposition.

Bad administration
The online business platform is badly administered and as such not censored; you cannot possibly hold anyone accountable for your losses and misfortune. Most online businesses make users agree to their policies so that they are legally covered when you raise complains of any loss incurred. See the following undergraduate project topics for better guide on business administration.

Freelancing
Some people also get defrauded online when they pay negligence to leveraging the services of freelance websites. Some people work remotely and do micro jobs for people who sometimes don’t get to pay for those services when the deal is done. Freelance websites like oyerr.com serve as escrow service (a third party), keeping the money for the both parties while the freelancer do the task. As soon as you are done, you get paid while on delivering the job.

Forex trading
The nature of foreign exchange trading subjects it to fluctuation and inconsistency in exchange rate. So approaching such online business transaction with naivety exposes the participant to bad risk and subsequent loss if not watched.

Greed
In other cases, people get defrauded online due to greed and hope to reap when actually you haven’t invested anything at all. Am surprised how someone wakes up to telling you to give some abc amount of money and expect three times the amount in a day or two. These money doubling Ponzi schemes have caused people to borrow an mount they may likely not be able to pay back soon if the Ponzi doesn’t favor them.

I seized an opportunity to review a project topic in business administration that has considered employees grievances and their reactions towards productivity. The research like some undergraduate project topics would propose, did a case study of employee grievances and performance in a bottling company in Nigeria. From the outcome, it is obvious that a good percentage of poor productivity in organizations either big or small is due to sheer negligence to employees’ grievances.

Employees express dissatisfaction when the management policies are no longer favorable to them; not when their complaints are left unresolved and unattended.

Here are tips to resolve employee grievances

Examine the causes of grievances
As much as you need to respond to the grievances of your employees, you need to examine it so you don’t leave anyone behind. Secondly, you can’t decide first hand if the fault is from the employee or the management; it takes thoughtful analysis and examination to arrive at a meaningful resolution.

Take action
Your reaction to employee grievances may not be complete or may not be taken seriously if you refuse to take immediate action after considering the cases. Take necessary actions to resolve the situation and ensure that the parties involved receive fair treatment.

Establish personal relationship with employees
Sometimes, it’s necessary to write off the formal communication processes and have a heart to heart talk with employees from time to time. It could be at lunch, dinner or at their duty post; it makes them appreciate your concerns for them and can easily open up their grievances to you first hand without necessarily letting it escalate to the point of affecting their productivity.

Modify salary structure with pegs
Nothing inspires employees more, than when they are certain to go home with something refreshing by month end. When it comes to their grievances however, you may decide to take up some of their financial expenditure as pegs to their basic salary. It could be their kids’ tuition, health insurance, transportation or welfare. Infact, this is one of the feasible ways the management of business can take action for their employees grievances.

Journalism and Science are two different disciplines; infact, journalism is an art while science is science but you see, they share an agenda in common, one which drives them to dig up evidences to produce facts from experiments and research so that the outcome they present is credible enough to gain acceptance; They both seek what could be regarded as truth. Even at that, they have different values which apparently raised the controversy of separating science from journalism many years ago.

In the midst of this controversy, Quentin Cooper put it that science values precision, lasting facts, details and numbers wile journalism values brevity, immediate and personified stories. That was his argument many ears back.

The contemporary journalism views information communication from a very different lens now; the information need of the society is drastically growing with the latest developments and journalists need to present information in a credible format for the masses to rely on your judgment. As such we have photo journalism where photos or videos are filmed to support written columns, for confirmation. Now that’s science playing a major role in journalism, on a lighter note though.

From a larger spectrum, the study of journalism as it is today accommodates the application of scientific methods in research. This includes statistical analysis and the use of numbers, case study (experiment) and observation to retrieve detailed facts and show precision in figures if necessary. Now that’s the beginning of the use of science in journalism.

Bringing it back to school you will discover that most undergraduate project topics in mass communication require scientific and statistical evidence of the research outcome. Therefore undergraduates serve surveys, questionnaires, code and do few other things to retrieve meaningful information for their research.

While this is so, the finishing touch a journalist should give this sort of verified information is to present an analysis, telling what such information means to those concerned. Not everyone understands the language of science and so requires an explanation using the language ordinary people can understand.

From this dimension, journalism has trained personnel who report from various fields. And so we have environmental journalists, health journalist, economic journalists, political journalist, science journalists, sports journalist and all. These specifics define their angle of reportage not just in science.

I don’t seem to get enough satisfaction from just giving you a list of undergraduate project topics in mass communication for some of the attributes you need for good Journalism practices; ‘will be fully pleased instead to add some extras from the field work. How would you like some attributes you need to soar in your Journalism?

Good listener
To make a good journalist you just have to be a good listener. A lot of people will want to speak to your hearing almost at the same time so you really don’t have to be in a hurry to speak. You want to write, you want to record, make videos and sketches yes!! Just listen.

Be Observant and detailed
To make a good journalist, you should take note of every single detail while you observe. Every move, facial expression, gestures, language and ofcourse the entire atmosphere and environment means something now or later to your news coverage and can serve as add-ons to make your news stories credible enough.

Analytical
Good journalism practices require strategic storytelling; and this implies giving detailed analysis with statistics, significance of a new information to the common man on the street and the men at the apex government.

Ability to adapt
You must also be willing to adapt to any situation if you must get the information you need. This implies dressing to fit every occasion you want to cover and blending into conversations irrespective of the chances you have to make a point. You have to take the risk and play the spy; that’s the very funny aspect of Journalism.

Criticism
To do well as a journalist, you must possess skills to question people’s actions, opinions, situational outcomes and all. Do not hook up with stories and accept them hook, line and sinker, always question the reason things happen the way they do; doing this will help you understand the better angle to anchor your story line from.

Few days back, I had the opportunity to go throw research works and materials in agricultural economics and realized, as a matter of fact, that most of the time, the possibility of increasing the production of certain agricultural products depends on the marketability of that product. Cucumber is one of such agricultural products, and I ‘did talk more about it.

In a conference organized by young farmers association in a certain region in Nigeria, I took keen note of complains presented by members who farm cucumber in commercial scale. The reoccurring complains was mostly about the durability of this product, the marketability and storage issues. At some point, a man told how he had to blend cucumber to fill a fifty liter Container so that it doesn’t get ripe and waste because his client was soon to order to some of it. So my question is;

• What other needs to cucumber serve to consumers?

• Do cucumber farmer actually make good returns on investment

Cucumber is a seasonal agro product and so it is likely to yield more returns when cultivated and groomed out of season. This is what I mean; Cucumber grows better when cultivated in warm weather between February and July or Between April and July. So when there is more productivity than consumed, farmers are likely to loss out.

Aside eating it, cucumber serve only a little percent of industrial need especially in Nigeria. From the farm, cucumbers are sold to wholesalers or sometimes directly to retailers who most times sample them on roadside stands where consumers buy them. When very large quantity of cucumber leaves the farm, they rely on the mercy of the market for returns.

Major factors that influence the market of cucumber include;

• Consumer eating habit

• Industrial use

• Seasons

Twist or change in one or more of these will influence the market of cucumber either positively or negatively.

If you adopted case study as your data gathering technique while presenting a proposal for your undergraduate project topic, you may need to practice some interview skills before you finally meet your interviewee. Doing a case study interview is a very tactful task to accomplish especially when you are dealing with a very sensitive case; if your interviewee is not making things easy for you, you may likely go home with nothing at all. But first;

What is case study?
Case study is method of data gathering mostly obtainable in the social sciences and sometimes in the arts and humanities; it enquires into the real life context of an individual research case through interview, experimentation and deliberate observation. The case under study could be a person, group, an event, a place or a product.

How do you practice case study interview skills?

Practice with your contemporaries
The most recommendable and practicable ways to practice case study interview skill is to do some rub minds with your colleagues. You throw real questions at them, they respond expansively and vice versa.
If you really want to practice with skill, practice with the real questions. I guess the question that would come to mind now is;

What sort of questions can I ask in case study interview?
Context questions: The interview begins with you after exchanging pleasantries; you could begin with a question like ‘would you give an overview of …..’(Something personal that relates to the topic in view). From the responses you get, you can then point out other areas he needs to elaborate more on. Do not programme your questions or limit them to a yes and no response; It makes the interview generally boring; you have to set the ball rolling and let the interviewee run.

Other area you must not fail to ask questions about includes;

• Period of occurrence and intervals (when)

• Role(what, who)

• Usefulness (how, why)

GuestLog:
You get paid to just sit in a book house

Certainly yes. I think the best question should be, how much.

That's someone career you are talking about.

The job description of a library attendant is not something to be happy about; who doesn’t know how mean books can be in the library; how they can make you concentrate like a living monument. But then, there is a sweet side part of being a library attendant that you as an undergraduate or a sundry library attendee wouldn’t notice. For me, I tried being one once and I have some really nice things to share.

Triples your study craving
My library attendant back in school could finish medium sized books in two days and because they wasn’t much of a chatty kind of person, she made those books her besties. So by 9am when the library is open, quiet and breezy, she is reading already. The very fact that your work space revolves around books will burst your craving for the content of the fancy cover pages atleast.

I also noticed that many of the library attendant back in school were quickly doing their master’s degree programs. Choosing research topics wasn’t an issue not to talk of the resource materials they have at their beck and call. So it was easy working their job and sharping edges to the next hierarchy of their career.

You will remain updated for life
Except your library is one that never subscribes to growth and contemporary changes if not, you may have to question your negligence for your ignorance. Good library attendants read newspaper headlines at least daily since they are subscribed for on monthly bases. Now that the society has welcomed a new media, IT centers and devices are made available for use for library attendants and students alike.

You get addicted to detailing
Although there can be very few carefree people among them, library attendants can be detailed and organized either by habit or by practice. Picking a book from the library shelves becomes easier because they put-in a lot of time, fixing things up even when you scatter them again and again before you go home. It’s quite interesting how they will never ask you not to pick even the ones you won’t use.

Listening requires more physical and psychological effort when you want to get a full grasp of information than when you barely want to hear. Apparently because it affords you better chances of receiving and giving considerable interpretation to information. Listening entails giving a concentrated effort and that’s one big difference between hearing and listening. Anyone can hear but not anyone can listen and I think I know why- because they do not all know how to apply listening skills.

Here are listening skills you need to have at your beck and call especially as undergraduates;

Be active not passive
You can’t be passively receiving a message and be listening; you can either be active to listen or be passive to hear. Being active when receiving information demands focus and concentration, nodding, clapping when necessary, giving responses, asking questions and contributing positively to encourage the person generating the information.

Ofcourse I need to remind you also that active listening brings you to the point of sinking yourself in the gestures and non-verbal cues the speaker exerts in the process of giving information.

Open up for perspectives
Try not to concede to a particular perspective; hear and understand the speaker’s opinion from his own perspective too. If you really want to be a good listener, listen to understand, don’t listen to reply.

Give interpretation
When you actually listen, you can hear, understand and simultaneously give interpretation to the message you have received. Interpretation entails giving a quick analysis of the message and the significance to you or some else.

For some people, this process happens really quick in seconds or less but for some others, they just need to take it bit by bit- this a process called assimilation i.e. when you are absorbing the message and allowing it to sink into your mind.

Recall
So it is when you have actually absorbed the message that you can easily recall it when you need it. This simply means that if you didn’t listen, you certainly have nothing to recall because you just heard.

I ‘did like you check out these education project topics for more listening skills

All the above listed listening practices happen consecutively from the moment you hear to the time you are able to recall it. You just need focus concentration to begin.

Communication is a two way process which is not complete or effective if sending and receiving of information does not take place. This happens at the personal communication level, extra-mundane, interpersonal and mass communication level alike. However, communication would have been a thing of mockery safe for good skills.

Having a privilege to study mass communication or communication arts (as the case may be) in tertiary institution will expose you to a number of communication skills; but where the reverse is the case, here is a complete guide on how to communicate with the right skill.

Verbal communication skill
As one of the earliest forms of communication, verbal communication has pioneered the course of human relationship on daily bases making speaking and scribbling indispensable. Verbal communication skills advocates for speaking and writing to communicate right; i.e. speaking and writing to suit the understanding of your audience. For instance, if your audience understands Yoruba as the only language they have known, speaking English to them does not make sense at all; you must have to speak Yoruba for your communication to be effective enough. Remember that communication is not complete if the receiver doesn’t even understand; you are more or less breaking the communication link.

Listening skills.
Listening is an art and if you ask me, I would boldly say that it is better to listen than to speak. The art of listening softens the partway to understand the psychological makeup of you audience; the more you listen to understand, the better feedback you are capable to give. I needed to precise about listening to understand because some people listen to reply. A typical classroom experience or is cool example. Another close example is the kind of communication we establish during radio broadcast.

Non-verbal communication skills
Communication forms which do not fall under verbal communication could be classified as non-verbal communication. This type of communication fundamentally requires the use of gestures to communicate meaning; this includes facial expression, body language, tone of voice, dressing or appearance, color, hair do, signs and symbols etc.

Non-verbal communication has its bad side; there could be cases of semantic distortion. This is a situation where one non-verbal cue could mean different things to different people. It has an issue of precision since they are culture specific.

It sounds wired when someone sounds like “I don’t seem to have a hobby at all”. Reading is one of those ‘great hobbies’; that when you say your hobby is reading it looks like you are the missing genius. Reading means different things to different people. To some, it’s something they need to do to do well academically. To some, it’s just a routine. But then some other people need it to keep updated and of course advance in vast knowledge.

However, one may get carried away by one activity or another especially one that keeps you busy almost all day, leaving you with no time to study at all. This is just one of the reasons people let loose of their reading culture. But I’d like to help with tips for reviving your study culture. You will find this really interesting too;

Read up: education project topics that chats barriers to good study culture

Get soft copies of your favorite books
Since you are trying to get back what you are almost loosing, you need a subtle approach. You could gain asses to the soft copies of your favorite books in a click on your mobile phone; it could be audio books or just something you have to read. Now you carry it around and do a few lines at your leisure or even more with an audio book. Carrying the hard copy with your hands may be tiring since you must have to study when you find a comfort zone.

Position books by your bedside.
It’s quite easy to lay hands on your bedside on feel a book when is taking so much time to come. Some would take to seeing movies but if you are burdened to revive your study culture, that’s a good idea.

Also keep books where they are visible
I’d suggest you rather keep books where you can easily gaze your eyes than in a close or even a bag where you hardly remember to read them. One in your living room will do or your usual rest corner.

Schools are fundamentally setup to enhance learning strategies among students; as such, team work has not lost its place in the learning cycle as it remains one of the best methods of corporative and collaborative learning. As a matter of fact, project based tasks in schools are better accomplished as a team than on the individual scale especially at the undergraduate level of education.

In building strong project team in schools for undergraduate research projects, field trip or experiment so to say, member need to put in full commitment plus individual and corporate effort for productive outcome. On a serious note;

Here are keys to building strong project team

Ability to adjust/accommodate
Making a team strong applies differently to different people or groups. For some, it means number, for others it means impact and for others still it means class. As far as academic project team is concerned you need number and efficiency; that’s the more reason you should be accommodating and be willing to adjust to people’s differences. That way, you will have the number you need to carry out team tasks as quick possible.

Increase participation
Nothing kills team spirit than low self-esteem and lack of participation. When the whole idea that is acceptable comes only from one or two persons, the others will certainly feel they are not welcome.

Productivity
When a team continually fails, it becomes discouraging to some members. There has to be a clear objective which should be made open to every team member; there should be no blind spot if productivity must be attained.

Sacrifice
A strong project team is also built by motivating the spirit of giving and making sacrifices in every member. Project team member must be willing to give their time, money, effort and other required resources within their capacity.

No occupation comes with an entirely good side; even entrepreneurs are often messed up by one business misfortune or another. Data analysis is one of the very notable careers that are very sensitive, detailed and demanding and as such attracts a lot of challenges to itself. This article however in a bid to examine challenges faced by data analysts also points out the most challenging part of being a data analyst.

From data gathering to data presentation and analysis, a data analyst is saddled with the duty of presenting an objective research summary and conclusion no matter how much time and resources it will take. So amidst all the troubles the following are the most challenging part of being a data analyst.

Click to hire a data analyst

Big data management
One of the challenging things that data analyst have to worry about is how to manage big data. It is easier to conduct a research with a manageable number of data but what would you do when even the sample data does not measure up to the actual research population because it’s very large? That’s a big challenge in data analysis.

Time
I met a priest who narrated how he spent over five years doing his master’s degree just because he experienced some delay in realizing considerable outcome in his data analysis. For data analyst, this kind of delay can limit timely delivery of information for further purposes.

Availability of useful information
The job of data analysts does not make room for waste of data no matter how insignificant they may seem; data must be analyzed or tested to ascertain its usefulness. This is a challenge for data analyst because it takes time and effort which should have been used to further the data analysis.

Data Assumptions
In data analysis, you must take cognizance of other factors that may influence your research data; that’s not the issue here. The issue is the inability to specify exactly how many they are; so it is possible to fix a lower quantity a or one that is excess.

Cost
Poor availability of financial resources needed to acquire materials for efficient data analysis is an issue in the industry; many times, it can delay or slow down data analysis procedures.

Leadership is a responsibility that many have deliberately by-passed probably because it appears like a burden; and when it comes to leading a project team, you are either appointed or elected. However it seems a little difficult to ascertain how well you have fared as a project team lead, especially if you are dealing with a smart team.

From team coordination, gathering research work and materials to productivity, a good team lead is tried and pushed to the wall a lot of times. This alone and more can sweep you off your feet if you didn’t stand strong, making ‘quit’ the only option. But you can actually sideline these pitfalls and focus on the following to measure your performance as a good project lead:

When you really submit yourself to serve
As far as leadership is concerned, you must submit yourself first to serve before you begin to expect others to follow you especially if you are leading sensitive and older people. When you submit yourself to serve, you will definitely draw your team much closer and then guide them through the project.

Your team crave to contribute
If you have really made a point as a good team lead, your team members will not hesitate to assist in whatever way they can; they will even offer to contribute if they see your effort. It’s true that people can be annoying and carefree when it comes to team work but it is interesting to know also that their eyes are always on you- the team leader.

Proficiency skill
Mind you, your leadership quality is not measured here by how much productivity you realized; it is measured more by how much you are able to harness your team for a good outcome. So your ability to divide your team into small groups, assigning specific duties to them, checking up on them and ensuring they are making progress is the most impressive part of project team lead. Believe me, even if your outcome isn’t productive, you will be satisfied that you played a great role as a team leader.

Data analysts are nut crackers; they solve a puzzle and show you how. And that’s the sweet side of their job. As a matter of fact they like their job too, for many reasons; some benefits which has enhanced their psychological and intellectual skills. Here are what data analysts like about their job…

Curiosity
Data analysts enjoy it when they lead the conversation and make you voice out as much information as they need to process a research. They are never satisfied with a yes-no answer; it must be open ended, expressing that willingness to know more. It doesn’t just help them gather reasonable data; it helps them reach an objective conclusion.

Click to hire a data analyst

Analytical
They also love the fact that they can make out reasonable information out of a seeming meaningless piece of data; they provide proof for every opinion or conclusion they arrive at. This factor makes their job credible and that’s really cool.

Objective
Data analysts understand the principles of research; they understand that there are a number of factors that affects a research outcome. So as much as possible, they give room for these factors to enable them arrive at a reasonable and objective outcome. Data analysts love it when they are certain about the results or answers they share.

Adventure
Heard of exploratory investigation; that’s just the right phrase to describe the sort of adventure that data analysts enjoy. They are into almost everything, seeking the tiniest piece of data to bring to bear. Data analysts sometimes deploy the best of technology to meet their targets, including digging into several fields of knowledge. This makes them versatile and knowledgeable about a lot of things.

Cautious
Data analysts are one of the most careful set of persons; they are very detailed and cautious. A careless addition or mix-up in numbers can compromise the outcome of an entire research. This can also mean that they are not just careful about their job, they will certainly be cautious about other private or public affairs.

Data analysis is a critical aspect of research without which you cannot arrive at a reliable conclusion. As a matter of fact, data analysis takes a researcher through the process of inspecting gathered data, illustration and provides support to deductive decisions and conclusion in research.

But sometimes students try to avert some of the procedures necessary for data analysis which results to a number of issues and research misconduct in extension. In my opinion, to hire a data analyst could save you that much stress and guide you properly for better presentation and analysis of data.

Let me quickly put you through some prevalent issues surrounding proper data analysis in research.

Poor training for conducting research
If your institution have not trained you on research procedures, data presentation and analysis, it will not be easy to conduct yourself properly during research.

Lack of clearly defined objectives
This is actually the foundation of data in research. When you do not define specifically your objectives, it will be complicated to draft a clear research question, instrumentation and proper data presentation.

Wrong data presentation
As a result of wrong data presentation, you will surely find it difficult to analyze data accurately because at some point you will get hooked and you may be forced to manipulate figures to break free.

Accuracy of data
Once you have missed it in the above stages, one will hardly trust the accuracy of data you have presented; I mean it can’t possibly be correct at this point except if you manipulated the data from the beginning which also means that you have decided to redo the data aspect of your research.

Reliability and validity of data
Sometimes during data analysis, you may be required to prove the reliability of your research instruments using stipulated formulas. But how can you prove what you got all wrong?

Honestly these are some of the many research misconducts that students are grounded in but you can get help hiring a data analyst for better research outcome.

One of the necessary phase of tertiary education is coming to a point of presenting a final year research work which could be project based or written; of which the earliest steps is to choose an undergraduate project topic. This process often takes a rigorous procedure which must be heeded to following stipulated guidelines from your institution. The good news however is that some of those criteria are universal and so does not really apply differently elsewhere.

Here are the basic steps to choosing a typical undergraduate project topic;

Your field of study should have been in place
Before even deciding on which project topic to research on, you must have gone through the necessary academic training in a particular academic field of study. This alone qualifies you to be an undergraduate project student who is soon to be certified a degree.

Your interest matters
Your interest while choosing a particular project topic matters a lot; it determines to a large extent if you will proceed with a project or not. Your interest is what drives you to be obsessed about an area of study up to the point of making a research topic out of it.

The project topic must be researchable
An undergraduate project topic is said to be researchable if it contains the dependent and independent variables. When one of them is missing, the project topic is incomplete and will not be approved for research.

Datedness
One of the very important criteria for choosing an undergraduate project topic is the period of event. It will be totally out of place to choose a project topic that intends to do a research about past events especially six to ten years back. One of the general ways to check this particular criterion is your citations, references, reviews of related literature and theoretical framework.

Availability of resources
Your undergraduate research project will be incomplete if you have not referred to a previous academic research in that area especially at the undergraduate level. So you must be sure that you have enough resource materials that will aide your research.

Choosing undergraduate project topics in banking finance and subsequent presentation is usually accompanied by the consciousness that there is a reason undergraduates should pass through this process in the course of their academic pursuit. Knowing how much it means to test student’s capabilities and level understanding of the scope of their discipline throughout their years as undergraduates is a good rationale to make final year project writing a necessary gateway in tertiary education. Secondly, student’s understanding of principles, theories and corresponding application in their area of interest is also tested through this process of project presentation.

This makes choosing project topics for undergraduates a bit rigorous and demanding. In other words, undergraduate project topics must be approved by a project supervisor or instructor before a student can proceed with the research. This also means that there are procedures and structures that guide project topic presentation in banking and finance and of course other fields of study.

Meanwhile, there are factors you need to consider while choosing undergraduate project topics in banking and finance. They include but not limited to;

Area of interest
Banking and finance has several areas of specialization that undergraduates can choose project topics from. It all depends on your area of interest and the sort of issue you want to research on. Some of the areas available for research in banking and finance include banking, financial intermediation, assess and liability management, financial decision making, financial market and institutions etc.

Cost/Budget
Choosing an undergraduate project topic in banking and finance requires you to count the cost and evaluate the availability of the cost. By cost, I do not mean the financial expenditure alone, it also includes time, labour, rest, intellect etc. This means, you need to evaluate your budget, the cost too and decide if you are willing to come to a compromise.

Availability of resources materials
It could be really challenging doing a research successfully without having handy a previous research relating to your project topic especially at the undergraduate level. This is because, structurally, you will be required to review related literatures and previous studies in your field of interest.

So you must consider how much of related research works you can access before you choose you project topic. This applies to every other field of study not just banking and finance.

Timeliness and Immediate
It is also necessary to understand that you must choose an undergraduate project topic that is current and impactful. If you are in Nigeria for instance, it doesn’t make sense that you choose a project topic that has to do with a population in Canada or one that has to do with an issue of the 19th and 20th century. You should consider the datedness and the impact of a research project topic in your immediate environment before choosing them.

Choosing an undergraduate project topic isn’t as simple as it sounds; infact a project topic passes through a rigorous process before it is approved. Sometimes students can present two to three project topics to get one approved. When you consider these factors, you will be left with the proper structuring to get an approval for your project topic.