Self-employment and entrepreneurship is quite an appealing career curve but obviously not for everyone; yeah you stand a chance to prove me wrong. The labour market is nothing close to friendly, so some people run to it for refuge regardless of the options while just a few are very deliberate about it.

[url=https://www.projectclue.com/search.php?q=self%2Bemployment]See why[/url]

An earlier post points to some possible causes of employee turnover ; among the comments where opinions that self-employment is simply the best option for such cases including unemployment. However, this article is meant to help you weigh options. Maybe we could decide if self-employment is truly the answer to untold unemployment rate in Nigeria.

Let’s see what statistics say.

In 2020, National Bureau of statistics had announced that about 27.1% of Nigerians are unemployed among them are about 13.9% who are youths. Now this were the captured numbers how about those whose data was not even captured. The rate of unemployment is indeed alarming and the agitation for youth employment and empowerment is on the increase year in and out.

• Quite a number have tried starting businesses but how many of those are still up and running?

• Why do atleast 7 out of every 10 businesses die down within five years of establishment if at all they get established.

• Yes we could blame too many factors but is self-employment truly for everyone?

Self-employment/ entrepreneurship requires that you work for yourself, fund that business no matter how and take responsibility for the success or failure of that business. Unlike when you get employed, your responsibility lies within your job description and you can only loose out if you get relieved. The business probably closes down which leaves you scouting for another job.

Good to know, self-employment leaves no regrets to the determined as it has too many goodies as well as backsides to offer.

The sweet side of self-employment/ entrepreneurship

• Freedom of creative

• Enjoy the good side of independence

• Job flexibility and it’s satisfaction

• Choice location

• You pay yourself

The backside

May not sound too interesting but it’s unavoidable

• Huge and whole responsibility for it’s success of failure

• Social isolation due to responsibility

• Starting from scratch as it is in most cases

• Unpredictable income flow

• Atleast a healthy sum of capital involvement to push it.

The above listed are just on a lighter not; there is more to this as a matter of fact.

Something in-between

In between being self-employed and being employed is running a side hustle while working.

In respect to the comment about self-employment being the best option, it should be clear that it only gets interesting with a constant income flow and other factors too but where there is low capital commitment, the failure is not far-fetched.

Rather than keep changing jobs for one reason, it is better to stay at a place, work on your skills or plans for a brighter income source. If you keep getting the pay from the Job, your business is sure to have atleast little capital inflow- better than none at all.

What do you think?

Anon: You see after this term eehh, I’m done teaching in that school

Me: But you just got that teaching job

Anon: my dear…, I don’t like doing one work for long oo, the next one has to pay better than the former shaa

Me: hmmm, job turnover is never a wealth building plan

Anon: That’s your business oo, I’m busy building my CV for my big job hit in the future

That was a real life conversation I had with a Nigerian employee who definitely thinks that she can jump about jobs in search of a better life with a better payment structure. While I commend her optimism, it was necessary to caution the effect of the job indulgence and remind her of the chances she has in hitting her dream Job with the sort of CV she claims to be building, atleast not with the human resource management structure some organization don’t have. So I thought you too can benefit from this advice.

So talking about Job turn-over, it’s the deliberate act of consistently changing jobs sometimes for personal reasons or on relief notice. Our focus is on the former, we may have to discuss job turn-over with reoccurring relief notices some other time. Back on board, Job turn-over for personal reasons are surrounded by a number of factors. From the discussion, as hinted above, the lady blamed her reasons on;

• Low salary structure and repeated threat to charge her

• Distance and stress to work place

• Transportation takes too much money

• Little or no savings

• Search for a higher paying Job, each job turn-over period

• Inability to remain in certain Job for long

• CV building

Her reasons were understandable at first but the later part doesn’t hold too much water. I can help with some analysis.
Despite the persevering lack of job opportunities in Nigeria, some persons are lucky enough to even get a paying job and extra to reject especially when the pay is insulting. In another picture, some youths find it interesting seeking for another job while in one and will not take a second thought dumping the old for the new one, the reason could be among the above listed.

Fact 1
However, if your intention is to build CV then you are wrong. Great CV is one that is stuffed with practical and relevant skills and experience, however changing job every six to one year does not count; a prospect employer will rather attribute it to lack of incompetence and lack of work ethics than any good reason.

Fact 2
While the number of job experiences you have is great for a classy CV, it is largely defined by

• Why you quit those previous jobs

• The kind of job experiences you’ve had

• How you left those jobs (Sacked or not), transfer, relocation cases etc.

• Your skill set and its relevance

My sincere opinion
I understand job opportunities in Nigeria, I mean readily available ones, have very humiliating salary structure for graduates especially. But some people had rather go for it than go for a skill training session on empty stomach. If, however, you are lucky to find one good paying Job, kindly stick to it, get better at it and if you ever wish to move on with another career choice, do so in good condition not setting boundaries.

Secondly, understand that consistent job turnover does not make you any rich neither does high paying Jobs. But I think getting knowledgeable about financial literacy will help a great deal.

Hypothesis are formulated while writing research projects but not all research projects require a hypothesis to proceed. Why is that so? At what point in an undergraduate project do you need to formulate a hypothesis? What value does a hypothesis add to a research outcome? These are common questions students raise and this article is meant to give answers to them.

What is a hypothesis is research?
Simply defined, a hypothesis is a predictive statement used to test a research expectation. In essence undergraduate project topics that require hypotheses usually have an expected outcome either positive or negative. Therefore the possibility of getting either of the desired outcome is only possible by testing the theories that support your claims. The picture becomes clear as we further. Come with me...

Developing a Hypothesis
Two factors are most considered while developing a hypothesis. They are Independent variable(s) and Dependent or response variable(s). Having these factors present means that a relationship h as to be established between them. But before you get here, let’s go back one step.
In any project topic, the dependent and independent variables are often present such that one has influence over the other – as that’s what triggers research in the first place. Therefore identifying these variables is key to possibly formulating a hypothesis.

After that, the second move is to identify the factor or variable that has characteristics that causes, or affects, or influences – now that variable is the Independent variable. Then the other element that receives the effect or is affected or is influenced is the dependent variable. If you get to this point, we should proceed.

When does a research require a hypothesis?

1) When testing a theory – the theory I’m talking about is not ambiguous ones you quote from scholars, they are claims you have to formulate from your research questions which could either be proven right or wrong at the end of the research.

Eg. There is a correlation between Small scale business growth and resource availability.

The above statement is a thesis or theory waiting to be tested to arrive at verified outcome.

2) You also use a hypothesis when you want to establish a relationship between two or more variables. There could be more than one independent variables affect one dependent variable, also applies the other way round.

What advantages does hypothesis add to a research?
• It links the theories with the research questions

• It helps simplify data analysis and interpretation

• It is used to measure the validity of a research outcome

• It is also used to measure the reliability of a research outcome.

Every organisation is most likely to deploy the best measures to increase productivity. One of such measures are targeted at staff productivity scale. In a scale of 1-10, staff motivation targets 7 of 10 of organisational productivity scale. Consequently, both financial and non financial incentives consists the major motivation approaches. However, the question of the effects of financial and non financial incentives on staff productivity is still pending.

One of the human resource project topics in review seeks to confirm the relationship between motivational incentives and staff productivity. Motivation certainly means different things to different people including staff and management of organisations. Claims of the tendency of incentives reducing labour turnover and how it makes putting extra effort by staff worthwhile is also considered in this project research.

Meanwhile Financial and non financial incentives seem to answer to different levels of staff motivation; some of which this project has findings and answers to. Let’s consider them individually:-

Financial incentives includes but not limited to the following:-

• Increase in basic salary
• Cash bonuses
• Additional allowances

Non financial incentives may include:-

• Commendation from the organisations leader(s)
• Special attention from leaders
• Opportunity to lead or head projects
• Job Security
• Status upgrade like promotion, appointments etc.

Theoretical concepts, principles and techniques of management have come through in response to this effect. But scholars suggest that an empirical research is required to establish the relationship between financial and non financial incentives and staff productivity, hence this project topic.

In the midst of unbearable rate of unemployment and decreasing job opportunities in Nigeria, there is a disturbing surge of job dissatisfaction among employees. I mean, the number of workers that are not really excited or happy with their job is continually on the increase. Analyzing this issue has revealed underlying causes and effects of job dissatisfaction and why human resource management of organisations are to blame for most cases of job dissatisfaction.


Talking about human resource management, it is that arm of an organisation that takes charge of staffing ( Recruitment), compensation (salary, wages, pension, gratuity, allowances etc.), discipline (performance, monitoring), responsibility (job assignment and description), training and staff development, health and safety. All to ensure that the organisation’s competitive advantage is maintained and ofcourse improved. However, while pushing for the organisations Politics, most employees often get dissatisfied over their job for reasons we shall discuss down below:-

Lack of interest in the job
It is different to not have interest in the job you do at all ; it means another to lose interest in the job you do. For lack of interest, could be not being able to get hands on the career of your dreams, not getting your dream job etc. Perhaps being broke is not an option so, one just had to hook up with the available jobs irrespective of the available condition of service. Lose of interest in a job means that perhaps initially, it was all ‘bed of roses’ and all a sudden, things wouldn’t play out as it should due to compensation issues, stress, work load, communication issues and the likes.

Poor Remuneration
One major causes of job dissatisfaction is poor remuneration. An average Nigerian employee gets underpaid with unimaginable work load. No health insurance, no leave allowance, no transportation allowance. After tax, the balance is most likely to leave less than 20% after other monthly expenditures are made. Poor remuneration has led to continued job search even while employed, poor standard of living and employee turnover in organisations limits continuity in organisational settings.

Environmental factors
In a city like Lagos Nigeria for instance, commuting to work on a daily and back is enough stress and needing a psychotherapy after a work season. The crowd you have to walk into and across on a daily is not helpful to the mind. The traffic jam you will have to meet commuting to work will force you to get on the way earlier than necessary yet, getting back home takes the same and even worse cases scenario. In the end, majority remain over stressed, over worked, underpaid and sick with unchecked high blood pressure.

Lack of job flexibility
Having to repeat one specific job routine continually from day to months to years is usually not motivating to some employees. If feels draggy, not really letting employees research on new approaches to do the same thing and ofcourse develop upper skills to upgrade their career odds.
Nothing interests employees more than letting them have their ways around their job responsibilities. I mean giving them a chance to apply skillfully their knowledge in their assigned task. So doing, they are sure of a job satisfaction and if the compensation is favourable it stands a plus to their career success.

The current state of education in Nigeria has driven diverse resuscitation thoughts from citizens, the government both at local, state and federal levels as well as from education scholars alike. A very recent suggestion from a Nigerian University Professor, has proposed that an increased cut off mark for education courses in all Nigerian Universities and colleges of education will increase the quality of learning outcomes in the Nigeria education system. How well does this idea go with yours? But just before you comment;

here are some education research projects on students academic performances and possible causes

Education courses in Nigeria grossly, offer the lowest cut off marks for candidates seeking admission into Colleges of education and Universities. Infact, if you’re tired of writing JAMB tests over and over for your course of choice, a short cut to getting in is applying for any education course from where you could apply for a change of course. In effect, there are possibilities that we have more of admission desperadoes than teacher trainees in the education faculties of Nigerian tertiary institutions. The judgment is still yours to make.

The Registrar of University of Ibadan, who also doubles as the Chief Executive of the Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria (TRCN), Thursday, proposed to JAMB on behalf of TRCN to increase the cut off marks for education courses across the Nation during his inaugural lecture at the University of Ibadan. He listed a couple of reasons, notable among them were that;

• Should cut off marks be increased for education courses, admission into education faculties will be stricter

• Only the best gets into the teaching career

These reasons are quite candid and feasible. There are other factors however, that seems to be left out.

First, thousands of candidates write JAMB examinations yearly and only few are chosen. Funny enough, among the few are candidates who didn’t even make it to the cut off mark but for some familiarity reasons, they make their way in while some of the overqualified candidates are left to rewrite the next year.

When such cases abound, why won’t candidates device a cheap way of getting into the educational system especially those from overly poor financial background, lacking money enough to sponsor their way in like some rich folks do. The consequence, we have more students with loss of interest in their profession, the regular crowd in education faculties is a vivid example. So why pleading with JAMB to increase cut off marks, TRCN should also plead with Universities’ admission panel to be in their best behavior so that admissions are given on merit indeed not just in paper.

Secondly, it’s not just about admitting the best, it’s more about graduating the best. The teachers' training policy should be necessarily reviewed to includ conditions on which teacher trainees should be graduated as full-fledged professional teachers. As development trails, teaching approaches advance too; so does the demands of new teaching adaptation emerge just like learning needs keep increasing and diversifying.

Thirdly, private schools habitually go for underpaid teachers who most of the times are not even trained teachers. Teaching is very lucrative for an average Nigerian graduate who can’t easily get a white collar job. If the learning outcomes turn bad, blame it on the educational system? There are obviously too many factors that influence the quality of education in Nigeria too numerous to be cited alone.

At this point, you should make your own contribution on this matter as it concerns you.

We are still in the season of love – valentine; friends, families, lovers and loved ones have made out time to share an give love in diverse ways, materials and emotional. But do you ever think your favorite lecturer or that most hated lecturer in your department needs some love, gifts for valentine? Think about it taking into consideration the on-going examinations in many Nigerian Universities, including your school, in conclusion of the 2019/2020 academic session.

I remember my last days as undergraduate, conducting my final year project was so tough because I was working a job too. I barely had other project topics and research materials to guide me. I was doing what seems like an entirely new topic and the only guideline I could get hands on, was an unpublished Ph.D work. But something made it even easier and that is my relationship with my supervisor ( a female lecturer). I always thought she is too tough to handle and unfriendly. Gifts worked the magic. Opening up to her about my work schedule was a tough decision I had to make but she ended up suggesting how best to balance our meeting days in my favour. Sounds magical right?

Gifts no matter how little it looks, is an effortless extension of care, regard, kindness, show of love and a token of appreciation to someone plus it’s a soft way to ask for a relationship . So I think your lecturers deserve some of yours.

The title of this article sounds like we’re urging you to offer gifts to lecturers in exchange for grades; sorry that’s too direct for our interpretation of gifting a lecturer. Remember what the good book says that the gift of a man makes ways for him... by significance, gifting your lecturer especially in seasons like valentine automatically opens up the doors of closeness and establishes a cordial relationship between you and your lecturer no matter their gender. They begin looking out for you including your grades too, to ensure you’re doing well.
Why is this coming now

It's Still a season of love
It’s the season on love so every gift you can afford in this season is so special. More than words is all you need to show how much you care. Many times we’ve heard how lecturers get sick and die. A lot of them are facing too many challenges including debts and high blood pressure. But the flashy cares and mean faces won’t let you see it. Go now and show love to your teacher.

It’s is strategic
It’s exams season; don’t you think a gift will grant you a grand passage into your lecturers’ bosom. Your paper may be marked with mercy, you may never know.

We care so much about you and your academic success so we came through with this hack. We hope you normalize gifting your lecturers. Spread love and light .

Teaching practice is one of those programmes that assure student teachers of a practical experience of their course of study before graduating as certified teachers. It is a teacher-preparatory programme that allows Education undergraduates to undergo a temporary period of teaching in any school they are assigned. This is mostly in the form of industrial attachment for 3-6 months or more.

It is very important that undergraduates of education go through this programme before undertaking their education projects and research work (see education projects and research materials) since practical experience gives less of abstract opinions and more of inclusive teacher-students experience aswell as mirrors divers angles of experiences that students could research more about and possibly proffer practical solutions.

In essence, teaching practice is very useful to undergraduate trainees of education is numerous ways including:-

Influencing students learning
Students learn and understand differently and at varying pace; same way, some students prefer and enjoy some methods of teaching than the others. This is exactly significant to undergraduate student teachers (students who study education in the university), who get to see the two sides of learning and practice. The learning spree attached to teaching itself is endless and to talk of the experiences and prompting situation that may arise during the period of teaching practice is daring.

Education theories, just like in other fields of learning often sounds abstract especially when it comes from an ancient scholar with over used and worn out theories. With classroom preparatory programmes like teaching practice, students teaching horizon get to expand, they get to choose which theories are practicable, which to hold unto and which to leave.

Promotes inclusive learning
By inclusive learning, it plainly means that the student teachers learn while also teaching other students in various levels of education including secondary education, primary education or early childhood levels of education. How? I had mentioned earlier that individuals perceive, learn and understand differently. Inclusively, being in position of a teacher in practice makes more sense to an average students teacher than ordinary paper work.

The streams of flexibility in online learning/education that the post-covid era have birth has proved more personalized, manageable and achievable than before. The new routine, which tends to afford students the level of comfort and motivation they need while learning online also allots the right schedule for teachers to achieve positive online teaching outcomes. We will be discussing Learning Contract as one of the very recent strategies that every education undergraduate, graduate and teachers should note while seizing the teaching opportunities online.

What is Learning Contract
Learning Contract is a term that describes a scenario where a student negotiates and agrees to a personalized learning plan with the support of his/her online instructor. It also accommodates a systemic plan for assessment completion and submission within a designed framework.

I personally took an online course with Coursera, in partnership with Harvard business school and I got to understand more what learning Contract was practically about. Before I got into the main course outline; I was required to fill out a form online stating the most convenient time schedule for my lessons within the course timeframe and with my time zone in view. I got motivated and inspired because my learning hours would fall within my most preferred hours.

That is my testimony about learning contract. Now let’s get a bigger picture of the benefits of learning contract to online learning.

• Motivates personalized learning

• It provides a progressive learning and teaching framework

• Provides extended and elaborate discussion session for student-students and students- instructors’ online conversation.

Motivates Personalized Learning
Learning online as opposed to classroom arrangement is never enough to keep the inspiration alive for some students; just a little more company will do. But contract learning introduces a systemic learning approach that keeps you in check and balances your moments of willingness to learn with that of your online instructor. This motivates you to learn alone from your physical space with a company of people from your online space.

It provides a progressive learning and teaching framework
Boxing an entire lesson plan within a time frame provides a progressive guide at each level of understanding. This makes the course outline a work in progress.

Provides extended and elaborate discussion sessions.
Online courses with learning contracts often follows a corresponding system that checks students’ learning outcome. In most cases, it initiates peer -to-peer ( student- to-student) interaction sessions to foster lesson comprehension and a mindful teaching outcome.

The balls for the completion of the 2019/2020 academic calendar is set and rolling, leaving undergraduates and institutions with a lot of things to prepare for. One of which is examinations. As schools’ resumption was announced, many Nigerian Universities equally announced the date for their examination in partial fulfillment and completion of the 2019/2020 academic calendar.

In this regard, we at projectclue.com are interested in preparing new and returning undergraduate students for their forth coming school examinations including final year students. Below are relatable tips students should note while preparing for their examinations this season:-

Exams formation’ may not be like usual
I don’t know how it is in your university but judging from the Nigerian University I graduated from, the usual examination formation is two persons to a pew. However, considering the covid19 protocols which must be observed, the seating formation from exams may likely change from two to one or from three to two.

If the later happens, no issues but if the former happens, you don’t need no one to tell you that you have to drive the screw through the hard walls yourself. A lot of students depend on examination mal-practices like asking for clarifications from their colleagues in the exams hall and begging for assistance with answers they cannot attempt on their own.

To deal with this, kindly prepare your mind and study to show yourself approved of the courses you have studied so far.

Wear a face mask/shield to exams hall
To think that you will be required to wear something that feels uncomfortable, like a facemask in the exams hall is discomforting especially when it get to the point where it seems to be distorting the inflow of ideas in the exams hall.

Funny enough, it could be one of the prerequisite for taking the exams and also one way of enforcing covid protocols. To be on the safe side, bring your face mask along while going to your examination venues because as trivial as it is may keep you out of the exam hall in some Nigerian Universities.

Take out time to study deeply on covid19 and its national and global impact
In many cases, students get applied questions for examination question and for communication students, medical student and infact all academic disciplines, you should take out time to study indepth about covid and its adverse impact both within and outside Nigeria plus the several effects it had on the various sectors across the globe, leave no stone unturned.

Covid left us a practical experience which is also relatable for both old and young. Study more about it including its cause and impacts because it may likely come up in your exams.

As much as possible, No to exams malpractice
It is tempting; it is a hopeful attempt to pass examination. But this time when the urge for malpractice comes, remember that you may have to start all over if you fall victim. Remind yourself of the wasted hours at home and how far you would have gone had covid stayed back.

While you still have time, build confidence in yourself and prepare your mind for the exam. Remember the lecturers assumes that you had almost ten months to yourself at home to prepare for the exams.

It is necessary to remind undergraduates, just incase they forgot, that this school resumption comes with a lot of spikes which may wear a little uncomfortable outlook. With the level of tensions that accompanied the recent school resumption, I mean you should expect anything. Though not bad, there are new arrangements which you may have to accept as new normal as you resume your academic activities in school from the halls of school residence, lecture halls and even the communication style may likely change.

While students are excited to get back to school as usual, parents and guardians are worried about how safe it is out there for their children, institutions on the other hand have become more conscious and strategic about the security measures to adopt so as not to fall short of the resumption protocols as prescribed.

To that effect, expect anything that looks like so;

A tweak in teaching and learning pattern
For the sake of health safety, schools might as well introduce virtual learning into their learning structure to minimize the rate of physical contact. However, taking this measure requires tech enhanced equipment and new teaching/learning plan to accommodate the new shift considering the number of students in view.

See education research project materials on e-learning outcomes on students

‘Rituals’ at school gate
Washing of palms under running water, rubbing of palms with hand sanitizers and the signal of “NO MASK, NO ENTRY” at the entrance of establishments are not bizarre anymore. What may likely make the whole difference could be that it’s the first time you may have to do that in school. Doing this every day becomes normalized ‘ritual’.

Restructuring of halls of residence
I really do not know how possible it is, but school, I meant Universities with strict covid 19 safety compliance squad will ensure safety measures are followed in the hostels from fumigation to distancing bunks from another. While this approach may help, it does not guarantee safety because it’s a virus we are talking about and it is spread through air. Reducing the number of occupants per room and have them share the same airspace, all locked up say at night after the day’s activities, makes it unsafe for students.

Compliments from a distance
‘Avoid handshake’ is also part of the campaign but somehow, it’s one of those initial means of exchanging pleasantries in human communication that is inevitable.
However, if a very close acquaintance refuses to give a hand shake, you don’t have to get it twisted, it’s all for safety.

Normalize face mask wearing
Some feel really uncomfortable on face mask while others are well thriving on it like they can’t do without it. If you meet such, please do not be amazed, the fear of catching the virus renews their consciousness.

Community services are common place with Non-Governmental Organizations and something corporate organizations would take up as a social responsibility. But there are suggestions that Community services should be included in the academic curriculum of students, an opinion that is meant to foster problem solving mindset among undergraduates and secondary school students alike.

In a speech by the State minister for budget and National planning, Dr. Clem Agba at the 5th graduation, 6th matriculation and 9th Anniversary ceremonies of the Edo delta development initiative says, there is need to include community development services in the education curriculum of tertiary institutions and secondary schools accordingly as it will promote charitable services and volunteer work.

Check in: some of these research work and materials on education may help

However, Mr Clem suggestion leaves us to make submissions about the sort of community services students should be aware of as he made little attempt to specify. Community services are varying and largely influenced by the goals in view.
Corporate social responsibilities are one the subtle ways organizations make aware the existence of their organization without pressing too hard.

They affect the life of communities by directly building health centers, digging community boreholes, schools, providing signposts, scholarship slots and other special intervention packages. The main goal of CSR is to register the brand’s awareness and softly make new loyal consumers for their products, programmes and services, one of such big global brands that have insisted on this approach is Google.

Equally, Including community development services in the education curriculum is a great idea and I believe it hopes to achieve some or all of the following with this learning approach:-

Overcome blatant illiteracy among community members
If all the teachers in tertiary and secondary were sent back to the streets to teach, it will be a very difficult project to achieve judging from the ratio of teachers to number of students, plus the poor learning outcomes which may emerge thereafter. Still in the same instance, if students were to take up such project as a way of giving back to the society, it will wear a more practical outlook given the energy they will summon to showcase what they have been taught in school liberally.

Foster capacity to mastermind academic professions among students
Just like no great doctor is made in the classroom alone, no professional is crowned without active and relevant service over time. Students will benefit largely from such community services as they will mastermind their academic profession by act. As casual as education sounds, teaching an adult who never had the privilege to go through school at a younger age is such a big thing they will ever be grateful for.

The symbiotic relationship of community services and students’ involvement is very relatable and worth embracing. This is a call for consideration of this informal proposal to encourage field learning among secondary school students and undergraduates alike while also giving back voluntarily to the society.

This time last year, many of us had outlined goals and targets we should meet before the end of the year and perhaps could recite our new year resolutions by heart. Unfortunately, everything was thwarted by the airwave of covid 19, disrupting major parts of livelihood beyond human control.

In order to mitigate the health crisis, something one could describe as a wave of research spree came along and gave rise to lots of collaborative research efforts came along to save the moment. Among them are group of researchers in University of Ilorin, UNILORIN.

Pay attention: research project materials

As reported in the news, a covid 19 research conducted at the University of Ilorin Nigeria has shown that Pineapples have possible capabilities for covid 19 management. From the report, a substance in Pineapple identified as Bromelain is said to have the capacity to manage covid 19 associated conditions.

Bromelain are known to have protein digestive enzymes that are mostly associated with healing. Accordingly, Bromelain have inflammation-fighting and possible indication for healing sinus conditions- which on a lighter note share similar symptoms with covid 19.

Sinus condition (infections) causes inflammation around the nasal area and cavities. Symptoms like headache, cold, runny nose, nasal congestion are associable with Sinus infection and possibly covid 19.

According to a study published in a journal of nutritional metabolism in 2014, kids who consumed more of the canned pineapples showed resistance and slow response to viral and bacterial infections. In essence, pineapples are such great source of Vitamin C, turns out to be great immune modulator.

Judging by the KPIs of Bromelain on Sinus and inflammation conditions, there are possible indications that Bromelain, present in Pineapple stem and its juice are capable of managing Covid 19 conditions as this agrees with the research outcome in UNILORIN covid 19 research.

CTA
As confirmed by the just concluded UNILORIN covid 19 research, pineapples are great source modulators for covid 19 related symptoms. In essence, we advise you consume a healthy dose of pineapple and pine apple juice.

There are side effects associated with excessive bromelain consumption also present in pineapple. In women and shift in the flow of your menstrual flow; in most cases, It turn out heavier than it used to.

The last days of December 2020 saw the directives for schools resumption by the presidential task Force (PTF) for Covid 19. Schools resumption date, formally slated for January 18th has raised political concerns especially among the Federal ministry of education, National University commission (NUC), the Academic Staff Union of Universities as well as well-meaning Nigerian Students across the federation.

However, following the covid 19 recent surge in 2021, Projectclue.com has gathered that the Minister of Education, Mr Adamu Adamu in a statement has disclosed that the resumption date earlier announced has been moved for a new date to be announced. In his words,

It is not sacrosanct. When we decided on the date, it was just a target towards what we were working on

However, comments have been making waves over the social media alongside rumors that the federal Government has postponed schools resumption indefinitely. On those platforms have erupted sad expressions and showcase of all levels of dissatisfaction over the delay in schools resumption.

The trends on twitter allot t so much of the blames are on ASUU and the federal government for alleged lack of concern for the educational sector. Concerns have been raised over reason why worship centers, recreational centers, bars, event centers, markets are still in operation while school resumption has to linger at the mercy of ASUU and FG politics.

Fact Check
Resumption has not been suspended indefinitely; the Federal Ministry of Education has not stated thus neither has the federal Government. Atleast, at the time of writing this article, nothing of that sought has been confirmed about school resumption.

Our stand
Projectclue and its associates understand the plight of every Nigerian student, particularly those in higher institutions who have been delayed for many reasons cycling around ASUU strike and covid19 surge since February 2020.

Over the saga on school resumption and the new surge of Covid 19, we still express concerns over the closure of schools while other institutions are well in operation. Covid is real no doubt and we advise strict adherence to preventive protocols.

The decision on school resumption should not be delayed. March 2020 till January 2021, that’s about 10 months now should have been enough to get schools and students ready for school resumption. But it’s quite unfortunate. While, the school resumption date linger, we advise students at home to adhere to further instructions or guidelines for school resumption when it is finally announced.

While the rate of unemployment is on the rise, entrepreneurship should be encouraged among young people and undergraduates alike. Gone are the days when the idea of running a business and acquiring vocational skills was for the uneducated apprentice and then the white collar Jobs, an exclusive reserve for the educated. Fact now is that business and entrepreneurship is the game changer; obviously two of the four decent ways you can escape financial dependence, poverty, lack and unemployment.

Unlike a regular apprentice, undergraduates in the early stages of their tertiary education are exposed to business education and entrepreneurial studies. This gives them a decent business education background and an opportunity to put their entrepreneurial skills to use, get self employed and become independent in the government for livelihood.

You may like to read through: business education project topics and research materials.

While this is necessary, it is very important to adopt a SMART guide to entrepreneurship especially as undergraduates. S.M.A.R.T is an acronym often used to power goal setting for accountable accomplishments. It is used to point out how

• Specific
• Measurable
• Achievable
• Realistic and
• Time bound your entrepreneurial prospects should be.

Below are a few guides to help undergraduates in their entrepreneurship goals

Save
One of the earliest moves of being financially independent is to save. Some have to work to earn some money they can save but as undergraduates, you could save from your upkeep wallet. If you can save atleast 1/10 of your upkeep or more, please do.

Register for a skill acquisition and development session
Now that you have made up your mind, you could start a skill acquisition session with an establishment of your choicest interest. You have to invest in yourself; so do not hesitate to take from your savings if you’re required to pay for it as long as its worth it.

Done training? Its time to sow
After you’re done with training, it’s a good time to start investing in your skills set with your savings. Get the easiest and affordable resources you need to start with. Do not wait till everything is complete else, you may never start at all.

Consider support institutions and location
Its a good thing if the entrepreneurial skill you have acquired has zero location tolerance but if it does, it means you have to consider positioning your business in a location where people have need it. Be sure to consider other support institutions that can complement and make your business thrive faster.

Leverage your strengths and outsource your weakness
Somewhere along the line, you may need extra expertise to improve customer services. If you are not knowledgeable about them, do well to outsource. Meanwhile build on your skill strengths and prepare for the best.

It is not by accident that anyone actually goes to universities, polytechnics and colleges of education just to study a course-field called ‘Education'. Its quite an interesting one, if you ask me and brings some astounding degree of advantage of skills to the students who study education. Each of us have the capability to teach or transfer knowledge to another but then teaching becomes intentional when you study education. Reason is that you learn to project knowledge for better teaching outcome than a regular person.

This might interest you: check out research work and materials on education

This is possible because of the skill set education studies have in stock for its undertakers. If you've already equipped yourself with some or all, bravo!! However, if you don’t seem to find your way as early, then you will need some help. Below are list of skills every education student must possess to become more pronounced in the teaching profession.

Communication skills
Communication becomes a skill when you understand the keys to effective communication and what bridges the communication gap. Trained education scholars will need this skill since they are prepared to make constant physical meetings with their audiences and ofcourse to transfer knowledge.

Problem solving skills
Education studies equips students with the ability to demystify concepts and break it down till the students understand. Education is quite broad and has many fields in which students are trained to meet several educational cum societal issues. For instance, some education students actually study how to teach and communicate to the physically impaired like blind, dumb and deaf students.

Organisational skills
Class reps understands this point like a teacher does; its not easy to subject students to your teaching especially when they are adults. But being trained to do so, education students are taught to plan their teaching notes strategically both for children, adults and physically impaired. This helps you churn out the right set of the learning outline bit by bit in a manner that captures and retains the attention of your audience at every meeting time.

Effectiveness at debate and presenting theories and ideas
As education undergraduates, you should possess argumentative skills for logical and critical reasoning. This will help you to analyse concepts, theories and ideas. You should know what knowledge to kill, the ones to modify and the ones to give out

Team management
In your career as undergraduate, I guess you have realized at some point that students are sometimes encouraged to take up group work and project based test; most of which require collaborative efforts. Now as a teacher in view, you are expected to graduate from team leadership to team management where you have to manage all the team for a desired learning outcome.

Empathy
Empathy can be learned as much as can be possessed naturally . The communication skill kinda covers this but it is necessary to point out that if you do not have the ability to feel and reason with your audience, you have not done well. As much as you can, put yourself in your audience shoes as it will help you understand yourselves better for always.

Research questions for undergraduate project topics often formulate the bases for the actual research. Every research topic must answer to the research questions and if anything goes wrong from there, everything else goes wrong. As a matter of necessity, there are certain elements that shouldn’t be missing in typical research questions. Those elements are what we have tagged the ‘4 major features of a good research question' there could be more, but we go for the major. We will take time to talk about them individually in this article as it concerns undergraduates’ projects.

The elements of good research questions

Should point to underlying issues
Before a project topic gains approval, it is believed that the issues highlighted has not been solved yet. So to craft a research question from a project topic is an act of positing questions which have not been definitively answered.

By definitive, it means that even though such underlying issues seem to have obvious answers, it has not been research-proven. This implies conversely that research questions should be able to point out definitively unanswered questions as much as it coherent with the project topic and objectives.

Must agree with the research objectives
Almost in every case, research questions adopt lines from the objectives of the research in agreement with the terms of the project topic.

Must be specific
Research questions must be so specific that it corresponds with the research findings, each of them as numbered respectively. The research questions are the major queries which the research must find answers to. And when it does, the results are lined up as the research findings from which the conclusion is drawn.
;
Must be researchable
Research questions shouldn’t be abstract or beyond the research capacity of undergraduates. Therefore it must be researchable and purposeful.

End note
Research questions are as important as every stage in a research but what makes it so special is that it gives direction for the actual research from data gathering to analysis and findings. Systemically, a research is incomplete without research questions.

Be prepared! That’s the motto of The boys scout; same applies absolutely to how well you should equip yourself with readiness to take up your undergraduate project topic and do good justice to it. By the way, final year students approach research season differently. Sometimes with uncertainty, negativity, doubts and absolute ignorance or maybe sheer negligence to what it takes to pull through.

The essence of this article is to direct your mind-set to the right approach to undergraduate projects research and how best to prepare even for the worst. Well, I understand that this may not be the best options for you, but of best practices, this approach to preparing for research projects is convenient, stress-free and makes your entire research worthwhile.

Can we move ahead to see what they are?

Develop keen interest early
Choosing a project topic is very strategic and intentional. Intentional in the sense that you deliberately have to choose from a subject area you have developed keen interest over time. So the earlier the interest is nursed, the easier it is to choose a project topic in such area of specialization and even ahead to prepare for the research.

Let me tell you what, if you haven’t developed any interest in anything about your course of study, you are in the wrong place, I suppose. Find out what catches your fancy in your course and build on it.

Save up
The financial needs of undergraduate projects very with research type and project topic. If you have developed interest in a subject that attracts monetary needs then you have to plan for it. If you won’t have the money readily available when you would, then it's best to save up starting now so you don’t get trapped in the web of ‘lack of funds for research’.

Gather resource materials early enough
The best time to get the best of research materials is when others are still asleep. Then you will have the whole lots to choose from. The best part of this is that you have the whole time at your disposal with the consciousness that no supervisor is waiting for the next chapter next week. You just taking an early leap, hoping to get the best ideas and scholarly resources for your research topic.

The above keynote preparatory approaches precede choosing project topics. If you have got it up to this point then you are set to choose a project topic and continue your research quest.

Vexedkid:
Which project for this ASUU strike wey we dey. ma brother na to go learn skill sure pass.

So true bro, but all hope is not lost

Due to the rigorous nature of undergraduate projects, supervisors or your research advisor will, by default, not allow some things to go wrong in your project under their watch. What you must understand is that while they are guiding and putting you through the research procedures, they also are guiding their academic reputation by making sure to produce the best of project students. Caught in this web, there things your project supervisor will not like to see in your project file while still researching.

As convention demands, I don’t know about other climes, but over here in Nigeria, I suppose the chapters of the project are approved in a sequential order. In this case, chapter one is approved first, followed by chapter two and so it will graduate to chapter five. So before an approval is made at each chapter, it would have gone through rigorous scrutiny and corrections. Those mistakes that necessitate the scrutiny are what your supervisor won’t like to see. Let’s get to know what they are and what to do about it.

Lack of historical background
In research, it is believed that every study is traceable to a background history. So in your project chapter one, the introductory page should atleast contain a comprehensive background history of where your research has inspired and what direction of solution you are trying to posit via your research.

Copy and paste
Nobody says you should conduct an academic research without checking out related researches done by scholars. But the campaign against plagiarism is very simple – simply acknowledge every single word, phrase, sentence, paragraph or page you may have adopted in part or in full from another author.

Your project supervisor will not stand a glance at an obvious copied piece of text on your undergraduate project file without acknowledgement, that is plagiarism – academic theft and punishable offence at that.

Lack of coherence
For every hypothesis or critical claim you posit in your research project, there must be a supporting commentary, analysis and critique as against opposing opinions. However these commentary must fall in line with the claim but where it lacks coherence, your project supervisor will not like it. He will rather be forced to question your source of ideology or maybe consider your write-up juvenile in nature.

Negligence to corrections
Any act of negligence is the last thing your project supervisor will tolerate because that is why he is a supervisor- to guide you against mistakes. So you don’t have to neglect corrections.

Remarks are usually make in red in and when you see that, please take note and effect the corrections immediately. Reason is, the corrections have to be gotten write before you proceed for the next chapter. Won’t you rather, take correction early so you can proceed and finish up in time.

My regret
In respect to the last point about corrections, some project supervisors are not nice at all. Sometimes it is easier for them to cross out an entire cool page just because of a wrong line or phrase than to simply mark out the actual mistake.
If you are find yourself under the watch of such supervisor, kindly take it back to ascertain the actual mistake . Else, you can sleep in that page and he really wouldn’t care.

CTA
If wishes were horses, projects wouldn’t be compulsory for every undergraduate. But where you really can’t help it, you have to follow religiously the procedures required. It is assumed your supervisor knows better, play cool through out and make the research process quick and easy.

Warning strike action is quite predictable and reassuring for but when it’s declared indefinite, it becomes totally unpredictable and apparently throws the victims off-balance. This is always the case whenever the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) embarks on strike as against Federal government mal-treatments and ofcourse throws undergraduates (the victims) off-balance. But the beautiful thing amidst all of these is that you as students have the opportunity to become even more productive.

This is achievable by engaging in some vocational activities which naturally contributes to economic development and more to your financial freedom. For undergraduates and youth as a matter of fact, agriculture is more relatable, achievable and relatively affordable and is reassuring in terms of continuity even after the strike is over. And that’s one of the key concerns of agricultural economics which studies the allocation, distribution and utilization of resources produced by farming which in extension contributes largely to the macro economy.

Some agricultural economics project materials will help explain that in details

In a country such as ours where the gross rate of unemployment, inflation in the prices of goods and services, low standard of living and poverty rate is on the increase daily, coupled with the growing labor force, citizens including youths and undergraduates alike, have little choices to make like getting engaged in lucrative activities like farming, part-time teaching, hair dressing, fashion design, affiliate marketing. However, not much has been said about undergraduates involving actively in agriculture and where actually they can start without having to worry much about financing.
The following are more ways undergraduates can become productive while school is on strike

Snail farming
Farming livestock like snails is one of the very lucrative yet cheapest of several livestock farming. To become a student snail farmer, all you need to do is to pick the species of snail you wish to rear or buy them. Next you make a raised wooden locker like the shape of a snooker board and your snail house is ready. Feed your snail with vegetables and fruits and you are good to go.

Make out time to study more about incubation of snail eggs till they hatch and the separation techniques which are very simple to achieve. You can’t imagine how much money you can make from snail farming because the reproductive rate is really high and the prizes of snail in the market is higher than beef itself.

Sales and distribution of poultry products
As undergraduates who hope to get back to school soon, you may not have all the money and luxury of time to start a poultry farm. But you can become a middleman between the real poultry farmers and people who need it by becoming a small scale distributor.

For instance hotels do eggs a lot, restaurants, homes, shops, grocery stores etc. Not only Eggs, waste products from poultry often make good fertilizers for the soil. You could connect crop farmers to where they can get these waste products for a commission. The same you would likely do in sales of chicken.

Affiliate marketing
You don’t need a shop to start, neither do you need any products of your own. all you need is a smart phone and internet connectivity. Your main business will be to market branded products from registered businesses. These products will be given you at discounted prices so that when you make sales, you can top a little profit for yourself when you make sales. A lot of laptop vendors, hair vendors, cosmetics vendors you meet online actually run affiliate and guess what, they make huge sum of money and their commissions and profits too.

You don’t have any excuse to get productive; the economy is not favorable to a lot of people, but you can contribute to the informal sector which contributes largely to the macro economy. Besides, the labor force is really frustrating and unemployment rate is on the increase, you can escape those frustrations if you start being productive today.

One more thing undergraduates tend to worry so much is about funding their final year projects. While some may require huge sum as opposed to others, the fact still remains that some students find it challenging to fund their undergraduate projects especially because the funds has to be made available at any stage it is needed which may turn out ‘wrong time' for them. We will try to consider the following in this article;

• If undergraduate project funding is as expensive as it is said to be
• What actually costs money relatively in students projects.

A starter (True life story)
When I was an undergraduate, I once went to my department to submit my course registration form there I met the then Director General, Projects of my department. He wasn’t happy at all, I could read the furry in his breath and expression. “Young woman, are you in final year?” he asked me. Yes Sir, good afternoon Sir. “How much did you pay to get a project topic?" he asked again. I drafted my topics myself and got them approved, I answered.

As if trying to lay complains to me about the encounter he had minutes before I got in and probably to clear his doubts, he lamented, “ which kind wahala be this?, how can a student tell his father that I ..., he called his full name, had asked him to pay #50,000 to get a project topic?” he continued “ The father just called me now to confirm and that’s how I got to know. You see how students tarnish the image of lecturers, you see". Standing in awe, I was speechless, all I had to do was listen.

In essence, students sometimes take project funding too far even when it is almost uncalled for. That amount was supposedly for mere project topic which does not happen anywhere. This brings us to one of our anchor conversions today.

Are undergraduate projects as expensive as they are thought to be?
The cost of funding undergraduate projects are generally relative. Meaning that it varies with different factors.

Lets check out a fine arts student project for instance, you will realize that these guys spend a whole lot of money gathering materials to exhibit their artwork; the same could be said of a science student who may decide to experiment or implement some project prototypes.

But talking about written research work like many other disciplines do, you realize that you need more data and documented resources than funds. And if they constitute a larger population of students who conduct research with less funds, then we can partially conclude that undergraduate projects are not as expensive as thought.

Now, what actually costs money in students projects
If you followed through the story earlier told above, you will be tempted to ask ‘what then do I need money for when doing my project’? for those who have not sold their conscience.

Here are not all but a few things that could cost money in students projects

• Office file
• Typing and printing
• PC ( if you can afford it) else resort to #2 above
• Transportation
• Materials for exhibition ( for arts students)
• Movie Production ( arts students)
• Specimen for experiments
• Binding of papers
• Etc.

It is not possible to list all of it due to the fact that each research comes with its own financial involvement and resource needs. Most undergraduate projects turn out prototypes of what they should be and therefore does not cost so much except for very few cases.

Greeted with the gossips of how ‘wicked’ and ‘nice’ some project supervisors alleged are, students are somewhat discouraged about undergraduate projects research especially as fresher in a university. Further in your course of study, it seems like everything said about these Lecturers are actually true because you are probably not finding it easy with the courses they are assigned to handle plus complains about how burdensome, money draining and tedious projects are, keeps flying around, framing a negative picture of undergraduate projects generally.

Beclouded by these wave of thoughts, undergraduates tend to easily air-brush the actual reason research projects are almost compulsory for every university student and infact the benefits of undertaking undergraduate projects. That brings us to the purpose of this article – to help you understand the benefits of undertaking undergraduate projects.

You can’t keep doing a thing without understanding the benefits; it’s like pursuing a course without a sense of purpose. Same way, you can’t benefit satisfactory from what you really don’t understand. Let’s digress a little to what a project really is about.

What’s undergraduate projects about?
At the round up season of their studentship, undergraduate are expected to undertake a research project in their field of knowledge and area of most interest. Projects are not like regular coursework, they are well researched, in-depth and often requires a manageable level of data gathering and analysis to arrive at a conclusion.

Undergraduate projects are purposive. In other words it’s deliberate attempt to choose a project topic and follow the procedures for presentation of research to arrive at a conclusion which is often not predictable until the data analysis is made.

Benefits of undertaking a research project

There could be more, but we have summarized them into three.
Research projects helps undergraduates to:-

• Learn to read and interpret other people’s research critically by doing yours. It gives you insight into the practical difficulties and theoretical debates of published research.

• Develop and apply the lessons and advise you have received in your course of study practically.

• It creates the opportunity to evaluate and access your capabilities to conduct research independently.

The ideal span of undergraduate projects should stretch from chapter 1-5 and should also accommodate the preliminary and concluding pages. That not withstanding, some undergraduate projects can take larger volumes than one can imagine while some end up smaller than necessary. Meaning that some student researchers, tend to have more things to note than their counterparts resulting in voluminous research papers as opposed to others. This raises concerns about the ideal length of a typical undergraduate projects.

To clear the air on this, the volume or length of a research paper can be relatively unpredictable. Unlike planned course assignments which may limit your write-up to certain number of pages, project papers can stretch to any length, small or large.

However there are relatable reasons some undergraduate project papers end up voluminous than others. For the sake of clarity, we have buckled these reasons under the sub-head below;

Key determinants of undergraduate project volume.

• The project topic
• The research type
• Research methodology
• Research objectives

The project topic
The undergraduate project topic that you have chosen to research on, is a key influencer in your research including the volume. It points to the variables involved, the exact route and scope the research is meant to cover.

The research type
An experimental research, survey, content analysis, case study, design and implementation, observation name it... are the types of research and by virtue of their individual requirements, determines how large or small a research is.

Research Methodology
This is a term used to describe the processes of data gathering and collection, data sorting and data analyses. It is largely determined by the type of research which conversely influences the volume of pages it covers in a project work.

Objectives of the research
The objective of the research states specifically what the research is set to achieve; and until all the objectives are met, the research cannot be concluded. If the objectives are much, you have more paper volumes to cover and if its less, you have your answer.

Conclusion
The volume of a project topic is unpredictable. There is no small and large research project; it’s all determined by a number of factors including the project topic, the research objectives, Methodology, the project topic among others.

One can hardly find entirely fresh undergraduate project topics to research on; almost every sphere of research has been pinched atleast in part. That doesn’t mean you can’t have a new topic for a research, it simply implies that there is always a new angle and scope to tackle and dig deep in-spite of the scope of popularity it holds.

To be sincere, finding a project topic for research can be time consuming and infact challenging to get a new one. And so we have compiled a list of project topics that may interest political science finalists. These new research topics can be used directly as a research lead and can as well offer guidelines and spark up ideas for new topics. Lets see what we have;

List of project topics in favour of political science students

1. Appraisal of the role of Twitter in driving political revolution in Nigeria. ( using the #endsars protest 2020 as case study)

2. Democratic governance and crisis management in Nigeria ( Lekki toll gate endsars 10/10/20 massacre in Lagos Nigeria as case study)

3. Cross regional crime mitigation and security policies in Nigeria ( Boko haram Amnesty in northern Nigeria as case study)

4. Democracy and grassroots political participation in Lagos state metropolis

5. Appraisal of educational policy implementation in Nigeria ( using FG and ASUU as case study)

6. A cooperative analyses of social media censorship policies and the classical democratic systems.

7. A performance analysis of the development policies in third world countries in the past two years. (focusing on Nigeria as the giant of Africa.)

Still can’t make something of those?

Few more options exist in choosing project topics; among them is the option of checking into some undergraduate research websites. Most of these websites like projectclue bank up series of research topics from various departments with introductory comments on what the topic is about. So its a great plug to spark up project topic ideas and ofcourse help give you something to think about.

By the way, these topics above are freshly coined from the recent happenings in Nigeria and can make a great research lead to whom it may concern.

Marketing is a unique strategy to promote awareness among members of a targeted public about a new product in town, a new kind of services provided by an establishment or about a person, an event and ofcourse anything marketable. Over the years people have devised several means of marketing which have evolved over time from the most cruel of them to the very sophisticated of them. To help narrate the tale of evolution of marketing, this article is dedicated to giving a prediction of what the future holds for marketing and marketers alike while also refreshing your minds with the current trends in marketing.

Long before and even now, marketing has been about promoting brand awareness, building brand trust and loyalty in the mind of target market or audience within a span of exposure to those products and services via television commercials, radio jungles, billboards, newspapers, magazines, mouth to mouth, flyers, tracts and public social responsibilities.

Click here for research projects on marketing

Without a digression from the original aim of marketing, the means of marketing has however shifted to attention retention strategies, need assessment strategies, need predictions, targeted marketing and the likes. All these have been made possible via the new media as opposed to the ‘traditional media’ of tv, radio and billboards, newspapers and the likes.

The realities of Marketing with the new media
By new media, we mean the internet. As a matter of fact, the internet has been such an unending wanderlust for businesses and brands with added solutions introduced within a short notice. The adoption of mobile application into the online marketing plan was one of the biggest deal strikers of all times especially as the apps can afford diverse marketing solutions respectively.

For instance Instagram is great option for marketing live videos, beautiful photo and vlogging with added editing features. Facebook likewise is great for live streaming , videos, photos, and lengthy marketing writes. Twitter however has limited number of written characters but great for making an event, a person, a business or service trend faster and globally with the unique power of hashtags. The same way does Tik Tok, email marketing, YouTube have their unique marketing features.

In another news, influencers are leveraging the social media apps as a marketing tool both for themselves and businesses alike. Just by increasing their followership, online views, impressions and their fan base alias popularity, their online handles automatically becomes a one stop spot for businesses and marketers.

Even at that, marketing promotions comes to you without you ever searching but turns out to be something you are interested about. Now how does that happen? Why does it appear so apt?

The future of Marketing and marketers
The future of marketing is quite predictable especially with the introduction of artificial intelligence and related algorithms into google – of the leading search engines.

With the introduction of targeted advertisements, search engines like google are able to predict what your are likely to search for using your search results, what you like and comment over the internet. Many of the social media applications have become tools in the hands of search engines to promote the marketing goals of businesses who have registered their presence online.

Soon, influencers will become too many because they have good chances of promoting your business to as many followers as they have. Being an influencer is lucrative especially lately, so people are likely to buy into building a large fan base, increased followership and numerous views for their online content.

Again, marketing will be more targeted in the future than it is now. This time more specific with little or no tint of doubt. It took psychographic data to bring as much as we have now and a more personal set of data is being gathered to make marketing such a great experience for business and their targets alike.

On the other hand, Online markerters who have no plans to upgrade to become influencers are likely to loose their job. Businesses promote their businesses via more strategic and sophisticated means including the use of influencers and use of recent google marketing tools.

To position yourself as a millennial Marketer, you need to improve in your marketing tech know how to be able to compete favourably.

Writing a research project requires more than choosing undergraduate project topics, the ability of the students to develop the chosen project topic following the objectives the research is set to achieve is like the icing on a cake. Pulling a strong stunt in your research project content distinguishes you from a regular essay writer; with the techniques you are required to apply, you’re likened to an authority in your research field judging from the facts, figures, scholarly sources you have cited and general expression.

However, if you don’t know how to grow your undergraduate project topic from a topic sentence to paragraphs, a page and then to a full research, this article was put together just for you. You will certainly learn how to develop a research idea from a project topic to a research done; you just need to follow the directives down the line.

First, show understanding on your research topic
To start off your project writing, it is necessary you show understanding of the topic you’re researching by first giving an exhaustive background of the study or sometimes, as the case may be a Historical overview of the topic idea.

Find a scholarly source
To find pillars to build your project topic on, try drawing ideas and backup studies to solidify your claims and critique through scholarly sources that are relevant to your research topic.

Detail the significance
To further lengthen your write-up, explain the significance of the sources you have cited as it relates to your research. Significance simply means, the applicability of what the sources cited have said in your research. If possible, make it as detailed as possible.

Build on definition of terms
To further lengthen your discussion, you can build necessary and relevant discussions on the definition of research terms and research variables. On norms, the definition of terms section allows you to define those research keywords the same way it will by applied in the research.

CTA
Content is king, same paradigm applies in undergraduate projects; so to deal with it, you need to show knowledge and skill in content development.
Again, following research schedules and presentation formats, what to write may not look too plenty to makeup for the number of pages. However, being knowledgeable about the content development in your research project makes you a champion.

There are certain keywords that a hiring manager and softwares are expecting to see in your CV, bringing your understanding of the Job description to bare. But where such indicators are lacking, you may never get to the interview stage. We will be discussing keyword and indexing in CV writing and why it is very relevant in this dispensation.

The ever changing technicalities involved in CV writing is probably one of the major reasons you need to hire a CV writer but if you must do it by yourself, there are a lot of hacks to note. For now however, will focus on keyword indexing in CV writing and how to maximize that hack.

What is Indexing literally ?
The simple dictionary meaning of indexing suggests a way of directing attention to something. Like using your index finger, like a sign, to direct peoples attention to a specific place.

Indexing in CV writing means constantly directing attention to a particular word or phrase that is immediate and related to the job you are applying for.

Keyword Indexing in CV writing explained
Keyword as in CV are words related to your job search or the job description you’re applying for. As a job applicant, you don’t go making up keywords; keywords originate from the position the hiring manager has asked you to apply for.

Writing a Keyword indexed CV therefore requires repeating the position you’re applying for and a marching skill set consistently throughout your CV. For example, if you were asked to apply for the post of a ‘Social Media Manager’, you are expected to index or repeatedly use the phrase, Social media manager, social media management, Social media, Management as keywords and related keywords.

Why Keyword Indexing in CV is necessary
Pointers will be needed here:-

• Most times CVs are screened by softwares or robots. They look out for those keywords and the frequency at which they were used, which in most cases are already set. If your CV is not optimised with that keyword, you CV will likely not pass the first reading.

• It places emphases and attention on the actual job you’re applying for and your skills set.

• It shows competence and smartness in CV writing.

• You stand a chance to get to the interview stage of Job search atleast.

CTA
CV writing and its technicalities evolves with time, you must have to keep terms with the constant changes. Meanwhile, if you are still confused on how to write a winning CV, you can Hire a CV writer or attend a CV writing class.

You will certainly have a need for a writer; if not now, could be later. We can’t be all ‘Jack of all trade’; at some point a need may arise that we will have to delegate some of our activities to capable hands to handle. When it has to do with a writing task, however, to hire a writer will be a choice to your advantage especially if you hire a professional writer.

However for the sake of this article we are most concerned about where to hire a writer for undergraduates’ final year project. And so the article is to put you through the reasons you need to hire a writer for your final year projects, when you need it and where you can actually hire one for yourself.
Why you need to hire a writer for your research project.

Writing is ‘hard’
To be a writer, a professional writer at that, you need to have vast knowledge in various niches and the advantage of skill to develop topic ideas from scratch no matter the area of knowledge.

For final year undergraduates who have need to hire a project writer, it is very vital to look out for a professional who has an unmeasurable scope of knowledge in your course of study and especially the project topic you intend to write on.

It takes time
It takes time to develop and do justice to the content of the write-up while also staying afloat with relevant information for idea development and progression.

By the way, one of the reasons you hire a writer is because you don’t have the luxury of time. You are certainly delegating the task to someone who has all the time to give you what you expect to have.

Professional writers have relevant tools that make their tasks easier.
From spelling checkers, to data gathering tools, professional writers adopt the know-how that makes writing even easier for them thereby making the delivery of your gig fast and easy.

They know the quick writing hacks, and where to get such tools that perfectly suits your write up.

When do you need to hire a writer?

Writing by yourself is very necessary but certainly not a do or die affair. But if you have need for a writer, it means that:-
• You have a busy or tight schedule
• You have difficulty developing content ideas
• You probably lack the skill to write
• You hate writing, mostly likely to prefer talking than writing

Where to hire a writer
One can exactly tell where you can hire a writer if you tell the kind of writing that is involved. Here, we are basically concerned about where to hire a final year project writer.

Undergraduates are most likely to get a professional project writer in a project website. Such project sites have dedicated pages for writers and their client prospects.

To see an example of such pages, click on the link above to have a look or make request for a project writer.

Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make man a more clever devil says C.S Lewis. It has become rather too obvious that we value less our education efforts in Nigeria comparably to schools abroad who have advanced their interests in education from learning facilities to research centres to revenue generating ventures. But what we don’t realize is that there is a conspiracy, though of interest, to defeat the Nigerian education efforts.

Reports from Nairametrics, a financial resource company based in Nigeria had earlier revealed in June, 2020 that Nigerians spend over #152 billion in tuition in UK annually and over approximately #1trillion annually to study abroad. There are indications that more of Nigerian school leavers, and undergraduates even after doing their undergraduate projects and post graduate projects are very hopeful of studying abroad with faith that their dreams meets opportunities over there.

The conspiracy of interest

Cambridge, Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Oxford and many other foreign universities in this category have made the name and legacy over time because of the intentional act of investing so much to their education system in diverse dimensions that attracting foreigners becomes very easy. There are a lot to be talked about but let’s consider a relatable few;

• Huge investment in research: For accountable reasons, foreign universities as listed above and more, have so much confidence in their research community base which are mostly in their universities. As a matter of importance, their undergraduate projects and final year research are meaningfully used as prototypes for further findings and innovations across several fields.

Three students in Sweden recently, were reported to have developed a product that alters wear and tear in tyres through their undergraduate research. They made the news and were called over by Volvo for partnership.

But over here in Nigeria, despite the huge investments in education infrastructure, it is not commensurate with the research inputs which overly affects research outcomes.

• Advanced and specialised curriculum: With more targeted and specialised courses, coupled with conducive study atmosphere structurally and otherwise, the foreign study base gives better assurance of quality learning and classified experience.

The ultimate goal is not just to provide improved learning facilities but to also earn as much revenue as they have earned from foreign students till date.

Most of the attractions are through scholarship programmes, partnership, sponsored Visa, masters programmes, distance learning, professional certification courses and other fully sponsored programmes.

However, as a nation we can still gear up and take the bull by the horn. One way to withstand this conspiracy is to invest more on infrastructural facilities in the education sector, sponsor meaningful undergraduate projects and research and promote innovation at all levels through partnership and internship across several faculties of education.

This way, we will save more from foreign education and focus more strengthening our educational weaknesses.

There comes a moment in a communication process when there seem to be a change or twist is the intention of a message sent, causing a sort of misinterpretation or misunderstanding at the receiving ends. Such scenarios are often pegged Semantic distortions or semantic barriers in mass communication or human communication at large. It has many turns and twists to it, giving it a commonplace in communication barriers.

What is Semantics?
Originally, Semantics as a word is crafted from a greek word ‘sema' which means sign. But in the contemporary interpretation gives it the new nomenclature, ‘semantic'.

Semantic as its new meaning describes, is the study of the meaning, sign and symbol use for communication purposes. In essence, the use of semantics is the use of signs and symbols and gestures in communication.

Semantic distortion/ Semantic barriers
By semantic distortion or semantic barrier, it simply means a twist in the meaning of a sign language, symbol or body language. This also means misunderstanding or misinterpretation in nonverbal communication.

Why semantics in communication
People share meaning differently, interpret massages differently and perceive meaning differently. From language, to culture, to signs and symbols, to body languages or gestures; people give meaning to communication messages based on what it means to them or even how they choose to.

However, in mass communication or in human communication generally, it is very necessary that you understand jow best to share meaning the way the receiver would to avoid misinterpretation.

For example, a wave of hand could mean ‘bye' and could also mean ‘no' in another instance. Just like kiss on the cheek means different things or maybe totally unaccountable in some climes.

By mere understanding what it means to the receiver first hand, helps you know how to use semantics ie. Signs and symbols in communication.

Factors that influence semantic distortion or semantic barriers

There are as many factors that influence communication that influence semantic distortions.
• Culture differences
• Languages differences
• Level of exposure
• Perception or selective filtering of messages
• Communication pattern

Communication however is said to be effective when there is a feedback. Be it oral or written communication or even semantics, you must take notice of the feedback you get as that tells how the receiver perceives the message to avoid , misunderstanding or misinterpretation

STEM degrees are the most sought after in the entire field of Education lately. The recent developments in digital and technological calls for more hands, making STEM courses and its degree holders hot cakes in the international labour space. Have you acquired a STEM degree? Do you intend getting one soon? What degree certificates could be classified as STEM? Let’s get started already.

STEM is an acronym for courses under Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. These course are much larger in scope; meaning that they are broken into small bits of courses which are very much relatable, mostly interrelated and interdisciplinary in many universities across the globe.

Click here for undergraduate research in a STEM course

The term STEM gained popularity way back in 2010 as a way to instil in students the need to reason outside the box for skilful development ahead of their career in any of these courses.

Notable facts about STEM courses and degrees

• STEM degrees are interdisciplinary
• They are curriculum based
• STEM degree course adopt applied learning approach. In essence they target skill development and expertise
• They use real world problems as application models
• STEM courses and degree holders are very much sought after.

Why STEM degree holders are hot cakes in 2020 and beyond

Digital is currently the new normal and as the world head to fully emancipate all there is to it, there is serious need of classified science, tech and data experts who are equipped with relevant skills to either start innovation from scratch, rebuild what already exist as well as boost digital reformation across all human endeavours.

Icing on the cake
To become part of this global reform, STEM degrees must not be obtained at universities as graduate degrees. In fact, STEM courses are applied and use real life problems and project paradigms. In essence, a professional certificate course, post graduate course or special professional training in any of the STEM fields can pave ways for opportunities.

Courses under STEM include but not limited to ;

Science: There are many courses you can undertake under science including computer science, data science, physical science.

Technology: Sometimes science and technology could be attributed interchangeably. But specifically, courses under this field covers hardware and soft ware development, cloud computing, machine learning and Artificial intelligence, augmented and virtual reality, graphics designs, programming etc.

Engineering: You already can guess, but as long as recent innovations is concerned lets consider software engineering, computing and computer engineering, mechanics etc.

Mathematics: Has too much juicy skills that digital innovation communities beg for. They include statistics, data science, computation etc.

Generally, STEM courses are solution courses. In other words, they solve problem. It is most interesting that STEM courses as broad as the scope is are very much interwoven, interdisciplinary and interrelated.