₦airaland Forum

*A Tribute to Muhammadu Buhari*
Nigeria, and indeed Northern Nigeria, has lost an irreplaceable icon. Muhammadu Buhari was not just a former President—he was a symbol of discipline, integrity, and national service. His legacy as a patriot, a soldier, and a statesman will forever echo across generations.

He stood tall for justice, fought for unity, and remained committed to the values of honesty and sacrifice. In life, he served with honour. In death, he leaves behind a void too deep to fill.

May Allah forgive his shortcomings, reward his service, and grant him Aljannah Firdaus.
*An era ends, but his legacy lives on.*

Bobloco:
Nigerians are uniting in a powerful coalition to bring an end to the most wicked and draconian regime this country has ever known.

And probably the only such chance forever, this if materilize will bring an end to Biafra agitations and fave way for unity and everlasting peace in NIGERIA.

NIGERIA'S UNITY TICKET

The real barbarians: How the French and British ‘civilized’ Africa
Both colonizers, despite their differences, aimed at squeezing profit for their imperial centers


The colonial footprints in Africa paint a bitter picture of socioeconomic exploitation and political repression, and at its heart are Britain and France. These countries operated different complex yet similar systems of colonial governance. To this end, unmasking their colonial games is necessary for a better understanding of how this complex chain of mechanisms impact the continent today.

Britain’s web

The 15th and 16th century marked an influx of colonial powers to Africa. By the early 16th century, the British under Queen Elizabeth I had deployed its ‘sea dogs’ (a group of notorious pirates) led by John Hawkins, whose duty initially was to attack and loot Spanish ships sent to Africa.

By 1564, the gang had changed its focus to capturing and selling Africans as slaves to the West Indies to work on plantations, the final products of which were sent to Britain in a triangular form of trade – a system of trade which became known as the transatlantic slave trade.

Experiencing the lucrativeness of the expeditions by the sea dogs, the queen decided to sponsor the rest of their missions. The colonial crown further institutionalized this act by establishing the Royal African company in 1672 under the authorization of King Charles II to exclusively carry out trade in looted resources in Africa such as gold, slaves, and ivory.

Until 1884, when the concept of effective occupation was adopted as part of the General Act of Berlin during the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, the British ambitions were not primarily territorial in nature, but rather to establish a web of trade posts dealing in looted objects in a barbaric black market. This covert system of looting was in later years transformed into the system of ‘indirect rule’.

France’s ‘mission’

However, the French fancied both territorial expansionism and trade in looted objects. This is proven by the establishment of the Saint-Louis trade post in Senegal in 1659 as part of a vision to create a North-West African dream with Senegal as its center.

The dream entailed establishing effective control over territories from West Africa including present day Cote d’Ivoire, Niger, Guinea, Burkina Faso, and Mauritania to territories in the north, such as Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. To the French, this expansionist policy offered a competitive advantage in terms of trading in looted objects and spreading French language and culture as part of the ‘mission civilisatrice’ (civilizing mission), an idea that permeated French society’s 18th century Age of Enlightenments

Indirect rule by the British vs. assimilation by the French
The differences in their visions propelled the colonialists into operating different systems of colonial governance. The British took a self-righteous position in abolishing the slave trade because it began to raise antagonism among the people.

However, under the guise of crushing leaders engaged in the slave trade, they covertly ceased the opportunity to depose political leaders such as Nana and Jaja in Nigeria who opposed British rule and had abolished the slave trade for trade in rubber and palm oil in the 1800s. This laid the foundation for the British system of indirect rule as it arguably instilled fear among opposing leaders and rallied support for British puppets. Through indirect rule, they governed the people through the elites and chiefs loyal to the British colonial crown.

The French had the governor general, appointed by a select committee in France, an Advisory Council which predominantly consisted of the French and appointed local governors who were Africans.

To ensure the people trusted the colonial government, the French granted citizenship to Africans who reached a certain level in language proficiency and cultural assimilation. These people were often referred to as ‘évolués’,meaning ‘those who have evolved’. They were seen as second-class French nationals, possessed limited civil and political rights, and were often subjected to racism. Africans were allowed to elect their own governors periodically from candidates selected by the French colonial government, and the ‘évolués’ in some instances, as in the case of Senegal, were allowed to elect their own representative to the French National Assembly. A notable example is Blaise Diagne, who served in the French National Assembly from 1914-34.

Despite inner differences in their colonial policies, the British and French authorities were flexible and often borrowed from each other. The British operated a formally similar system. There was the governor general, resident commissioners, Christian missionaries, colonial officers, chiefs, and colonial agents.

The chiefs and colonial agents were predominantly Africans, while the rest were British. The Africans were responsible for collecting taxes, fees for enrollment in the slave trade to capture their fellow Africans and sell them to the British. They also assisted in hearing complaints for colonial justice as well as the work of the Christian missionaries. This was important because the Christian missionaries provided schools to train the locals in line with British colonial policies. In the Gold Coast (modern Ghana), the Wesleyan Methodist missionary established the Mfantsipim boys school and the Wesley Girls’ High School for this purpose, and agents such as Reverend Thomas Thompson, an educator who wrote a pamphlet titled ‘The African trade for Negro slaves shown to be consistent with the principles of Humanity and Laws of revealed Religion in 1778’.

By employing this strategy, the British sought to maintain intermediaries to assist them instill trust in the colonial administration, avoid resistance, and reduce administrative cost.

In situations in which the French policy of assimilation encountered challenges, the French practiced a similar indirect system as in the case of French Sudan (present-day Mali). The highly Islamic-centered north in French Sudan rejected French culture, as they considered it to be contrary to their values. To address this, the French collaborated with the chiefs and elites to indirectly govern them according to the French colonial rules and consequently indirectly forced them to adopt French practices.

In a nutshell, the French policy of assimilation was geared towards creating second-class French nationals who would adhere to French values, culture, and instructions, while the British indirect rule policy sought to create ‘puppets on the string’ by allowing traditional rulers to maintain their culture while they govern the colonies through them.

Socioeconomic influence
The infrastructural development was strategically taken as part of a colonial policy. The Congo-Ocean Railway line, for instance, was constructed in the 1920s to transport timber and minerals from Congo-Brazzaville to the port of Point-Noire, to be exported to Paris.

In the Gold Coast, the British in 1898 began construction of a cargo railway line linking the Port of Sekondi to Tarkwa (a gold mining community in Ghana) to exploit minerals to be exported to Britain.

However, infrastructural developments were carried out by coerced Africans who had to work for free for some days in a year. The French, in particular, introduced the ‘prestation policy’, which involved 12 days of compulsory free labor of Africans for what was described as public works. Forced labor, including for juveniles, became so widespread that an international labor convention prohibiting it was signed in 1930, but the colonial powers blatantly ignored it. The French further extended this practice by compulsorily enlisting Africans in the Armee d’Afrique (African Army) and using them for these types of projects.

The British West African Frontier Force and the West African Force, on the other hand, were extensively used to suppress nationalist movements that opposed British rule and the imposition of taxes, such as the Hut Tax. This was a tax imposed on residents of British colonies to fund the colonial administration based on the size of their houses – that is, huts. In Sierra Leone, attempts to suppress dissent against this tax led to the Hut Tax War of 1898.


Did British and French ways of economic exploitation differ?
Despite the differences, there were stark similarities between the economic policies, as both economic mechanisms perpetuated a sense of dependency.

Will Africa take its gold from a greedy West?
Different currencies – the British West Africa’s pound and the East Africa’s shilling, as well as the CFA Franc (Colonies Françaises d’Afrique) – were imposed on the colonies. By the beginning of the 20th century, both countries were operating through corporations, such as the French controlled Compagnie Francaise d’Afrique Occidentale (CFAO) and the British controlled United Africa Company (UAC), which was a subsidiary of the Anglo-Dutch company Unilever.

Africans were forced to form cooperatives to grow specific cash crops that the colonial states needed. The colonial corporations later fixed the price of these crops at a minimum, which were later exported to the colonial states. Secondary goods were later imported from the colonial states for the colonies by the colonial corporations at higher prices. This ensured two things. First, that the colonies remain ‘offshore plantations’ for the colonial power, and second, that the colonies remain economically poor while clamoring for secondary goods from the colonial power.

After French colonies had gained independence, France desired to keep these policies through series of agreements under an arrangement known as Françafrique. However, this created antagonism against Charles De Gaulle for several reasons, particularly his failure to provide justifications that resonated with the Africans. He created a sense of entitlement to the colonies that were determined to gain independence, as in the case of Guinea under Sekou Toure.

The efforts to become independent in 1958 and adopt its own currency angered the French government and led to ‘Operation Persil’. This was blatant sabotage by France to destabilize Guinea for voting for complete independence from France’s influence on three fronts. Economically – by flooding Guinea with fake banknotes to create hyperinflation, politically – through mass shipments of weapons into Guinea and transforming the opposition into paramilitaries to cause chaos and eventually overthrow the president, Sekou Toure. And lastly, socially – by destroying critical civilian infrastructure in Guinea, including telecommunications and sewage systems.

On the other hand, after a series of agitations with the colonies, such as the Gold Coast, Britain and other Western countries decided to grant power to the colonies to govern their own affairs to a large extent after gaining independence. By this, African states could adopt their own currencies as well as developing independent economic and security policies, but Britain maintained engagements with its former colonies through the Commonwealth of Nations. Through this, former colonies maintain British structures, such as language and common legal systems. Unlike France, Britain also strategically positioned its firms, such as De La Rue, as a better alternative to print currencies of its former colonies through commercial agreement rather than political intimidation.

Undoubtedly, despite the differences, both the French policy of assimilation and British indirect rule perpetuated a sense of dependency aimed to impoverish African colonies. The glaring effects of this barbarism are still deeply felt in Africa today.

By Maxwell Boamah Amofa, research officer at the West Africa Transitional Justice Center (WATJ) and coordinator for International Partnerships for African Development (IPAD)

Rivers gone 🤔

Suntzung:
https://www.facebook.com/share/r/NkqEuz1UU7KGbMTh/?mibextid=oFDknk

Police why now 😏

patrickcollins:
But the case he has to answer is the non existence school he claimed he graduated from, if he is sued on that in America that may be wahala but I won't like Atiku to tow that path

But the School CSU has questionable integrity and or authenticity to have allowed all things to happen

Abagworo:
Lol.. Tinubu is the black American !

He denied having dual citizenship whereas he does

Maybe he has different name he just adopted this to tally with the certificate name 📛

patrickcollins:
But he can be sued in USA for gaining admission with fake certificate of a school he never attended and graduated before the school was established, if Atiku wan finish am na to take up that case in USA and casara go burst

May be they are planted hurriedly into his student file to cover the actual owner who is American black woman named Bola Adekunle Tupnub

learnedman:
Where is Bola Adekunle Tinubu? Was she killed by Ebola the gutter criminal who stole her certificate and impersonated her? haba Atiku,u dey fall my hand,why are u just scratching at the surface? : o

She could be dead before graduation and henceforth Oha mimics her to to final another theory

learnedman:
Where is Bola Adekunle Tinubu? Was she killed by Ebola the gutter criminal who stole her certificate and impersonated her? haba Atiku,u dey fall my hand,why are u just scratching at the surface? : o

Case scenario No 1

nokia1000:
Where is the woman who own the certificate?

Black American woman

IamaNigerianGuy:
ATIKU REVEALS CONTENT AND PRODUCT OF HIS CHICAGO STATE UNIVERSITY JOURNEY AND JUDGMENT. He said that the documents and depositions reveal that...

1. Bola A. Tinubu forged the certificate he presented to INEC.

2. The qualifying certificate from Southwest College bears a female indicating it does not belong to Bola A. Tinubu who is a male.

3. The CSU admission application form has a claim that Bola A Tinubu attended Government College Lagos and graduated in 1970 when the school was established in 1974. (Hence, he perjured)

4. The owner of the CSU Document is a Black American and Bola A. Tinubu denied having dual citizenship in his INEC form which means the documents does not belong to him (or he perjured in his INEC Form)

5. He claimed A in his name in the Chicago documents is Ahmed but the documents he submitted to INEC has Adekunle.

EXTRA: And Atiku has revealed that he will be making an application to the supreme court with the documents from the case.

Ok it's now becoming clearer gradually
A Lady applied and got admitted @CSU then...

Suntzung:
Kai this case is very complex

1) Government Collage Lagos GCE

2) The female entry or transfer transcript from initial school

3) Uncollected Original certificate

4) Third party vendors certificate

5) So many different dates and versions

Final Assessment

Oga get admitted using girls credentials and could not collect female gendered certificate so the third party produces a replacement Which he tenders to Inec for Election.

Kai this case is very complex

1) Government Collage Lagos GCE

2) The female entry or transfer transcript from initial school

3) Uncollected Original certificate

4) Third party vendors certificate

5) So many different dates and versions

Gossiphub:
The original certificate is still uncollected in CSU.

Go and read the deposition

But then way

linearity:
His attendance and graduation can be nullified.

Look at the results he or is it she used to gain admission into CSU that one is also forged.

It belongs to a female and the Social Security Number on that document was issued in Virginia in 1976.

If you use a fake WAEC result or the result of someone else to gain admission into a University and you are now a Professor, you will lose all your academic qualifications and degrees even if that was discovered 50 years later.

So his CSU results and transcripts are null and void.

May be there is pending issues regarding his proper graduation from CSU and hence no certificate was issued at all and hence the third party Saga

Actually something big and fishy is on stake.

Racoon:
Next Generation Of Nigerians Would Query Us If We Allow Tinubu Rule With Questionable Certificates, Says Nigerian Activist, Abiodun Aremu



https://saharareporters.com/2023/10/04/next-generation-nigerians-would-query-us-if-we-allow-tinubu-rule-questionable

That's really serious woo it means all certificates from those affected region/groups shall become suspicious

Kenturkey048:

He got it from Official vendor.

That's their way since walai

iswallker:
This is ridiculous...

Will the official vendor make signature and logo mistakes on the replacement...

it has been long walai we have been taking for granted by those Afunja people.

I am sure 50/60% of their educational qualifications are questionable in one way or another.

Suntzung:
The military government of Niger has accepted Algeria’s offer to mediate in its political crisis, which was prompted by a coup in July that removed President Mohammed Bazoum from office, the Algerian Foreign Ministry announced on Monday.

This development “reinforces the option of a political solution to this crisis and opens the way to the meeting of the conditions which will allow it to be overcome peacefully in the interest of Niger and the entire region,” the ministry said in a statement.

Algiers has repeatedly opposed military intervention in Niger, which the West African regional authority ECOWAS has threatened to use against Niamey’s coup leaders if they fail to reinstate Bazoum.

The North African country announced in August a six-month transitional plan to restore constitutional and democratic order in neighboring Niger after allegedly rejecting a request from France to fly over its airspace for an armed operation in Niamey.

The initiative from Algiers came in response to Nigerien military ruler General Abdourahmane Tchiani’s proposal to return the West African country to civilian rule within three years, a timeline ECOWAS called a “provocation.”

Ahmed Attaf, Algeria’s foreign minister, who put forth the framework in late August, said the six-point mediation initiative includes the development of political arrangements with the acceptance of all parties involved in the crisis.
The Algerian government said on Monday that it had received an approval notification of the settlement plan from Niger’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, weeks after President Abdelmadjid Tebboune presented the proposal.

President Tebboune had instructed Attaf “to go to Niamey as soon as possible” to “initiate preparatory discussions on the implementation of the Algerian initiative with all stakeholders,” the Algerian Foreign Ministry stated.

Did the Americans leave Niger? If not expect trouble, they'll finance some innocent protest and they'll move in to protect the........population!

The military government of Niger has accepted Algeria’s offer to mediate in its political crisis, which was prompted by a coup in July that removed President Mohammed Bazoum from office, the Algerian Foreign Ministry announced on Monday.

This development “reinforces the option of a political solution to this crisis and opens the way to the meeting of the conditions which will allow it to be overcome peacefully in the interest of Niger and the entire region,” the ministry said in a statement.

Algiers has repeatedly opposed military intervention in Niger, which the West African regional authority ECOWAS has threatened to use against Niamey’s coup leaders if they fail to reinstate Bazoum.

The North African country announced in August a six-month transitional plan to restore constitutional and democratic order in neighboring Niger after allegedly rejecting a request from France to fly over its airspace for an armed operation in Niamey.

The initiative from Algiers came in response to Nigerien military ruler General Abdourahmane Tchiani’s proposal to return the West African country to civilian rule within three years, a timeline ECOWAS called a “provocation.”

Ahmed Attaf, Algeria’s foreign minister, who put forth the framework in late August, said the six-point mediation initiative includes the development of political arrangements with the acceptance of all parties involved in the crisis.
The Algerian government said on Monday that it had received an approval notification of the settlement plan from Niger’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, weeks after President Abdelmadjid Tebboune presented the proposal.

President Tebboune had instructed Attaf “to go to Niamey as soon as possible” to “initiate preparatory discussions on the implementation of the Algerian initiative with all stakeholders,” the Algerian Foreign Ministry stated.

It happens?
For centuries, France has been stealing Africa and killing the Africans. France is merely a vulgar barbaric gang of thieves and murderers masquerading as a country.
But enough is enough. The African countries are fed up. They no longer want their wealth to be stolen by France and their people being killed by France. They want all the French squatters (both armed and unarmed) out of not only Niger but of all Africa.

Horus:
If someone ask you to leave his house, then leave his house!

This proved that ECOWAS is a French STOOGE

hammerT:
FRANCE SHOULD SUPPORT ECOWAS TO ATTACK SPAIN IN EU.

It's a known fact that France is behind this Ecowas stupidity. Unfortunately, most of those presidents are themselves corrupt and have questionable government. Be mindful that the citizens of those countries does not support such folly

flokii:
PBAT and ECOWAS Heads of State should tell Macron "No, thank you'.
Enough of France exploits and looting of West Africa.. French citizens living in France are wealthy while Niger republic, Burkina Faso and Mali citizens live in extreme poverty, the countries they steal natural and mineral resources from.

Wait a second, The ECOWAS are going to be the French foot soldiers really. Another White Man who wants the blacks to kill themselves and the white man come down after to do the looting?? Bravo ECOWAS.

hammerT:
YORUBA ABOUT TO BETRAY ECOWAS, VIA AIDING COLONIALIST TO ATTACK MEMBER STATE.

Exactly we are about to witness the true face of colonialism. This countries will expose themselves which might open the eyes of every Africans/Nigerians

Built2last:
Tinubu will surely go for this war.

The meeting will Biden will seal the war.

They will promise to supply him arms and encourage him to go ahead.


Tinubu will loose the North if he goes to war with Niger

I am sure he would loose everything not only the north

Ladyclara002:
Let's see

The ECOWAS should negotiate with Niger for a peaceful resolution of the crisis and never do the bidding of France and the western neocolonialists. Period

slivertongue:
France should rather support Niger to eradicate poverty

The Short man will do anything to continue the looting of Niger's resources

LikeAking:
Allow Niger breath..

These white colonials need to face facts. Your white colonial days are over especially in Africa and the Arab countries. Time is No Longer on your side.