Ceramic sand has low density, thermal insulation, impermeability, excellent, excellent alkali aggregate reaction, low water absorption, frost resistance and good durability, and many other advantages. Generally used to replace concrete gravel and pebbles, is the use of various types of clay, shale, coal gangue and industrial solid waste and other raw materials are ceramic sintering.

Ceramic sand is ceramic particles smaller called sand, also called oil fracturing proppant. Ceramic sand must be kiln firing, and firing ceramic thermal rotary kiln temperature level is very important to reach 950 ° -1080 °, most of calcined ceramic sand were round or oval sphere, there are some imitation stone is not circular or oval ceramic spheres, and irregular shaped gravel. Color due to the appearance of ceramic raw materials and processes used in different different. Firing ceramic colors are mostly dark red, red ocher, there are some special varieties as a pale yellow, gray. Ceramic sand proppant is black, gray, blue gray and so on.

Ceramic sand production process in general without homogenizing, granulating, Cone Crusher roasting, cooling, finished screening these processes, which are the following four: one, to clay and clay as raw materials, plastic France production process, the process is: Clay - plasticized homogenization - on the roll granulation - baking - cooling - ceramic finished two, fly ash or other powder as raw material , the use of slurry into a ball process, the process is: Fly - Mixed homogenization - ceramic pot granulation - baking - Cooling - Finished Third, shale, shale and gangue as raw materials grinding into a ball process, the process is: Shale - drying - grinding - Pre-wetting - ceramic pot granulation - baking - cooling - ceramic finished four to shale as raw materials, crushing (dry) process.

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The Chemistry And Physics Of Clay And Allied Ceramic Materials

The values plot below the B-line and above A-line. The clustering of the samples (see Fig. 13 and Table 6). Hence, the clays can be classified as having low to moderate plasticity. The shrinkage value is relatively low to moderate (7.7 %). The moderate shrinkage value is influenced by the low to moderate values of plasticity (Murray, 2000).

The water absorption capacity value is low (3.20 %). Allowable values for ceramic sanitary wares on sale states that the maximum value for total shrinkage should not exceed 15% and percent water absorption should not be more than 16% (Fakolujo et. al., 2012). The clays have relatively minimal pore spaces due to the fact that they are mostly fines and there is presence of adequate organic matter. Hence, the bulk density values are moderate as seen in Table 7.
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