MARIJUANA- A BLESSING OR A CURSE
Time for a revolution – A Literature Review

Botanical name: Cannabis
Active Ingredients: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidol, cannabinol, tetrahydrocannabivarin.
The main psychoactive part of cannabis is (THC); it is one of 483 known compounds in the plant including at least 84 other cannabinoids.
In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis (2.7% to 4.9% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65)
My belief is that the stereotyping and stigmatization involved in the use of marijuana especially for people that use it as a result of medical issues. Marijuana is a natural plant found on earth that has medicinal properties and thus is a medicine that should be studied like any other medicine.
The word revolution comes from the Latin word revolutio, to “turn around.”
“I see a revolution that is burning white hot among young people, but also shows up among the parents and grandparents in my Kids’ School. A police officer I met in Michigan is part of the revolution, as are the editors of the medical journal, Neurosurgery. I see it in the faces of good parents, uprooting their lives to get medicine for their children—and in the children themselves such as charlotte, who went from having 300 seizures a week to just one or two a month. We know it won’t consistently have such dramatic results (or any impact at all) in others, but what medicine does?” Dr Sanjay Gupta CNN Chief Medical correspondent
Between its outlaw image, controversial legal status and complex makeup – the cannabis plant contains more than 400 individual chemicals—marijuana’s action in the brain and body is in many ways a mystery. The vast majority of studies on the drug have examined potential harm as opposed to potential benefits. Even so, some medical uses are widely accepted and others are subject of serious research, Here we will look at some potential uses of marijuana as a medicine…..
In the United States, although the FDA does acknowledge that “There has been considerable interest in the use for the treatment of a number of conditions, including glaucoma, AIDS neuropathic pain, treatment of spasticity associated with Multiple Sclerosis and Chemotherapy induced nausea. The agency however has not approved medical marijuana.
Marijuana affects brain development. When marijuana users begin using as teenagers, the drug may reduce thinking, memory, and learning functions and affect how the brain builds connections between the areas necessary for these functions. This has led to severe brain damage of some of them and some have lost their youthful age to weed. Marijuana is saving thousands of lives of people today. With advances in cancer treatment, relieving pain, cleaning the brain of unwanted memories, helping hundreds of people with epileptic seizures, reducing it to a minimum and giving appetite to AIDS patient. Their effects however to some teens and young adults are still devastating and disheartening.
Marijuana’s effects on these abilities may last a long time or even be permanent. For example a study showed that people who started smoking marijuana heavily in their teens and had an on-going cannabis use disorder lost an average of eight IQ points between ages 13 and 38. The lost mental abilities did not fully return in those who quit marijuana as adults. Those who started smoking marijuana as adults did not show notable IQ declines (Meier, 2012)

Clinical trials conducted by the American Marijuana Policy Project, have shown the efficacy of cannabis as a treatment for cancer and AIDS patients, who often suffer from clinical depression, and from nausea and resulting weight loss due to chemotherapy and other aggressive treatments.
Glaucoma, a condition of increased pressure within the eyeball causing gradual loss of sight, can be treated with medical marijuana to decrease this intraocular pressure. There has been debate for 25 years on the subject. Some studies have shown a reduction of IOP in glaucoma patients who smoke cannabis, but the effects are generally short lived.
Medical Cannabis is also used for analgesia, or pain relief. It is also reported to be beneficial for treating certain neurological illnesses such as epilepsy (Google “charlotte web”) and bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome. A recent study has concluded that cannabinoids found in cannabis might have the ability to prevent Alzheimer’s disease. THC has been shown to reduce arterial blockages.

Toxicity
THC, the principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, has low toxicity. Marijuana is thought to be remarkably safe because of the lack of overdose risk.
While prescription painkillers cause thousands of overdose deaths each year, no one has ever died from a marijuana overdose.
But is it even possible to overdose on weed? The answer is no, according to the National Cancer Institute. And here’s why:
“Because cannabinoid receptors, unlike opioid receptors, are not located in the brainstem areas controlling respiration, lethal overdoses from Cannabis and cannabinoids do not occur.”
In other words, marijuana and opioids affect different pathways of the body. Opioid pathways, also known as receptors, are present in areas of the brain that control breathing. As a result, taking too many painkillers can cause a person to stop breathing.
But marijuana acts on a completely different set of pathways. These pathways are called cannabinoid receptors and they do not affect respiration. Thus, marijuana cannot cause someone to stop breathing, no matter how much they ingest.


Therapeutic Index
Another way of measuring a drug’s safety is by its therapeutic index. The therapeutic index is the ratio between a drug’s lethal dose and its therapeutic dose (amount that causes a therapeutic effect).
Studies show that marijuana has a therapeutic index of 40,000:1. This means someone would have to take 40,000 times the normal amount of marijuana in order to die.
Opioid-based painkillers have much lower therapeutic indexes. For example, the therapeutic index of morphine is only 70:1.
It may be impossible to die by marijuana overdose, but that doesn’t mean you can’t take too much of it. As Dr. Sunil Aggarwal explains, large doses of marijuana can lead to negative symptoms, such as acute psychosis and paranoia.

This is why the DEA was asked to investigate the harmful effects of marijuana and this is what the DEA administration summed up their report to a single sentence as below:
“In strict medical terms marijuana is far safer than many foods we commonly consume. For example, eating 10 raw potatoes can result in a toxic response. By comparison, it is physically impossible to eat enough marijuana to induce death. Marijuana in its natural form is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man. By any measure of rational analysis marijuana can be safely used within the supervised routine of medical care.”

Here is a more detailed report on marijuana as reported by the DEA Administrative Law Judge Francis Young
ACCEPTED SAFETY FOR USE UNDER MEDICAL SUPERVISION
With respect to whether or not there is "a lack of accepted safety for use of [marijuana] under medical supervision", the record shows the following facts to be uncontroverted.
Findings of Fact
3. The most obvious concern when dealing with drug safety is the possibility of lethal effects. Can the drug cause death?
4. Nearly all medicines have toxic, potentially lethal effects. But marijuana is not such a substance. There is no record in the extensive medical literature describing a proven, documented cannabis-induced fatality.
5. This is a remarkable statement. First, the record on marijuana encompasses 5,000 years of human experience. Second, marijuana is now used daily by enormous numbers of people throughout the world. Estimates suggest that from twenty million to fifty million Americans routinely, albeit illegally, smoke marijuana without the benefit of direct medical supervision. Yet, despite this long history of use and the extraordinarily high numbers of social smokers, there are simply no credible medical reports to suggest that consuming marijuana has caused a single death.
6. By contrast aspirin, a commonly used, over-the-counter medicine, causes hundreds of deaths each year.
7. Drugs used in medicine are routinely given what is called an LD-50. The LD-50 rating indicates at what dosage fifty percent of test animals receiving a drug will die as a result of drug induced toxicity. A number of researchers have attempted to determine marijuana's LD-50 rating in test animals, without success. Simply stated, researchers have been unable to give animals enough marijuana to induce death.
8. At present it is estimated that marijuana's LD-50 is around1:20,000 or 1:40,000. In layman terms this means that in order to induce death a marijuana smoker would have to consume 20,000 to 40,000 times as much marijuana as is contained in one marijuana cigarette. NIDA-supplied marijuana cigarettes weigh approximately .9 grams. A smoker would theoretically have to consume nearly 1,500 pounds of marijuana within about fifteen minutes to induce a lethal response.
9. In practical terms, marijuana cannot induce a lethal response as a result of drug-related toxicity.
10. Another common medical way to determine drug safety is called the therapeutic ratio. This ratio defines the difference between a therapeutically effective dose and a dose which is capable of inducing adverse effects.
11. A commonly used over-the-counter product like aspirin has a therapeutic ratio of around 1:20. Two aspirins are the recommended dose for adult patients. Twenty times this dose, forty aspirins, may cause a lethal reaction in some patients, and will almost certainly cause gross injury to the digestive system, including extensive internal bleeding.
12. The therapeutic ratio for prescribed drugs is commonly around 1:10 or lower. Valium, a commonly used prescriptive drug, may cause very serious biological damage if patients use ten times the recommended (therapeutic) dose.
13. There are, of course, prescriptive drugs which have much lower therapeutic ratios. Many of the drugs used to treat patients with cancer, glaucoma and multiple sclerosis are highly toxic. The therapeutic ratio of some of the drugs used in antineoplastic therapies, for example, are regarded as extremely toxic poisons with therapeutic ratios that may fall below 1:1.5. These drugs also have very low LD-50 ratios and can result in toxic, even lethal reactions, while being properly employed.
14. By contrast, marijuana's therapeutic ratio, like its LD-50, is impossible to quantify because it is so high.
15. In strict medical terms marijuana is far safer than many foods we commonly consume. For example, eating ten raw potatoes can result in a toxic response. By comparison, it is physically impossible to eat enough marijuana to induce death.
16. Marijuana, in its natural form, is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man. By any measure of rational analysis marijuana can be safely used within a supervised routine of medical care."
I know how easy it is to do nothing because I did nothing for too long. Take a good look at the data, educate yourself and talk to the patients, who are often out of options and find their hope in the form of a simple plant. Objectivity is King. But at some point, open questions do get answered. At some point, contentious issues get resolved. At some point, common sense prevails.
It can be tricky; I have learned to be on the right side on science but on the wrong side of ideology

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need to get high on some good kush before i read this

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Well, it depend on the use.
I mean why marijuana is been taken.
How it is been taken, maybe by smoking, mixed with food or soaked in drinks.
The quantity taken and how often it is been taken.
It is a curse to those that abuse it while it is a blessing to others.

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Marlians thread

Thanks for sharing helpful post