No1)
Final reading: 22.60 |45.00|28.20|45.00
Initial reading: 0.00 | 22.60 |5.80| 22.40
Vol of acide used: 22.60 | 22.50 | 22.40 | 22.60

Average vol of acid used: 22.50 + 22.40 + 22.60 / 3 = 67.5/3 = 22.50cm^3


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Final reading: 22.60 |45.00|28.20|45.00
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(bi)
Given That
Molar Mass of B = NaoH
= (1 x 23 + 1 x 16 + 1 x 1) = 23 + 16 + 1
= 40g

Volume = 500cm^3 = 500/1000 = 0.5dm^3
Mass = 2.15g

Mass Conc = mass/volume = 2.15/0.5 = 4.3
Mass Conc = 4.3

(bii)
Given That
VB = 25cm^3
VA = 22.50cm^3
CA = ?
CB = 0.1075

NA = 1
NB = ?
:-
CAVA/CBVB = NA/NB
CA x 22.50/0.1075 x 25 = 1/2

CA x 22.50 x 2 = 0.1075 x 25
45CA/45 = 2.6875/45
CA = 0.0597moldm^-3


1i)
Titration->Rough->1->2->3
Final Reading(cm^3)->22.60->45.10->28.20->45.00
Initial reading(cm^3)->0.00->22.60->5.80->22.40
Volume of A used(cm^3)->22.60->22.50->22.40->22.60

(1ii)
Va=(22.60+22.40+22.60)/3
Va=67.5/3
=22.50cm^3
Molar concentration=mass concentration/Relative molecular mass
Molar concentration of B=4.30gdm^-3/40gmol^-1
=0.1025moldm^-3
Mass concentration of A=Ca
CaVa/CbVb=nA/nB
Ca*22.50/0.1075*25=1/2
Ca=0.06moldm^-3

(1iii)
-Pink
-End point is defined as the final reading on the burette where the indicator changes colour during titration.
(bi)
Given That
Molar Mass of B = NaoH
= (1 x 23 + 1 x 16 + 1 x 1) = 23 + 16 + 1
= 40g

Volume = 500cm^3 = 500/1000 = 0.5dm^3
Mass = 2.15g

Mass Conc = mass/volume = 2.15/0.5 = 4.3
Mass Conc = 4.3

(bii)
Given That
VB = 25cm^3
VA = 22.50cm^3
CA = ?
CB = 0.1075

NA = 1
NB = ?
:-
CAVA/CBVB = NA/NB
CA x 22.50/0.1075 x 25 = 1/2

CA x 22.50 x 2 = 0.1075 x 25
45CA/45 = 2.6875/45
CA = 0.0597moldm^-3.

2ai)
X is a mixture of solute and insoluble salts

(2aii)A white precipitate is formed->Cl^- present

(2aiii)The white precipitate is insoluble in NH3(aq)->Cl^- present

(2aiv) A gas is evolved with pungent odour.it turns red litmus paper to blue->Gas is Co2 from Co3^2-

(2bii) white precipitate->Pb^2+,Zn^2+ and Al^3+ are present

In excess->PPt dissolves->Zn^2+

(2biii) White PPt->Al^3+ and Pb^2+

In excess->Insoluble in excess->Pb^2+


(2c)
Phosphorus->acidic
Magnessium->Neutral


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