Hepatitis B is a viral infection that specifically targets the liver. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a bloodborne pathogen that can cause acute and chronic hepatitis. Acute hepatitis B is a short-term infection, while chronic hepatitis B persists for six months or longer.

Symptoms of hepatitis B may include fatigue, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), abdominal pain, dark urine, and clay-colored stools. Long-term complications can arise from chronic infections, such as liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.

In this comprehensive guide, we will delve deeper into the modes of transmission of hepatitis B, providing valuable insights for individuals and communities to stay safe and protect themselves.

Modes of Transmission
a) Perinatal Transmission:

Perinatal transmission refers to the transmission of hepatitis B from an infected mother to her newborn during childbirth. The virus can be passed through the blood or other bodily fluids.

To prevent perinatal transmission, it is crucial for pregnant women to undergo prenatal screening for hepatitis B. If the mother is found to be infected, the newborn should receive the hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) within 12 hours of birth.

b) Horizontal Transmission:

Horizontal transmission refers to the transmission of hepatitis B through direct contact with infected blood or body fluids. The most common modes of horizontal transmission include:

Unprotected Sexual Intercourse: Hepatitis B can be transmitted through sexual contact with an infected partner. Unprotected vaginal, anal, or MouthAction poses a risk, especially if there are tears or abrasions in the mucous membranes.

Sharing Contaminated Needles or Personal Items: Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug paraphernalia can transmit the virus. Additionally, sharing personal items such as razors, toothbrushes, or nail clippers can also spread the virus if contaminated with infected blood.


Occupational Exposure: Healthcare workers, emergency responders, and other professionals who may come into contact with blood or body fluids are at risk of hepatitis B transmission if adequate precautions, such as proper barrier protection and vaccination, are not followed.
c) Healthcare-Related Transmission:

Hepatitis B can be transmitted in healthcare settings through unsafe medical practices, such as inadequate sterilization of medical equipment.

Additionally, improper handling of blood transfusions or organ transplants can also lead to transmission if the blood or organs are infected. To prevent healthcare-related transmission, stringent protocols for sterilization and screening of blood and organ donors should be implemented.

d) Infection through Injecting Drug Use:

Injecting drug use is a high-risk behavior that can lead to hepatitis B transmission. Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug paraphernalia can directly introduce the virus into the bloodstream.

Promoting harm reduction strategies such as needle exchange programs, where clean needles are provided, can help reduce the risk of hepatitis B transmission among people who inject drugs.

e) Non-Parenteral Transmission:

Although less common, hepatitis B can be transmitted through non-parenteral means, including:

Tattooing, Body Piercing, and Acupuncture: Practices involving the use of contaminated equipment can lead to hepatitis B transmission. It is important to ensure that these procedures are performed using sterile equipment or single-use disposable needles.

Sharing Personal Items: Sharing personal items such as razors, toothbrushes, or personal care items with an infected individual can transmit hepatitis B if there is the presence of infected blood on these items.

Traditional Practices: In some cultures, traditional practices like scarification or circumcision may involve the use of unsterilized instruments, increasing the risk of hepatitis B transmission.

source: https://soundhealthhq.com/2023/10/03/hepatitis-b-transmission-explained-a-comprehensive-guide-for-public-awareness/