Welcome, Guest: Register On Nairaland / LOGIN! / Trending / Recent / NewStats: 3,195,296 members, 7,957,752 topics. Date: Tuesday, 24 September 2024 at 07:10 PM |
Nairaland Forum / Nairaland / General / Culture / Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy (42486 Views)
Are Yoruba Changing Bight Of Benin To Bight Of Oyo? Or Was It Truly Bight Of Oyo / How The bight Of Benin Was Named After The Benin Empire / Comparing Slave Numbers from Bight of Benin and Bight of Biafra from 1400 - 1865 (2) (3) (4)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (Reply) (Go Down)
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 2:33am On Jan 24, 2017 |
bigfrancis21: Well, Manning's estimates simply do not correlate with that of the other research I quoted earlier. Whose own research Yielded an Upper estimate of 1.67 Million, A middle estimate of 968.2 Million, and a lower end estimate of 647,000 Thousand Yorubas sold into Atlantic slavery. 2 Likes 1 Share |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 2:36am On Jan 24, 2017 |
Those Aja living in Abomey mingled with the local tribe, thus creating a new people known as the Fon, or "Dahomey" ethnic group. This group is now the largest in Benin. Another source claims the Aja were the rulers of Dahomey (Benin) until 1893, when the French conquered them.[citation needed] Currently, there are approximately 500,000 Ajas in an area straddling the border between Benin and Togo, 50 kilometres (30 miles) long and 30 km (20 mi) wide. The Aja speak a language known as Aja-Gbe, or simply 'Aja'; only 1-5% are literate in their native tongue. According to one source, voodoo originated with the Aja. There are three dialects: Tàgóbé (in Togo only), Dògóbè (in Benin only), and Hwègbè (in both countries). Many are trilingual, also speaking French and Fongbe, the lingua-franca of southern Benin, while Ewe is spoken as a second language by those Aja living in Togo and Ghana. Due to severe land shortages in the densely populated Togolese-Beninois border region mentioned above, many Aja have migrated in recent years, seeking arable land for subsistence farming or work in urban centers. There are a significant number of Aja living throughout the coastal region of Benin and Togo, southern Nigeria and Gabon. The urban centers of Cotonou, Lome, Lagos and Libreville all have significant Aja migrant populations. The Aja, Fon, Ewe, Ga-Adangbe accounted for most of the people carried to the Americas from the Bight of Benin, Togo and Ghana in the transatlantic slave trade prior to the late eighteenth century (when Yoruba people became the more common captives from the region).[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aja_people cc Laudate, Lushore, YourNemesis 1 Like |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 2:37am On Jan 24, 2017 |
YourNemesis: As calculated by a Yoruba writer herself, who was probably biased towards her own tribe. 1 Like |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 2:40am On Jan 24, 2017 |
Here are his middle value estimates: So, either Manning is wrong, or Eltis is. I chose to go with the latter. The true value lies somewhere between his upper and middle estimate. Btw, where did Manning get an estimation of Yoruba population in the 1640's from?? There is no record anywhere of any West African population at that time... Chooi! 1 Like |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 3:00am On Jan 24, 2017 |
Some researchers have attributed the low "survivals" of Igbo culture in the Americas, especially in relation to their numbers, to the relative Weakness of Igbo traditions. I wonder how true this is. 3 Likes |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 7:01am On Jan 24, 2017 |
YourNemesis: To be honest, the popularity of Yoruba religion has often made many academic sources to often give credit to Yoruba than necessary. Imagine this same source claiming the effect of Yoruba speakers on creole, which creole? Jamaican creole? Trinidadian creole or what? What are these Yoruba linguistic words? Except the krio of SL, which by the way has only one or two surviving Yoruba words in the language (kushe) despite Yoruba ex-slaves being the majority, Yoruba words surviving in the Creole of the new word are little to none. English-based Creole had already been formed by slaves in the 1600s and 1700s before the Yorubas arrived last. 'una'/'unu'/'wuna' which comes from Igbo is one widely-used or spread word in the creole of most English-speaking Caribbean countries and also in the pidgin spoken in African countries too (Nigeria, SL, Ghana, Cameroon etc.) It has been confirmed several times. The British during its heydays of slavery preferred slaves from the bight of biafra, congo and angola. The British were known to be stricter at implementing slave laws compared to the Portuguese or Spanish. As soon as slaves landed in former English-speaking colonies, they were bound in chains, immediately given new English names and any forms of African cultural displays were banned/prevented. To know more about the extent the British went towards taming their slaves, read up the famous Willie Lynch speech he made in the state of Virginia in the late 1700s to Virginia slave owners on how to bend/break their slaves (mostly rebelling Igbo slaves) and make them conform to authority: http://www.lojsociety.org/Lets_Make_A_Slave_The_Making_Of_A_Slave.pdf If Igbo had 'weaker traditions', as the author claimed, then the Congolese, Angolans, Senegambians too had the 'weakest' traditions, which we know is false anyway, because they were often more than Igbo especially in the south. Thus, such reason does not hold water. Speaking of which, which even begs the question, why did lukumi language not survive in Sierra Leone? I mean these lukumi people never left Africa to begin with, neither did they undergo the horrific cultural stripping process others in the new world went through. These lukumi speakers were intercepted by the British in slave ships destined for the new world and they were dropped off in Freetown SL, with slaves from other tribes too. Given that they were in an African country, very similar to their place of origin, why did lukumi fail to survive as a living language in Sierra Leone? Also given the preponderance of Yoruba speakers among SL Krio people, why are there barely any lukumi words used in SL creole today? 1 Like |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 7:11am On Jan 24, 2017 |
YourNemesis: We all know Eltis, basked in the euphoria of the Yoruba religion, is too excited with his figures. No serious academician would take his figures seriously. First he claims Yorubas were the majority of slaves exported from the bight of benin, which we know is false. Because the Yoruba did not dominate the Bight of Benin slave trade until 1820 to 1860 or the last 40 years of the slavery era from 1470 to 1860, as we saw in the previous statistics. Between 1640 and 1810 the Aja peoples dominated the bight of benin slave trade, reaching as high as 97% and the Yoruba were at one time merely 2% of the total exports. In other words, 40 years is such a small period of time to export 968,000 Yoruba slaves. Even at 968,2000, 1.27m is still a greater number. Abeg, just stick to the popularity if the Ifa religion in the new world and/or its promotion thereof. In terms of numbers, Yoruba no reach anywhere. 1 Like 1 Share |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 7:58am On Jan 24, 2017 |
YourNemesis: Such figures we know are too aggressive and untrue, just within a span of 40 years. 1 Like |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 2:54pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
bigfrancis21: The reason why I, and any other critical researcher won't agree with your assertions are simple. While it is true that Gbe ports in "Aja" lands like Ardra (Allada), Jakin and Offira, as well as the largest by far (Ouidah) were the largest slave deportation ports between 1650 and mid 18th Century, controlling in fact almost virtually all for a while - There were at least a 10% Yoruba slave population Among the figures from these ports in all that time. However, in the Mid 18th century, 1750 And Onwards, Oyo was said to have provided the Bulk of the slaves embarking from Ouidah. And that is why figures from Eltis's research is superior to Manning's, which Eltis was very much aware about, as he even quoted the later. A majority of slaves from The Ouidah port being Yoruba as well as those from Offra/Jakin which lay even further East that Ouidah and just south of Lake Nokue. Along with the other Eastern ports of Porto Novo, Epe, Badagry, Lagos), and A minority of those departing from the western port of Popo post mid 18th Century together gives a figure of over 960,000, not even considering the number of Yorubas in the figures between 1650 and 1750. www.nairaland.com/attachments/4778130_snip5_png75e2e2916230dbf86db0a3d8c63dfc1d All the slaves from Xweda otherwise known as Whydah (Ouidah) plus all the others to the East had a majority Yoruba slave component from 1750 Onwards till the eventual abolition of the slave trade. While becoming a significant minority (at least 18%) of those from popo. Do the maths yourself If common sense would prevail here, one would see that the true figures lies somewhere between Eltis's middle and Upper estimate. Even his lower (And unlikely) figure of 660,000+ is still more believable than manning's 400k. 4 Likes 1 Share |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 3:06pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
bigfrancis21: And who told you that there are barely any Yoruba words in Sierra Leonian creole? Yoruba has been identified as the single most important language that influenced the syntax, pronunciation and words infused into SL creole as spoken today. Words of English origin account for about 70% of the vocabulary of Krio, though a large number of words are borrowed from West African languages, particularly Yoruba, which is second only to English as the largest contributor to Krio vocabulary. While the pronunciations of English borrowings have in most cases been modified, words borrowed from African languages have generally retained the pronunciations they had in the language of origin. Some examples are given below (with the tone of each syllable shown, as described above in 'Sounds'): Yoruba words in Krio are countless. Kabo (Welcome), Kushe (Welldone/Hi), Okuru (Rabies), Omolanke (Wheelbarrow), Wareware (Alacrity), Alakori (Idiot), Koko (notch), Gbangba Ode (Out in the open), Event Uniform (Ashobi) and numerous others are all Yoruba words in Krio. I guess you didn't really research this particular topic before posting this ^^ read further. Certainly, when one considers the Krio lexicon today and in records of the past, one finds borrowings and input from an extremely wide range of sources, with English and Yoruba being most present, then some Hausa, Wolof, Portuguese, Jamaican Creole, Arabic, Fanti, French, Fula, Mende, Temne, and other African languages. With such a tremendously mixed lexical background and the situation present in Freetown at the turn of the nineteenth century, it seems most likely that Krio did evolve in Freetown among its mixed population, first as a simple pidgin, and then as a more complete Creole as it came to be used by the settlers’ children as their mother tongue, eventually metamorphosing into the Krio language that is known today Also, You are very wrong to have assumed there are no Yoruba language speakers left in SL. There are still very viable Yoruba speaking communities in Sierra Leone till today, who are virtually Yoruba in all their mannerisms. infact, even among the creolized population in Sierra Leone, a large percent still carry Yoruba names, majority as first names, but some as last names too. Abioseh, Bankole, Balogun, Oloh, Ade, Abayomi-Cole, Ogunlade Etc are just a few. I already told you, Yoruba Populations don't gather in any significant concentration in a place without leaving a lasting impact. 4 Likes 1 Share |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 5:42pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
YourNemesis: Dude, these words, except kushe, are old slang words only known by the elderly ones who are dying out soon. Modern Krio speakers DO NOT use these words anymore. Any Sierra Leonean speakers on this forum can confirm this for you.
Dude, you still did not answer my question. What is a living language? One that has native speakers and is used both at home and in public places. I asked, why did Yoruba NOT survive as a living language in Sierra Leone? Nobody, I mean, NOBODY speaks Yoruba as a native language in Sierra Leone, except a few individuals who may decide to learn the language as adults, but that does not make it a living language. The Government of SL DOES NOT recognize Yoruba language as one of its local languages. Do not make up claims that you cannot prove. This is an information age and information is out there to be easily gotten. I did mention before that a few Krio people bear Yoruba last names or middle names, but majority bear English names. A few also bear Igbo names like Obi, Okoro etc. Infact, Obi (which means King) is one popular name among the Krio community in SL. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Sierra_Leone @bold...oh yes this time they did leave nothing behind. Not even the Ifa religion survived in SL as one would expect, but it survived in far away Latin America. What's even surprising, these folks never left Africa, never experienced slavery nor underwent any cultural or language stripping. How Yoruba language became a dead language in SL baffles me. Interesting point. Sierra Leone Krio received smaller numbers of Igbo ex-slaves than Yoruba but the first president of Sierra Leone was a Krio man of Igbo extraction, Christopher Okoro Cole. 1. The first president of Sierra Leone was an Igbo by the name of Christopher Okoro Cole. Before then, Okoro served as the Governor-General of Sierra Leone. His ascendancy into the presidential seat took place on April of 1971. https://oblongmedia.net/2016/05/21/about-the-igbo-and-sierra-leone-what-you-should-know/ |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 5:57pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
YourNemesis: Oh my Gawd, this dude Your article still supports Manning's calculations. Once more let us digest the very same source you posted: It clearly states that from 1750 we begin to see more and more Yoruba slaves show up, which is what I have said here many times before. This dude does not listen. Yoruba slaves were not a majority from the Bight of Benin until the 19th century or 1800s. This article of yours clearly supports Manning's figures and by the foregoing, the population of exports is a realistic figure around 437,700. In other words, the Yorubas emerged late in the slave trade and is the major reason for the survivial of the religion in the new world. Another important fact your article also confirmed is that majority of these slaves were sent to Brazil and former French colonies. To think that you once posted an image of the DNA of African Americans showing Yoruba as majority. Once again, you just shot yourself in the leg. You have clearly shifted stance severally in this debate. From your overly excited figure of 1.67m, to 986k, and now to 660k. Hmm why do I get this feeling that most of your debate is speculative? We need realistic quantifiable data, not speculative ones as you have been posting. Keep on sourcing boy, hopefully you find something to support your 1.67m figure. There is nothing different between your new source and the source below from Manning.
|
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 6:10pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
The Sierra Leone Creole people (or Krio people) are an ethnic group in Sierra Leone. They are the descendants of freed African American, West Indian and Liberated African slaves who settled in the Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 and about 1885. The colony was established by the British, supported by abolitionists, under the Sierra Leone Company as a place for freedmen. The settlers called their new settlement Freetown. Today, the Krio comprise about 4% of the population of Sierra Leone. http://s1.zetaboards.com/anthroscape/topic/5934495/1/ |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 6:13pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
. |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 6:14pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
. |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 6:25pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
bigfrancis21: Of course I support Eltis over Manning's figures, since sources actually say that Oyo provided the bulk of Ouidah's slave exports from the 1750's to abolition. He was the one who arrived at the Three figures, within three statistical confidence ranges The upper, middle and lower. I am "changing or shifting" anything. You can chose the other one though. The picture I posted was the African component of AfrAm DNA based on About 4 or 5 signature African populations viz: Yoruba, Mandenka, San, Pygmy and Bantu. But he!y, I don't expect u to understand. 4 Likes 1 Share |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 6:31pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
bigfrancis21: hmmmn,... first, Yoruba didn't contribute to Sierra Leone creole, That was proven wrong when I showed you that Yoruba was the largest African language contributor to Krio vocabulary. Now you're talking about the Krio people who had Igbo origin? pls. The Okus of Sierra leone speak both Krio, and Yoruba. Yorubas is not "dead" there by any means,lol. If the first president of SL was Okoro Cole. How does that change any of my earlier point, or prove any of your earlier points that there are very few Yoruba words in Creole lexicon? 3 Likes 1 Share |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 6:37pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
You can also read up in the Akus in the Gambia, who also still mostly retain many Yoruba mannerisms. http://akuhistory..ca/ 2 Likes |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 6:49pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
YourNemesis: Dude, all these still do not answer my questions. You're being evasive. Modern day SL Krio speakers, except kushe, do not speak any Yoruba words in them. Second, the language is dead in SL with no native speakers. With your newest source, you are still being speculative. As of modern krio today, there is no linguistic influence on the language, except kushe. The website you posted before even claimed krio, bad way of saying Creole, comes from Yoruba. |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 6:56pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
bigfrancis21: lol, you are the one being Evasive and lying to all our faces. First, you said there are very few to no Yoruba words in Krio (How the Sierra Leoneans themselves pronounce their language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krio_language .... You were shown otherwise. Then you went rambling about how the first president there was an Okoro to cover up your tracks. Now you are repeating the same thing that 'Kushe" is the Only Yoruba words SL creoles use. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/atlas/yoruba/introduction.html 1 Like |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 6:56pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
YourNemesis: Well, actually Krio people are descendants of african american slaves, gullah people, slaves from Jamaica, nova scotians etc. who settled in Freetown SL and are mostly Christians. The Yoruba descendants are called Oku and they tend to be moslims. Because, Oku are liberated Africans who never left the continent, they are often not regarded as Creole people.
|
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 6:58pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
YourNemesis: Fake map, fake everything. Imagine a map that cannot correctly tell Togo from Benin. Shown otherwise, from your fake website that credits 'krio' from 'creole' to Yoruba too? Keep basking in the attention academic sources are giving you, when in reality only half of it is deserved. 1 Like |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 6:58pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
bigfrancis21: Yes, the predominantly Yoruba ones are called Okus, and are said to be predominantly Muslims. The Other Yorubas, especially the christian ones are a major components of the Creole themselves. You are not saying anything new. 1 Like |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 7:02pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
YourNemesis: Once again, Dude, all these still do not answer my questions. You're being evasive. Modern day SL Krio speakers, except kushe, do not speak any Yoruba words in them. Second, the language is dead in SL with no native speakers. With your newest source, you are still being speculative. As of modern krio today, there is no Yoruba linguistic influence on the language, except kushe. Those words from the fake website you posted are old slang words, probably used among the Oku people of old not the entire Krio, no longer in modern day Krio usage. The website you posted before even claimed krio, bad way of saying Creole, comes from Yoruba. Realistic figure still remains at 437,700. No gainsaying this fact. 1 Like |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 7:03pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
bigfrancis21: An understanding of Yoruba will grant you access to a wide variety of Yoruba-speaking cultures across the globe. Yoruba is the native language of the Yoruba people, is an official language of Nigeria, and is widely spoken in Togo, Benin, and Sierra Leone. It is also a prominent language for communities in Brazil, Venezuela, Cuba, Trinidad, Tobago, Puerto Rico, and Haiti. Yoruba is a language of significant interest to linguists. The skills demonstrated by mastery of less commonly taught languages such as Yoruba are valuable to employers and graduate programs, and fluency in Yoruba itself is sought by government agencies and international non-governmental organizations.https://languages.wisc.edu/language-tags/yoruba More "Fake fake fake" for you. 1 Like |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 7:43pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
YourNemesis: This dude ehh...kai. More original for you: Languages of Sierra Leone. Yoruba is NOT listed among the list. https://www.ethnologue.com/country/sl/languages Bassa [bsq] Western Area: urban district, Freetown. 5,730 in Sierra Leone (2006 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Bassa. Comments: Non-indigenous. Traditional religion. More Information Bom [bmf] Southern province: north Bonthe district, west of Waanje river. A few hundred speakers (2014 T. Childs). Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Bome, Bomo, Bum. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 66%–69% with Sherbro [bun] dialects, 34% with Krim [krm]. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Bullom-Kissi, Bullom, Northern. Comments: Traditional religion. More Information Bullom So [buy] Northern province: Kambia district, Samu region; Guinea border coast to Sierra Leone river. 6,100 in Sierra Leone (2013 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Bolom, Bulem, Bullin, Bullun, Mandenyi, Mandingi, Mani, Mmani, Northern Bullom. Dialects: Mmani, Kafu. Bom [bmf] is closely related. Little intelligibility with Sherbro [bun], none with Krim [krm]. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Bullom-Kissi, Bullom, Northern. Comments: People intermarried with the Temne and the Susu. Traditional religion. More Information English [eng] 500,000 in Sierra Leone (Crystal 2003a). L2 users: 4,400,000 in Sierra Leone (Crystal 2003a). Status: 1 (National). De facto national language. Classification: Indo-European, Germanic, West, English. Comments: Non-indigenous. More Information Gola [gol] Eastern province: Kenema and Kailahun districts; Southern province: Pujehun district. Liberia border area and inland. 8,000 in Sierra Leone (1989 The Institute for Sierra Leonean Languages). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gula. Dialects: De (Deng), Managobla (Gobla), Kongbaa, Kpo, Senje (Sene), Tee (Tege), Toldil (Toodii). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Gola. Comments: Different from Mumuye (Gola dialect) [mzm] of Nigeria or Gola [pbp] (Badyara) of Guinea-Bissau and Guinea. Muslim, Christian. More Information Kisi, Southern [kss] Eastern province: Kailahun district, Moa river area near both Guinea and Liberia borders. 104,000 in Sierra Leone (2013 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gissi, Kisi, Kissien. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Bullom-Kissi, Kissi. Comments: Different from Northern Kissi [kqs]. Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. More Information Kissi, Northern [kqs] Eastern province: Kono district, Guinea border and inland; Northern province: southeast corner, Koinadugu district. 48,700 in Sierra Leone (2013 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Gizi, Kisi, Kisie, Kissien. Dialects: Liaro, Kama, Teng, Tung. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Bullom-Kissi, Kissi. Comments: Different from Southern Kisi [kss]. Traditional religion. More Information Klao [klu] Western Area: urban district, Freetown; originally from Liberia. 9,620 in Sierra Leone (2006 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Klaoh, Klau, Kroo, Kru. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, Western, Klao. Comments: Non-indigenous. Originally from Liberia. Traditional religion. More Information Kono [kno] Eastern province: west and central Kona district; Northern province: Koinadugu district, south of Bagbe river. 250,000 (2013 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 25,000 (1981 D. Cranmer). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Konnoh. Dialects: Northern Kono (Sando), Central Kono (Fiama, Gbane, Gbane Kando, Gbense, Gorama Kono, Kamara, Lei, Mafindo, Nimi Koro, Nimi Yama, Penguia, Soa, Tankoro, Toli). Not intelligible with Vai [vai]. Dialects have minor differences. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Vai-Kono. Comments: Different from Kono [knu] in Guinea. Traditional religion, Muslim. More Information Krim [krm] Southern province: Atlantic coast; Bonthe district, villages around lakes Kwako and Baiama. 15 (2014 T. Childs), decreasing. Status: 8b (Nearly extinct). Alternate Names: Kim, Kimi, Kirim, Kittim. Dialects: None known. Lexical similarity: 44%–45% with Sherbro [bun], 34% with Northern Bullom [buy]. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Bullom-Kissi, Bullom, Southern. Comments: Traditional religion, Muslim. More Information Krio [kri] Western Area: Freetown peninsula communities; south of Freetown, York and Banana islands. 640,000 in Sierra Leone (2013 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 4,000,000 in Sierra Leone (1987 F. Jones). Total users in all countries: 4,664,110 (as L1: 664,110; as L2: 4,000,000). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Creole, Patois. Dialects: Aku. Krio and Jamaican Creole [jam], and Krio and Sea Islands Creole [gul] may have some interintelligibility. Classification: Creole, English based, Atlantic, Krio. Comments: L1 Krio speakers mainly descendants of repatriated slaves from Jamaica. Traditional religion, Christian. More Information Kuranko [knk] Northern province: Kabala area. 329,000 in Sierra Leone (2013 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 384,200. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Koranko. Dialects: Barrawa, Nieni, Mankaliya, Sambaya, Ney, Sengbe, Mongo. Guinean Kuranko varieties represent a dialectal continuum between the Sierra-Leonean Kuranko and Eastern Maninkakan [emk]. Lexical similarity: 51% with Eastern Maninkakan [emk], 59% with Sankaran Maninka [msc], and 62% with Lele [llc] (2000 D. Rainwater). Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Mokole. Comments: Traditional religion, Muslim. More Information Limba, East [lma] Northern province: eastern Bombali and western Koinadugu districts; Western Area:peninsula south of Freetown. 600 in Sierra Leone (2013 J. Leclerc). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Yimba, Yumba. Dialects: Northern Limba (Ke-Woya-Yaka, Warawara), Southern Limba (Biriwa-Saroko-Kalantuba-Sunko). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Limba. Comments: Traditional religion, Muslim. More Information Limba, West-Central [lia] Northern province: east Bombali and northeast Kambia districts, Little Scarcies river area; north of Makeni. 408,000 (2013 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Yimba, Yumba. Dialects: Western Limba (Sela, Tonko), Central Limba (Gbongogbo, Tamiso). Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Limba. Comments: Quite different from East Limba [lma] of Sierra Leone and Guinea. Traditional religion, Muslim. More Information Loko [lok] Northern province: Bombali district; Koya, Ribbi, and Bumpe chiefdom areas; Sanda Loko chiefdom. 164,000 (2013 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Landogo. Dialects: Magbiambo, Gbendembu, Ngoahu, Nagbanmba, Sanda, Laia, Libisegahun, Koya, Ribbi, Buya. Reportedly similar to Mende [men]. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Southwestern, Mende-Loma, Mende-Bandi, Mende-Loko. Comments: Traditional religion, Muslim. More Information Maninkakan, Eastern [emk] Northern province: Koinadugu district, Kabala area; small groups throughout the country. 128,000 in Sierra Leone (2013 J. Leclerc). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Eastern Malinke, Kankan Maninka, Madingo, Malinké, Mande, Mandingo, Maninka, Maninka-Mori, Southern Malinke. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Manding-Mokole, Manding, Manding-East, Southeastern Manding. Comments: Muslim. More Information Mende [men] Southern province: most of interior; Eastern province: Pujehun, Kenema, and Kailahun districts; Northern province: Bombali and Moyamba districts’ border areas; expanding along the coast and south and east. 1,820,000 in Sierra Leone (2013 J. Leclerc). Total users in all countries: 1,843,400. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Boumpe, Hulo, Kossa, Kosso. Dialects: Kpa, Ko, Waanjama, Sewawa. Lexical similarity: 92%–98% among dialects. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Southwestern, Mende-Loma, Mende-Bandi, Mende-Loko. Comments: Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. More Information N’ko [nqo] Widespread throughout West Africa, Mande language mixture. Ethnic population: No ethnic community. Status: 9 (Second language only). Classification: Mixed language. Comments: Non-indigenous. More Information Pular [fuf] Widespread but especially north. 219,000 in Sierra Leone (2013 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Fouta Dyalon, Fula, Fulbe, Fullo Fuuta, Futa, Futa Jallon, Fuuta Jalon. Dialects: Krio Fula, Kebu Fula. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central. Comments: Non-indigenous. People live in settled and migrant communities. Muslim. More Information Sherbro [bun] Southern province: Mayamba and Bonthe districts; adjoining Western Area: Rural district, Ribbi Shenge, Ima, Sicie, Timdel, Benducha, and Nongoba; southwest coastal areas. 164,000 (2013 J. Leclerc). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Amampa, Mampa, Mampwa, Shiba, Southern Bullom. Dialects: Shenge Sherbro, Sitia Sherbro, Ndema Sherbro, Peninsula Sherbro. Not intelligible with Krim [krm] or Bullom So [buy]. Shenge is the prestige dialect. Lexical similarity: 66%–69% with Bullom So [buy], 44%–45% with Krim [krm], 83%–89% among dialects. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Bullom-Kissi, Bullom, Southern. Comments: Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. More Information Sierra Leone Sign Language [sgx] Western Area province, Freetown district, scattered. 200 (2008 WFD). Reportedly 200 deaf signers out of 3,000–5,000 total deaf (2008 WFD). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Classification: Sign language. More Information Susu [sus] Northern province: interspersed throughout western sections. 146,000 in Sierra Leone (2013 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Sose, Soso, Soussou, Susoo. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Susu-Yalunka. Comments: Muslim. More Information Themne [tem] Northern province: Port Loko, Tonkolili, and Bombali districts; west of Sewa river to Little Scarcie; Southern province: northwest Moyamba district; Western Area: Rural district. 1,500,000 (2013 J. Leclerc). L2 users: 240,000 (1981 D. Cranmer). Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Temen, Temne, Timene, Timmannee, Timne. Dialects: Banta, Konike, Yoni, Bombali, Western Temne (Pil), Sanda, Ribia, Kholifa, Koya, Masingbi, Malal. People claim to understand all dialects. Lexical similarity: 74% with Masingbi and Malal dialects, 70% with Konike dialect and western varieties. Classification: Niger-Congo, Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, Mel, Temne, Temne-Banta. Comments: Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. More Information Vai [vai] Southern province: Pujehun district, south corner. 18,300 in Sierra Leone (2013 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Gallinas, Gallines, Vei, Vy. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Manding-Jogo, Manding-Vai, Vai-Kono. Comments: Muslim. More Information Yalunka [yal] Northern province: Balaki subprefecture, Yifin and Falaba areas, Balaki, Kunsi, Bouria, Solia, Foulaya, and Jouloubaya villages. 36,600 in Sierra Leone (2013 J. Leclerc). Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Dialonke, Djallonke, Jalonke, Jalunga, Jalunga xuwiina’, Jalungas, Kjalonke, Yalunke. Dialects: Musaia, Firia, Sulima. Classification: Niger-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, Central, Susu-Yalunka. Comments: Muslim, traditional religion. 1 Like |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 8:55pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
bigfrancis21: LOL...okay Awujor (Gathering) Kpatakpata - completely Agbo - Herbal mix Akpolo - Frog Agbada Esusu (Credit association) Ojoro (Cheat) Ojukokoro Akara Tshintshi - Bug Igbako - Large wooden/calabash spoon Omolankay/Omolanke - Wheelbarrow (Just google Omolankay) Asobie or Ashobi And many more..... These are all mainstream everyday words in krio. Instead of you to make a quick research and confirm or call your Sierra leone creole friend to verify, you are here arguing for argument sake. 3 Likes 1 Share |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 9:04pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
bigfrancis21: Funny that you have decided to quote the same ethnologue but have absolutely nothing to say about Yoruba influence on Krio language as acknowledged by Ethnologue. which goes completely against your previous assertions. You even stylishly removed it from what you posted. Anyways: Region: Most of Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Kwara, Lagos states; Kogi state, west LGAs. Also in Benin, Sierra Leone, Togo, United Kingdom, United States. http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_language.asp?code=yor 5 Likes 1 Share |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 9:43pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
. |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by YourNemesis: 9:53pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
Yoruba Words and Names Among the Gullah / Geechee of the USA. What has become apparent to me from reading various books on the Gullah people is that they inherited various things from several different ancestors. Most of their quotidian cultural performances have heavy Sierra Leonean and Liberian imprints, to use the modern identifiers for their places of origin. In terms of lexical influences in their language, Senegambia (Mandingo, Fulani, Wolof, etc.) and Angola tend to predominate, although there are tinctures of lexical influences from almost all of the ethnicities from which they trace their ancestral provenance.Read more at http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/politics-of-grammar/african-words-in-the-american-english-gullah-dialect-ii/135621.html#titst1hF9Hhg5o0W.99[/quote] Interesting. 4 Likes |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by blacbard(m): 10:46pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
Interesting post so far I think if we look beyond the supremacy battle undertones i am sensing we can agree to some "facts" Yoruba's have managed to retain their culture more because 1. They arrived much later 2. The slavers were more permissive in the carribeeans and South America than in the British colonies of North America 3. Some other reasons that may have to do affixation for the culture. The surge in Yoruba slaves if you check coincides with the period of internecine wars in the Yoruba country. And also thr Dahomey conquests of previous Yoruba outposts and cities. Most slaves came from war conquests. We won't be able to have exact figures of the number of slaves exported from the modern day Nigeria region. History is never reviewed in isolation, you must consider all other eventd that had direct and indirect effect on the matter you are treating. Questions like when did the boom in agriculture happen in the new world that led to increased demand for slaves?, where did these slaves come from ? 1 Like |
Re: Slaves from The Bight of Benin Vs The Bight of Biafra- Numbers & Cultural Legacy by bigfrancis21: 10:52pm On Jan 24, 2017 |
YourNemesis: Hahaha if your list includes countries where immigrant Yorubas from Nigeria reside speak the language, oh boy then Igbo language will nearly be all over the world: Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Togo, Benin, South Africa, Thailand, China, Malaysia, United States, Canada, Holland, you name it. 1 Like |
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (Reply)
Masquerade Climbing Electric Pole In Kogi (Photos) / Hadiza Elegushi's Birthday: Oba Elegushi Celebrates Second Wife / Alaafin’s Unfulfilled Plans Before His Death
(Go Up)
Sections: politics (1) business autos (1) jobs (1) career education (1) romance computers phones travel sports fashion health religion celebs tv-movies music-radio literature webmasters programming techmarket Links: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Nairaland - Copyright © 2005 - 2024 Oluwaseun Osewa. All rights reserved. See How To Advertise. 172 |