₦airaland Forum

New insight into the internal structure of the proton

While the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is well known for smashing protons together, it is actually the quarks and gluons inside the protons—collectively known as partons—that are really interacting.

Thus, in order to predict the rate of a process occurring in the LHC—such as the production of a Higgs boson or a yet-unknown particle—physicists have to understand how partons behave within the proton.

This behavior is described in parton distribution functions (PDFs), which describe what fraction of a proton's momentum is taken by its constituent quarks and gluons.

Knowledge of these PDFs has traditionally come from lepton–proton colliders, such as HERA at DESY. These machines use point-like particles, such as electrons, to directly probe the partons within the proton.

Their research revealed that, in addition to the well-known up and down valence quarks that are inside a proton, there is also a sea of quark–antiquark pairs in the proton.

This sea is theoretically made of all types of quarks, bound together by gluons. Now, studies of the LHC's proton–proton collisions are providing a detailed look into PDFs, in particular the proton's gluon and quark-type composition.

The physicists at CERN's ATLAS Experiment have just released a new paper combining LHC and HERA data to determine PDFs.

The result uses ATLAS data from several different Standard Model processes, including the production of W and Z bosons, pairs of top quarks and hadronic jets (collimated sprays of particles).

It was traditionally thought that the strange-quark PDF would be suppressed by a factor of ~2 compared to that of the lighter up- and down-type quarks, because of its larger mass.

The new paper confirms a previous ATLAS result, which found that the strange quark is not substantially suppressed at small proton momentum fractions and extends this result to show how suppression kicks in at higher momentum fractions (x > 0.05) as shown in Figure 1.

Several experiments and theoretical groups around the world are working to understand PDFs.

While their results are generally in agreement, there has been some variance at the high-momentum fraction (x > 0.1) that could impact high-energy searches for physics beyond the Standard Model.

Further, it has become increasingly clear that a better understanding of PDFs at mid-range momentum fractions (x ~ 0.01–0.1) is needed if physicists are to find evidence for new-physics processes in the deviations from the Standard Model of quantities such as the mass of the W boson or the weak mixing angle.

This would require knowledge of PDFs to an accuracy of ~1%.

This is where the ATLAS analysis contributes most powerfully, as the accuracy of the PDFs depends on detailed knowledge of the systematic uncertainties of the input data.

The ATLAS Collaboration is able to assess the correlations of such uncertainties between their datasets and account for them—an ability put to great effect in their new PDF result.

Such knowledge was not previously available outside ATLAS, making this result a new "vademecum" for global PDF groups.

It turns out that the impact of such correlations can shift the central values of the PDFs by > 1% in the mid-range momentum region, and by much more than this in the high-x region, as shown in Figure 2.

ATLAS' new understanding of PDFs will be used in the search for new physics processes when the LHC restarts later this year.

Further, the techniques described in the paper will aid future analysis groups—both at ATLAS and beyond—in determining more accurate parton distribution functions.

Source: https://phys.org/news/2022-01-insight-internal-proton.amp

Amoto94:
Jesus was neither killed nor crucified

In your Bible abi? I see you're now mixing up the stories about Isa in the Qur'an with those of Jesus in the Bible.

Amoto94:
Abraham didn't sacrifice his son it was a test which he passed ( ram was used when he was about to slit throat),

Okay, Abraham almost sacrificed his son, not that he sacrificed.

Whether he almost sacrificed his son or he actually sacrificed him like Yahweh did to Jesus, the barbaric act of ritual human sacrifice is also a key aspect of Christianity.

It's one of the many things the founders of the religion copied from African native religions.

The adherents of native religions in Nigeria, who don't engage in offering ritual human sacrifices, need to do more to condemn the heinous act.

Also, when there are more Nigerians dumping religion for freethinking and use of the scientific method (observation, reasoning, and experimention) in solving life's problems, cases of ritual killings will reduce in the country.

nihilistjnr:
This is what I addressed



Ritual human sacrifice is not alien to Yoruba culture. It was and (maybe still is sef) a core component of Yoruba culture.

You don't have to single out the Yoruba culture. In various parts of the world where people believe in one god or the other and have various superstitious beliefs, ritual human sacrifices are/were common.

Even Christianity, the world's most popular religion, has this same barbaric act of ritual human sacrifices at its core: Yahweh sacrificed (killed) his only begotten son, Jesus, to save the world he supposedly created.

Whichever way Christians edit and continue to edit the Bible, smart people can observe this same barbaric act of ritual human sacrifice at the heart of Christianity.

Or should I give you other references of the barbaric act from the Bible, such as how Abraham sacrificed his son for Yahweh, etc.

Whether it's done by the whites in the name of God (Jehovah), or by the Jihadists to please Allah following the footsteps of the founder of their religion, or by the traditionalists, ritual human sacrifices are evil and barbaric.

Havertz10:
they support each other, there are no good babalawos, they are all fundamentally designed to seek unfair advantages using diabolical means, while some are minor like keeping a man's gaze which is impossible, there are major ones like ritualist but they all co exist together in the same orbit and you can't do away with one without getting rid of it's correlated brothers

I'm not surprised you'd say this. When a poster consistently displays lack of critical thinking in key aspects of life, they'd say this.

I'd advise you to follow your own suggestion and start killing all the babalawos in your community.

It's easy to type nonsensical posts here, thinking by showing your disdain for the local cultures, that makes you intelligent.

But it only exposes your deeply ingrained inferiority complex and self-hate.

TheHulk616:
all Ancelotti has to do it remain fraudzard from the squad completely.

Is Hazard also responsible for this tripe you typed

Astrid4:
Let's me shock you bro...the issue is have never seen any babalowo arrested for ritual purpose, this people are so organized,they have ID cards, babalowo are ifasheyi,sangofunke,oyafunmi et al these are traditionalist,most of these ritualist if you go deep into their history you will see hear names like Ibrahim and Matthew meaning they're of Christian and Muslim faith.

There are good babalawos and bad ones as well, and the same thing applies to the clerics of the other two popular religions.

Havertz10:
didn't know that ifa had books on it's teachings, guessing that it was written in a language that it's worshippers understand, written down by a man like them after hearing from ifa via quantum connections, how convenient

So, they should kill all the babalawos because of some bad eggs among them? And that looks reasonable and achievable to you?

Phillipson02:
History can't be hidden forever

Interesting, the first picture doesn't show the real creature though. It's a reconstructed, computer-generated image of the discovered fossils.

Phillipson02:
History can't be hidden forever

Interesting, the first picture doesn't show the real creature though. It's a reconstructed image of the discovered fossils.

Workch:
nonsense, none of them proved anything with logic until scientific methods started popping.

Logic alone is flawed without evidence.

Whether or not you want to argue all night, it's stupid to rely on pure logic to make accurate conclusions and that's why your so called philosophers argue about jargons every now and then.
There is usually no evidence to close the case. It's the same reason none of them could prove spheriod earth until we found evidence

I think it's more correct to say that according to the popularly known history of science, Copernicus and Galileo discovered that the Earth is a sphere.

I think the ancient Egyptians had known the shape of the Earth hundreds (if not thousands) of years before even Copernicus or Galileo was born. And a number of ancient Greek philosophers, who schooled in ancient Egypt, also knew.

But almost all the books of ancient Egyptians were destroyed with the Alexandra Library.

I think if you're widely read, you'd know many things that are touted as historical facts in the mainstream science (especially concerning science and technology in ancient Egypt and Africa) aren't really true.

Most are pure lies or half-truths.

The shape of the Earth looks like something elementary for a civilization that could construct those pyramids, obelisks, and preserve their dead for thousands of years.

Don't you think so?

hopefulLandlord:
Like I said, I'm not saying my opinion on that is true and any other form isn't. I gave my own view.

@bolded. don't be so certain

Okay, I understand.

About the bolded, I think your response is what will first crop up in the mind of most skeptics or freethinkers.

But if what he described has happened to you not once, twice, or thrice, you'd know it's mysterious seeing some events in the dream that play out accurately or almost accurately later on in real life, without you interfering.

It's possible there are many properties or abilities of the brain that neurologists and brain surgeons are yet to discover.

hopefulLandlord:
Okay, I'd try my best to answer your questions although I will not claim my answer is the certain truth

Let's establish some facts here. overwhelming majority of the dreams you dream about won't come to pass. That's a fact and certain truth. this applies to everyone in the world AFAIK

I'd now focus on your example of someone dreaming another person died and it happens shortly after. First of all humans lie and twist truth a lot. Many people claim to have seen something happen in the dream after that thing must've happened in real life to make the story sweet. Secondly, I want you to revisit the previous paragraph. All these people who dream and they come to pass dream a lot that didn't come to pass. If it didn't come to pass then it's ignored and if it comes to pass then there's some entity that gave them the message. Let's establish another fact here. anybody can die anytime, anywhere in almost any way so seeing someone die in the dream and the person died shortly after shouldn't be seen as proof of anything other than the fact that death can come anytime, anywhere and in almost any way. Trying to find deeper and deeper meanings to perfectly normal occurrences because someone claimed to have dreamt it may not be the best

I'd close this by talking about a story I read in the 48 laws of power about a man that claimed to see the future. he prophesied someone would die and the person did die. he then prophesied another would die and the person did shortly after. The king then felt threatened by this man. Either he's doing the killing or has a hand in it or his powers of clairvoyance threaten the king himself. The king then set him up to be thrown out of the window to his death. he'd planned to give a signal to his soldiers to do the deed and when the day came around the king just before he was about to give the signal decided to give one last test to this clairvoyant man. The king asked him when he (the man) would die. The man replied that he would die 3 days before the king's death. The signal was never given. The king then went ahead to shower him with gifts and help him with whatever he wanted in order to keep him alive as much as he can. The man eventually outlived the king by many decades proving his clairvoyance is a sham

Make of that what you will
btw I am an atheist

This response is simplistic. Life is a lot deeper than most atheists paint it.

I'm sure the guy that asked those questions is aware of most of the things you said here even before he asked the questions.

When you've studied your dreams over the years, you'd know when some of them come to pass with uncanny accuracy and the feeling can even come as a surprise when you saw an event in the dream, and it comes to pass with over 90% or even 100% accuracy in the details (not just generic statements like "someone died in the dream" ).

If a person really has the gift of their dreams coming to pass, they'd see the exact or almost exact details of how the event (death of a person) will happen.

The details are the main thing, not the generic statements.

And if someone has such an experience, whereby they've seen a dream that seems like a vision of a (near) future event come to pass many times, they'd know they've the gift of seeing visions (dreams that come to pass).

It would actually be so naive of you to think life is as simple as the typical atheist paints it. It's a lot deeper, and the scientific understanding of the power of our minds isn't that advanced.

And it's not simply due to intuition as well.

I know without any iota of doubt there are people with such a gift of seeing future events as a vision in their dream.

But I don't know why that happens scientifically and am willing to learn from others who may know more than I do as far as the subject matter is concerned.

I know there will be a scientific principle behind the phenomena (of seeing visions in dreams).

Jorginho makes the team gel and transition from defence to attack. But he's overhyped and a weak link in the midfield.

He's just a good player that's extremely lucky. It's not as if he's even better than Mikel.

This is the same principle (quantum entanglement) that magicians apply to make their audience see what is in their (magicians') mind since all heads are connected (or entangled).

musicwriter:
That guy is really very stupid and I don't wish him out. But I am very proud of his father who did everything possible to notify the US government in advance about his son's intension.

But note that the whole incident is a CIA and MI16 job. The guy was simply given a fake bomb and was arrested in the process. Ask yourself: why would the US allow him fly in when his father has warmed them twice that his son is a potential terrorist? Of course, the CIA and MI16 planned out everything, that's why the father was ignored. They tried to do same thing to me.

Bros, any update about the other matter I discussed with you please?

Astrid4:
Thomas Tuchel confirmed Romelu Lukaku and Timo Werner could return to the #Chelsea side to face Spurs. Andreas Christensen is doubtful, while Trevoh Chalobah has been ruled out.

#CFC | @Chelsea247

Good call. Havertz should chop bench. Useless player

Havertz10:
I know that I have vested interest but the truth has to be said, we should count our loses and sell this guy now

This issue has just began if anything, swap deal with Juventus for deligt is the smart move right now in my opinion

Lukaku is best suited for teams with less possession that thrive on the counter, Chelsea dominate possession, he wouldn't particularly excel and would hinder the entire team, I remember the 352 system that tuchel tried that lukaku referenced, it failed, he isn't an intelligent footballer, depends solely on the exceptional work of the supporting cast to thrive, a service dependent player like him isn't suited for Chelsea

He will apologize, they will spin the story but resentment already exist, he is Belgian, Chelsea fans have been growing hatred against players from the country particularly those that misbehaved, he is weak minded, needs adoration to shine but with an evenly divided supporters base and his mediocre abilities, the rest of his time at Chelsea will be a joke for all intent and purposes, it's best to walk away now

Chelsea should sell Lukaku so that the weakling called Havertz can further weaken our attack abi. Yeye

If we're to sell any player, it's Havertz that should be the top choice. He's nothing but a fraud and is so annoying to watch.

He's both weak mentally and physically. In fact, frail is the right word to use, not weak.

Rosement:
A. The universe does not need to be created because it has always existed.
B. The universe created itself.
C. The universe must have a creator because it cannot create itself.

A.

The Universe has always existed because existence has no beginning and end. All things in the universe, including we humans, have always existed in one form or another and even after death, they'll continue to exist in other forms.

afrodoc2:
Exactly. When I started learning Spanish my teacher was surprised at how quickly I got the basics but she didn’t know I had learnt some Italian from one babe I was kpanning when I was in the world.

Apart from similar words those languages often follow similar rules in terms of grammar and syntax. Once you learn one it is so much easier to learn the next one.

Where are you now, bros? Are not still in the world

EmperorHarry:
Well it's mostly when you try to understand theory of relativity on Earth or on planet surfaces. Matter or energy distorts space-time and that as a result creates paths(geodesics) that other masses follow when within the range of distorted space-time by the greater mass or energy. So I have some questions from the perspective of our home planet
1. How does geodesics account for objects thrown up in the air and it falls down in a straight line? Do we have straight line geodesics in distorted space-time?
2.How do planets stay in orbit if they are constantly falling towards the "well" created by the sun? Is it because they have velocities?
I only recently tried to really understand general theory of relativity beyond surface knowledge and time dilations. So I not quite certain about the terms I used but I'd like to understand it sufficiently

1. Contrary to how falling objects are visualized as traveling in a line theoretically, objects don't fall down in a straight line in reality because their motion is disrupted by air resistance or drag force unless during a free fall (devoid of air resistance), which is also a theoretical scenario at least on Earth.

2. From the Newtonian (classical) worldview, planets are kept in orbits round the Sun due to the Sun's immense gravitational pull on these planets.

But gravity, as defined relativistically by Einstein, isn't a force but a distortion of space and time by mass and energy.

The sun's gravity is still what keeps the planets in orbit here as it warps (or distorts) the spacetime around the Sun by an immense amount since the Sun is the largest object in the solar system.

The planets take the shortest path (or geodesic) through the spacetime around the Sun, and this explains their orbits.

The distortion of spacetime by the Sun, in other words gravity, is what creates the "well".

EmperorHarry:
This is quite easily one of the the best threads on NL imo. Awesome work man! It's pleasantly surprising and refreshing to see this level of enthusiam and dedication to science and astronomy especially here in Nigeria. I haven't quite been active on NL for sometime but I wonder why I've not stumbled upon this gem. Anyways,I'm currently following. Premium memes btw,I already had some of them in storage but still highlights the quality of the meme theme.

Random question tho,have you been to able to fully understand Eisteins "General theory of Relativity"?. Just theoretically. I have a few applications and effects that I'm curious about especially those that newtonian gravity could quite easily explain.

Yes, but I'm always willing to learn more. What are those applications and effects?

Saturn444:
Please send me a link to where I can see his writings. I do not read about this stuff. They come to me via virtue of my level of understanding.

I sometimes think am less human cos there seem to be another aspect of me beyond this me.

That's why I call it thought experiment

..

Your thought experiment, referred to as gedanken in science, is interesting, and who knows, we might actually be living in the thought or as thoughts of a higher (universal) Mind, as the hermetists say.

HardMirror:
I agree, I am not an Otem expert like you. But i read enough just good fiction no need dedicating time to it as if it is factual

I'm not an Otem expert. It seems reading isn't your forte. If it's, you'd have seen my area of specialization in my signature.

HardMirror:
I read enough. You dont expect me to know he was just making it up and stitching stuff together

Maybe you read a few pages of the thread (with many posts hidden by mods and concluded hastily). I don't see the signs you have the literature and have read this book you're reviewing in detail.

You'd have to be a very dishonest person to read Otem's book in detail and study the Seriot language and then claim he stitched those histories together and also stitched the language together.

If na so e dey easy to stitch tales together, the world would be full of geniuses in writing and many conlangs.

Hope you're aware all of the languages spoken all around the world today came naturally with some early humans (deified as gods and goddesses) as one of their innate abilities.

Well, if you know the history of humans well enough, you'd know it's a big deal to come up with a language that looks like a natural language.

Enough said about the book. I wouldn't want to derail this thread further about posts on the book. This isn't a history thread.

HardMirror:
so otem has solved the issue of the origin of life right?

Your comments show you don't have the book and haven't read it.

No reasonable person reviews a book they've not read.