[img]https://1.bp..com/-snh_WYfAc0s/XgQN4864lkI/AAAAAAAAAYc/KOetKWzTUC4j2zuIbS9ZAQBeYwkQCJ5mgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/oneplus-7-pro-27.jpg[/img]

One interesting trend in the smartphone world today is certainly the Refresh rate. Although used in gaming phones released in the past, the Oneplus 7 Pro is said to have ignited the frenzy with its fascinating 90 hertz display. Since then more smartphones released in the market now employ the 90 hertz refresh rate, or even use a higher 120 hertz refresh rate over the traditional 60 hertz. So to start this article, what's a refresh rate?

1.0: What is a Refresh rate?:

The term refresh rate is simply the number of times a screen will refresh an image in a second. It's unit is Hertz, which is the SI unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second. This means that a screen with 60 Hertz will refresh an image 60 times in a second, while a 144 hertz screen will refresh an image 144 times in a second. So its actually something that affect most screens, including computers and televisions. 60 hertz is basically an industry standard, but most companies adopt even higher numbers. Higher refresh rates are actually valuable because they provide a sense of smoothness and speed when using your smartphone. When you touch your screen, you'll either click or you'll scroll through apps or images. That brings us to two types of refresh rate: Touch-refresh rate and Display refresh rate. Lets explore that.

1.1: Touch refresh rate:

This is simply the rate at which at which your display can register your touch and respond by starting to render the next frame in an animation.

1.2: Display refresh rate:

This is actually the most important of the two. Watching a video on YouTube at 60 FPS with a 60 Hertz screen basically means the display will coincide with all frames and will be able to push all the frames accurately.

2.0: Is Hertz the same with FPS? (Frames per second):

Not really. FPS is just the number of consecutive full-screen images that are displayed each second. While hertz is the rate at which visual information is updated or refreshed in a second. If you're watching a 90 FPS video on a 90 hertz screen, it simply means your display will be able to view all 90 frames in a second. Additionally if you're using a 60 Hertz screen to watch a 30 FPS video, your display will switch to 30 Hertz or might just duplicate some frames. For this reason a 90 FPS video cannot be played on a 60 Hertz screen and so on.

3.0: Is it worth it to shell extra money for a higher refresh rate?:

Certainly. The refresh rate is actually very subtle in delivering its functions. you might not notice the difference at once but when your eyes get used to the higher refresh rate it might be difficult to switch back to a lower one because it would seem slower. Reviewers who used the 90 hertz Oneplus 7T Pro as a daily driver found it difficult to return to even the Samsung galaxy note 10 plus because of the lower refresh rate. It's not a gimmick by any means. There are actually good uses of a higher refresh rate. They are:

4.0: Uses of a High Refresh rate:

Here are some cool uses/benefits of buying a phone with a high refresh rate:

4.1: Daily usage is smoother and faster:

It's not only a well optimized os and a fast chipset that contributes to the overall smoothness of a smartphone. Scrolling through webpages, app drawers or just bands of images become silky smooth with a good Hz. A higher refresh rate can also make your scrolling and day to day tasks better. Since most screens are using a 60 Hertz display, even the Samsung galaxy and the iPhone, it basically means 60 Images refreshed in a second. So imagine refreshing 120 images per second or Even better 240 Hertz. That's a great leap and good in the sense that it takes place in a second.

4.2: Better Animations:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-Tc0JnJ0rGhs/XgQPPHH-OYI/AAAAAAAAAZA/bdPGl6A21W8RFM0FZtWeoHx84kkf9vgBgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/capture-20190515-014732.png[/img]

Animations in android are fun quick sequences that pops up when you want to take an action. With a higher refresh rate your favourite live wallpaper or your mechanical-like settings options can become much more enjoyable.

4.3: Excellent Video quality:

Taking a cue from the animations, a good refresh rate can improve your viewing experience considerably. Watching a 90 FPS movie on a 90 Hertz screen will increase synchronization and more frames will be displayed.

4.4: Helps in your competitive Gaming:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-lBfDoXRQWp4/XgQOHyjMKlI/AAAAAAAAAYg/prVb-DS5S54ygHvv6yEecmdVLmD0kU_FQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/OnePlus_7_Pro_gaming.png[/img]


Yes, a higher refresh rate can actually give you an advantage in online games were precision and speed are invaluable. If you've aimed at a fellow in PUBG, and he killed you even when you shot at him first, there's a high chance he had a higher refresh rate than you, Because the information from the servers are first translated to the FPS/Hertz to being shown on the screen. Also in racing games and generally sports like football Etc. A high refresh rate is optimal if you want to beat the leaderboards.

4.5: It can reduce your eye Fatigue:

If you're one of those special people whose eyes get weary from viewing the images on their display scroll by, A higher refresh rate can help correct that anomaly. Most phones come with a slider to switch back to either 60, 90 or 120 Hertz depending on the calibration. Just test and find out which works for you. Its fun trust us!

5.0: Should I overclock my Refresh rate if given the opportunity?:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-i8LC-UFI9dY/XgQOOSq0RFI/AAAAAAAAAYo/7EZDBvEC3EILOJv3YqSfL5fzTrAtPFA_QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/1_Rw0XFsgMfo8nNk8DctM7lA.png[/img]

No. Yes, there are some third party developers that find hidden options in the smartphone, like dual speakers mod and force RGB notification lights. All useful but in this case (Hertz), you cant just slap a higher refresh on any display. The base hertz is actually the recommended refresh rate that the OEM put in the display to ensure longevity and better functionality. A display must support the refresh rate it wants to use and any overclocking might reduce the life span of the display in the long run. It can also void your warranty no matter how long its valid. Not to worry though, most apps and games are configured at 60 hertz and there's not much difference going from 60 to 90. Its almost like 720P vs 1080P.

6.0: Are there any disadvantages using a higher refresh rate?:

Well, there's a saying that anything with an advantage also has a disadvantage. In this case, its a bigger drain on your battery and worse a strain on your hardware. Probably why Flagship or gaming phones currently field this feature. It can also ruin your experience watching old or badly filmed videos. Imagine watching a 24 FPS motion movie on a 120 Hertz screen with no switching option. That's no good is it?

7.0: What smartphones with this high refresh rates are readily available?:

You might already know about the phone that invented this craze, the Oneplus 7 pro and its family members. There are other phones that followed suit though. The Realme X2 Pro(90Hz), Google pixel 4(90Hz), Oppo Reno Ace(90Hz), Nubia Red Magic 3(90Hz), Asus ROG Phone 2(120Hz), Razer Phone(120Hz) and the Ipad 2019(120Hz). Well, all these are kind of mid-range to flagship phones,(500$-2000$) Approximately 200.000 Naira, with the exception of the newly launched Redmi K30(120Hz), Which at the time of writing this is about 220$. (Approximately 90.000 naira).

[img]https://1.bp..com/-0VXXs9jqJn0/XgQOXoc-ASI/AAAAAAAAAYs/ZdknAEoMmL82bTpj2avvYG3u-ixnbAfLgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/ipad-10-2-inch-hero.jpg[/img]
The Ipad 2019 has a cool system wide 120 Hertz touch and display refresh rate.

8.0: Is refresh rate as important as other display Factors like Resolution, Display type (IPS and Amoled) or HDR?:

Yes, its just as important. But that's kind of subjective. Some would prefer an AMOLED screen to a 120 Hertz display phone, or a 2K display to a 90 Hertz display. It wasn't a big deal till months ago the Oneplus was released. You know, OEM's will always find a way to make a mountain out of a molehill.

So that about sums up the end of this article. what do you think of the refresh rate on phones? Do you see it wide spread in the future? Or do you see it as important? Will your next phone have it? Lets know what you feel about it in the comment section below.

Source: https://techtemplar..com/2019/12/refresh-rate-in-smartphones-explained.html

Cc:

Mynd44
Dominique (Happy Boxing Day )
Honsule
Lalasticlala
Dragnet

questechie:

You're a novice, or a clown, could even be both! Africa and Nigeria don't do authentication?

I mean authentication like bus passes, toll gate passes, door unlocks, Loyalty identification All these by NFC. Have you seen an NFC toll gate in Nigeria?

It's Prolly because their target market, Africa and subsequently Nigeria, has no use yet for the feature. like authentication and payment. Even India and China too doesn't make use of NFC on a large scale. Unless you're talking about the other uses of NFC, like giving directions and getting price tags. NFC is more important in the US and Europe.

ornicus:
but op somehow missed the most salient and pervasive use of captchas

3.7 gate keeper to files on file hosters - they are a series of hoops you have to jump through to get to this weeks webdl of game of thrones or the last jedi, or the lynda dotcom tutorial that some nice fellow uploaded. thank God for greasemonkey and other firefox addons

100 percent correct. I considered it and the opinion poll protection, but the post was getting too long already......Thanks for reading and have a nice thanksgiving too.

Blakjewelry:
yes it is use in keeping out bots, but i have seen it successfully keep out humans too lol

Exactly Critics of the test said that the Captcha is a waste of time, and The computers are getting better at it than humans I once got six captcha tests in a row and still did not get access to the site.

[img]https://1.bp..com/-gwxrOqynSZ8/XeCmenCcHII/AAAAAAAAAWY/zWpOm98sl3MskvauO6wbR-KAKX8peVUFQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/linked-in-captcha.png[/img]

If you've tried accessing a webpage, leaving a comment, or signing up for a particular service on the internet, there's a high possibility you've been blocked by a special wall called a Captcha. Now, a Captcha is just an acronym for ''Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart". A Turing test is an examination or a method of inquiry in an artificial intelligence used in determining if a computer is capable of thinking like a human being. So a Captcha is certainly a Turing test, but in reverse as it is a computer creating the scripts. Basically, the purpose of a Captcha is to tell if the entity sending the requests is a human or not. To dive fully into the Captcha business, first some history.

1.0: Brief history of Captchas:
The Turing test as stated above was invented by an English Mathematician and computer analyst named Alan Turing. Turing proposed that a computer can be said to possess artificial intelligence if it can mimic human responses under specific conditions. This would be the base for the Captcha technology.

In 1990, internet users tried to make text illegible unintelligible to computers. The first of such people were hackers, posting about sensitive topics to Internet forums they thought were being automatically monitored on keywords. To defeat such filters, they replaced a word with character that looks like it. SWEET could become or $\/\/££⍅, as well as numerous other variants, such that a filter could not possibly detect all of them. This later became known as leetspeak (a system of modified spellings used primarily on the Internet).

One of the earliest commercial uses of CAPTCHAs was in the Gausebeck–Levchin test. In 2000, idrive.com began to protect its signup page with a CAPTCHA and prepared to file a patent on this seemingly novel technique. The term CAPTCHA was coined in 2000 by Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, Nicholas Hopper and John Langford of Carnegie Mellon University.

2.0: What is a Captcha?:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-WBqoz-mW0dg/XeCmGSo5BOI/AAAAAAAAAWM/XNmJK3lnV9QpZCQsm65eXXgwlHzBtWvQwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/1_Wqnhqanj3qrIn_Rdsqf8jQ.png[/img]

A CAPTCHA is usually a graphic image with a series of distorted letters on an equally distorted or multicolored background. Other types of CAPTCHA challenges require a user to identify photos, do simple arithmetic problems, provide a response to an audio snippet or simply click a box that says, "I'm not a robot.". A CAPTCHA is also what is called a challenge-response test. One party presents a question or challenge and the other party must provide a valid answer or response in order to be authenticated. CAPTCHAs are additionally fully automated, needing little to no human maintenance to administer, producing benefits in reliability and cost effectiveness.

The test makes sure only humans perform their needed actions and protects websites from spams and automated queries. A CAPTCHA differentiates between human and bot by setting some task that is easy for most humans to perform but is more difficult and time-consuming for current bots to complete. At present, computer programmes lack the sophistication that humans have when it comes to processing visual data. Human minds are hard-wired to pick up on patterns in everything they see. People often see patterns where they are none – such as a face in the moon or the outline of Elvis on a burnt bit of toast. This phenomenon is called Pareidolia.

3.0: What are the uses of Captchas?:

Definitely separating computers from humans aren't the only uses of the system. It can perform a great host of functions, some of which are:

3.1: Protecting the sign up and Certification of Websites:

Getting free emails today is definitely more easier than it was previously. Notably from Yahoo, Google and Microsoft. Up until a few years ago, most of these services suffered from a specific type of attack: "bots" that would sign up for thousands of email accounts every minute. The solution to this problem was to use CAPTCHAs to ensure that only humans obtain free email accounts.

3.2: Protecting Email Addresses and Passwords From Scrapers:

After getting your free email address, the next is to protect it from spammers who would send you thousands of ads and unwanted emails. Spammers run around the Web in search of email addresses posted in clear text. CAPTCHAs provide an effective mechanism to hide your email address from them. The idea is to require users to solve a CAPTCHA before showing your email address. A Captcha can also protect your password from bots which may try to have it permutated

3.3: Preventing Comment Spam in Blogs:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-_Y2iv_ACdwk/XeCl3n-OidI/AAAAAAAAAWI/3xdlqWFnd7sETXhxdKX0VXmXFmQlaFsYwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/delete-wordpress-spam-comments.png[/img]

Comment spam is a term referencing a broad category of spambot or spammer postings which abuse web-based forms to post advertisements as comments on forums, blogs and wikis. Most bloggers are familiar with programs that submit bogus comments, usually for the purpose of raising search engine ranks of some . This is called comment spam. By using a CAPTCHA, only humans can enter comments on a blog. There is no need to make users sign up before they enter a comment, and no legitimate comments are lost in the process.

3.4: Search Engine Bots:

It is sometimes desirable to keep webpages unindexed to prevent others from finding them easily. There is an HTML(Hyper text markup language) tag to prevent search engine bots from reading web pages. The tag, however, doesn't guarantee that bots won't find and read a web page; it only serves to say "no bots allowed" Search engine bots, since they usually belong to large companies, respect web pages that don't want to allow them in. However, in order to truly guarantee that bots won't enter a web site, CAPTCHAs are needed.

3.5: Increase the security of online shoppers and online polls:

No one would like to lose money while shopping online....especially to a bot. Some online stores checkout might include Captchas to maximise security.

3.6: Training Artificial intelligence(AI):

Certainly a CAPTCHA is an important instrument for training AI. Any given test could only ever be temporary, something its inventors acknowledged at the outset. With all those researchers, scammers, and ordinary humans solving billions of puzzles just at the threshold of what AI can do, at some point the machines were going to pass us by. In fact, In 2014, Google pitted one of its machine learning algorithms against humans in solving the most distorted text CAPTCHAs: the computer got the test right 99.8 percent of the time, while the humans got a mere 33 percent.

While used mostly for security reasons, CAPTCHAs also serve as a benchmark task for artificial intelligence technologies. According to an article by Ahn, Blum and Langford, "any program that passes the tests generated by a CAPTCHA can be used to solve a hard unsolved AI problem.''

4.0: Accessibility of Captchas:

Due to the confusing nature of these tests, it is possible that Captchas will pose a problem to some people, such as the aged or visually impaired (Non-sight or colour blind).Because CAPTCHAs are designed to be unreadable by machines, common assistive technology tools such as screen readers cannot interpret them. Since sites may use CAPTCHAs as part of the initial registration process, or even every login, this challenge can completely block access. In certain jurisdictions, site owners could become targets of litigation if they are using CAPTCHAs that discriminate against certain people with disabilities. In other cases, those with sight difficulties should be able to choose to identify a word being read to them.

5.0: Can Captchas be avoided by the computers?:

Just as Captchas are evolving so is the bots that try to surpass them. Here are notable ways Captchas have been beaten at the game.

5.1: Machine-learning:

In its earliest iterations there was not a systematic methodology for designing or evaluating CAPTCHAs. As a result, there were many instances in which CAPTCHAs were of a fixed length and therefore automated tasks could be constructed to successfully make educated guesses about where segmentation should take place. others made the mistake of relying too heavily on background confusion in the image. In each case, algorithms were created that were successfully able to complete the task by exploiting these design flaws. These methods proved brittle however, and slight changes to the CAPTCHA were easily able to thwart them. Modern CAPTCHAs like the reCAPTCHA no longer rely just on fixed patterns but instead present variations of characters that are often collapsed together, making segmentation almost impossible. These newest iterations have been much more successful at warding off automated tasks.

5.2: Manual or human labour method:

CAPTCHAs can potentially be avoided by relaying them to a shop of human operators who are employed to decode CAPTCHAs. A 2005 paper from a W3C working group stated that such an operator could verify hundreds per hour. In 2010 the University of California at San Diego conducted a large scale study of those CAPTCHA's farms and found out that the retail price for solving one million CAPTCHAs is as low as $1,000.

5.3: Resource re-direction:

Similar to the human labour, but differs in the sense that the labour here is unwitting. This consists of using a script to re-post the target site's CAPTCHA as a CAPTCHA to a site owned by the attacker, such as a pornography site, which unsuspecting humans visit and correctly solve within a short while for the script to use. However, there is a debate around the economic viability of such an attack.

5.4: Helping Companies:

Some companies on the web can help block and avoid Captchas for a fee. These Services Include APIs and libraries that enable users to integrate CAPTCHA circumvention into the tools that CAPTCHAs were designed to block in the first place.

6.0: What is reCaptcha?:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-rfzRHWD_pvc/XeCkuGd2C_I/AAAAAAAAAV8/S_gbV9R71Z8FB5nZfQv6Qwp3jwacIcvWwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/b2ap3_large_Anh-2.jpg.png[/img]


reCAPTCHA is a CAPTCHA-like system designed to establish that a computer user is human (normally in order to protect websites from bots) and, at the same time, assist in the digitization of books or improve machine learning. reCAPTCHA was originally developed by Luis von Ahn, David Abraham, Manuel Blum, Michael Crawford, Ben Maurer, Colin McMillen, and Edison Tan at Carnegie Mellon University's main Pittsburgh campus. It was acquired by Google in September 2009.

reCAPTCHA has completely digitized the archives of The New York Times and books from Google Books, as of 2011. The archive can be searched from the New York Times Article Archive, where more than 13 million articles in total have been archived, dating from 1851 to the present day. Through mass collaboration, reCAPTCHA was helping to digitize books that are too illegible to be scanned by computers, as well as translate books to different languages, as of 2015.

The system has been reported as displaying over 100 million CAPTCHAs every day, on sites such as Facebook and twitter.
7.0: Are Captchas really getting harder?:

One can notice that our traditional captcha are getting harder as time progresses. This is because the usage of latest advanced pattern recognition and machine learning algorithms are capable of solving simpler captcha, so the latter should be in a position to defeat the former. Previously robots were more modern but they were not as intelligent as humans due to them not being able to open a captcha script. Significantly, robots have always been able to read-only written words and are not able to solve the image captcha, as the admin of robot only sets the command to the specific task and in Captcha solving, text video, images may come and changes every time, so the admin of Robots could not able to set the rules and cause of changing of the question in captcha.

Certainly robots are getting better at Captcha solving, and even more than humans. So captchas must be more difficult to defeat them....at the expense of human efficiency sadly.


7.2: Can AI assistants like Apple's Siri and Google's assistant beat a captcha test?:

Not really, as Captchas are mostly images with jumbled words rather than a word itself. Siri and Google's assistant mostly work on plain and straight commands, while a Captcha is more of a distorted command. Machine-learning capabilities can be used though, but not in this case.

7.3: Is there any disadvantage to us seeing Captchas?:

Surely Captchas are really annoying and time wasting. Well, next time you are confronted by one of these, you can take pride in the fact that you are doing your part to preserve history.

Yes, those annoying CAPTCHAs are actually being used to help digitalise decades of old texts — books, magazines and newspapers — that scanning programs struggle to decipher.


8.0: Captcha Fun:

Check out some memes and funny pictures about captchas, can you solve them?

[img]https://1.bp..com/-RaZC9tnx8Qo/XeCkNcBtH1I/AAAAAAAAAVo/8EhNm83OTAk8DBOy0yZlq_Gz95UtYgbzQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/zJZEzKm.png[/img]

[img]https://1.bp..com/-7kiMwIzwIFI/XeCjk_Ii2AI/AAAAAAAAAVU/wTMR8ir2Ak89l0VMoF7TFN2Js4khtXdBACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/captcha-6.jpg[/img]

[img]https://1.bp..com/-VVYm2l_s3tE/XeCjk0cBf5I/AAAAAAAAAVQ/Ag4QCMfzu3AY9pGILOArjoFpg5TChDjygCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Hard-to-read-captcha.png[/img]

[img]https://1.bp..com/-zwEUOoSHMlE/XeCjk2WnrnI/AAAAAAAAAVk/_1dghRIw8GEB-HJZoF7LCKRiqy2osJK3ACEwYBhgL/s1600/captcha-7.jpg[/img]

[img]https://1.bp..com/-AmpdOI3-ZAY/XeCkeYrIyII/AAAAAAAAAV0/OEupfN18ZMQf1d4n6HvjWm29Z6qQ7CqQQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/main-qimg-7dc062222231cb8cbd87fcb556984797-c.jpg[/img]

[img]https://1.bp..com/-ggcSGtdRHvE/XeCmyOdlTSI/AAAAAAAAAWk/s00iJT8Lv60ZHbWIsUCOf1jjTwDxVQL5ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/badcaptcha4.jpg[/img]

[img]https://1.bp..com/-zHERKoVqosI/XeCkeGB3uII/AAAAAAAAAVw/q6GznDKDVuU6bLHlx0xwgNFonnk_5eAVwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/main-qimg-433446dca3e928765e7f00660f7af023-c.jpg[/img]


So that brings us to the end of the post. What do you think of captchas? Annoying, useful? ineffective? Let us know what you think in the comment section.

Source:

https://techtemplar..com/2019/11/what-is-captcha-and-what-is-it-used-for.html

LucemFerre:


Dem dey hate... no mind dem. Nigerians no just get support for their people smfh

Thanks Bro, I Don't Know why I get that a lot.

belshazzar:
it's obvious na there's no need to accuse

Nope, its my full, original post. Only the origin of the word and the pictures that I sourced from Wikipedia and Quora. I have been playing video games since 2009. Visit my blog and see my other topics.

invigilator:
CaseTemplar, whats the name of the game the man is standing behind a horse?

Ahh That's One Of My Most Favourite Games... The Witches 3: Wild Hunt... Are You An RPG lover too?

AlwaysConfused:
Op didn't write this post. Original article on Wikipedia. Let the OP dispute my claim and I go send link sharp sharp.

Send Am Make I See grin My Original Post.... I Only Used Wikipedia For The Etymology Of The Word. This Isn't The complete Post Self Check My Blog ... Shortened It So It Wouldn't Be Too Long

Trex4:




Nah, I Wrote Them Standing Up

kushercain:


Enlightening article bro. Read every word

Thanks So Much Bro...Bless U

[img]https://1.bp..com/-ZyCmvbXOQjA/XdcERRLmHMI/AAAAAAAAAQk/n52N1HyPtDITpE5MVH1-uhFHXNJHu64KQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/maxresdefault%2B2.jpg[/img]

A Glitch is a short-lived fault in a system, such as a temporary fault that corrects itself, making it difficult to troubleshoot. The term is particularly common in the electrical and computer based industries, in circuit bending, as well as among players of video games. More generally, all types of systems including human organizations and nature experience glitches. Glitches, are definitely one of the most infamous problems we face while trying to play our favourite games. Although used interchangeably with a bug, a bug differs in the fact that it is a mistake in the code or ideal chain of events and might prove more fatal to the system than a glitch at large. In Bugs, the underlying fact is that it is an error in the programming process which might be hidden and potentially mess up the ideal process which the developers desired for the game. In most cases a glitch is usually used as an euphemism for a bug, which is a factual statement that a programming fault is to blame for a system failure. Here glitches are seen as minor. Today, glitches are definitely a pop culture in mainstream gaming today and games have been created specifically for glitches.

1.0: Brief history of the word Glitch (Etymology):

According to Wikipedia, some reference books, including Random House's American Slang, claim that the term comes from the German word glitschen ("to slip" and the Yiddish word gletshn ("to slide or skid". Either way, it is a relatively new term. It was first widely defined for the American people by Bennett Cerf on the June 20, 1965 episode of What's My Line as "a kink... when anything goes wrong down there [Cape Kennedy], they say there's been a slight glitch.

3.0: Causes of Glitches in Video Games:

Buffer overflows aren't the only causes of a game glitch. There are also other reasons for the bugs and glitches we encounter in the games we play. Let's explore them.

3.1: Game Engine limitation:
[img]https://1.bp..com/-B2QZrbM5mqQ/XdcH3CpBErI/AAAAAAAAAQ4/SRu9U9qACfQ52L5YniRmOToMF21HfCGbgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Workflow.jpg[/img]

A game engine is a system designed for the creation and development of video games. The leading game engines provide a software framework that developers use to create games for video game consoles and personal computers. Now, in this case an Engine isn't a single software, it is a collection of programs and tools used by a developer in producing a game or an application. This means that an engine might be fundamentally reused when necessary. Such as in Medieval 2 Total war, it uses the same Engine as Rome total war. Fallout 4 uses the same engine as the Elder scrolls V: Skyrim. The knack here is that the software is constantly changing, which means it has to be altered suitably to fit the developers needs. Bethesda announced previously that it would use the same engine in fallout 76 for the upcoming Elder scrolls VI game. This lead to an uproar among gamers as Fallout's latest game is riddled with infamous game breaking bugs and glitches. While this isn't the case, as the word engine is actually a misnomer. But the main fact is that re-using the same engine might cause problems if not properly constructed and released.


[img]https://1.bp..com/-wE0OPoVqtFI/XdcblPHlhLI/AAAAAAAAASg/2QCEcLEcFOcwPojSpVuWnOqk8b9vuJ7NACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/bd2f566b237193f7c6d5c5e7d2f91255.jpg[/img]
When Assassins creed unity was in the works, ubisoft showed footages of the game boasting how they built the engine from scratch...Unfortunately after the release Glitches like this on became numerous with patches as big as 2.0g.

3.2: Hardware Incompatibility:
[img]https://1.bp..com/-b2gcZgdkQ14/XdcKh811fFI/AAAAAAAAARU/Hf2NI5z_wuwU_0sr9OuSq5izY9MT0am2QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/DukqXoAXcAAgaHu.jpg[/img]
The PES 2020 flying player glitch, mostly affecting MTK powered phones...

Just as the game engine and the command lines are software related causes of glitches, hardware also comes into play in the creation of glitches. When a game is released, the developers usually release an article called the recommended/Minimum requirements for running the game at optimal gameplay. While it doesn't mean games with lower specifications wont be eligible to play, there's a reason the developers pegged those exact specifications. Using a lower powered device can bottleneck the program and might result in problems due to a host of reasons, such as rendering of the graphics and displaying the mechanism. We recommend to use the optimal gaming set-ups to avoid problems arising from the reason.


3.3: Exploring places and features not intended or scrapped/removed by the developers:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-D3nPRBn1tQM/XdcIevrqNWI/AAAAAAAAARA/Z8sRJ92XCy4fmG1-dD4YaODt02DEgRTHACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/19244-trespasser-the-lost-world-jurassic-park-windows-screenshot.jpg[/img]
Surely that building wasn't made for the dinosaur now was it?

Not all intended gaming features and environments make it to the final phase or cut of production. Just like in movies production, films get cut and some scenes removed due to a number of reasons, such as due to improperly made scenes or perceived controversy and so on. This is frankly the same for video games. Some video game developers also remove features from the final cut. Also in movies these features might be later released as behind the scenes or directors cut exclusives, in video games it might be left in the game files and can be viewed again by either modding or just changing a few things. Some can be really interesting and brightens up some new opportunities for a fresh gameplay.

The downside here is that in gaming these features are often unfinished and glitchy and have the potential to break your game. The developers certainly know exactly why they removed those features, and definitely its up to you to take the risk to explore and see for yourself what holds.

3.3: Unrealistic Physics, Mechanisms and effects:
[img]https://1.bp..com/-R9CG3dfv-fw/XdcJdzZ2_wI/AAAAAAAAARM/3BHry4oUvIk4CVy19A_Vx5ZoObSyS6ENACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/cU1AL8Z.jpg[/img]

Video games go through a lot of hassle to appear realistic. From your favourite open world games like Grand theft auto to your go to sports games such as FIFA and NBA, they all employ mechanisms similar to real life in order to logical. But the trick here is that all of those mechanisms such as the Physics, audio rendition, effects Etc. must be created from scratch with lots of checks in order to emulate what we have in real life. Now, a complex system like Physics has a lot of factors to be considered, such as Gravity, collision, thermodynamics and so on.

Now, Glitches due to Game physics can happen for a number of reasons:

Inaccurate mathematical models of physical laws.
Faulty or insufficient collision detection algorithms.
Improper property values assigned to game objects.
Slow game engine performance, resulting what's being displayed not matching up with what's being tracked in the game.
Lags or latency in client-server interaction.
Rendering inaccuracies in the graphics engine.
Any number of other programming mistakes (aka "bugs"

[img]https://1.bp..com/-PboU8wDQzRg/XdcLLT4lHSI/AAAAAAAAARc/H95Old1dClc4EpYqVsmwaTAiGYYq9Y5BQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/d2c2a2h-7a820871-07ea-41c9-9a51-ad200cdaed9f.jpg[/img]

As for Game mechanisms and effects, when we talk about gaming mechanisms we talk about the system in which the game is defined to take place or make use of. In the elder scrolls games, an NPC(Non player character) who is hungry might either steal or beg from the player or other NPCs. Complex games with different systems in place might encounter glitches if these systems are not thoroughly checked and tested properly. In effects, we mean the results of actions taken by the player in the system. A gunshot at a metal object wont probably give the same sound as a tree or stone. A female gaming model would most likely talk and interact in a feminine way as a male model would. This means that a lot of accuracy is needed in order to achieve that sense of authentic gameplay if realism is a goal.

[img]https://1.bp..com/-QtZcr1sOxJ4/XdchfPd3imI/AAAAAAAAAS8/R4opPrF3UTgLpCFAXE3DAZj4J6rhc-H0ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/giphy.gif[/img]

3.5: Weapon against Pirates and cheaters:

Yes you read right! some sneaky developers actually include these glitches as a measure against players who would try to pirate or cheat in multiplayer games. Making an actual developer sponsored glitch is not hard really, as its just the same as making a feature for the game. These elements are often more deadly than the real glitches themselves and can freeze, break or practically render your game useless much to the dread level of the developers. The solution here obviously is to buy the original verified copy from the producers or from trusted sellers such as Steam, GOG and amazon. And also stop ruining online multiplayer games with cheats.

4.0: Disadvantages of Glitches:

Since glitches are not usually intended, they can quickly take the bad factor and pose a lot of problems in the play through of the gamer. While not broad in true sense, they are still diverse in nature. Lets explore the:

4.1: They can be Game-breaking and annoying:

Some glitches can limiting to the game progress. These game-breaking errors may be the functional defects of the items or objects and the freezing or crashing of the game itself. This will stress out players especially if they’ll get helplessly killed by an opponent or lose a round. You lost a Total war 1000 vs 300 army siege because your men just randomly ran from place to place while under fire from the enemy arrows? Lost a game save of about 30+ hours just because your inventory doesn't show up anymore and progressive items were in there? these sadly can break a game and cause unbearable loss to conscious minded player, especially one on an Iron man save. Not to talk of smashing the PC or controller out of anger due to these glitches. then that's literally Game breaking!

4.2: They can be Scary or disgusting:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-jM5BTKX_Bgc/XdcEmTTV5mI/AAAAAAAAAQo/2Uxaz5rskzE_Ao1ySY_jDTSojkDkjgWmgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/xxaa7d3abbn21.jpg[/img]
Nah, that isn't rodd reiss....its a glitch from MLB: The show 17!

If your game isn't a horror or thriller title, there's is definitely no reason what so ever to include frightening glitches! Ughh..... Some glitches are certainly very horrifying in the sense that its a drastic shift in representation of a normal phenomena to a newer and a bit stranger image. Three eyes instead of two, Demon babies instead of cute diaper clad ones, headless pedestrians you name it.

[img]https://1.bp..com/-7MB7nUQte4o/XdcddBWyvLI/AAAAAAAAASs/vFUlZWxKXL4olZ7FHrAikAi75kXhjDxQgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/ZC7dXSG.jpg[/img]

4.3 They can mess up graphics and certain UI elements:

Glitches certainly do not affect only gameplay mechanics. Sometimes graphics and in game texts can be victims too. Clipping through objects might more popular than the others, but most times certain textures and fonts can be scrambled and some times lead to a crash or a game break.

5.0: Advantages of Glitches:

Glitches some times can be useful to a player trying to finish or enjoy a game. Due to the spontaneous nature of glitches, its safe to say that some can actually change the gameplay of a particular title....in a good way!

5.1: They can be helpful (Exploits):

Glitches sometimes can help to complete a harder level or gain items easier by subtle manipulation of the video game mechanism. In this case, its called an Exploit. There's a high chance a defect was left unnoticed in the game, and when a player discovers it, he can use it to either get higher items or it maybe spontaneous and the player uses the opportunity to complete a level.

Developers sometimes might get wind of the discovery and might release a patch in order to rectify it as many games today have in-game purchases, and they certainly don't want players getting those items for free. Also some good players(like me) doesn't like cheats or exploits at all in their games.

5.2: They can be Amusing and funny:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-3waD3HbMR2A/XdcPgsNyxdI/AAAAAAAAARo/HhWShmUycysQQbTmoMSW0wq4b8n_ADvtwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Funny_f40a32_5357520.jpg[/img]


What better way there is to brighten up an already boring gameplay other than a random funny, harmless glitch? Some glitches are out rightly hilarious. Although it might be subjective as some players might consider it annoying or irritating.


[img]https://1.bp..com/-i1rVUaxfs00/XdchPipBw6I/AAAAAAAAAS4/-QVWhvQR9UExvcsg-saR4COacZ1gUt-mgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/giphy%2B2.gif[/img]

5.3: They are capable of making the gameplay better and opening up new options and features!:

Not all features and even game titles were thought of directly by developers. Some were actually as a result of a rather interesting glitches that the developers decided to add to the next title or released as a update to an existing game. There are some famous game titles and features we know that actually have their origins in glitches. So that means we should thank glitches then Heh?

5.3.1: Grand theft auto series:
[img]https://1.bp..com/--8G49QnvIXc/XdcRBlf4RrI/AAAAAAAAAR0/KtRnVsjInYQiO1pMSZ2lEPjEkMEm_leBQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/thumbnail.jpg[/img]

Grand theft auto is certainly on of the most popular and successful game titles ever to brace consoles and Computers alike. GTA 5 had a development budget of about 250$ million and is the best selling piece of entertainment ever. A pretty great achievement right? But this title actually originated from a racing game called Race'n'Chase made by a company called DMA Design, where the police would try to ram the player as if their lives depended on it. What happened was that during every chase, a swarm of AI controlled police cars would ram into the player's car and destroy it. The game testers loved this concept. They started to ignore the main missions and intentionally started chases.
The developers decided to cash in on the idea. They redesigned the game so that you could only play as a criminal, refined the AI system of the police vehicle system to include it into the gameplay mechanics. Thus Grand Theft Auto was born. DMA Design would later become the company we now know as Rockstar North.

5.3.2: Team fortress spy class:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-2UFMjpJlGWk/XdcTPHUEtGI/AAAAAAAAASA/QdDsIdSZX980084Cp71Sjv0M7maPWVtlACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/main-qimg-29b6f40c1b1c2b8997ab7003e0701964.png[/img]

Back when Team Fortress was just a simple Quake modification in 1996 and before Valve got its hands on it and made the World’s No. 1 War-Themed Hat Simulator™, there existed a rather peculiar bug. The bug caused players to show up as the colour of the opposing team, thus causing them to appear as members of the enemy team.

While it could have been patched, it ended up inspiring the mod’s creators to create a new class, one based on disguise and deception, one all about fooling enemy players and then stabbing them in the back (literally).And thus, the Spy class was born. When the mod was re-released a year later as Quake World Team Fortress, the Spy was officially added to the roster, forever giving us the nine mercenaries of Team Fortress we all enjoy today.

5.3.3: Ermac in Mortal Kombat:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-B0eyA0qaTKA/XdcV5LFlTPI/AAAAAAAAASM/iykuJL2wBJI9W7bMYJKjjwt9CWmI-wY_gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Ermac-Red-Scorpion-%25E2%2580%2593-Mortal-Kombat.jpg[/img]

Back in the SNES days, glitches were the rumours of the playground, from Mew hiding under a van to unlockable characters in fighting games. Ermac stood tall amongst them all, as both a glitch and a lie from gamers. Unofficially showcased in Mortal Kombat, Ermac was a red recolour of Scorpion and was linked, by fans, to a name in the audit menu “ERMACS.” A shorthand version of Error Macro, Ermac was sought after by many a gamer.

While Ermac started off as a glitch, fan speculation led to his character being immortalized, in more ways than one. The developers saw the creations and love for this character, who did not exist, and went into creating a new character based on them all, Ermac, who appeared in Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3. With control over souls, even being made up of many souls, Ermac was given his own move set and aesthetic, becoming a main character as the series went on.

5.3.4: Goat simulator, A game made for Glitches!:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-V8vK2JXfEv8/XdcWzP4oRtI/AAAAAAAAASU/J7qgAigmK5gM5I44buFIoYqwqjNJ5BWUgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/main-qimg-6523702a17cbbb1d792592364c6a987d.jpg[/img]

If you've seen ANY of this game at all, you know what I’m talking about. The point of the entire game, is the glitches. Mess with them, exploit them, whatever the heck you want to do. You even get achievements for completing certain glitches!

So that ends our article on the causes of video game glitches. what do you think of glitches? funny, weird or annoying? have you encountered any before? let us know in the comment section.

Source: https://techtemplar..com/2019/11/what-are-direct-causes-of-glitches-in.html

[img]https://1.bp..com/-1ZmRVBJTU74/Xcs3IiA5gMI/AAAAAAAAAO4/nB-_96ZGyeEVVFfCEcH6iOWn3AtnPtYzACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Worlds-first-periscope-style-dual-camera-technology.jpg[/img]

One particular feature we always notice when viewing the camera modules of Flagship devices is the term called OIS(Optical Image Stabilization). Another feature that we tend to see in mid-range and budget phones that are almost used as a replacement to the OIS is the next term called EIS(Electronic image Stabilization). There are other forms of Image Stabilization, like the AIS and Hybrid stabilization, which we will treat in todays article.

All these stabilization methods are out for one function, to literally stabilize. You might have noticed, when you want to take a picture of an object and you tilt your hand a little, the picture comes out blurry. Now, there are mechanical workings that occur on the inside when you're trying to take a photo. To learn the terms that tally with our present topic, let's quickly learn about Shutter speed and Aperture.

1.0: Shutter speed:
In photography, a shutter is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period, exposing photographic film or a photosensitive digital sensor to light in order to capture a permanent image of a scene. Think of it like a window that stays closed till you fire up your camera.

Shutter speed is the length of time your camera shutter is open, exposing light onto the camera sensor. Essentially, it’s how long your camera spends taking a photo. This has a few important effects in how your images will appear. It can actually range from half-seconds to minutes. The Higher the shutter speed, The lesser the light that will enter the lens and vice versa to this effect.

The problem with lower shutter speeds is that the highly sensitive sensor will move slightly when capturing the image or video without gimbals and tripods and causes blur and jitter in the pictures and videos respectively.

2.0: Aperture:

In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane.

The aperture is measured in f-number which is usually designated as f/1.8, f/2.2, f/2.4 etc. The smaller the f-number, the more the light entering the lens and results in much better photos in low light conditions.

Fact: The Shutter speed, Aperture and the ISO form the three most important terms in photography. But ISO isn't concerned with Stabilization.

3.0: Image stabilization: How does it work?

Image stabilization broadly refers to a number of techniques employed to reduce blurs and jitters in the photos and videos caused by the motion of the camera during the exposure period of the sensor to the subject.

Shutter speed plays a significant role in the need for image stabilization. If the shutter speed is too low, the time taken for achieving a steady shot is reduced.

If the shutter speed is very high, there is more time for you to take a steady shot but a slight shake during the exposure will be amplified, resulting in a blurry image or a jittery video output.

Image stabilization is utilized to fix these problems by granting you a higher shutter speed without the shakes and jitters. Now, there are different types of image stabilization utilized in smartphones. Lets explore them:

3.1: Types of Image Stabilization:

Each of these stabilization types might be available on smartphones based on the budget and make of the mobile itself. These are:
Optical Image Stabilization
Electronic Image Stabilization
Artificial Image Stabilization
Hybrid Image Stabilization


3.1.1: Optical Image Stabilization (OIS):

OIS steadies the shakes and movements by the use of a sophisticated device inside the camera lens.
It is a mechanism used in a still camera or video camera that stabilizes the recorded image by varying the
optical path to the sensor.

The key element of all optical stabilization systems is that they stabilize the image projected on the sensor before the sensor converts the image into digital information. This is done by understanding the camera's movement using sensors such as gyroscopes, and speculating how the lens needs to move to correct the anomaly. The lens module is then generally moved sideways or up and down, normally by using electromagnet motors. All of this happens as the image is recorded to reduce camera movement blur. Definitely, this has to be done by using a physical contraption housed in the mobile phone that tries to make up for the shakes you make when you try to use the camera. This contraption is known as the VCM (Voice call motor). Usually employed in most phones released in the market today. Although it is gradually being replaced by the latest means, some of which is the new Mems, which promises to fix the issues faced with the former.

3.1.2: Elements/Setups of Optical image stabilization:

As OIS is definitely a physical device, there are some components and constituents that make up the mechanism proper. Now these also double as types of OIS systems, so lets identify and explain them.

3.1.2.1: Lens-based or Floating lens set-up:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-47bc4D1rqbE/Xcs3cM4Mv0I/AAAAAAAAAPA/aUj_JoDBEnYUF-LtAipt_orq23e1CCFjgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Screenshot%2B%252812%2529.png[/img]

Floating lens setup is usually found on large camera systems such as the DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) cameras. These cameras are large enough to employ interchangeable lens and there's enough distance between the modules to place the lens set-up. Of course, this fails in smartphones as phones are not large enough to use them. The main component lens is given enough allowance to move feely to and fro and up and down within the limited space for accurately capturing a stabilized frame. Now, this is an universal stabilizer but lenses with larger focal length tend to provide better stabilization.

3.1.2.2: Sensor-based or sensor shift set-up:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-vzloCxFHCao/Xcs3ltWYfmI/AAAAAAAAAPE/QRpbhntfy44NWbPTDXsUVIzNezl1baY-wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Screenshot%2B%252813%2529.png[/img]

Previously, we explained that lens setup cant be used on smartphones. The sensor shift mechanism is the most common implementation of OIS and found mostly in smartphones where lenses are static and built into the smartphone chassis.

In sensor-shift image stabilization, it’s the sensor that moves to keep the subject in frame and not the lens. These can be called ''in body stabilizers'' and affect the angle of the image sensor in response to stimulus and can also adjust the focal length of the lens as well.

3.1.3: Gyroscope in Stabilization:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-_ISZcWqbmxE/Xcs7dp27qTI/AAAAAAAAAQM/IxdpsI_f-KIbDu6entP0sniIw_fSNyUWACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/gyroscope.jpg[/img]

Gyroscopes are hardware important for collecting data about the orientation of your smartphone or digital camera and tracks movement of your hand. These are important for implementing correct measures for movements. The yaw, pitch and roll data from the gyroscope is then fed into the microcontroller which then gives the necessary information about how much the lens or the sensor should shift to compensate the movement, based on the intensity.

3.1.4: Axis in stabilization:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-ZknYt_UIVn0/Xcs37tbdB9I/AAAAAAAAAPU/qEc1gkm2XFou8UQs2HQIgYa99AoqMwL4gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Axis-rotations-pitch-yaw-and-roll-and-translation-specified-by-a-translation-vector-t.png[/img]

[img]https://1.bp..com/-YJ305z1OyFE/Xcs37THBBkI/AAAAAAAAAPQ/oxvYUJmg30QEh0PYJ1c4SJFt2E6utSFjACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Image-Stabilization-1.jpg[/img]

Axis is an imaginary line about which a body rotates, or a fixed reference line for the measurement of coordinates. These axis in this context are the X,Y and Z axis. A 2-Axis OIS would resist shakes in the (X,Y) axis while a 3-Axis OIS would resist shakes in the (X,Y) or (X,Z). Now, does this mean that 4-Axis and 5-Axis OIS are gimmicks? No, because the next point is a common(though seen mathematically) rotation around two axis at infinity. This is why it is called four axis. Think of a straight movements of a boat on the ocean, it is strictly not moves along a straight line but rotation around an axis through the centre of the earth.

3.1.2: Electronic image stabilization:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-0VGfeLXD8rs/Xcs9qylpOnI/AAAAAAAAAQY/T_cebUoxehwkQFS7kx8xfngyCh9boyzVwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/eis_img1_d.jpg[/img]

As the name implies, this stabilization technique is done using software means hence there is no need for a physical contraption as in OIS. The Electronic Image Stabilization (EIS) system reduces image shake and controls image stability by manipulating the image electronically, using the light-sensing chip, the Charge Coupled Device (CCD) of the camera. Once the image hits the chip, and if the system detects what it thinks is camera shake through its sensors, it responds by slightly moving the image so that it remains in the same place on the CCD. For example, if the camera shakes to the left, then the image moves to the right to compensate, thus eliminating the shake.

There are two ways the EIS system works to reduce the movement of the image. The first method is to increase the size of the image by digitally “zooming in on the image so that it is larger than the CCD. By making the image larger, the system can then scan within the image to counter the movement created by the shake. To test if your camera utilizes this system, simply turn it on and watch the image through the viewfinder. If the image zooms in slightly, then it is using this method of image stabilization. However, because this system zooms in on the image, the image resolution is somewhat decreased.

The second method of the EIS system uses of an oversized CCD. As a video image covers only about 90 percent of the chip’s area, there is system space available for which to move the image. For example, when the image is stable, the chip centers the image on the CCD. But if the camera shakes to the right, there is space for the image to roam back to the left to compensate for the shake, keeping it in exactly the same place on the CCD, thus eliminating the shake.

While capturing a shot or a video, the microcontroller keeps a reference frame in memory for comparison with the successive shots following the first one. This comparison with the preceding frames one after the other helps the microcontroller for recording the variations between them and makes horizontal and vertical arrangements to make the shots look smooth. Now, in the case of video stabilization, if the microcontroller finds that the variation data is towards a single direction, it predicts the succeeding frame path, generating a smooth video, or a still image.

3.1.3: Artificial intelligence stabilization:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-hTQD7xC0ANY/Xcs4DiUBGUI/AAAAAAAAAPY/CTaE0j-Z5XUfWR7MsYO8l1cupHmQkufeACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Dj5YQ17XsAErf7m.jpg[/img]

Originally invented by Huawei, this feature found it's way to most of their smartphones, one of which is the critically acclaimed P20 pro. This feature claims to have a host of improvements over the OIS and EIS, such as better stabilization as a result of artificial intelligence, Better exposure and low light capability. Definitely a separate NPU (Neural Processing Unit) chip comes integrated with the phone for AI features.

Although these features are pretty exciting (at least on paper), a past tear down of the Huawei P20 Pro showed it had OIS on all Three cameras, when it clearly wasn't supposed to.

[img]https://1.bp..com/-jlRzc6w1J0U/Xcs5g-b_qrI/AAAAAAAAAPs/3A9iHzpK3FsJUzIZpYRE2Zuoy-ul50E3QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/iFixit-OIS-Huawei-P20-Pro.jpg[/img]


[img]https://1.bp..com/-NUM25uTMfOE/Xcs5he5HzWI/AAAAAAAAAPw/ep9Kk7UQvoEL_tzIP9i2BwnwVV4hZivqACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Despite-Huaweis-claim-teardown-of-P20-Pro-seems-to-indicate-that-all-three-cameras-carry-OIS.png[/img]

3.1.4: Hybrid image stabilization:

While not a common stabilization term, is used to describe smartphones that employ two or more of the stabilization techniques. Definitely Today's flagships are a good example.


4.0: Stabilization techniques in the human eye:

[img]https://1.bp..com/-Z2NaVVoCNm8/Xcs6t_ksALI/AAAAAAAAAQE/xpY6mgBhwL0529OB74Or_9sHPLBVxXpIwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/my-eye.jpg[/img]

The Optokinetic reflex is the term used to describe when the eyes automatically tracks moving objects. The Optokinetic reflex (or optokinetic nystagmus) stabilizes the image on the retina through visual feedback. It is induced when the entire visual scene drifts across the retina, eliciting eye rotation in the same direction and at a velocity that minimizes the motion of the image on the retina. When the gaze direction deviates too far from the forward heading, a compensatory saccade is induced to reset the gaze to the centre of the visual field.

For example, when looking out of the window at a moving train, the eyes can focus on a moving train for a short moment (by stabilizing it on the retina), until the train moves out of the field of vision. At this point, the eye is moved back to the point where it first saw the train (through a saccade). But what happens if you rotate your head, or shake it side to side? Unless you're deliberately trying to look at something off to one side, your eyes tend to move less than your head. This is because the Vestibule-Ocular Reflex (VOR) automatically compensates for those movements to stabilize the image on your retina. Without these compensatory eye movements, even small involuntary head movements could blur your vision. An example is that when there is an engine malfunction that causes vibrations, pilots complain of not being able to read the cockpit instruments because their eyes cannot stabilize the vibrations.

Kindly drop a comment if you have any questions. I'll be happy to answer them.

Source:

https://techtemplar..com/2019/11/ois-eis-and-other-forms-of-image.html

Cc:

Mynd44
Lalasticlala
Dominique
Honsule

The Truth sadly is that Xiaomi is just part of the New revolution going on in the smartphone industry where more is given for less. Now Xiaomi (from what I researched) is part of the Chinese faction/party same with oppo, vivo, Oneplus, Meizu etc. Latest Snapdragon, killer cameras, NFC, large batteries. In the past you'd have to spend a fortune to get those features but now just a few notes and you've gotten a worthy device. These companies with these strategy have wrecked European phone companies and competed effectively with our well known brands like HTC, Sony Ericsson, LG Etc of Which Samsung is among. You see, Xiaomi recently displaced Samsung as India's number one top brand...... Quite interesting for a company less than 10 years. Samsung recently packed out from China so that's a bummer.

Another truth is that there's no much money anymore in the flagship segment. Dave2D even said it that where the gold mine lies is at the under 500$ range. People that buy flagships nmdont upgrade anymore. Hence the reason why google released the pixel 3a and XL, Samsung the A series. Huawei is said to be more successful in shipments is due to the fact they effectively occupy every segment from flagship to entry level. The fact that Xiaomi gives the same processor found in the s10,s10 plus for less than 400$ shows these guys are serious

The M and A(Samsung) series were said to be Samsung's answer to Xiaomi taking top place. (So you can say xiaomi indirectly brought about the A and M series) but still xiaomi isn't the only competition, Vivo, oppo and others still come to the picture. In the past Samsung wasn't too good in the mid-range and entry level segment. (even Techno seemed to have more bang for buck than them) but what they relied on was the fact that they had more awareness in different markets similar to the Apple iPhone. But sadly again we're in a time where more specifications for less are looked at more than fame or brand name. As samsung faces the heat and competition, they turn to the brand name strategy which these Chinese brands don't have just again like their fruity brother. but unlike the iPhone, which is like a statement you're a big person rather than a phone, people nowadays would just choose the best bang for buck rather than bask in brand name.

Bottom line, the A series and M also are a good step in the right direction for Samsung. They've managed to keep the shipments afloat and still topped the smartphone chart. But I believe more work is to be done so they don't fade into obscurity like LG and HTC. Guys don't argue too much about this Abeg.......more competition means more products for us to choose from.

fowlyansh181:
yes and that’s the sad truth .. seen em live. I own an iPhone XSMax , the A20 was on par with it display wise to the naked eyes..

You No See Well Abeg IPhone XR's (Not Even XS Max) 720P Display Was Put Beside 1080P Displays In A Blind Test And People Were Choosing The XR....Haba Now The IPhone XS Max Screen Is Compared With Samsung's Latest Flagships Like The S10 Plus And Even The Note 10. And You're Calling A20 With 720P 260PPI.Maybe U Just Concluded From Seeing System UI Elements And Icons. Try These Instead.

1: Load High Quality Images On Both Panels At Different Battery Life, Highest Brightness, Reading Mode Off. Get These Test Images From Pixabay And Pin Interest.

2: Load A 1080P or Better A 4K Video On Each Screen And Draw Conclusions.

3: Download Screen Test or Display Tester From the App Store Or Play Store And Run A Test.... U Can Also Detect Burn In Or Screen Bleed....

Have A Nice Day...

fowlyansh181:
all this are talks, as someone who owns an iPhone XSMax and have seen the A20 side by side with the iPhone, they are both on par display wise to the naked eyes ... both very very good.

Baba Which Kind Lie Be This Now

godspeed:


Bros, the galaxy note 9 with similar screen size to the k20 has 516 ppi. How do we explain that

Uhmm...Maybe Because The Note 9 Is Using A 2K Screen(2960 x 1440) Vs K20 with FullHD?

Dam5reey:


You started it, when you said Higher ppi was due to small display

Its True Nah.....But Not Always The Case. Differences In Resolutions FullHD Vs QHD Can Bring Alterations In Pixels Per Inch Without Respect To Screen Size.

Dam5reey:


To the same human brain, processing power in 730 is the same as 712..

Finally you agreed with us..

In My Honest Opinion, PPI isn't a much stressing factor as processor or just processing power. Once the pixels per inch get above 300, it tends to be difficult to spot the difference but at different tiers of resolutions like QHD and FullHD. The iPhone doesn't strive for high PPI ratings though, as the xs Max has just 450 PPI. Comparing The 712 vs 730, we get a 8nm process vs 10nm, better CPU(Kyro 470 ) and so much. For video editors, really heavy users(heavy multimedia) and gamers especially emulator lovers this would be the better chip.

They could have gone with Android one nah

Great Thread Here! Please Let's Keep This One Alive And Please Guys With Flagships Should Flavour The Thread From Time To Time

alphaNomega:
I miss those days when phones came in different form factors, now everything is a boring rectangular block.

Moving forward, big batteries and improved charging technology is a good step.

So true Bro.. Me too
I'm Afraid We're getting to that saturation point where smart phones aren't too differentiated. I actually fore saw this a while back but didn't expect it to come so quickly. Only a few equipment manufacturers actually innovate stuffs and the rest prefer to copy. In the future smart phones might just become big blabs of screen with no special feature distinguishing them.