Huxley's Posts
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davidylan:Delusion, delusion, delusion. Where is the evidence that says humans have been around for 6000years? |
davidylan:Yes, I was specifically addressing this to the delusional Christians, the likes of No2Atheism, Davidylan, etc, etc who represent the majority of detractors of TTE here on NL. I know Horus is non-Christian and I also know he belongs to a form of superstitiuous irrationalism, just like Christians. But I could not remember the name of his sect. Anyway, you guys all have one thing in common - superstitious irrationalism - which inspired your perverted and delusional behaviour. |
davidylan:A fly (or any organism) will evolve if the some required and necessary conditions are meet. In fact, that this fly has been capture in this form does not mean that it did not evolve. Evolution entails species-splitting. If this happens does not mean that the ancestor specie is necessarily replaced by new species. So there may be descendents of this fly about today that split from the parent species and drifted genetically down a different route. A well documented case of such speciation is happening with a Lizard population in North America, the stickleback fish, etc, etc. Nowhere in TTE does it say all organism are obligated to evolve. If the conditions are right ie, mutation and selective pressure, then evolution will occur. |
davidylan:How does this falsify The Theory of Evolution? Can you show me where the TTE states that these could NOT be found? |
Finally:Well, now at least you are talking with some data/facts. But, pardon me, am afraid you may have been hesitant or unaware of some of the large body of data about transitional forms. When Darwin wrote TOS, admittedly there were few transitional forms and he theorised that the discovery of such transitional forms would vindicate the theory. And it has. The list of animals whose transitional forms are well known is growing all the time. First off; 1) Transitions form sea-dwelling to tetrapods - Tiktaalik 2) The Transitional forms of the modern day[b] horse, elephants, Whales[/b], 3) Transitional forms from reptiles to mammals 4) Transitional forms from reptiles to birds I shall post specifics about this forms tomorrow, but a great book that deals this all this is Evolution - What the Fossils Say and Why It matters , which I have here on my desk right now. It gives the many fossil finds of the last 50 years and shows just what Darwin had predicted. Just do a web search for Tiktaalik and tell me what it is. Nowhere in TTE does it say that ALL species HAVE to evolve into new species? Species evolve when the right conditions are satisfied, namely mutations and selection pressure from the environment - this is evolution by natural selection. Some evolution is also cause by genetic drift and possible other yet to be discovered factors. One of the explanatory powers of evolution is that it is capable of making testable predictions. For instance Tiktaalik was found by a specific prediction using TTE. So also were the ancestor of Marsupial, which today occupy Australia. Using TTE, it was predicted that fossilised earlu marsupials would be found in Antartica, and guess what. So it was. Just to close for now, can you answer these two simple questions: 1) Why have no fossils of rabbits or horses, or monkeys or humans ever been found in pre-cambrian rocks? Do you think finding these in pre-cambrian rocks would falsify TTE? 2) Why are there no placental mammals native to Australia? Is it not bizarre that a continent as large as Australia should have only native marsupial mammals? See you and have a good day. |
davidylan:I wonder what this reminds of too! Can you guess? |
Finally:I have not denied that some bigotry and criminal acts on humans has been inspired by a mis-reading of The Theory of Evolution. That this has happen is NOT in doubt, but TTE itself does not mandate that anymore that the knowledge that we shall ALL one day die should cause us to despair. Those who fail to understand TTE are those most apt to mis-reading it, with the attendant horrible consequences that it might occasion, if acted on as human policies. You have clearly NOT understood TTE and are most in danger of mis-reading it and most at risk of propagating vile doctrine from an innocent scientific theory. I list those acts of human criminal acts towards other humans to show that humans have historically been cruel towards each other, TTE or not. |
Finally:Are you talking out of your arse or do you know what you are talking about? Prove that you know by naming a single scientific test that The Theory of Evolution has failed. Just one. Or else I would be justified in calling you an ignoramus deluded Christian creationist. |
Has Mr. Tayo-D abandoned this thread? I thought he said he was going to come back and answer the questions I asked him. Here they are below: huxley: |
I cannot help but be despaired by the ignorance, laziness, stupidity and delusion of the class of Christian creationist who seek to malign the character of so august a man as the great liberator of humans, Mr Charles Darwin. There are a number of website on the internet that promote the view that Darwin himself was a racist. This represents one of the greatest falsehood and some Christians knowingly, dishonestly and immorally promote this false picture of one of the greatest of men. At a time when racist attitudes were rampant throughout Europe and the world in general, the Darwin family was a few to belong to societies promoting enlightened behaviour and treatment of other humans. He and his kin belonged to several anti-slavery and pro-abolition societies. Is this the sort of thing a racist would do? Why not check out the following excerpts from his book, the Descent of Man. Check out this essay for more Our naturalist would likewise be much disturbed as soon as he perceived that the distinctive characters of all the races were highly variable. This fact strikes every one on first beholding the negro slaves in Brazil, who have been imported from all parts of Africa. The same remark holds good with the Polynesians, and with many other races. It may be doubted whether any character can be named which is distinctive of a race and is constant. Savages, even within the limits of the same tribe, are not nearly so uniform in character, as has been often asserted. Hottentot women offer certain peculiarities, more strongly marked than those occurring in any other race, but these are known not to be of constant occurrence. In the several American tribes, colour and hairiness differ considerably; as does colour to a certain degree, and the shape of the features greatly, in the Negroes of Africa. The shape of the skull varies much in some races; and so it is with every other character. Now all naturalists have learnt by dearly bought experience, how rash it is to attempt to define species by the aid of inconstant characters. But the most weighty of all the arguments against treating the races of man as distinct species, is that they graduate into each other, independently in many cases, as far as we can judge, of their having inter-crossed. Man has been studied more carefully than any other animal, and yet there is the greatest possible diversity amongst capable judges whether he should be classed as a single species or race, or as two (Virey), as three (Jacquinot), as four (Kant), five (Blumenbach), six (Buffon), seven (Hunter), eight (Agassiz), eleven (Pickering), fifteen (Bory St. Vincent), sixteen (Desmoulins), twenty-two (Morton), sixty (Crawfurd), or as sixty-three, according to Burke. This diversity of judgment does not prove that the races ought not to be ranked as species, but it shews that they graduate into each other, and that it is hardly possible to discover clear distinctive characters between them. - Charles Darwin; The Descent of Man, 1871 Although the existing races of man differ in many respects, as in colour, hair, shape of skull, proportions of the body, &c., yet if their whole structure be taken into consideration they are found to resemble each other closely in a multitude of points. Many of these are of so unimportant or of so singular a nature, that it is extremely improbable that they should have been independently acquired by aboriginally distinct species or races. The same remark holds good with equal or greater force with respect to the numerous points of mental similarity between the most distinct races of man. The American aborigines, Negroes and Europeans are as different from each other in mind as any three races that can be named; yet I was incessantly struck, whilst living with the Feugians on board the "Beagle," with the many little traits of character, shewing how similar their minds were to ours; and so it was with a full-blooded negro with whom I happened once to be intimate. He who will read Mr. Tylor's and Sir J. Lubbock's interesting works can hardly fail to be deeply impressed with the close similarity between the men of all races in tastes, dispositions and habits. This is shown by the pleasure which they all take in dancing, rude music, acting, painting, tattoing, and otherwise decorating themselves; in their mutual comprehension of gesture-language, by the same expression in their features, and by the same inarticulate cries, when excited by the same emotions. This similarity, or rather identity, is striking, when contrasted with the different expressions and cries made by distinct species of monkeys. There is good evidence that the art of shooting with bows and arrows has not been handed down from any common progenitor of mankind, yet as Westropp and Nilsson have remarked, the stone arrow-heads, brought from the most distant parts of the world, and manufactured at the most remote periods, are almost identical; and this fact can only be accounted for by the various races having similar inventive or mental powers. The same observation has been made by archeologists with respect to certain widely-prevalent ornaments, such as zig-zags, &c.; and with respect to various simple beliefs and customs, such as the burying of the dead under megalithic structures. I remember observing in South America, that there, as in so many other parts of the world, men have generally chosen the summits of lofty hills, to throw up piles of stones, either as a record of some remarkable event, or for burying their dead. Now when naturalists observe a close agreement in numerous small details of habits, tastes, and dispositions between two or more domestic races, or between nearly-allied natural forms, they use this fact as an argument that they are descended from a common progenitor who was thus endowed; and consequently that all should be classed under the same species. The same argument may be applied with much force to the races of man. As it is improbable that the numerous and unimportant points of resemblance between the several races of man in bodily structure and mental faculties (I do not here refer to similar customs) should all have been independently acquired, they must have been inherited from progenitors who had these same characters. - The Descent of Man; Charles Darwin; 1871 Yet the majority of Christians, mired in their delusion, will continue to make these false allegations, when it takes a simple effort to correct their ignorance. Does the Christian teaching advocate such blatant dishonesty, immoral lies and laziness? |
The depths of Christian Creationists delusion and inanity is bottomless as evidenced by the post from No2Atheism . |
No2Atheism:Once again, you cannot come up to the task. I asked you to show the definition of TTE by Natural Selection as defined by biological scientists. Let me give you a clue - you can get that definition from any biological peer-reviewed journals or peer-reviewed books. Any definitions form the convicted fraudster Kent Hovind or from Answers In Genesis does NOT represent the scientific form of biological evolution. If you wanted the best definition of Quantum Theory, or Relativity, or Cell theory, who would you turn to? Do you think you are being honest and moral in misrepresenting TTE? |
No2Atheism:Well, I am holding you up to a charge which you have made but yet cannot defend. You have attributed some of the worse crimes of humanity to TTE and I am asking you to justify that charge. You further charge Darwin to have been a racist and am asking you to justify it as well. Have you been able to? TTE saw the light of day 150 years ago. But consider the following crimes that humans routinely inflicted on their fellow humans: 1) Burning at the stake (usually carried out by Christians). 2) Inquisition in Europe responsible for about 10 million deaths in Europe and carried out by Christians 3) Witch hunts was a sole Christian inspired act 4) Slavery, in which many of the participants were Christians and the Church. 5) The many religious wars such as the Crusades which killed millions All of these happen many centuries before Darwin was born, killing millions and holding humanity in perpertual servitude. Can you also put these at the doors of TTE? If not, why not? You are the one jumping about. I have pulled you up about making unsupported claims of racism against Darwin. Yet, you have no leg to stand and defend your charge. What an intellectually dishonest and immoral wimp you are. Is this what Christianity teaches you? |
Horus:Are these Darwin's exact words, or are these paraphrased from his work? Please, if they are not, can you show Darwin's exact words before we can take this discussion further? |
No2Atheism:Yet again showing your stupidity and ignorance for all to see by repeatedly misrepresenting The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. How can you critique something you don't even understand? Is this not the height of idiocy? Have you ever read any biological science textbook that claims that TTE explains the following? 1) The origin of the universe 2) The "creation" of the earth and the sun? 3) Sun before earth 4) Dry land before sea 5) Atmosphere before sea 6) Star before earth 7) Death before man 8-) Earth same time as planet etc etc etc TTE does NOT address these and the like. It simply deals with the diversity of biological systems on the earth. Nothing else. It does not address the start of life or the universe. When ignorance, deluded people like you want to attack TTE, they typically misrepresent it first. Is this honest behaviour? Is this moral behaviour?. You claim the moral high ground. This is the time to show it for all to see. Can you produce a definition of TTE as stated by the biological scientific community? If you do not oblige, I would be justified in calling you a [b]dishonest, immoral, lying and deluded [/b]Christians. |
Horus:There are two levels of illogicality and inanity here and am not surprised in the least. This is exactly what to expect from superstitious irrationalist like yourself. Let's address them: Firstly, a scientific theory does not make any metaphysical statements. It simply deals with facts and theories. The Theory of Evolutions makes no claims at all about racial inferiority or superiority. For your claim to have any weight, you MUST show how TTE implies racisms. Secondly, where on earth did Darwin's personal view imply he was racist? Where is the evidence for this? |
The ignorance and stupidity of Christians never ceases to amaze. |
wrong in endorsing The Theory of Evolution? If it is, how could this be squared to Papal infallibility? Some more details here |
No2Atheism:The Theory of Evolution will be 150 years old later this years. When the bible narrates the killing of thousands (maybe millions) of Ethiopians was this barbaric massacre inspired by TTE? When Joseph was sold into slavery by his godfearing brothers, were they inspired by TTE? When the bible provide guideline about how to treat slaves and conduct slavery, was it inspired by TTE? When millions of Africans were taken from Africa and sold into slavery, was that inspired by TTE? Man, think before you post, ignoramus. |
Horus:This is really bizarre illogical thinking. Does the adjective "savage" mean in the context in which Darwin used it imply racism on his part? Note that I am not making an argument that Darwin was not racist. I shall deal with this latter. Take for instance, the Romans. If you read Roman history/literature, you will find that they routine called everyone who lived outside their empire (probably bar Greece) savages and uncivilised. All of North Europeans were barbaric savages in the eyes of the Romans. Does this imply that the Romans were racist with respect to non-Romans, although these non-Romans were Causcasians as themselves? |
Today (12 Feb 2009) marks exactly 200 years since the greatest of human liberators, Charles Darwin, was born. Scientist in enlightened parts of the world are celebrating the bicentenial of Darwin's birth by raising awareness of the ideas of this great man. So please, join me and others to talk to our friends and families about Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. BBC have got a website dedicated to the celebration of the work of this august of men. Order a free copy of the Tree Of Life (not the one in the garden of Eden) from the site. |
Today (12 Feb 2009) marks exactly 200 years since the greatest of human liberators, Charles Darwin, was born. Scientist in enlightened parts of the world are celebrating the bicentenial of Darwin's birth by raising awareness of the ideas of this great man. So please, join me and others to talk to our friends and families about Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. BBC have got a website dedicated to the celebration of the work of this august of men. Order a free copy of the Tree Of Life (not the one in the garden of Eden) from the site. |
Heat the Hornet by Richard Dawkins From The Times Literary Supplement, 11 Feb 2009 Taken from [url=http://www.richarddawkins.net/article,3594,Heat-the-Hornet,Richard-Dawkins] Richarddawkins.net [/url] Why we really do need to know the amazing truth about evolution, and the equally amazing intellectual dishonesty of its enemies Review of Why Evolution is True by Jerry Coyne Richard Dawkins How can you say that evolution is “true”? Isn’t that just your opinion, of no more value than anybody else’s? Isn’t every view entitled to equal “respect”? Maybe so where the issue is one of, say, musical taste or political judgement. But when it is a matter of scientific fact? Unfortunately, scientists do receive such relativistic protests when they dare to claim that something is factually true in the real world. Given the title of Jerry Coyne’s book, this is a distraction that I must deal with. A scientist arrogantly asserts that thunder is not the triumphal sound of God’s balls banging together, nor is it Thor’s hammer. It is, instead, the reverberating echoes from the electrical discharges that we see as lightning. Poetic (or at least stirring) as those tribal myths may be, they are not actually true. But now a certain kind of anthropologist can be relied on to jump up and say something like the following: Who are you to elevate scientific “truth” so? The tribal beliefs are true in the sense that they hang together in a meshwork of consistency with the rest of the tribe’s world view. Scientific “truth” is only one kind (“Western” truth, the anthropologist may call it, or even “patriarchal”). Like tribal truths, yours merely hang together with the world view that you happen to hold, which you call scientific. An extreme version of this viewpoint (I have actually encountered this) goes so far as to say that logic and evidence themselves are nothing more than instruments of masculine oppression over the “intuitive mind”. Listen, anthropologist. Just as you entrust your travel to a Boeing 747 rather than a magic carpet or a broomstick; just as you take your tumour to the best surgeon available, rather than a shaman or a mundu mugu, so you will find that the scientific version of truth works. You can use it to navigate through the real world. Science predicts, with complete certainty unless the end of the world intervenes, that the city of Shanghai will experience a total eclipse of the sun on July 22, 2009. Theories about the moon god devouring the sun god may be poetic, and they may cohere with other aspects of a tribe’s world view, but they won’t predict the date, time and place of an eclipse. Science will, and with an accuracy you could set your watch by. Science gets you to the moon and back. Even if we bend over backwards to concede that scientific truth is no more than that which enables you to pilot your way reliably, safely and predictably around the real universe, it is in exactly this sense that – at the very least – evolution is true. Evolutionary theory pilots us around biology reliably and predictively, with a detailed and unblemished success that rivals anything in science. The least you can say about evolutionary theory is that it works. All but pedants would go further and assert that it is true. Whence, then, comes the oft-parroted canard, “Evolution is only a theory”? Perhaps from a misunderstanding of philosophers who assert that science can never demonstrate truth. All it can do is fail to disprove a hypothesis. Evolution is an unfalsified hypothesis – one that was vulnerable to falsification but has so far survived. Scientists generally don’t mind this kind of philosopher and even thank him for taking care of such matters, thereby freeing them to get on with advancing knowledge. They might, however, venture that what is sauce for the goose of science is sauce for the gander of everyday experience. If evolution is an unfalsified hypothesis, then so is every fact about the real world; so is the very existence of a real world. This kind of conversation is swiftly and rightly sidelined. Evolution is true in whatever sense you accept it as true that New Zealand is in the Southern Hemisphere. If we refused ever to use a word like “true”, how could we conduct our day-to-day conversations? Or fill in a census form: “What is your sex?” “The hypothesis that I am male has not so far been falsified, but let me just check again”. As Douglas Adams might have said, it doesn’t read well. Yet the philosophy that imposes such scruples on science has no basis for absolving everyday facts from the same circumlocution. It is in this sense that evolution is true – provided, of course, that the scientific evidence for it is strong. It is very strong, and Professor Coyne displays it for us in a way that no objective reader could fail to find compelling. Here I must anticipate another favourite accusation that will, as I know from personal experience, be plonkingly levelled against Coyne and his book: “Why bother? You are tilting at a dead horse, flogging windmills. Nobody takes creationism seriously, nowadays”. (Translation: “The Regius Professor of Theology at my University is no creationist, the Archbishop of Canterbury accepts evolution, therefore you are wasting your time arguing the case”.) The melancholy facts are these. Polls in both Britain and the United States show a majority wanting “intelligent design” to be taught in science classes. In Britain, according to MORI, only 69 per cent want evolution to be taught at all. In America, more than 40 per cent believe that “life on Earth has existed in its present form since the beginning of time” (Pew) and that “God created human beings pretty much in their present form at one time within the last 10,000 years or so” (Gallup). Science teachers, especially in America but increasingly in Britain, feel beleaguered, and it is small comfort to them if a handful of theologians and bishops occasionally murmur a word of support for evolutionary science. Occasional murmurs are not enough. In October 2008, a group of about sixty American science teachers met to compare notes, at the Center for Science Education at Emory University in Atlanta, and they had some revealing experiences to relate. One teacher reported that students “burst into tears” when told they would be studying evolution. Another teacher described how students repeatedly screamed, “No!” when he began talking about evolution in class. Such experiences are common throughout the United States, but also, I am loath to admit, in Britain. The Guardian reported that, in February 2006, “Muslim medical students in London distributed leaflets that dismissed Darwin’s theories as false”. The Muslim leaflets were produced by the Al-Nasr Trust, a registered charity with tax-free status. The British taxpayer, that is to say, is subsidizing the systematic distribution of scientific falsehood to educational institutions. Science teachers across Britain will confirm that they are coming under slight, but growing, pressure from creationist lobbies, usually inspired by American or Islamic sources. So, let nobody have the gall to deny that Coyne’s book is necessary. Not just his book, and here I must declare an interest. February 12, 2009, is Charles Darwin’s 200th birthday, and the 150th anniversary of The Origin of Species falls this autumn. Publishers being as anniversary-minded as they are, Darwin-related books were obviously to be expected this year. Nevertheless, it is true to say that neither Jerry Coyne nor I was aware of the other’s book on the evidence for evolution when we began our own – his published now, mine in the autumn. And our two books may not be the only ones. Bring them on, I say. The more the merrier. The evidence is massive, the modern version of the story would surprise and inspire even Darwin, and it cannot be told too often. Evolution is, after all, the true story of why we all exist, and an exhilaratingly powerful and satisfying explanation. It supersedes – and devastates – all predecessors, no matter how devoutly and sincerely believed. Why Evolution Is True is outstandingly good. Coyne’s knowledge of evolutionary biology is prodigious, his deployment of it as masterful as his touch is light. His coverage is enviably comprehensive, yet he simultaneously manages to keep the book compact and readable. His nine chapters include “Written in the Rocks”, laced with examples that make short work of the most popular of all creationist lies, the one about unbridgeable “gaps” in the fossil record: “Show me your intermediates!”, say the creationists. Jerry Coyne shows them, and very numerous and convincing they are. Not just fossils of large charismatic animals like whales and birds, and the coelacanth-cousins that made the transition from water to land, but also microfossils. These have the advantage of sheer numbers: some kinds of sedimentary rock are almost entirely made of the tiny fossilized skeletons of foraminiferans, radiolarians and other calcareous or siliceous protozoa. This means you can plot a sensitive graph of some chosen measurement, as a continuous function of geological time, while you systematically work your way through a core of sediments. One of Coyne’s graphs shows a genus of radiolarians (beautiful protozoans with minute, lantern-like shells) caught in the act, two million years ago, of “speciating” – splitting into two species. Such splitting of one species into two is what Darwin’s title actually means, and it is one of the few weak areas in that great book. Jerry Coyne is probably today’s leading authority on speciation, and it is not surprising that his chapter called “The Origin of Species” is so good. So also is “The Geography of Life”. Possibly the most immediately convincing evidence against creationism is to be found in the geographical distribution of animals and plants, on continents and islands (in the broad sense, “islands” include lakes, mountain tops, oases – from an animal’s point of view any small area where it can live, surrounded by a larger area where it can’t). After setting out the voluminous evidence on the subject, Coyne concludes: “Now try to think of a theory that explains the patterns we’ve discussed by invoking the special creation of species on oceanic islands and continents . . . . There are no good answers – unless, of course, you presume that the goal of a creator was to make species look as though they evolved on islands. Nobody is keen to embrace that answer, which explains why creationists simply shy away from island biogeography.” Such dishonesty by omission is lamentably characteristic of creationists. They love fossils because they have been schooled, wrongly as Coyne shows, to believe that “gaps” in the fossil record are an embarrassment to evolutionary theorists. The geographical distribution of species really is an embarrassment to creationists – and they conspicuously ignore it. The book includes a lucid exposition of natural selection at the level of the gene (knowing nothing of genes, Darwin expressed it at the level of the individual organism). Coyne describes how a parasitic worm changes the appearance and behaviour of its ant host, turning the ant’s abdomen into a simulacrum of a red berry, angled temptingly up in the air with carefully weakened stalk joining it to the thorax. You’ve guessed the sequel. The “berry”, full of worm eggs, is eaten by a bird, which is the definitive host of the worm. In Coyne’s own words: “All of these changes are caused by the genes of the parasitic worm as an ingenious ploy to reproduce themselves . . . . It is staggering adaptations like this – the many ways that parasites control their carriers, just to pass on the parasites’ genes – that gets an evolutionist’s juices running.” Very true. That kind of gene-centred “adaptationist” language has become all but universal among evolutionary biologists working in the field. It is amusing, therefore, to recall the overbearing hostility with which it was attacked thirty years ago by the dedicatee of Coyne’s book, his old teacher, the distinguished geneticist Richard Lewontin. It is not irrelevant that Coyne also has a very necessary clarification of the idea of the “selfish gene”, in which he correctly explains that it has no connection with spurious claims that we are deterministically hardwired to be selfish. Thirty years on, how things have changed. Coyne’s chapter on “The Engine of Evolution” begins with a splendidly macabre example. Giant Japanese hornets raid the nests of honeybees to feed their larvae. A single hornet scout discovers a beehive and marks it “for doom” with a sort of chemical black spot. “Alerted by the mark, the scout’s nestmates descend on the spot, a group of twenty or thirty hornets arrayed against a colony of up to 30,000 honeybees. But it’s no contest. Wading into the hive with jaws slashing, the hornets decapitate the bees one by one. With each hornet making heads roll at a rate of forty per minute, the battle is over in a few hours: every bee is dead, and body parts litter the hive. Then the hornets stock their larder.” Coyne’s purpose in telling the story is to contrast the terrible fate of European bees, introduced into Japan, with native Japanese bees that have had time to evolve a defence. “And their defense is stunning – another marvel of adaptive behavior. When the hornet scout first arrives at the hive, the honeybees near the entrance rush into the hive, calling nestmates to arms while luring the hornet inside. In the meantime, hundreds of worker bees assemble inside the entrance. Once the hornet is inside, it is mobbed and covered by a tight ball of bees. Vibrating their abdomens, the bees quickly raise the temperature inside the ball to about 117 degrees Fahrenheit. In twenty minutes the hornet scout is cooked to death, and – usually – the nest is saved.” Coyne adds that the bees can survive the high temperature, but it is another insight of the “gene’s eye view” that this would not be necessary in order for natural selection to favour the adaptation. Worker bees are sterile: their genes survive, not in the workers themselves but as copies in the bodies of the minority of hive members destined for reproduction. If the workers in the centre of the ball were cooked alongside the hornet, it would be well worth the sacrifice. Copies of their genes “for cooking” live on. There’s a good chapter on “Remnants, Vestiges, Embryos and Bad Design”, topics that Darwin himself treated well, and also on “How Sex Drives Evolution”, and on human evolution. But Coyne really comes into his own with another strand of powerful evidence that was not available to Darwin. The molecular genetics revolution, which began in 1953, would have taken Darwin’s breath away and filled him with exultation. Every living creature carries within each of its cells a voluminous textual recipe for making itself. Nowadays, we can read these messages, accurately and with a completeness that is limited only by (rapidly shrinking) costs and time. Because the DNA texts of all animals and plants use the identical four-letter code, we have a gold mine of opportunity for comparison. In his own time, Darwin could compare, say, the wing of a bat, the flipper of a whale and the spade of a mole, and spot the relationships among a handful of bones. Today – and more cheaply in the near tomorrows – we can do it on an altogether grander scale, lining up billion-letter DNA texts from bat, whale and mole, and literally counting the single-letter discrepancies and resemblances. Moreover, we don’t have to limit our comparisons to one group, such as the mammals. The universal genetic code allows us to make letter-for-letter textual comparisons across plants, snails and bacteria, as well as vertebrates. This not only provides evidence for the fact of evolution that is orders of magnitude more solid even than the powerful evidence Darwin could muster. We can also construct, finally and definitively, the complete tree of all life, the universal pedigree. And we can find, in huge numbers, the molecular equivalents of vestigial evolutionary relics like the human appendix and the kiwi’s wings. For the genome is littered with dead genes. Huge wastes of DNA territory comprise a graveyard of discarded, superseded old genes (plus meaningless sequences of nonsense DNA that never functioned) with occasional islands of current, extant genes that are actually read by the translating machinery and turned into action. Dead, untranslated genes are called pseudogenes. The reason our sense of smell is poor, compared with, say, that of dogs, is that most of our ancestral genes for smelling have been rendered inactive. We still have them, but they are dead. Molecular biologists can still read them – serried ranks of molecular “fossils” – but the body does not. It is wonderful enough that we can construct a tree of life based on active genes, and find that different genes agree on the same pedigree. It is even more convincing that we get the same pedigree with dead genes, whose DNA sequences represent nothing, and must be regarded only as the inert legacy of history. How would creationists explain that? How would they explain the very existence of pseudogenes? Why would the creator litter the genome with useless, untranslated variants of genes, and locate them, moreover, in exactly the right pattern around the animal and plant kingdoms to give the impression – the deceptive impression, as a creationist would presumably have to admit – that they evolved and were not created? Coyne is right to identify the most widespread misunderstanding about Darwinism as the idea that, in evolution, “everything happens by chance”. This common claim is flat wrong – obviously wrong, transparently wrong, even to the meanest intelligence (a phrase that has me actively restraining myself). If evolution worked by chance, it obviously couldn’t work at all. Unfortunately, instead of working out that they have probably misunderstood evolution, creationists conclude, instead, that evolution must be false. This one misunderstanding, single-handed, accounts for much of the uncomprehending opposition to evolution that made it necessary for Jerry Coyne to write his book in the first place. The need was great; the execution is superb. Please read it. Jerry Coyne WHY EVOLUTION IS TRUE 309pp. Oxford University Press. £14.99 (US $27.95). 978 0 19 923084 6 Richard Dawkins has just retired as Professor of the Public Understanding of Science at the University of Oxford. His most recent books are The Ancestor’s Tale, 2005, and The God Delusion, 2007. |
davidylan:I wonder what counts as massacre in your book! Is it 100 persons? Is it a specific number or a proportion of a population, as in 3% or 77%? Is it the fashion in which such atrocities are committed? If a pregnants woman's tommy is slashed open with a machete, killing her and her unborn baby, is that a massacre or just a day in the park? |
I wonder why Bibi is your favorite? Are you not put off by his right-leaning tendencies? |
Some interesting questions about the Trial of God (aka Jesus Christ) 1-) What were the crimes for which Jesus was arrested, tried, convicted and executed? 2-) According to the Jewish laws (and/or Roman laws) then in force, was Jesus rightly convicted as per the evidence presented in the Gospels? 3-) If you, as a follower of Jesus, had been present at the trial, would you have joined the Jewish crowd in calling for his execution [/b]or would you have called for his [b]exoneration? All views are welcome. |
This year (2009) will be the bicentennial of Charles Darwin's birth (12th Feb) and scientist the world over are working to promote the scientific ideas of this greatest of men. Youtube is featuring these lecture and for those interested, this is one of them: 1: Neil Shubin's lecture The other lecture could be found associated with the above lecture. Enjoy. |
Tayo-D:You think the bible is very pro-knowledge and pro-wisdom? How do you explain these verses? Genesis, 2: 17 But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it I Corinthians, 3: 19 For the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God Colossians, 2:8 Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy 1 Corinthian 1 18For the preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness; but unto us which are saved it is the power of God. 19For it is written, I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and will bring to nothing the understanding of the prudent. 20Where is the wise? where is the scribe? where is the disputer of this world? hath not God made foolish the wisdom of this world? 21For after that in the wisdom of God the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that believe. 22For the Jews require a sign, and the Greeks seek after wisdom: 23But we preach Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumblingblock, and unto the Greeks foolishness; Here is a Christian, Martin Luther, acting on what he had learnt from the bible Reason should be destroyed in all Christians. - Martin Luther Did the bible provide any useful knowledge about how to develop and progress a society? Did it say anything about medicine, agriculture, human rights, geology, transpost, etc, etc. In fact, what it does say about the nature of reality is downright wrong and dangerous, as in: 1) It says PI = 3 2) It gives a weird model of breading animals 3) It says the bat is a bird 4) It says rabbits chew the cud 5) On law, it says we can punish the innocent for the crimes or sins of the quilty. 6) It implies the earth is flat 7) It implies the world is about 6000 years old. Which of the above do you accept as biblical truth and do you think they correlate with present day knowledge about the state of reality? The Christian who oppose and persecuted Copernicus and Galileo got their inspiration from the bible. Why? Because, the heliocentric worldview they were promoted was at odds with the view that humans and the earth was the sole and main raison-d'etre for god's creation. Any other view would have marginalised man's importance. The same reason lies at the heart of the opposition to the Theory of Evolution. Where do you think the witch-hunters got their inspiration? Let me help you out: Exodus 22:18 (King James Version) 18Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live. This one verse was probably responsible for the death of millions of people in Christian Europe and America. It is sad to say that it is still happening across Africa today, thanks to the religious mindset of the people. I did ask some questions earlier, which have been tactfully ignored by you and your ilk. Let me re-state them here again; 1) What is the current accepted view about the age of the earth? 2) How would one account for the fact that there are no placental mammals native to Australia? These two questions are important features about the world that need an explanation. Where would you suggest one goes to seeks answers to such questions? |
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