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IN THE 17th CENTURY, PORTUGAL BANNED THE IMPORTATION OF NIGERIAN MANUFACTURED SOAP, TO PROTECT HER LOCAL INDUSTRIES This story is a stunning opposite of the type of news we hear today, where it is African countries who try to ban imports of foreign manufactured goods to protect their local industries. In the 17th century, soap was manufactured in Nigeria on an industrial scale, and exported across the world, especially to Europe, as people on that continent, emerging from their Dark Ages and into the Renaissance, slowly came to realise the importance of bathing and washing. This led to very high demand for imported manufactured soap and soap products, since Portugal lacked any meaningful soap manufacturing industry, and lacked the technical know-how to manufacture this important product. They turned to the people of present day NIGERIA, to provide them with this much needed manufactured product, as the industry was flourishing in that part of the world. This trade dominance by Nigeria eventually became such a threat to the Portuguese economy that the Portuguese leaders place an outright BAN on Nigerian and West African manufactured soap products in order to encourage local production, protect her local industries, and reduce unemployment in Portugal. According to researchers: ''The forest people of Nigeria are believed to have developed the soap production industry. Soap production was on such a large scale in the 17th century that Portugal had to ban the importation of West African soap in order to protect their soap-boiling industry.'' The indigenous techniques in soap making were produced in several communities through the use of materials such as ashes, palm oil, cocoa pods and water. It was an industry worked mainly by women. In addition, black soap was believed to be of high medicinal value especially among the Yoruba and Igbo communities.'' Source - AN OVERVIEW OF INDIGENOUS INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA, by Victor Eshameh, Gifted Minds Writers Firm, Research Dept, 2016 |
GLASS WAS MANUFACTURED IN NIGERIA CENTURIES BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS, SAYS NEW EVIDENCE Chemical analysis of beads found at a site in Nigeria revels a composition entirely unique to the region Josh Gabbatiss Science Correspondent Independent Newspaper, UK Glass was produced in sub-Saharan Africa long before Europeans arrived, according to scientists studying beads found in Nigeria. Chemical analysis of glass found at a Nigerian archaeological site revealed a distinct composition entirely unique to the region. The finding contradicts a long-held assumption that glass was brought to sub-Saharan Africa by traders from the Mediterranean or the Middle East. Igbo Olokun, the site where the beads were discovered, is in the north of an ancient city and regional centre of power called Ile-Ife – the ancestral home of West Africa’s Yoruba people. “This area has been recognised as a glass-working workshop for more than a century,” said Dr Abidemi Babatunde Babalola, an anthropologist at Harvard University who led the research project. The abundance of glass beads found in Ile-Ife has been associated with the many shrines and sculptures historically located there – however, archaeologists have presumed they were evidence of trade with distant nations. “The glass-encrusted containers and beads that have been uncovered there were viewed for many years as evidence that imported glass was remelted and reworked,” said Dr Babalola. Now, the beads and glass working debris found and analysed by Dr Babalola and his collaborators appear to resolve the matter. “The Igbo Olokun excavations have provided that evidence,” Babalola said. Of the 12,000 glass beads found at the site, the researchers analysed 52 and found none matched the composition of glass produced anywhere else on earth. Two groups of glass were found at Igbo Olokun, one with high levels of lime and alumina, and one with low levels of lime and high levels of alumina. Both were identified as unique to the region, and Dr Babalola and his team noted their composition reflected the local geology and raw materials that were available. Notably, the glass found at Igbo Olokun was also dated to between the 1100s and 1500s, centuries before Europeans established trade networks in West Africa. “We are now confident beyond reasonable doubt that both the high lime-high alumina and low lime, high alumina groups of glass represent a glass produced in early Ile-Ife using local recipes, raw materials and technology,” wrote the researchers in their paper documenting the findings. Their results are published in the Journal of Archaeological Science. The occurrence of similar beads in other West African societies, as revealed by other archaeological excavations, indicated the glass produced at Igbo Olokun was part of a wider regional trading network. Source - The Independent Newspaper, UK[/quote] |
PRECOLONIAL NIGERIAN MEDICINE Nigerian medical practises in precolonial times were a combination of physical and spiritual healing. A sick person was not regarded as merely physically ill, and thus requiring merely physical treatment. As stated by wiki, ''Diagnosis is reached through spiritual means and a treatment is prescribed, usually consisting of a herbal remedy that is considered to have not only healing abilities but also symbolic and spiritual significance. Traditional African medicine, with its belief that illness is not derived from chance occurrences, but through spiritual or social imbalance, differs greatly from modern scientific medicine, which is technically and analytically based.'' IS THE WESTERN WAY NECESSARILY SUPERIOR? ''However, there has been more interest expressed recently in the effects of some of the medicinal plants of Africa. "The pharmaceutical industry has come to consider traditional medicine as a source for identification of bio-active agents that can be used in the preparation of medicine." Pharmaceutical industries are looking into the medicinal effects of the most commonly and widely used plants to use in drugs. In comparing the techniques of African healers and Western techniques, T. Adeoze Lambo, a Nigerian psychiatrist, stated in 1979, "At about three years ago, we made an evaluation, a programme of their work, and compared this with our own, and we discovered that actually they were scoring almost sixty percent success in their treatment of neurosis. And we were scoring forty percent-in fact, less than forty percent." Onwuanibe, Richard C. (1979). "The Philosophy of African Medical Practice". |
IRON TECHNOLOGY IN PRECOLONIAL NIGERIA Iron working consists of two main stages namely: smelting and smiting. In its natural state, iron ore is embedded in rocks and sand. Smelting therefore, is the process of extracting the ore from its matrix. Smiting on the other hand, is the process whereby the extracted ore or more specifically, the bloom, is converted into items for human use such as knives, hoes, spears, pots, etc. Njoku (2002) however observed that both smelting and smiting were carried out in a series of stages, each of which was accompanied by elaborate religious rituals. Smelting According to Pole (1982), traditional smelting of iron in West Africa, was a complex, skilled, lengthy and very labour intensive process. It had to be carried out by a work group and never by an individual smelter. The first task was the procurement of charcoal which served as fuel during the combustion of iron ore. In this regard, only hardwood trees such as the African oil bean and Ociobetleri were exploited. The trees were felled, chopped up into convenient logs, assembled at a charring point and then charred in an enclosure. Njoku (2002) also noted that in some communities, the smelters dug trenches in the form of a cross (+) for this purpose. The floor was over – laid with combustible materials such as dry twigs and palm kernel shells. The logs were then carefully packed in the trench, with combustible materials inserted at regulated intervals. The pack was then covered with fresh leaves and trunks of banana trees and finally over – laid with wet sand. Fire was then introduced to the pack through side openings. After the burning had been completed, the work group undid the pack and picked the charcoal. The rationale for bringing the wood into the enclosure, was scientific – to restrict the intake of oxygen and thereby minimize the by – production of ash. The next stage was the construction of the smelting furnace. Having completed the furnace, the next stage was to procure iron stones which were usually dug up from shallow ferriferous quarries on the slopes of hills. The Yoruba have a complex and highly specialized system of mining iron stones. Nineteenth century reports show that in Egbaland, the miners dug to a depth of between 50 and 60 feet to obtain high quality ore. Like the construction of the furnace, the processing of the heemarite ore before combustion also varied from one community to the other. Loading was done according to a well rehearsed and scientific order with accompaniment of ritual chants, in the case of Nsukka Igbo smelters as related by Anozie (1979) and Njoku (1986) respectively in their studies of iron technology in Igboland. Fire was introduced into the furnace through the apertures at its base. Combustion was activated and sustained by the use of bellows connected to a tuyere which passes through the furnace wall into the combustion chamber. The furnace was charged for about 36 to 48 hours, or so, during which it was fed with more ores and charcoal at regular intervals. When the charge attained high enough temperature, the molten slag flowed through the drain pipe into the pit, leaving behind, mainly iron globules. After the furnace had cooled, these were collected and consolidated by hammering into large lumps. As Njoku rightly observed, it may well be true that indigenous smelters did not comprehend the chemistry of the bloomery process in iron smelting. Nevertheless, he contended, that their practical knowledge of smelting was based on scientific rationale as can be discerned from their techniques of charcoal production and the loading of the furnace with iron stones and charcoal. In addition, he further stressed, that the quality of iron produced by indigenous smelters does not lend credence to the assertion that these smelters had no control over the production processes they undertook. Source - International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 1 No. 13 [Special Issue – September 2011] 182 |
NIGERIAN EXPERTISE IN MATHEMATICS BEFORE COLONIALISM ''The Yoruba people in present-day Nigeria developed their own numeration system based on units of 20 which requires subtraction to identify different numbers.'' According to Williams (2008), a professor of mathematics, the Yoruba numerals are “amazingly complicated” because the expression of small numbers involves considerable arithmetical manipulation and the extensive use of memory. Documentary evidence also suggests that scholars throughout the Nigerian kingdoms were highly skilled in the science of magic squares, and were consulting Coptic Solar Calendars to develop agricultural science. Williams (2008) states that books which were preserved from the 17th Century contain mathematical charts dealing with agronomic activities, including the right time to harvest; the direction of the wind; time of germination; and which insects appear during different seasons. Lynch and Robbins (1978) also report that the Namoratunga megalithic site in northwestern Kenya, which was built around 300 B.C., has 19 aligned basalt pillars that were purposely built to be oriented towards particular stars and constellations. The existence of such sites and books suggests that an accurate and complex calendar system based on astronomical and agricultural knowledge was in use throughout the continent. - The Confucian Weekly Bulletin |
thebosstrevor1:YOU'RE AN EMBARRASSMENT. Here is an image depicting 15th century Benin city. The city was described by European visitors as ‘wealthy and industrious, well-governed and richly decorated’. And you can see the people are wearing clothes, so they did not wait for the British to bring them clothes 400 years into the future as your little colonized head imagines. The people built multi-storeyed buildings and grand structures, as you can see. https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e0fd6147a67600c3bfa00ad8b0761b8b5c9a57d1/43_198_1101_660/master/1101.jpg?width=1020&quality=85&fit=max&s=30ca024d622a9efc7f784c255316c2ed Learn more about ancient Benin city here: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/mar/18/story-of-cities-5-benin-city-edo-nigeria-mighty-medieval-capital-lost-without-trace Ajami script isn't yoruba but arabicArabic isn't Arab, it is African. The Arabic script is a derivative of African hieroglyphs. If you want to go back to what came from what, then let's go back to the first writings in that part of the world, meaning we go all the way back to the hieroglyphs used by BLACK AFRICANS in Egypt, Nubia, Ethiopia for thousands of years before the first Arab existed. Papyrus of Maiherepri (3,500 BC) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Maherperi.JPG Mairherepri was a black African scholar who penned the famed papyrus thousands of years before any Arab existed, much less 'Arabic writing'. The Nile Valley and Levant (so-called 'middle east') were black majority areas in antiquity, and whatever you see there today (including 'Arabic writing') is a derivative of the old black civilizations of antiquity that dominated that part of the world for thousands of years prior. Now run along you little cretin, and quit embarrassing yourself with your ignorance of African history. |
SIRTee15:THANKS FOR DRUMMING SOME SENSE INTO THAT SENSELESS LITTLE SLAVEBOY WHO THINKS HE IS INFERIOR TO WHITES. HE CLEARLY HAS READ NO HISTORY ABOUT HIS CONTINENT, AND IS A COMPLETE AIR HEAD WHO THINKS HE OWES HIS EXISTENCE TO WHITE PEOPLE. HE IS AN UTTER DISGRACE AND EMBARRASSMENT. |
Acidosis:It's not about the quality of the universities. It's about your dignity and self-respect. |
COLONISED MUMU. Would they ever rename their Oxford University or Cambridge after you or your own country's monarchs? Slave mentality he-goat. |
tamdun:Thank you boss. |
Buccalcavity2:Excellently put. |
Urflucked:But I am the one saying that infrastructure is part of human development. Obi is saying the two are separate, with the latter being more important than the former, which is the point of this thread. |
Eriokanmi:Very wrong-headed view. You cannot separate infrastructural development from human development the way Obi is doing. China did not leave its bad roads unattended to ''build human capital'' and give business grants to the youths. Fixing the bad roads WAS part of that human capital development. It happened simultaneously, not 'one before the other'. You and Obi have this preposterous idea that there is such a thing as high human capital achieved without proper infrastructure, but following which you then start to build the infrastructure having 'first' attained 'high human development'. IT'S A NONSENSE AND A MYTH. Infrastructural development MUST be part of my human development. You cannot give me a 'business grant' but leave me to ride on a broken road to work. As you are giving me the business grant, you are also fixing the roads or building a rail line so I can go to work and do my business without stress. Because if there is no infrastructure, or if I have to suffer to run the business due to bad roads, poor power supply, etc, I will just use that your business grant to go and drink beer and fck ashi. |
mycar:Take care of them how? Even the schools and hospitals that should be built for them are infrastructure. Infrastructure is defined as: ''the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.'' If the Obi govt does not prioritise infrastructure, what the hell are they planning to do with our money? |
KanwuliaBaby:Who said infrastructural progress stops in Lagos and Abuja? You clearly have not been around this country. Or may be you're young so you don't realise where we are coming from. As recently as the 1980s, cities like Awka, Uyo, and Calabar were little more than glorified villages. Go there today and you see expressways, banks, shopping malls, and flyovers everywhere, so development has taken place, but more is required, which is the point of this thread. |
KanwuliaBaby:It is not the ''whole country'' that lacks those things. You need to travel around, starting with Abuja, the nation's capital. Don't come in here to exaggerate our problems or misrepresent facts, or insult the country, understood? |
I hope this discussion does not degenerate into political and ethnic battles. We want a serious debate on policy here. |
Peter Obi, How Can We Develop Without Infrastructure? I've heard this man say on a number of occasions that infrastructural development will not be a priority in his administration, if elected.. HOW CAN WE DEVELOP WITHOUT INFRASTRUCTURE? He said 'human development' was more important. But how is infrastructure not part of that 'human development'? By building a road connecting a village to a city, are you not building their human capital and improving their living standards, by allowing their farmers to travel easily to sell their produce without stress? Or where a village is cut off by a lake, will a bridge not solve their economic isolation and boost commerce and hence, living standards in the village? Are you not engaging in human development when you build a railway line connecting Lagos and Onitsha, when it will greatly reduce the cost of doing business, while facilitating smooth transportation of goods and people, hence driving down prices for the common man? Do you know that bad roads contribute to poor human development by hampering commercial activities, and by leading to inflation caused by high cost of movement of goods? When you build or revamp an airport, are you not making the location attractive to investors, who will come in and establish businesses to employ citizens, thus raising their living standards? SO WHY DO YOU FROWN ON INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT, MR PETER OBI? |
tctrills:WHITE BOY, SHUT UP AND GET LOST, YOU STUPID FREAK. WHO EVER SAID WHITES ARE HOLDING ANYBODY BACK? YOU CAN BARELY CONTROL YOUR OWN SELVES AND YOUR SAVAGE PASSIONS. YOU WHITES SHOULD WORRY FIRST ABOUT DESTROYING YOUR OWN NATIONS WTH YOUR STUPID AND BARBARIC NUCLEAR POSTURING AND SUPERPOWER COLD WARS THAT COULD IGNITE A CONFLAGRATION AT ANY MINUTE, MAKING ANY MISFORTUNE IN AFRICA A KINDERGARTEN PARTY IN COMPARISON. IDIATT FEELING IMPORTANT. |
ASAPFERG:WHITE DEVIL FROM HELL. WHAT ARE YOU DOING ON THIS FORUM? WHY NOT GO HANG OUT WITH YOUR FELLOW NASTY, RACIST, NEO-NAZI CRETINS ON WHATEVER NASTY FORUM YOU NOW GATHER? STUPID, WORTHLESS, APPALACHIAN ASSWIPE. |
ASAPFERG:Not according to the millions of white women who go for a tan and liposuction and even butt enhancement, all to get the black look. Oh, and the average white woman's ideal man as we all know, is ''tall, DARK and handsome'. White men might envy that white woman preference for 'dark'. BLACK IS BEAUTIFUL AND OUR SKINS ARE DARK BECAUSE OF THE GOD CHEMICAL, WHICH PROTECTS US FROM THE SUN RAYS OF AFRICA, CALLED MELANIN. |
izombie:You're a complete dunce and a stubborn, ignorant dunce at that. 'THE WHITES' DID NOT ''TELL US''. Every African country has a finance ministry and central bank that calculates its annual GDP growth, sometimes in co-operation with international organisations with capacity. The term ''fastest growing economy'' is referring to GDP growth per annum, and 7 of the world's 10 fastest growing economies are in Africa. THAT DOES NOT HAPPEN IF ''WE DON'T PLAN, WE DON'T INNOVATE, WE ONLY CONSUME, WE ARE INFERIOR BEINGS, ETC ETC'' , AND OTHER SUCH IGNORANT RUBBISH STREAMING OUT OF YOUR COLONISED, SELF-HATING, UNCLE TOM HEAD. Just a few months ago, YOUR JUNIOR in Lagos who formed a startup, a couple of years ago, had it purchased by US giant STRIPE a few months back for 200 million dollars cash. And you have the guts to sit in your dirty little basement to say ''blacks don't innovate''. Blacks are working wonders across the Earth despite the well-known bottlenecks and roadblocks to their success. What you should say is that YOU can't innovate or plan or do anything useful with your life. LEAVE BLACKS OUT OF IT. USELESS FOOL. |
snipernigga:YOU'RE A POTENTIAL CRIMINAL AND LOOTER, SO SHUT UP. HOW DO WE KNOW THAT YOU, AS A LEADER, WOULD HAVE EVEN PROVIDED 1 MEGAWATT OF POWER AS OPPOSED TO LOOTING THE TREASURY? CAN YOU CATEGORICALLY STATE THAT YOU WOULD NOT ENRICH YOURSELF IF YOU CAME TO POWER? I DARE YOU TO DO THAT. OF COURSE YOU CANNOT. SATAN PRETENDING TO BE SAINT. |
Gabaleve:Pakistan does not produce 41,000 mw, you stupid school dropout. That is their installed generation capacity. Nigeria's is 13,000. Pakistan's actual generation is about 22,000 mw, which is 4 times Nigeria's. That was shown in the link I posted, but your IQ is too low to differentiate between installed capacity and actual distribution, so you're juxtaposing Pakistan's installed capacity with Nigeria's actual daily generation and distribution.. Forum of loud-mouthed, low iQ illiterates. Majority of you on this forum should get a refund on your education because you're dumb and stupid, and can't grasp simple logic or basic analysis of anything. |
Bontafa:YOU THINK I'M A JOBLESS FREAK OF NATURE LIKE YOU? EITHER POST THE WHOLE DAMN THING OR FCKING GET LOST, YOU CONMAN. YOU ARE A LIAR AND A CROOK. THAT IS WHY YOU CAN'T POST WHAT YOU CLAIM IS EVIDENCE OF GOD-KNOWS-WHAT. I SHOULD INSTALL VPN BECAUSE OF AN INTERNET NONENTITY FREAK LIKE YOU? YOU SURE OVERESTIMATE YOUR IMPORTANCE AROUND HERE. EFFING TWERP. |
nedu666:Look, if we want to go by 'access to electricity', which is what you're referring to, then Nigeria is generally average for an African country at around 55%. But it means she provides electricity to over 130 million people, which is the highest figure on the continent. Nations like Chad, Sierra Leone, etc, even with their small populations, post access to electricity rates of 11% and similar. So while we are not where we want to be, we are getting there, and are by no means the worst in Africa in terms of access. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |
Bontafa:WHY DO YOU NEED A LINK WITH LIMITED ACCESS TO PROVE ANYTHING AT ALL? WHY NOT COPY AND PASTE THE CONTENTS OF THE LINK? IF IT COMPRISES LIES, I CAN TELL EASILY, SO POST IT! CRIMINAL! |
Bontafa:COME ON SHUT UP THERE. YOU ARE A CRIMINAL. IF YOUR LINK IS WORTH ANYTHING, WHY IS IT ONLY AVAILABLE VIA VPN? OLE BARAWO. I BET YOU'RE NOT EVEN NIGERIAN, I CAN TELL. OYINBO CON ARTIST. |
Bontafa:I DON'T USE VPN. I'M NOT A SCAMMER AND CRIMINAL LIKE YOU. IS YOUR LINK ONLY AVAILABLE TO SCAMMERS? |
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