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Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:06pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]Black Land . The struggle was long and bitter, as the Sultan's strategy in

using his black army, along with Shakandu's own followers, made it

appear to be civil war between Blacks . In the end the Sultan won

through the black heir to the throne, and allowed him to be crowned

king as his protege .

The dismemberment of the black kingdoms in the Sudan had begun .

Now a rival tribute was exacted and almost doubled without any

pretense of being an agreement of mutual exchange . The tribute

exacted was harsh and the Blacks were promised nothing . The kingdom

was then divided into two parts, the Sultan taking the northern region

as his personal fief. Muslim rule now extended over Egypt and into the

Sudan. The pattern was set that was to continue into our times and

probably beyond : The Arabs in the Northern Sudan, while the Blacks

were pressured into smaller and smaller areas in the Southern Sudan .

Once again, learning nothing from even just yesterday, the black

leadership paved the way for further Arab advances into their country .

The black leadership's struggle for personal power and, above all, their

own personal security and welfare, precluded their concern for the

welfare and future of their people . They were quite willing and ready to

welcome the Arabs arid to surrender their people to them in exchange for

"high" office and limited consideration . The days of the black immortals

seemed to have passed forever . Mental pygmies again occupied the

throne once held by Menes, Piankhi, Shabaka, and Kalydosos .

In 1304, still another self-seeking black leader journeyed to Cairo to

have himself crowned as the servant-king of the Blacks by the Sultan al

Nasir . The Sultan sent an expedition to Dongola-a task now easier

than before-and his new servant was crowned as King Amai .

It should be noted here that the Mameluke rulers' effective power

was confined to Lower Egypt and that independent Arab tribes, of

which the Bani Kanz were the most powerful, held all Upper Egypt .

They were only nominally the sultans . In order to put an end to the

endless coups and counter-coups among the Blacks, the decision was

reached to overwhelm the South with united armies from both Upper

and Lower Egypt and step up the Islamization of the Blacks, putting

Muslim kings on the throne .

In 1316 A.D., the objectives were realized when Dongola was again

razed for the fifth time and Kerembes, the last black Christian king, was

put to flight. A black Muslim, Abdullah, was made king temporarily

while awaiting the pleasure, not of the Sultan, but of the powerful Chief[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:52pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]The highest ranking of the thirteen kings under the "King of Kings"

was the Eparch of Faris, Lord of the Mountain . He was the commander

of the frontier forces at the Egyptian border and his special mission was

to bar Arab migration and settlement in the Land of the Blacks . Only

the limited number of traders were permitted to pass and the time limit

for their stay was fixed . The Eparch, therefore, had indeed been the

most important official next to the "King of Kings," for he was directly

responsible for the security and independence of the nation. Under

strong kings and strong eparchs the mission was carried out and Arab

incursions southward were checked .' That was now long ago . The

Arabs had been passing the Lord of the Mountain and his garrisons for

so many decades that by the ninth century Arabic was generally spoken

below the First Cataract .

HOW SLAVERY CAME TO BE
CONFINED TO BLACKS ALONE

In the latter part of the thirteenth century David, King of Makuria,

seeing no other way to forestall Arab occupation of his country, stepped

up his raids in Upper Egypt . The raids were easier to carry out because

of the chaos that followed the triumphs of the Mamelukes in Egypt . But

in 1272 the Blacks, in what I have attacked as the pattern of their own

self-destruction, made the first major step to that end . The usual

impatience of heirs to the throne soon enough found full expression in

Shakandu, the King's nephew . He hastened to the Sultan of Egypt to

secure an alliance and plan an invasion of his country that would assure

his ascendancy to the throne . The Sultan had every reason to grasp this

wonderful opportunity handed to him through the Blacks themselves .

Not only would he be able to even scores with them, but he would also

be able to create conditions for Mameluke hegemony over their land .

Moreover, the African king had not only been raiding Egypt with

impunity, but he had denounced the Treaty of 652 and refused to pay

the Baqt. Sultan Baibars, therefore, did not hesitate . He organized a

strong invading expedition with Shakandu at its head and entered the
------------------------------------------------

Notes

3. Because of the repeated emphasis on the fact, it should be quite

clear now that reference to Egyptian, Asian or Arab invasions always

include black slave armies as well as Mulattoes classified as "white ."[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:50pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]and progress was reflected in the advanced standard of living among the

masses . The massive brickmaking industry had led to homes of brick

and stone in cities, towns and villages-brick houses, and larger houses

for the great common people . In the eighth century this was something

for the visiting Arab scholars to write home about . (It would be something

to write about anywhere in this last part of the twentieth century .)

THE ARAB HORDES

However, they really did not need to report all this, so well was it

already generally known . The treaty barring Arab settlement in the allblack

countries had been ignored almost from the beginning, and

certainly treated as non-existing after the death of Kalydosos . The

Arabs came in steady streams year after year, but in an inch-by-inch

system over widely scattered areas that appeared not to cause immediate

concern. But they came in unchecked and alarming waves when the

great schisms in Islam led to bloody wars in the Arab world . The

character of the refugee movements out of Arabia and other Arab

centers of power depended upon what sect had captured the Caliphate .

Let the record show, therefore, that all the Arabs that swarmed into

Africa across the Red Sea and Indian Ocean were not bent on either

conquest or domination . Countless thousands were fleeing there for

refuge, fleeing for their very lives . Once settled there, however, they

formed the ever-increasing population base for the Muslim leaders

whose aim was to establish Islamic rule over the whole black world .

They were to follow the Christian strategy of concentrating on the

conversion of African kings and leaders in the belief that as the king

goes, so goes the nation, a theory that did not work in Africa, except in a

superficial way for expediency . However, the black kings were already

dropping their African names for "Christian" names, the first step

towards self-effacement .

So as early as the ninth century, (831 A.D .), King Zakaria, alarmed at

great incursions of Arabs into the Sudan, sent a delegation headed by

his nephew (heir to the throne) to the Caliph at Bagdad, asking that the

Treaty of 652 be respected and Arab migrations halted . This meant that

a weak black king now held the destiny of the race in his hands . That he

was so naive as to suppose that the Caliph could stop the Arab hordes

even if he desired to do so was itself a sign of incompetence .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:48pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]certain, but the extent of this enterprise is not indicated by the archaeological
findings .

The reports of Arab scholars on the cities of the Blacks during these

early centuries are significant for two important reasons . The first is that,

like the European explorers, "geographers" and others referred to

earlier, they were not concerned with writing African history and

nothing could have been farther from their intentions than glorifying

the achievements of the Blacks . But their mission was to make factual

reports on the conditions and exploitable possibilities of Africa to their

home countries . Such reports would be the basis for future penetration,

exploitation and conquest .

The second highly significant fact about the accounts of Abu Salih,

Ibn Salim and other scholars between the seventh and fifteenth centuries

A .D . is that, unlike the case of Egypt, none questioned either the

greatness or the origin of this black civilization . It was so clearly all-

African that it did not seem to occur to these Arab writers that any other

position was tenable . Those familiar with the traditional African religion

might question whether Christianity was in fact external to Africa . In

any case, the beautiful churches they saw spread over the "Land of the

Black Gods" had become almost completely Africanized for those gods .

The prosperity the Arab visitors reported -the magnificent stone and

brick palaces, temples, churches, cathedrals, wide avenues lined with

palm trees, government buildings, public baths, water supply systems,

beautiful gardens, countless craft industries, huge farms with extensive

pastures where camels, horses, oxen, cows, sheep, goats and pigs could

be seen grazing lazily-all this was reported as messages with an

unwritten message : Such is this Black Paradise, Brothers of Islam .
Come!

The prosperity in this center of the black world represented one of

the last great epochs in the history of the Blacks . If near the final, it was

also one of their finest hours on the stage of human progress . Here the

measure of a people's genius could be taken without speculation . Here

the message of who Blacks were was wrought in stone and iron for the

succeeding generations of Blacks who were to lose their very identity in

the blood and tears of unbroken oppression.

The Arab scholars were properly amazed at a way of life so superior to

that of their own homeland . It was something to be amazed about . For

there were not only public baths but public latrines, drainage and

central water systems, but the most remarkable evidence of prosperity[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:47pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]Guinea . It was a great surprise recently to find buried structures in the

Chad region similar to those in the heart of the Empire along the Nile .

BLACK MAKURIA

Between 700 and 1200 A.D ., Makuria was more empire than kingdom .

It was organized into thirteen major states with a subking over each and

the "King of Kings" over all. The traditional African Council was the

final authority no matter how powerful the king might seem to be . The

great and colorful parasol of the "King of Kings" had to be wider than

those of the divisional kings and theirs was larger than any lesser

officials .

Cyriacus was "King of Kings" in 745 when Omar, the governor of

Egypt, stepped up the persecution of Christians in Egypt in what

amounted to a Muslim Holy War, destroying churches or converting

them into mosques and even putting the Patriarch in prison . Since the

Patriarch in Egypt was the head of all Christian churches in Africa, the

Africans regarded this latest onslaught against the churches as an insult

as well as a breach of the peace treaty, now almost a hundred years old .

Strangely, the Muslims made Lower Egypt the area of greatest church

destruction . When the arrogant Omar ignored all protests and pleas, the

African king headed an army of 100,000 men and marched on the Arab

center of power in Lower Egypt . The governor of Egypt quickly freed

the Patriarch and promised to leave the Christians and their churches

alone . Cyriacus accepted these assurances and withdrew his army from

Egpyt .

It was during this period that an extensive body of church literature

developed in the African language and the remarkable pottery industries

were expanded ; painting, like writing, was stimulated by the Church,

just as had been the case in temple art . Mining was a principal source of

wealth, but agriculture was the basic national activity and there is

evidence of the people's battles with the encroaching deserts . They

followed the system of the "Mother Empire" and overcame certain arid

areas by developing the system of terrace farming that was irrigated by

water wheels constructed for high places . They were successful enough

to produce -a surplus of agricultural commodities for export trade .

Cotton had been produced from ancient times, and cloth making and

other weaving arts were among the oldest crafts . That glass was made is[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:45pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]the Asians in 3100 B .C., for the decline of black civilization, not only in

Egypt but throughout Africa, can be traced to that period despite all of

its monumental achievements afterwards . The termites of its destruction,

slow but steady, had been let in under the laudable dream of blackwhite

brotherhood . The long, drawn-out process of penetration and

eventual domination was both visible and invisible . Yet from these tiny

footholds, the Asian population grew and grew until the Blacks were

not only outnumbered by Asians but overwhelmed . Substantially the

same scheme was followed in every black city, town and village throughout

Egypt .

The record of the 5,000 years that ended with the European conquest

of the whole continent in the nineteenth century shows that every

African state remained relatively secure and independent as long as it

maintained a strict policy of excluding foreigners from settlement within

its borders . That same record makes clear that wherever this policy was

abandoned and whites were admitted under any pretext whatsoever,

the eventual doom of that state was certain . The single point that is

being made here is that King Kalydosos and the other Black leaders

already had, as early as 652 A.D ., thirty-seven centuries of this record

before them when they allowed the Arabs to establish a permanent

base of operations in their land . They ignored the record, as other black

leaders were to continue to do until Muslim Asia and Christian Europe

swept the continent and left the whole black world prostrate at their
feet .

In the seventh century this tragic outcome was still far away . The fall

of Meroe and the break-up of the Ethiopian empire into kingdoms did

not check the flowering of black civilization in these states . Indeed,

Makuria and Alwa seemed determined not only to maintain the ancient

tradition of progress, but to overcome the imperial breakdown by

pushing forward more aggressively than ever on all fronts . The 600-year

detente with the Arabs in Egypt was a period of such reconstruction and

progress that the criticism made regarding the leadership above would

seem to be unjustified unless viewed from the long backward perspective

of history . Even church and cathedral building expanded from this

center of black culture over the Western regions of Chad and adjoining

states. The limited excavations have revealed this much . Future

archaeological work may reveal whether the Ethiopian empire in its

heyday extended westward to the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:44pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]the conquerors' Baqt, became an important provision in the treaty . The

terms called for the annual delivery of 360 slaves near the frontier and

forty extra slaves as a gift to the Egyptian viceroy .' In order to induce the

Ethiopians to accept what at first appeared to be a tribute in fact, the

Arab leaders presented it as a treaty of trade and commerce, agreeing to

pay in exchange wheat, barley and wine at a value in excess of the gifts

by the Africans .

More important than this, however, was the provision for building a

great mosque in the restored Dongola and allowing Arab traders in only

as traders, not settlers . Since it was a treaty "between equals," the

provisions of the treaty were reciprocal : black traders could operate in

Egypt and have a church on the same terms. Even if the Africans had

not known that the Arabs in Egypt were busily converting churches and

temples into Muslim mosques, there would still be no occasion for

building a church for their traders in Egypt . They had no long-range

plans for the eventual control of Egypt through the trade and religion

routes . But the Arabs did have such a plan for the eventual conquest of

the Sudan through mosques and traders . The Caucasians, unable to

conquer the Blacks directly, were contented when they had set in

motion the process of gradual infiltration and expansion that would

eventuate in victory even though it was to take 600 years .

I am saying that the Blacks seem not only to have lost the grand vision

of the future, but also (what should have been) the unforgettable

lessons of their past . The pattern of Caucasian conquest had been cut

out and made clear through thirty-seven centuries of their history . After

they had allowed the Asians first to infiltrate and then to overrun all

Lower Egypt, the Blacks drew a firm boundary line between the Two

Lands beyond which the whites were not allowed to settle . Those were

the days when the Africans were not so trusting that they were unable

to perceive that the Caucasians were eternally restless unless they were

the masters in every situation whatsoever . They were therefore barred

from settlement in Black Upper Egypt until Narmer and Menes united

the Lower and Upper Egypts . If there was ever a Pyrrhic victory in

history, it could not have been more disastrous than that of Menes over
----------------------------------------------------

Notes

2. A "slave" was a captured prisoner of war, and in early history the

term was no more degrading than that of prisoner of war today .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:41pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]any doubt that they could defeat the Arabs again . The spirit of their

decisive victory over the Arabs in 643 A.D . still fired the black armies .

The King withdrew from his burning capital only to regroup and plan

strategies for a "no-surrender" war . As the fighting continued with

increased fury on both sides, it became clear to the Arab generals that

victory over the Blacks could never be won on the field of battle . Again,

their previous defeat by the Blacks was still playing a determining role in

Arab-African relations .

An armistice was declared, and a treaty of peace was signed by the

now undefeated equals, Abdullah for Muslim Egypt and Kalydosos for

the Christian kingdoms of Ethiopia-Makuria and Kalydosos for the

Christian kingdoms of Ethiopia - Makuria and Alwa . The Arabs had in

fact lost the war . For with carefully trained and overwhelming forces

filled with vengeance for the previous disaster, they were still unable to

defeat the Blacks and bring their country under Muslim control . The

historic significance is twofold : (1) The psychological effects of being

defeated by the Blacks twice on broad national fronts caused the Arabs

to adopt a peaceful relationship with these countries that lasted 600

years . (2) The treaty included provisions that were the basis for the

expansion of slavery and the "peaceful" conquest of the Sudan . Goals

which could not be achieved directly on the battlefield were to be

achieved indirectly by Arab traders and Muslim missionary brotherhoods.

In a previous discussion, I wondered out loud whether the black race

is lacking in one quality that seems to distinguish Caucasians and

explain the reason for their long domination of the earth : Their deep

concern about their posterity, the future role and welfare of their white

offsprings to the farthest generation . Their plans and policies for today's

world are often based on expected outcomes centuries hence . The

Blacks as a race, on the other hand, have been so split up and

preoccupied with current problems that they seem to have lost this deep

concern about the future of their descendents . This matter calls for

serious reflection particularly on the part of Blacks in their relations with

long-range planning whites . For from the earliest times and in almost

every period of history, we find the whites carefully developing plans

for future results which none expect to see realized in their lifetime .

And so it was here in the Sudan in 652 A.D., when the peace treaty

between Arabs and Blacks was signed . First the Arabs had to make their

failure appear to the world as a victory of some sort . An annual tribute,[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:39pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]army. An Arab historian of the period felt compelled to admit that it

was the most devastating defeat ever suffered by an Arab army . There

were other eye-witness reports from the scene of battle dealing with the

remarkable training and dashing courage of the Black forces with the

King of Makuria in personal command . (Those were the days when

"king" meant leader. The leader led from the front, and not from some

hill miles away from the fighting .) This immediate presence of their

leader in the midst of danger with them may have had much to do with

the courage and expertise of the African soldiers . The units that amazed

the ancient world that memorable day between the First and Second

Cataracts were the bow and arrow corps . These were so skillfully

trained that they could aim their arrows at the eyes of the enemy and

shoot with unbelievable accuracy .

For reasons which by now must be obvious, this battle not only does

not appear as "one of the decisive battles of history" in any of your

history books, but it is not even mentioned . Yet it was in fact one of the

decisive battles of the world : The defeat of the hitherto undefeated

Arab forces was so disastrous that it took them eight years to recover,

reorganize, and regain the necessary courage to attack the Blacks again

and thereby avenge that awful defeat and near-annihilation on the

plains of Makuria in 643 A .D. This African victory, furthermore,

delayed the Arab conquests in the black South and spurred the

development of subsequent events in both of the southern kingdoms .

In 651 A .D ., the Arab Viceroy of Egypt decided that he had the

unbeatable armed might and was ready to avenge the disaster eight

years before and bring the Blacks to their knees in the process . The

Arab generals proceeded boldly but cautiously in order to avoid the

traps and surprise tactics of the black generals, which arrogance probably

caused them to ignore before . Yet the same African strategy was used :

They were allowed to invade the Nobadaen state in depth with only

"token" opposition . Hell broke loose only when they crossed the former

Makurian border (before the union of the two kingdoms) and headed

for the capital of Dongola . However, the Arabs captured it, and

destroyed all of the principal public buildings, including the great

cathedral . They had brought along huge catapults for the express purpose

of razing all brick and stone edifices that were the pride and glory of

black civilization . With the fall of their capital city, the seat of government,

the Blacks were expected to surrender . But King Kalydosos, the

African leader, and his generals had no thought about surrendering or[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:37pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]A DECISIVE
BATTLE OF HISTORY

Egypt, on the other hand, was undergoing one of her periodic convulsions

from an invasion, the most fateful one to which we have already

referred as the Muslim invasion of 639-42 A .D . This conquest, as was

usually the case, had been made easier by still a previous Persian

invasion (619-629 A.D .) . Some sources suggest that the new wave of

Persian invasions that began in 619 A.D . determined the course of the

Blacks in conquering Nobadae and reestablishing their frontier at the

great system of fortifications at the First Cataract . From there the Blacks

had been raiding various areas in Egypt and attacking garrisons throughout

the ten years of the last Persian occupation . In this and other similar

instances, the picture that emerges clearly is that the Blacks, even after

being pushed out of Egypt, were more upset by foreign invasions and

resisted them more courageously than the "new" Egyptians who, by

comparison, appeared to be an easily conquered and rather cowardly

lot . Otherwise, how could Amr-ibn-al-As, the Muslim general, conquer

all Egypt so easily with only 4,000 men? The conquering Arab general

apparently knew the difference between the fighting qualities of the

Blacks in the south and those of the Egyptians and their mercenary

troops ; for despite the continued raids by the Blacks, he chose not to

extend his operations into their land .

But not so disposed was Abdullah, the new Arab governor-general

(viceroy) of Egypt . The year following the complete takeover by the

Muslims, 643 A.D., he decided to bring the whole Heartland of the

Blacks under Muslim control at once . He knew, however, that this

would really be a war, not like the easy conquest of Egypt with an army

of only 4,000 men. With a larger and better equipped army, the Arab

expedition invaded the black country with a confidence that was

heightened by what appeared to be hasty and confused retreats by

frightened warriors . This Ethiopian strategy of pretended fright and

wild retreat was so well-known in Egypt that it is difficult to understand

how it could have been unknown to Abdullah and his generals . Or had

this too, like everything else that was African, been blotted from

memory? If so, for once they were going to pay dearly for ignoring an

African invention .

They were allowed to advance deeply into black territory before

100,000 "retreating" and "frightened" Blacks turned in frontal and

flanking onslaughts that almost completely wiped out the entire Arab[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:36pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]clergy . By thus preventing educational opportunities, they could always

maintain that the Blacks were simply "not qualified" for this or that high

post . In religion, as in every other field, the system deliberately prevented

qualification in order to declare the lack of qualification on the part of

Blacks in all regions under white control or in all institutions, in this case

the Church, over which white power prevailed . There were situations,

however, in which some Blacks overrode the obstacles to become

bishops in either all-black or predominantly black countries .

In discussing mass migration from Egypt, I hope no one has forgotten

the countless thousands of Blacks left behind, in both Upper and Lower

Egypt ; not only then, they are present there today, but as a submerged

group . That there were exceptions to this general status has also been

emphasized . The people who accepted a slave or inferior status as their

lot in the society were the kind Aristotle had in mind when he referred

to men who were born to be slaves . On the other hand, those Blacks

who migrated or fought to the death rather than accept slavery were

those who were born to be free-the most important point missed by

many quoting this most-quoted passage from Aristotle .

It was these born-to-be-free Blacks who, as we have seen, not only

beat back the enslaving invaders over and over again, but just as many

times either conquered their would-be-enslavers or drove them back

into Asia . The fall of the black empire did not mean that the Blacks had

surrendered . The fragmented kingdoms were still to carry the fight to

the enemy, and they were still to fight their way again across Egypt as far

as to where their ancient city of Memphis once stood . Still others

remained in the conquered regions simply because they refused to leave

their ancestral homes, come what may .

By the seventh century, the Blacks had achieved a major goal by

incorporating Nobadae with Makuria and thus reestablishing what had

become the recognized boundary between Ethiopia and Egypt at the

First Cataract . The precise manner of this amazing achievement is

unknown: Did the "Black Noba" of Makuria overrun the "Red Noba" of

Nobadae, or was it a union of kingdoms by agreement? We do not

know. What we do know is that the black kingdoms of Alwa and

Makuria were stronger than ever since the fall of Napata and Meroe[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:34pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]following protests by black church leaders, supported by their kings .

And while the "Red Men" of Nobadae, caught in the middle, tended to

identify with the Blacks of Makuria and Alwa, the split between the

Western and Eastern churches over doctrine was reflected in the three

Ethiopian kingdoms . This meant that the religious strife tended to

alienate Monophysite Nobadae from Orthodox Makuria . This competition

for ascendency may have had a great deal to do with the expansion

of churches in Egypt and the former Ethiopian empire in the South .

THE GROWTH OF STATES

These southern kingdoms also carried on much of the old Ethiopian

tradition of rapid reconstruction after destruction . They continued the

expansion of caravan routes for external trade across the Sahara to the

western black world to offset the Egyptian seacoast monopoly . They

replaced the vast temple-building programs with equally vast churchbuilding

programs, and they continued the development of the iron

industries and better equipped armies . Egyptian, Asian, Greek and

Roman influence was as marked on African institutions in Nobadae as it

was on the complexion of most of the people living in this fringe

kingdom . Nobadae, then, is a classic example of external influence on

African institutions just as it had been on Egypt . It is an influence that

could be praised to high heaven as the eclectic process of civilization

itself had not the Caucasians resorted to thefts and lies in their vain and

ignoble attempts to preempt the whole field of human progress as being

theirs and theirs alone .

In the fourth century A .D ., the areas of black power had been pushed

out of Egypt down to where the kingdom of Makuria formed its borders

with Nobadae . Here the concentration of Blacks began, just as though a

southward movement of the race was a decree of providence. Here,

once again, they took their stand ; here again, even in the lands which

were officially Christian, black battle lines had to be formed again for

defense . The Axumite Coloured "Solomonids" and Arabs had retired

after the destruction of the black empire . The more immediate danger

was still Egypt . This was true also from the viewpoint of Christiandom,

for "white" Egyptian control over the churches reflected the same

policies that were to follow through the centuries into our own times :

No church sponsored theological schools for the training of African[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:31pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]some centuries Arabs and Jews (the latter called "Solomonids" by most

historians) had been swarming into this southeastern region, pushing

through the middle in such a way that even in Abyssinia the Blacks

were pressed southward, always southward! Egyptian history was

repeating itself: The Asians and Mulattoes held Northern Abyssinia,

with the center of power in the strategic kingdom of Axum . From Axum

the Arabs prepared their forces for the destruction of a now weakening

Ethiopian empire . The weakness, as usual, came from separatist movements

struggling for power . It was the old-time factional fights among

leaders who felt they must "rule or ruin"-a drive so well known that is

needless to recount. But it was the situation for which the Axumite

Arabs and their Coloured and Jewish allies were waiting . In 350 A .D .,

their armies destroyed Meroe, and an epoch in history ended .

Ethiopia was now split into three major states : Nobadae, bordering

Egypt at the First Cataract ; Makuria, the more powerful kingdom in the

middle with its capital at Dongola ; and Alwa, another strong state south

of Makuria or between Makuria and Axum . After the collapse of the

central black empire in the fourth century, the Christian churches

spread more rapidly through the now independent kingdoms . Even in

the division of Ethiopia into smaller states, the process of ethnic transformation

was obvious as it pressed southward from Egypt . Greek and

Roman presence had been heavy and marked in Nobadae . Since no

one now questioned that Nobadae (Nubia) was Ethiopian, the mixed

breed could not be called Egyptian as was the previous case of First

Cataract . The population in this kingdom bordering Caucasianized

Egypt was now predominantly Afro-European and Afro-Asian . The

problem was solved very neatly by calling them the "Red Noba" and the

Africans were called "Black Noba ." The other two kingdoms were allblack

and presented no classification problems .

The churches seemed to be firmly rooted in Alwa and Makuria .

Churches seemed to be everywhere . There were several in every large

town, one in just about every small village, some in rural areas away

from villages, and churches scattered over large urban centers, along

with those of greater splendor in the "Cathedral Cities,' the seats of

bishops . White administration and control of African Christianity was

assured by establishing the head of the Church in Lower Egypt (the

Patriarch of Alexandria) with power to appoint all bishops in Africa .

The bishops appointed were always white or near-white until token

appointments of Blacks to lesser posts, such as deacons, had to be made[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:29pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]In 332, Alexander the Great arrived and, having broken the imperial

power of Persia elsewhere, had no trouble taking over Egypt . A Greek

was crowned Pharaoh in 334 B .C ., as Ptolemy I .

The Greeks ruled Egypt for almost 300 years before the expansion of

the Roman Empire into Egypt ended their dominion in 30 B.C . This,

was our "flashback" point of departure, but before returning to the

Ethiopian churches, the significance of what we have been reviewing as

flashbacks should again be emphasized as a great issue . For we have

been reviewing the last phase of the processes of Caucasianization in

Egypt that were so thoroughgoing that both the Blacks and their history

were erased from memory : the Jewish rule, 500 years; the Assyrian

interludes ; the Persians, 185 years ; the Greeks, 274 years ; the Romans,

700 years ; the Arabs, 1,327 years-the long, long struggle to take from

the Blacks whatever they had of human worth, their land and all their

wealth therein ; their bodies, their souls, and their minds, was a process

of steady depersonalization, dehumanization .

Yet Greece and Rome, having made :he exclusion of the Blacks from

Egypt permanent, appeared to have no conquest ambitions in the black

country to the south . And Pax Romany checked the constant warfare

between the two regions . The great wealth-producing trade with Ethiopia

was promoted and what appeared to be a general detente prevailed .

Indeed, whoever held the sea-coasts, whether Asian, European or

Egyptian, controlled world trade and put Ethiopia in a state of economic

dependence, no matter how vast the flew of goods was from the south .

Egypt was the middleman with the greater control over both volume

and prices . Both the Greek and Roman rulers of Egypt left Ethiopia to

play its own role . And we have seen what that role was during a

thousand years of unbroken progress directed from Meroe .

THE SEMITIC
STORM FROM AXUM

Yet a storm cloud was threatening farther south as the Roman

Legions withdrew from Egypt to help check the erosion of an overextended

world empire . We have noted that the Ethiopian Empire at

the height of its greatness extended southward into Abyssinia (present day

Ethiopia) and further, that as time passed, the Blacks were being

hemmed in from almost all directions essential for survival . Now, for[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:26pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]end of black rule over Egypt with the close of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty

in 656 B C. The victorious Assyrians, you may recall, made Necho, a

king from Sais in Lower Egypt, the governor-general, supported by

Assyrian garrisons . This Necho was an Asian, but by this time the practice

of calling all non-African residents Egyptians had been so firmly

established that it had the weight of customary law . The Afro-Asians

had failed to win recognition as the only Egyptians. Whites of all nationalities,

though a minority, were often the dominant groups, ruling from

their power base in Lower Egypt . Hence the continuing crises between

the white Egyptians and the now more populous "coloured" Egyptians .'

The Black Egyptians no longer counted as a power group north of the

First Cataract .

When the Assyrians were finally expelled during the Twenty-Six

Dynasty (664-525 B.C .), the foundations for permanent white Asian

rule in Egypt had been firmly laid . From this period on, the wars for the

control of Egypt were primarily wars of whites against whites . The

internal corruption, jockeying for position compounded by the various

partisan groups, reflected the weakness of the country in employing

more and more foreign mercenary troops, especially Greeks . These

large incursions of Greeks and their allies formed the same kind of

advance base for a future Greek hegemony as did previous Asiatic

peoples . The time was not yet . But it was the opportune time for the

Persians to invade this much-invaded land and begin a rule in 525 B .C .

that was to last 21 years . Since the administration of a conquered

country by absentee kings is generally weak and open to revolt, the very

long Persian rule in Egypt was doubtless due to an extraordinary line of

strong kings and imperial administrators-Cambyses, Darius the Great

and Darius 11 .

The end of Persian rule came in 404 B.C . when the Egyptian Greeks

joined with the Egyptian nationalists in a "War of Liberation ." The

victory was short-lived . The Egyptians were in power only five years

before the rebellion and independence were broken and Persian rule

reestablished for another 64 years .
--------------------------------------------------

Notes

1. The same development is now taking place in South Africa where

the "Coloureds," once fanatically devoted to the whites, are now bitterly

resentful because their privileged status vis-a-vis the Blacks is being

steadily reduced .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:23pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]The Two That Carried On

FROM THE EARLY AFRICAN VIEWPOINT THERE WAS NOTHING

earth-shaking or extraordinary about the establishment of still another

cult, the cult of Christian churches . The only unusual thing about the

new cults of Christians was that while they disclaimed being of the

Jewish faith, they worshipped the Jewish tribal god, the God of Israel .

The Christians seemed to be expanding the role of a god who had been

concerned only with the Jews as his "Chosen People" to a God of the

Universe, the Sun God . The Christians were not really different even in

the central religious beliefs of the Africans and Jews of the period

in sacrificing sheep, goats, bulls, (and sometimes humans) for the

remission of sins . For, while the Christians had given up the slaughtering

of animals for offerings, the very cornerstone of their faith was that

Jesus Christ, the Son of God, was sacrificed for the sins of man and that

His blood was shed for this purpose alone . Drinking of the blood (wine)

and eating of the body (bread) are all fundamental aspects of man's

most ancient religion .

The spread of Christianity in the land below the First Cataract gained

momentum after the destruction of Ethiopia as an empire, and its

world-famous capital, the city of Meroe . Such a decline and fall of a

nation, empire or civilization is never as short or sudden as the date

given for the event suggested, in this case, .350 (A.D.) . Many factors and

forces operated over a long period of time before what can be called the

"Great Age of Black Civilization" came to a close .

How the black world was being adversely affected by both Asia and

Europe may be better understood by a flashback to events following the[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:20pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]CHRISTIAN AFRICA

Africa was naturally among the first areas to which Christianity

spread . It was next door to Palestine, and from the earliest times there

had been the closest relations between the Jews and the Blacks, both

friendly and hostile . The exchange of pre-Christian religious concepts

took place easily and, due to the residence of so many ancient Jewish

leaders in Ethiopia -Abraham, Joseph and his brothers, Mary and Jesus .

The great Lawgiver, Moses, was not only born in Africa but he was

also married to the daughter of an African priest.4 The pathway for the

early Christian church in the Land of the Blacks had been made smooth

many centuries before .

In a different work I suggested that a major reason why so many later

Christian missionaries failed in Africa was because they were bringing

refurbished religious doctrines that came from Africa in the first place .

The religious belief in sacrifice for the remission of sins was an African

belief and practice at least 2,000 years before Abraham . The results of a

comparative study of the African, Jewish and Christian religions have

amazed many who have undertaken the task . Practically all of the Ten

Commandments were embedded in the African Constitution ages

before Moses went up Mt . Sinai in Africa in 1491 B.C ., a rather late date

in African history .

We do not know how much significance should be read into the fact

that Christianity began to spread in Ethiopia (Nubia or Cush) only after

the destruction of the central Empire with the fall of Meroe . However,

the most important development after the Empire passed was not the

rise of Christianity, but the rise of the two Black states that picked up

the mantle and staff of Ethiopia to carry on . These two states were

Makuria and Alwa .
-----------------------------------------------

Notes

4. Many accounts refer only to his marriage to the daughter of a

Midianite priest . However, Aaron and his wife rebuked Moses for

marrying a black woman .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:57pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]to Napata and Meroe might lead those who do not look at the map to

think that there were only two important cities in the land .

Forgetting the names of ancient centers of importance was nothing

compared to the tragedy of the Blacks in almost completely forgetting

the very art of writing which they themselves invented! This was one of

the most tragic losses, to repeat, that was ever suffered by a whole

people . And in view of the anti-black course of subsequent history, the

Blacks needed their written language and records more than any other

people . Just how and why this people discontinued the use of writing

has been set forth rather clearly and in some detail in the foregoing

pages . However, the matter is of such transcendent importance that I

hope some black scholar will devote an entire book detailing this one

episode in the long history of Africans . The story would cover the

periods of migrations and dispersions when writing was needless if not

impossible, to the general loss of the art itself . I say "general loss" again

because, of course, some African societies did not completely lose the

art of writing even under conditions where its use seemed utterly futile .

The most important fact to keep in mind, however, is that we are

considering the early age when relatively few people could write, a small

professional class, the scribes . All books, scrolls, inscriptions, letters, etc .,

were written by them . Therefore, in any society where the scribes were

either captured or, for whatever reason, disappeared, the art of writing

in that society died . In view of the developments in Black Africa, the

disappearance of writing is not a mystery at all .

Conquest and domination tended to check migrations and bring a

larger measure of iron-ruled stability to the invaded region . An integral

part of that iron rule was the introduction of the conquerors' speech and

writing, the first step in the process of conquering the soul and minds-of

the Blacks along with their bodies . This was easy because the knowledge starved

"key people" among the Blacks eagerly grasped Arabic, French,

Portuguese, English, or German as the best route to status in a new

civilization . Most of this developed later than the period we have been

summarizing, the thousand years in Ethiopia after its last success in

retaking Egypt and its defeat and withdrawal with the fall of the

Twenty-Fifth Dynasty . Here we speak of the period from sixth century

B.C . to the fourth century of the Christian church in Ethiopia .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:55pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]heartland and the scattering of groups all over Africa . They carried their

knowledge of this great technological revolution wherever they went,

and they began the use of iron and the development of iron industries

wherever they had had the opportunity to settle in iron ore areas and

remain settled long enough to create a stable society .

This spread of ironworking from the cradle of black civilization is just

another example of how other fundamental African institutions spread

over the continent, north as well as south, and remained basically .

unchanged down through the centuries, no matter how numerous were

the groups into which the original society became fragmented or how

countless were the various languages and dialects that resulted from

that segmentation . There were, as a matter of course, many variations

and modifications by different survival groups . The most remarkable of

the facts was that even those groups that were pushed back into a state

of barbarism still held on (God only knows how) to some of the basic

institutions of the society from which they descended from one to two

thousand years before . Neither Christian Europe or Muslim Asia were

able to completely destroy those institutions, even in the vast regions

over which both had supreme control . And this is why, in a previous

discussion, I had suggested a smile of compassion when you read or hear

about "Egyptian influence" on this or that black society because, in

general, all that could possibly be meant is the "influence of early black

civilization on subsequent black societies .''

The expansion of the iron culture, however, was a revolution in

technology that ushered in a new age and gave new hope to a despairing

people . It meant the use of new instruments of production in agriculture,

and the industrial crafts, and, of great importance for a refugee people,

for a new kind of military organization and defense . It can be seen, then,

that the "Motherland of the Blacks," centered on the Nile around the

cataracts, provided her wandering sons and daughters with the

instruments of survival, a knowledge that still served them well centuries

after the Arabs and Turks had overran that Motherland .

The memory of many things had been lost, however . Who remembered

Thebes, Napata, Memphis, Elephantine, Heracleopolis or

Nekheb? Indeed, who remembered even Meroe, the most advanced

center not only of the African age, but also of writing? And what of the

other important towns and cities in Southern Ethiopia (Nubia-Cush),

Musawarat, Nuri, Panopolis, Kerma, Assuan, Soleb, Abu Simbel,

Kurusku, Samnah, Philae, Kawa, Dongola, etc? Our constant references[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:53pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]and Abyssinia was included, or how far westward the empire extended .3

All this is not so important as the point that during this period of

triumph, world fame, fear, and an unprecedented prosperity from a

flourishing trade with about one-half of the world, African rulers

continued to neglect the updating of their military and naval defenses .

Iron was the basis of the technological revolution in warfare . That the

Assyrians, Hittites, Persians and other Asiatic nations were equipping

their armies with new types of iron weapons, and that these were

devastatingly more effective than stone and copper weapons had to be

well-known to the Africans . It was not news . As was mentioned before,

they not only knew about the use of iron but they had long since

developed the iron smelting processes . The trouble was the highly

secretive royal monopoly . No secret was more zealously guarded than

the smelting of iron . This meant rigidly limited production . Here.was

fear out-matching both reason and the most elementary common sense .

This over-secretiveness which inhibited the expansion of iron production

was to contribute mightily to the success of Assyrian arms over them .

Prosperity, too, may have blurred the African's vision . Too much

success can be dangerous . In this case so much wealth was piled up from

foreign trade, especially in gold, ivory and copper, that the question of

iron, if raised, may have been dismissed as "economically unsound ."

Whatever the reasons were, the fact is that the great iron industries

which had developed in this center, spreading over Africa, could have

started centuries before .

Even as early as 300 B.C ., when iron smelting was employed for more

useful purposes than ornaments, the royal monopoly still prevented

widespread use . That they knew of the importance of iron is shown by

the fact that kings and high priests were often heads of the guild, and

the chief iron master would often gain the status of what a Prime

Minister is today . Regardless of the delay, iron smelting and tool-making

got underway on a vast scale in Ethiopia at a most crucial period for

Africa . Its center was Meroe, and it appears that the biggest iron works

were in and around this capital city . This development was at a crucial

period because it was the period of increasing migrations from the
--------------------------------------------------------

Notes

3. This whole period of black achievement is minimized by writers

who substitute Meroe, the city, for Ethiopia, the empire . Ethiopian

writing then becomes "some Meroetic inscriptions," etc .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:50pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]and from every direction ; and who fought on and on through the

centuries, against the forces of man and nature until they, themselves,

were completely overwhelmed .

Three thousand years ago the desert, while slowly moving in on

Africa, had not advanced to where it is today . There was more arable

land in Ethiopia, although its agriculture did not match that of the rich

delta region of Egypt . The Blacks were, however, mainly agriculturists

like other Africans . Even with their remarkable industrial development,

farming went on on both sides where the "two Niles" met in their land

before continuing as one great river through Egypt to the Mediterranean

Sea . Nor should the importance of the Atbara river be overlooked .

Even though the surrounding deserts were a problem insofar as

agricultural expansion was desired, the more immediate problem was

famine from drought . There were years during which no rain fell at all

and not a hopeful cloud appeared in the sky .

The Afrians met the challenge by constructing a national system of

reservoirs . These were strategically located around the capital, at

Musawarat, Naga, Hordan, Umm, Usuda, in the Gezira region, at

Duanib, Basa, and doubtlessly at other sites not yet excavated .

This master plan to defeat drought and famine by a system of

reservoirs was more important than all of the architectural art that

found expression in their beautiful statues, temples, palaces, columns

and pyramids . The reservoirs were more significant than the monuments,

important as these were in hiding the black man's intellectual achievements

in the invention of writing deep under the sands .

I rate the reservoirs as the supreme achievement because they reflect

the real measure of African man as he met the challenge to survival

head-on, with a constructive counter-attack against the adverse forces of

earth, sun and sky . The irrigation system, made reasonably effective

with their oxen-powered wheels, was a part of this challenge to adverse

circumstances .
**

Piankhi, following Kashta in 720 B.C ., began what was quickly to

become again one of the greatest world powers of the time . Ethiopia was

united with Afro-Asian Egypt under a single imperial rule that extended

from the Mediterranean in the north to an undefined boundary in the

south. Also unknown was how far its eastern boundary extended

southward along the Indian Ocean coastland, how much of Uganda[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:45pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]still believes, teaches and proclaims that the black man had never

developed a civilization of his own?

It has been noted that the attractions of Ethiopia, "The Land of the

Gods," were great not only because the Egyptians regarded it as the

main source of their religion, but also because of its socio-political,

economic and strategic importance . When African kings reconquered

Egypt and became "Egyptian" pharaohs, they still longed for the

motherland to the south, desiring to unite the whole of it with Egypt

into one vast empire . They would often retire there, some wanting their

final resting place to be in a pyramid below the First Cataract . To the

south rested their ancestors whose company they were to join . Here was

the capital city of both the black man's world and that of his heaven as

well, the Holy City of Napata .

During the different periods in which Napata came under a foreign

yoke, the capital city of Meroe had to become somewhat holy in its own

right, and many of the kings, queens, and other leaders were buried in

pyramids there . These were constructed of stone outside of the city

proper, sometimes at a visible distance of two or more miles . They were

built to stand forever, an attempt that stemmed from the African's

actual belief in immortality . This is why their faith included the natural

assumption that those who had passed on, their ancestors, were living in

the "Great Beyond," and were, therefore, in the most favorable position

to represent the interests of their kinsmen below ; or, in short, to serve as

mediators between God and man .

The pyramids ringing the city not only added to the physical beauty

of the surroundings, but they were also the silent sentinels, the ever

watchful ancestral presence from which might come either a benediction

or a curse .

Earlier, you may recall, I was unsparing in my criticism of those

African societies which seemed to be governed by fatalism and failed to

counterattack against their natural and human enemies. As I read the

record, it' seemed to me that these groups did not try to meet the awful

challenges which confronted them . They gave up too readily and

refused to ignore tribal lines or to unite for common survival strategies .

They remained scattered here and there, like hunted animals, moving

into barbarism and savagery . Such were my strictures and, obviously, I

did not give the whole story, even about these groups .

Now, however, and by a glorious contrast, we are in the midst of

Blacks, the core group of all Africa, who met the challenge on all fronts[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:39pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING

A distinguished line of leaders followed Tanutamon to the throne in

653 B.C., Atlanersa, Senkamanseken, Anlaman, Aspalta, Amtalka and

Malenakan-palace, temple, and pyramid builders all . Two of the

greatest temples were built by King Aspalta at Meroe : the Sun Temple

and the Temple of Amon .2 The imposing pyramids and rows of huge

royal statues added to the majesty and magnificence of Meroe . The

royal tombs, as in Egypt, were the repositories of the nation's history .

From them archaeologists were able to determine a line of forty-one

rulers after the conquest of Lower Nubia . These monuments were not

only sources of early African history from within but, of the highest

impottance, they were elaborately decorated outside with both the first

form of writing, hieroglyphics, and the more advanced African

inscriptions in their own invented writing .

For the Africans themselves had invented writing, and all attempts to

connect this ancient achievement with Egyptian or Asiatic influence

have failed . Here the "external influence" school has suffered a major

defeat, because the written records found on statues, altars, tombstones,

graffiti, etc ., were so distinctly African that their native origin could not

be successfully disputed . Moreover, the African system of writing was

very different from the Egyptian . It was simpler and had vowels,

whereas Egyptian had none . There were twenty-three characters or

letters in the African alphabet, four vowel signs, seventeen consonants,

and two signs of the syllable . New concepts and new or special words

could be easily introduced by the old picture system . Clarity and easy

reading was assured by measured spacing between words . A system of

numerical symbols for mathematics was developed . The African inscriptions

on monuments and such records as those found in royal tombs

were in a special category . General writing was done on tablets ofwood

and skins prepared for that purpose . Such things as rocks, walls, vases

and broken bits and pieces of earthenware comprised other artifacts

where ancient African writing was found .

Again, how and why did all this disappear? How and why was it

blotted out or hidden so completely for two thousand years that an

ignorant world, with unprecedented research facilities in its universities,
---------------------------------------------------

Notes

2 . It is believed that the temple to Amon was not completed during

Aspalta's lifetime but by his successors .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:36pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]had ultimately surrendered to despair and retrogression, but a period of

African power, high civilization and a greatness respected and feared by

the ancient world . Even after the onslaught by the Assyrians and their

allies, the Africans were to rebuild, from the new capital city of Meroe, a

civilization greater than the one just destroyed .

There were many lesser states and countless small chiefdoms in the

vast land mass that began where the effective control by Ethiopia
ended .

Through all these milleniums of ups and downs, of trials and errors,

of great victories and disastrous defeats, through it all the central drive

of this once-black land was in the direction of consolidation and

progress . Tribes were united into one nation either voluntarily or, that

failing, by force . Strong armies were maintained to protect and expand

their civilization . The retaking of that part of the homeland that

extended north alone the Nile to the Mediterranean was at once the

deathless dream, the impassioned goal, and the cornerstone of their

foreign policy . These Africans battled the invading Asians decade after

decade and century after century until their resistance to conquest and

enslavement extended over four thousand years .

From ancient days, therefore, the Africans had had, in the very center

of the heartland on the continent, a history from which their posterity

could learn how unity alone provided the condition for strength and

progress, and that each one of a thousand little "independent" chiefdoms

were but a standing invitation to the aggressors and the ultimate

domination of all . Why did the Africans fail to take this message of

salvation as a revealed truth from their own history? What dimmed

civilization's light on Barkal Hill and caused an ultimate withdrawal to

the bush and the scattering of people hither and yon like hunted beasts?

Why did Africans begin to retire from the race with other advancing

peoples and fall so far behind that even the memory of former greatness

could not inspire a revival because that memory had been almost

completely blotted out? I have been detailing some of the answers

throughout, and in later chapters we shall explore further answers to

questions raised .

We now cross to the west bank of the Nile and journey farther south

~to the city of Meroe . It is the eighth century B .C., and the move to

Meroe was simply a move to what was already the southern capital, only

now, instead of having two capital cities in the South, there would be

only one .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:33pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]cope with the interminable struggle for power among the Asians,

Egyptians and other incursive groups . In these cycles of consolidation

followed by fragmentation into numerous chiefdoms and principalities,

Egypt mirrored the results of the human power craze not only in Africa

but generally throughout the world . Yet in the long view of her history,

Egypt's overall record was one of consolidation and unity that, at times,

was not seriously broken for a thousand years .

***

Napata was a beautiful city that was favored by surroundings that

helped to make it so . It was located below the Fourth Cataract above the

great curve where the Nile had turned southward and, as though

changing its mind, turned north again . An imposing hill, the "Throne of

the Sun God," was the site of temples . The city itself was regarded as the

"Holy of Holies," ; the capital of what the Egyptians called "The Land of

the Gods." But "Napata" referred not only to this central city, but

included what today we would call a metropolitan area that covered

towns and villages for miles in all directions from the present-day town

of Karima . It was to this area that African leaders, including priests of

the various cults, retreated when things got too hot in Egypt . Here also,

certain African kings preferred to stay even when their position and

power in Egypt were unchallenged . Most of the royal burials in pyramids

were at Kurru . The largest pyramid in Ethiopia is that of King Taharqa

at Nuri .

After the Assyrian-Greek invasion in 590 B.C ., the city was again

almost completely destroyed . The capital was moved to the other side of

the river to Meroe, the historic industrial center .

The Blacks apparently had been more concerned with the development

of their copper industry than with iron . Iron ore was in abundance .

The earlier failure to exploit it, especially for military weapons, was the

reason Assyrians, with their superior iron weapons, were able to sweep

the Blacks out of Egypt, invading the Heartland and destroying the

Holy City of Napata . The Africans had long since learned the use of

iron . They knew all about the smelting process . Why did they allow the

Assyrians to get ahead of them? Granting that the ancients kept their

military developments secret, as nations try to do today, it was also true

that spies, including Africans, were active everywhere . The question is

interesting because we are not discussing the period when the African[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:30pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]from his fiery rays. They were his children . Their very blackness, therefore,

was religious, a blessing and an honor .

The second already stated threat was economic . Egypt's own flourishing

export trade, both by sea and caravans, depended heavily on her

imports from the south . To cut these off would mean economic panic in

an otherwise prosperous land .

The third great fear concerned the mighty Nile river. Suppose the

Ethiopians decided to bring Egypt to her knees and starve her to death

by diverting the waters of the Nile? Belief in this possibility was ancient

and ran deep .

The Egyptian conquest of Nubia, therefore, might remove the military

and economic threats, but, insofar as the Nile was concerned, it would

settle nothing . Besides, these Blacks seemed to be unconquerable . A

Sneferu might attempt total extermination of the population, burning

every town and village, destroying farms and cattle, leaving the land in

utter ruin . Yet, as soon as the armies of destruction withdrew, the

surviving Africans would come out from their hiding places and began

to rebuild once again .

Like Upper Egypt, this was a land of cities and towns, of temples and

pyramids. Africans were the great pyramid builders, the temple builders .

They had built the great pyramids of Egypt during their rule . Renewed

activity in temple-building came after Nubia was reoccupied by the

Eighteenth Dynasty rulers . All this renewed zeal in building new towns

and temples in the south was reconstruction . The Old Kingdom raiders

could not destroy all of the temples and other monuments .

The returning Egyptians, therefore, had found many fine temples still

in use, others in ruins . All Ethiopian inscriptions on the temples and

monuments were erased and Egyptian inscriptions substituted . All

outstanding African creations that could not be converted and claimed

as the work of Egyptians were destroyed, for now "Egyptian" meant

"white"-Asian or European . This was done "to promote national

unity." Ethiopian inscriptions, of course, recorded victories over Egypt .

The Arabs were to carry out the work of eradication in a far more

thoroughgoing manner at a later time . All of the South was never

completely conquered . The reconquest we are now discussing extended

forty or fifty miles below Abu Hamed . History continued to repeat itself .

Below the area of conquest the Africans continued to rebuild, reorganizing

their fighting forces, and watching an overextended Egypt

become weaker and weaker under weak pharaohs who were unable to[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:27pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]and recorded such historic facts as the conquest of Northern Nubia by

the Nubian Pharaoh of the Old Kingdom, Sneferu, in 2730 B.C.' This

war left a vast wasteland and practically wiped out a civilization that had

been developing before Neolithic times .

THE "CHILDREN OF THE SUN"

For one thing, the land to the south of Egypt had developed a strong

economy that was continuously enriched by a thriving export trade in

paper (from papyrus), ivory, gold, ebony, emeralds, copper, incense,

ostrich feathers (always greatly in demand), and its famous decorated

earthenware . A strong economy also meant a strong Ethiopian army,

posing a threat even to an African-ruled Egypt . From the Egyptian

viewpoint, the "Land of the Blacks" was a threefold threat . Historically,

the Blacks who had fled below the First Cataract to escape the various,

conquests never seemed to accept those conquests as final, and

attempted to retake Egypt from time to time . (These repetitions are

deliberate because nowhere in history is this very important fact clearly

stated .)

But it is clear that, having reconquered the Asian-dominated Lower

Egypt, the black pharaohs sought integration with the Asians instead of

driving them out of the country . This policy of moderation and

accommodation was apparently anathema to the "extremist" Ethiopians,

proud Blacks for whom the prospects of having their children come into

the world with a color distinctly different from their own was at once an

insult to their watching ancestors, and an offense to the Gods themselves.

This attitude might also explain the hostility of the Southern Blacks

toward the Afro-Asian . The latter were not "true" Africans because

they were becoming Egyptians, a mixed breed of many races . They

were, therefore, traitors in the eyes of "true" Africans whose badge of

eternal honor was the blackness of their skin . This was color racism,

deeply rooted, for it sprang from religion : They were "Children of the

Sun" blessed with blackness by the Sun God himself and thus protected
--------------------------------------------------------------

Notes

1 . There was a previous reference to Sneferu's "scorched earth" war

in his own home to further illustrate the extreme Southern opposition

to integration with the Asians even under black kings .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:21pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]doctrines about "unoccupied" regions of Africa at any given period in

history are quite meaningless and unacceptable to Africans . For to

them, it is just as senseless as it would be to say to a farmer anywhere,

"See here now! There are large sections of your land unoccupied and

untended. So we'll just come in and take it!"

The Africans' area of great concentration was ancient Nubia between

the First and the Sixth Cataracts . It was the land where they had

developed the great civilization which they had extended over Egypt .

Their work had been appropriated by the invaders as their own .

The geography of Nubia is the geography of much of present-day

Sudan and beyond . The Nile flows through its sand and rock deserts

with a series of falls and a number of rapids . The country is almost

rainless . It is the land of the great Nubian desert . West of the Nile

towards the Red Sea was the mining area, rich in gold . It was, even

within the concept of these geographical boundaries, the heartland of

the black world .

Already pushed by the invaders from the Mediterranean areas in the

north, northeast and northwest, the Africans were to be further hedged

in from the east and southeast as the Asian hordes continued to stream

across the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean and, much later, as the Dutch

Boers poured in from the southernmost tip of the continent .

SCRAPS FROM PREHISTORY

The stone age Africans lived about the same as stone age peoples all

over the world . They were hunters, fishermen and craftsmen . Archaeologists

have dug up some of their tools and other artifacts at Wadi

Haifa, Wawa, Sai Island, Wadi Hudi, the Selima oasis, Tangasi, Tagiya

and other places . These areas are between the Second and Fourth

Cataracts . Our discussion of specific, concrete evidence of early black

civilization up to this point has been confined to the Egyptian north .

Most notable among the Neolithic finds in the south were the beautiful,

highly burnished, black-topped and red potterly bowls, jars, etc . The

pottery was artistically decorated in wavy ripples or squares . Their

earliest writing was in pictures . So many hundreds of these rock

"messages" were found along the Nile through Nubialand that one may

well wonder if these prehistoric "historians" had posterity in mind .

While many of the pictures portrayed wildlife and other objects of

interest in the environment, others went beyond this role of the artist[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:59pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]expansion of the Roman Empire had transferred the real center of

power to Rome . Assyria, Persia, Greece, Rome-the continuing process

of transforming a black civilization into a near-white civilization long

before the Christian era .

The Ptolemaic period had been largely one of confusion . The division

of power among the Greeks, Macedonians and Egyptians, and intermarriages

with the latter, joint rule, etc ., made the Ptolemies, at times,

merely nominal rulers . There were times when a native Afro-Asian

ruler gained the center of the stage as the star attraction, as in the case of

Cleopatra . Upon her death, in 30 B .C, Romans assumed direct control,

ruling the country for seven centuries, beginning their reign thirty years

before Jesus Christ would be born in the same Palestine where Blacks

had lived and ruled so long .

After this long period of domination, the Arab general Amr-ibn-al-

As, entered Alexandria in 642 A.D . with only 4,000 men . The conquest

of Egypt by the Muslim armies, which had reached Pelusium two years

earlier, was not only to change the character of Egyptian civilization

radically, but it was to have a `disastrous impact on the dignity and

destiny of Africans as a people . The Arab conquest had opened the

floodgates wider and Arabs poured in . Colonization and Islamization

progressed . As Egypt became a main center of Arab power, this fact

found concrete expression in Arab-Islamic expansion over North Africa

into Spain, and southward into what remained as "The Land of the

Blacks ."

THE NEW BORDERLINE
OF THE BLACKS

We have traced the ancient struggles between Africans, Mulattoes

and Asians, where the Africans sought not only to resist conquest, but

to retake the whole of Egypt . They succeeded at times, but finally lost all

of Egypt, as we have seen .

Ethiopia now began at the First Cataract in the north and extended

south into present-day Ethiopia . It was now bounded by Upper Egypt,

the Red Sea and the Libyan desert . These are rather general geographical

designations without any precise meaning, for ancient Ethiopia had no

precise southern boundaries . Ancient Ethiopians would say that their

land included Egypt and was in fact without boundaries in Africa

insofar as non-Africans were concerned . All of the European and Asian[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:56pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]The First Cataract:
The Black World's New Borderline

HAVING LOST BOTH UPPER AND LOWER EGYPT, ETHIOPIA'S

northern border had been pushed to the First Cataract at Assuan, and

Necho II eventually became king of Egypt, beginning the Twenty-Sixth

Dynasty, 665-525 B .C. The Egyptian armies were increasingly made up

of foreigners and enslaved Blacks . It was during this dynasty that the

Assyrians were expelled again, this time by nationalistic Egyptians . The

Blacks' loss of their beloved Memphis, Thebes, and even their Egyptian

name now seemed to be final .

Other invasions came . The Persians under Darius the Great took

over, and their domination of Egypt lasted from 525 to 404 B.C., with

the assistance of Greek mercenaries . They returned in 343 B .C. to

reestablish their rule, but again for only a relatively short duration .

Alexander reached Egypt in 332 B.C ., on his world conquering rampage .

But one of the greatest generals in the ancient world was also the

Empress of Ethiopia . This was the formidable black Queen Candace,

world famous as a military tactician and field commander . Legend has it

that Alexander could not entertain even the possibility of having his

world fame and unbroken chain of victories marred by risking a defeat,

at last, by a woman . He halted his armies at the borders of Ethiopia and

did not invade to meet the waiting black armies with their Queen in

personal command . Upon his death, one of his most outstanding

generals became Pharaoh as Ptolemy I, thus beginning 300 years of

Macedonian-Greek rule . Toward the end of Greek domination, the[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:54pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]from one army of Asians only to be lost to another . Esarhaddon seemed

to have thought that he had conquered Egypt when he took the ancient

capital . He retired after appointing local princes to collect the usual

tribute . Shabaka's nephew, Tarharqa, promptly marched up from the

south again and massacred all of the Assyrian garrisons . Esarhaddon

died leading a second expedition of vengeance in 699 B .C . His son,

Ashurbanipa, assumed the leadership, invaded Egypt and put Taharqa

to flight . The Egyptian governors were reinstated under a governor-general

named Necho, also Egyptian . As was to be expected, the Blacks

of Upper Egypt remained loyal to the African line . They shouted loud

enough for posterity to hear that the Blacks were the "rightful rulers of

Egypt ." Taharqa was succeeded by his nephew, Tanutamon . He renewed

the war against the Assyrians and the Egyptians, the latter preferring, as

usual, to support the Asians against native Africans . Tanutamon

recaptured Memphis again, during which battle the Egyptian governor-general

Necho was slain . This placed the Africans in a dominant

position in Northern Egypt once again . But in 661 B.C., the outraged

Ashurbanipal drove the African armed forces out of Northern Egypt .

He pursued them up the Nile and burned their ancient city of Thebes,

the stronghold of black power from times immemorial .

The Africans, eventually barred from further rule in Egypt, continued

Piankhi's line first from the capital at Napata and then at Meroe where

they promoted a broad reconstruction program . There the remarkable

Twenty-Fifth Dynasty ended in 656 B .C. The line of kings from

Piankhi to Tanutamon were all buried in the great Pyramids they and

their ancestors had built at Napata . Let us follow the Blacks from Egypt
to there .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:48pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]they had control of the Thebald-another name for Upper Egypt .) The

great city of Heracleopolis alone held out until the arrival of Ethiopian

forces. The immediate objective of Piankhi and the Ethiopian generals

was the recapture of Thebes . Supported by his naval forces moving

down the Nile and the thousands of black fighters who flocked to his

standard as he moved northward through Upper Egypt, Piankhi's

armies drove the Asians out of Thebes, reestablished it as the capital

city of the North, put Tefnakhte and his court to flight and, apparently

using tactics of Menes, pressed on to capture the once all-black capital

city of Memphis . "The rightful rulers of our land have returned!" the

oppressed Blacks cried as they flocked to his standard . Piankhi returned

to the capital city of Napata in the "Heartland" before Lower Egypt was

brought under control again . The task of reuniting the country under

Ethiopian rule was left for his great successor, Shabaka .

Shabaka firmly established the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, the only one

Western writers generally recognized as Black! This dynasty, however,

should be of special significance for the black world, not because it was

African from the beginning, but because the end of this period, 730-656

B .C., marked the end of all-out efforts by the Blacks to retake Egypt .

The African victory over the Asians did not lessen the danger from

them, for they always had the advantage of striking either from within

or from Asia itself. Now the new threat came from Asia . Assyria was

fighting its way toward Egypt . The pathways had been made easy

because the previous Egyptian conquest of Palestine and Syria had

made these countries bastions of defense as long as they were properly

governed. The later Egypt had been unable to do this . So Palestine and

Syria, like Egypt itself, had become weak from internal disorganization .

At first the Assyrian advance seemed to be concerned only with Syria

and Palestine, not Egypt . Uneasiness spread as the Assyrian hosts

approached the borders of Egypt .

However, Shabaka first followed the pattern of modern diplomacy by

loudly professing one thing while actively doing the very opposite . In

this case, Shabaka, while actively cultivating the friendship of the

Assyrian king, Sargon 11, was just as active in supporting the armies of

the Syrians and Palestinians . "Modern," I say, because it was exactly the

same kind of "commitment" and "special interests" policy that the

United States maintains in East Asia and other places around the world .

In 671 B.C., Esarhaddon led his Assyrian forces to victory near the

Egyptian border and moved on to capture the city of Memphis, retaken[/b]

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