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Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:45pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]Priest of the African god, Amon . The significance of this should be

obvious : The whites were systematically preempting the whole of Egypt,

even adopting, as their own, black institutions they could not easily

destroy. And they were wise enough to gain control of the African

religion . So now, as the whites became priests and worshipers of the

Supreme God and lesser gods of the Blacks in Egypt, the success of

erasing every vestige of early African civilization was moving toward the

absolute . As the white priesthoods became stronger and more widespread,

they were not only able to secure control of Thebes, the most

powerful stronghold of the Blacks in Egypt, but of equal importance,

they were then in a position to gain followers in the rebelling nomarchies

and persuade dissident chiefs to acknowledge the overlordship of Asian

kings in various parts of the country . In short, they took over Africa's

gods as their own as a means of taking over Africa as their own .

There was nothing sudden or new about this . The process was as long

and leisurely as Egyptian history itself, gaining rapid momentum only

during the often-repeated decades of internal strife . Lower Egypt was

always the area from which internal strife in black Upper Egypt was

planned and promoted . Secret agents, as mentioned earlier, are not new

inventions of modern states . The only thing new about Tefnakhte's

penetrations of Upper Egypt between 730 and 715 B .C . was that this

time, an Asian king (Libyan) from his Delta capital, now at Sais, had so

inflamed Southern Ethiopia that all-out war was declared against both

Asians and Egyptians (Afro-Asians) and the twenty-one year old king,

Piankhi, was given supreme command of the black armies .

ETHIOPIA RECAPTURES EGYPT

In view of the extent of the expansion of Asian power in Upper

Egypt, the Ethiopians' age-old dream of recovering their northern

homelands now seemed to be, in the very truth, an impossible dream .

In 715 B.C ., the strong situation of the Asians was such that the idea of

the Blacks repeating Menes' feat of twenty-three centuries before, that

of once again expanding the Ethiopian empire northward to the

Mediterranean, now seemed fantastic . Both Asian kings, Tefnakhte and

Bocchoria, were themselves great leaders and field commanders . And,

of all things, they had already taken Thebes and practically had all

Egypt under Asian control . (Some writers put it the other way and say[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:43pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]land, Southern Ethiopia tried to do exactly the same thing . The truth is

that the milleniums of contests over Egypt were never really over

unification per se, but rather who should rule the land after unification

was completed-the whites of the Delta or the Blacks of Southern

Ethiopia, particularly those south of the First Cataract? Indeed, as the

Asianization of Upper Egypt increased, migrations of the Blacks southward

increased, hostility toward the North increased, and the resolve of

the Blacks to reconquer all of their land all the way to the Mediterranean

was renewed once more .

The southern region, therefore, generally became independent as

soon as Lower Egypt became independent . It began to threaten Upper

Egypt at the same time the Asian threat was spreading . The Southern

Ethiopians were even more bitter because they had to fight the

"integrationist Blacks" of Egypt just as hard as they had to fight the

whites from Lower Egypt and Libya . The South was no more prepared

to accept all-white rule .' If anything, they trusted the mixed breeds less

because of their ability to play either the white or black role as it suited

their purposes . This may also be the reason so many blacks opposed

large-scale amalgamation . It appeared as one of the white man's most

effective weapons for the domination of the- race while at the same time

slowly removing it from the face of the earth . As proof, the Ethiopians

could ask, "From whence came our worst enemies, the Egyptians? Are

they not half Ethiopian? And do they not now scorn the very Ethiopian

name itself, proclaiming themselves to be `white'?"

The Ethiopians, therefore, followed all developments to the north,

northeast and west with the closest attention . The activities of the

probably Libyan king of the Twenty-Second Dynasty, Sheshonk I, did

not escape their notice and appraisal . From his capital at Bubastis in

Lower Egypt, he pushed affairs on a number of fronts, including the

usual stragey of marriage alliances of black ruling families with white

males . These alliances, after worming their way to power through the

African inheritance-through-female-line system (matrilineal), could then

change to the Asian and Western patrilineal system . This invidious

scheme for achieving power over the Blacks through the Blacks did not

escape those on alert . The move of Sheshonk I to negotiate a marriage

with the daughter of a king and gain legitimate control of Thebes, fitted

the well-known pattern of expanding Caucasian power, never failed to

create anotht°r stir in the still all-black areas . To make matters worse

from the viewpoint of the Blacks, Sheshonk had another son made High[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:41pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]The picture now was one of those confused scenes of black dynasties,

Asian dynasties, Egyptian dynasties (Afro-Asian), combination dynasties,

(those formed by alliances between two of the above groups), all

ruling simultaneously in Egypt from various capitals . Many historians

were further misled by the fact that while some of these so-called

dynasties claimed to be the imperial government of all Egypt, others

made no such claim and confined themselves to their local chiefdoms or

nomarchies . Significantly, many of the latter were headed by priests .

Our references to dynasties formed by alliances between two groups

against a third could be misleading to those who failed to grasp what had

been said about the changing ethnic character of the dynasties over

many centuries. From the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties on, we have

pointed out, Asian penetration through the "royal marriage route"

caused the succeeding dynasties, with few exceptions to become

increasingly mixed . Often they were only predominantly black, halfblack,

less than half-black, or predominantly'Asian or Egyptian (Afro-

Asian). The founders of the Eighteenth Dynasty, like many similar

instances, illustrate the reality of the process . For it is well known that

the famous Queen Nefertari was "all-black," while her equally great

husband, Ahmose I, was mulatto (Egyptian) . So that the Eighteenth,

like the great Nineteenth Dynasty of the Ramses, was predominantly

black, not all-black . On the other hand, the long periods of all-white

Asian and European dynasties were emphasized, and had to be

emphasized, to set the record straight .

There were also, for still another example, "Libyan dynasties,"

indicated by the Libyan names of the rulers . But who, now, were the

Libyans? They were, first of all, Western Ethiopians, then heavily

Berber, Mongolian, Arab, a sprinkling of Hebrews and other Asiatic

peoples, and then, of course, the resulting Afro-Asians . The ethnic

composition of Libya was about the same as that of early Egypt, with the

exception that there were fewer Europeans and more Mongolians .

Libya was once so nearly all-black that to be called a Libyan meant

that one was Black . So the Libyan dynasties during this period could

have been predominantly white, black, Afro-Asian or a combination of

all three, depending upon what faction was in the ascendency at the
time .

It is also worth noting that not only the whites of Lower Egypt took

advantage of every breakdown in the center (Upper Egypt), declaring

its independence and attempting to extend their rule over the whole[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:37pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]As custodians of the temples, the priests were promoting and making

their own positions more powerful and secure by promoting the divine

kingship idea . It meant that each king would try to outdo his predecessors

in building more bigger and finer temples and colossal burial structures

(the pyramids) for the royal saints and the sons and daughters of Amon,

Horus, Set, etc . etc .

The priests were in the most strategic positions to acquire great

economic and political power for themselves quite naturally and without

any particular efforts to do so . They were the first men of learning :

scribes, historians, scientists, architects, physicians, artists, mathematicians,

astrologers, and especially chemists . Many temples, therefore,

were colleges as well as places of worship . The temples were also places

through which flowed much of the national revenue . We could go on

and on, indicating how and why priests became so politically powerful

in Egyptian life that even a great king like Ikhnaton could not overcome

their opposition . It was too late for him to escape from the now

traditional status of being "divine ." One might say it was the price a god

has to pay for god-makers .

In 1320 B.C., the Age of the Ramses began . This time, a line of great

leaders was not followed by a line of weaklings . This was the Nineteenth

Dynasty, 1320-1200 B .C . And while it did not equal the "Glorious

Eighteenth," the Ramses kings stamped their periods as one of the most

outstanding in the long history of the country . It was only near its end

that the usual phenomenon of weakness and decline in the cycle began

to set in as general social, economic and political disorganization . The

Ramses rule continued through the Twentieth Dynasty, 1200-1085 B .C .

The Twenty-First, Twenty-Second and Twenty-Third periods, 1085-

730 B.C ., again illustrated, as I had stated before, the fallacy of trying to

chronicle African history in Egypt by dynasties . I had pointed out that at

various times during the long, long struggles for power we find several

different "dynasties" ruling at the same time from their respective

capitals in various parts of the country . Every period of weak kings at

Memphis or Thebes was a general breakdown during which exactly the

same happened over and over again : The Asian Lower Egypt became

independent again, and from its capital at Avaris or Sais pushed the

expansion of Asian power in Upper Egypt . By 1085 B.C ., the Asian

population was so vast there that new Asian dynasties were relatively

easy to establish almost anywhere north of the First Cataract . During

one of these periods, 70 kings in 70 days was reported .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:35pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]anything that might indicate that Hatshepsut ever lived . Also, as later

Europeans and Asians were to do to all inscriptions reflecting the Blacks,

Thutmose III had his own name and that of his brother engraved where

Hatshepsut's had been chiselled out, thus taking credit for all of her

achievements in addition to his own outstanding works . These were

many, and need not be detailed since so much of it repeats the works of

great leaders already discussed .

Queen Tiy was also one of Egypt's remarkable queens . Amenhotep

III and Queen Tiy gave a son to Egypt who was destined to be one of the

greats in in the black world . This was Amenhotep IV, known to fame as

Ikhnaton. He was different from all of his predecessors . He was more

preacher than king, and the greatest single spiritual force to appear in

the history of the Blacks . His great religious reform movement aimed at

a greater focus on the One and Only Almighty God, Creater of the

Universe . The numerous lesser gods had overshadowed the Almighty

in involving people by causing them to worship the gods through the

endless number of competing cults, all served by a too self-serving

priesthood . Such an unheard-of stand by the leader of the nation meant

revolution and certain rebellion by the powerful priesthoods all over

the land . Yet the new doctrine did not reach the masses and the nonspiritual

demands for leadership on pressing earthly fronts put the king

in an unhappy situation . One was the continued Asian harassments on

the eastern borders . Ikhnaton grew more indifferent as his religious

movement declined . After 17 years of heroic efforts, he passed in 1362

B.C ., leaving the reins to Tutankhamen . This stepson's efforts to carry

on the work of his father had only limited success . The old-time

religions still prevailed . Ikhnaton'5 impact on the nation, however, was

everlasting. His proposed reforms had more to do with a shift in

emphasis than in faith . But even this seems to have been regarded as a

direct threat to the powerful priesthood that, no matter how much

divided into numerous cults, could unite in a common cause .

The power of the priesthood rose as the kings of Egypt became more

preoccupied with secular affairs than with their religious role as high

priest of The Most High . It has been pointed out that the ruler's political

influence stemmed not from the constitution but from his close

relationship with the gods . The priests themselves had promoted the

evolution of an idea of the ruler's role as chief priest and intermediary

with the ancestral dead and the gods, to the idea of the ruler's kinship

with the gods, thereby becoming divine himself, the son or daughter of

a god, and, finally, a god himself .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:33pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]national affairs . She helped her son, Amenhotep, in the great work of

national reconstruction . If she did not reach the heights of the greatest

black queen of Egypt, Hatshepsut, it was only because the latter was a

queen absolute, ruling along as a king (to emphasize the point she often

dressed in royal male attire, including the false beard and wig) . But the

comparison is hardly fair because each was great in her field of work,

and that work was largely predetermined, and the role to be played by

each was clear . And that was why, in the end, both Nefertari and

Amenhotep I were deified as the founders of one of the world's greatest

line of rulers and some of the finest monuments were erected to their

memory. Had the people forgotten Ahmose, her husband, who was the
true founder?

Queen Hatsheput, daughter of Thutmose 1, was indeed a "man" in

many of her aggressive and unyielding characteristics as a ruler. As

regent for Thutmose 111, she tended to be an absolute ruler and, by

expertly relying on her feminine charms, she was able to have her own

way without a real check by the Council, something few African kings

could do successfully . But it was not all due to "feminine charms,"

perhaps not at all . For Hatshepsut was, in fact, one of the most brilliant

minds that ever ascended the throne of a nation . Her reign was in two

parts, one as regent and the other as reigning queen in her own right .

There was actually no difference, for Thutmose III was too young to

count . Even before becoming legal ruler, therefore, she was actively

pushing the things dearest to the hearts of all great African leaders : the

expansion of foreign trade, international diplomatic relations, perfection

of national defenses, vast public building programs, securing the

South and the North through either peace or war and, one of her "pet

projects," building a great navy for both commerce and war . Her success

on most of these fronts made her one of the giants of the race .

Meanwhile, the next Thutmose was waiting with increasing impatience

and frustration to succeed a woman who, to him at least, seemed

destined to live forever. The fact that his wife was the Queen's daughter

only increased the really morbid hatred of his royal mother-in-law .

Consequently, when he finally became King Thutmose III at last, he

himself did what Asians and Europeans were to do on a scale so grand

that the history of ancient Egypt, as essentially black history, was almost

completely obliterated . He undertook to erase her name from all the

monuments and temples she had built, destroying all documents bearing

her name, and smashing all sculptured likenesses, paintings and, indeed,[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:31pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]society . Contributing to its development on all fronts, they were not

disturbed when their leaders were expelled . There was the usual revival

of domestic industry, agriculture and foreign trade, along with the

expansions of imperial rule in Palestine and Syria to the Euphrates in

Mesopotamia . This expansion of empire and its promise of great wealth

from the accompanying expansion of trade meant renewal of the wars

against their black brothers holding the economically indispensable

South . This time the new and most powerful central government was

able to extend its rule farther south than ever ; that is, to the Fourth

cataract, almost to the Holy City of Napata itself.

For Western writers to state that obvious truth that the black rulers of

Egypt did not hesitate to wage wars against the black rulers of Southern

Ethiopia, to state this would have destroyed their biggest myth that the

Egyptians (white Asians or Coloureds) were always the conquering

heroes over the Blacks in the South . In short, as previously stated, these

wars did not always follow a racial pattern .

As would be expected under black rulers, Thebes was again

reorganized under the Eighteenth Dynasty and much of its ancient

grandeur restored . Temple building in the grand style was resumed .

The Eighteenth, like some of the previous African dynasties, was well

integrated with "loyal Asians ." For there were, it should be needless to

say, countless thousands of Asians who were wholeheartedly devoted to

the Blacks, just as there were thousands of Afro-Asians (Egyptians) as

loyal to the black race as any Black could possibly be . Therefore, when

an overall picture is presented, such as in my discussion of the attitudes

of Asians, Afro-Asians and Africans toward each other, one should

keep the always big exceptions in mind . Nothing is ever all-white, all-black

or, in this case, all half-white . In the case of the half-whites, the

record overflows with those who, contrary to the rule, hated the fact of

their white blood and stuck to the Blacks and their cause all the more

tenaciously. These are the kinds of outcomes that reflect the complexities

and variations of the human mind, and that make generalizations about

a whole people, if anything, ridiculous .

The "Great Eighteenth" had begun under the most favorable

circumstances, for one of the great black queens of Egypt, Nefertari, and

her equally famous husband, Ahmose 1, headed the dynasty. As was the

custom, she had been named after some of the distinguished queens of

similar name who had preceded her . None of them, however, ranked

near Nefertari of the Eighteenth in active participation and leadersip in[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:28pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]territory claimed at times for the Empire was so vast that even if there

had been efforts to consolidate states other than those directly north

and south, it would have been impossible in the absence of administrative

and communication systems for the task .

The war to bring Nubia under control started near the end of the

Eleventh Dynasty and went on for over four hundred years, ending in

defeat for southern blacks in the next dynasty, 1991-1786 B.C . This

period was notable for the further expansion of foreign trade, especially

in Palestine, Syria, and Punt, the "Golden Age" of the arts and crafts, a

vast program of land reclamation and marked improvements in
irrigation .

By repetition, one of the greatest of the "Great Issues" stands out .

With each and every mass invasion of the whites the physical characteristics

of the Egyptian people change more and more, becoming more

and more "caucasoid" as more and more Blacks tended to move

southward . When the white dynasties continued for several centuries,

as in the case of the "Children of Israel," Semitic caucasianization was

accelerated on an ever-widening scale . One of the signifiant ethnic

changes was that the only people then recognized as Egyptians (the

Afro-Asians) became more Asian-white in color, language and culture .

Upper Egypt was becoming less "black" Egypt . Thebes under white rule

was becoming a museum center for European and Asian collectors . So

by the time Herodotus and other Greek historians arrived, Ethiopia, as

an empire, extended only up to the First Cataract.

THE THIRD PERIOD
OF GREAT RULERS

But that time was still far away when Kamose, the last Theban king in

the Seventeenth Dynasty (1645-1567 B.C.), opened a full-scale War of

Liberation against the Hebrews and the greatest of the dynasties since

the Fourth had now arrived . This was the remarkable Eighteenth

Dynasty with a line. of kings and queens who became immortal:

Ahmose I, Nefertari, Amenhotep 11, Thutmose 1, Thutmose 11, Queen

Hatshepsut the Great, Amenhotep 111, Ikhnaton, the "Great Reformer,"

and Tutankhamen . It was called the "New Empire," and so it was in

fact. The Hyksos rule was broken and they were "expelled ." This,

however, could only apply to the rulers and their immediate followers .

The Hyksos masses were scattered over the country and permanently

settled as "Egyptians." They had become integrated into Egyptian[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:25pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]rise. On the other hand, no matter how black the pharaohs were, if

only for economic reasons Southern Ethiopia (Nubia or Cush or

Abyssinia) had to be more firmly integrated with the North . The South

was the real source of Egypt's wealth as it had been for Egypt's

civilization . The South actually had all Egypt at its mercy . The gold

mines were there and it was where the vast stone quarrying, copper,

and tin mining were conducted . From the South came most of the

papyrus plants from which the Blacks invented paper and built the first

and finest boats from the same tough leaves . The South had all the

ivory and, at that time, was the only source of the highly-prized ostrich

feathers, etc . In short, Egyptian foreign trade depended almost entirely

on Southern Ethiopia . Added to these economic imperatives, there was

an even greater danger felt in the North . This was the control of the

Nile, almost all of which, over 3,000 miles, flowed through Southern

Ethiopia .

Black Upper Egypt, being in the middle, was forced by circumstances

to play the leading role in the wars for unification in both directions and,

considering the many centuries over which they were intermittently

waged, they seemed destined to go on forever . It is noteworthy that all

these long drawn-out efforts at unification of an empire under a

centralized government were confined to the -directly indispensable

economic regions which were contiguous to each other .

Other "members" of the empire, even those who had long since

stopped paying tribute, were not disturbed . In fact, as I have been

indicating, "Ethiopian Empire" was often merely a geographical

expression insofar as effective rule over all of its supposed parts was

concerned . To keep the picture as clear as possible, we have to keep on

remembering that at various periods in ancient times, the "Land of the

Blacks" meant all Ethiopia, all Ethiopia meant all Africa, and all Blacks

were Africans or Ethiopians or Thebans, etc . There were numerous

independent states in the Western Land of the Blacks (Western Sudan)

that may have claimed a membership alliance with the Ethiopian

Empire as an expression of pride-nothing more than a symbolic

gesture to the great state that was the "Mother of the Race" and which

bore the race's name, Ethiopian .' In any event, the extent of the
--------------------------------------------------

Notes

1. It is well known, of course, that "Ethiopian" is the Greek rendering

of Black or the "sun-burnt people ."[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:20pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]ETHIOPIA SOUTH

But Ethiopia below the First Cataract did not return to the reunited

imperial fold in the North . As we have seen, the southern kingdoms did

not intend to return, Their defections had been going on, one right after

another, long before the general disorganization and rebellions during

the Sixth and Seventh Dynasties . Hostility to the Asian invasions was

always greatest in the southern regions . Many of the people claimed the

Asian-held areas as their ancestral home . They wanted Lower Egypt

conquered and the Asians driven out . Menes had achieved the great

victory, but the integration policies that followed were regarded as a

betrayal of the Blacks . They had lost faith in the black kings ruling from

Memphis, who not only favored integration, but promoted it . The

steady movement of the whites from the Delta into Upper Egypt itself

was proof enough for southern Blacks that the Asian aim was nothing

less than ultimate control of all Ethiopia . As the Asian presence and

influence spread in Upper Egypt, the withdrawal to the southern kingdoms

appeared to keep pace .

But why were the Blacks farthest away from the Asian threat so much

more concerned (or appeared to be) than those who still lived next door

to the enemy in Upper Egypt? Even the larger number of refugees from

Lower Egypt must have settled in Upper Egypt because the biggest

concentration of Blacks was there . This would have been the situation

around 2400 B.C . The answer may be that since Napata was regarded

as the unchanging capital and center of the black world, and not Nowe

(Thebes) of glorious memory, any threat to this sacred area (Land of the

Gods) was a threat to the survival of the race itself.

The first great southern division of the Ethiopian empire was the

kingdom of Wawat, and below that was the far greater kingdom of

Nubia which, like many other vast areas, while nominally a part of the

empire, was at various times independent . The age-old dream of all the

great kings, black, white, or mixed, was the consolidation of the

Northern and Southern regions; hence, the constant wars against Lower

Egypt and, now, again, Mentuhotep's war against Nubia . In both cases,

that of the Asians in the far North and the Blacks in the far South,

economics was the driving force. The hold on the seacoasts not only

blocked the Africans from world trade, but that fact enabled the Asians

and Coloureds to control the domestic economy indirectly as well . The

record shows that every time this Asian stranglehold was broken,

African foreign trade again flourished and national prosperity began to[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:32am On Feb 24, 2012

ETHIOPIA SOUTH

To be continued,

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:31am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]between two worlds, the black and the white, and that they were not

fully accepted in either. Nowhere did their Asian fathers and other

white kinsmen regard or accept them as equals, while the Blacks had

come to hate them as much as they hated the Blacks . Third, out of this

situation developed a passionate and defiant nationalism that restricted

the term "Egyptian" to Mulattoes alone . Henceforth, neither Asians or

Africans were to be called Egyptians . Indeed, the new breed began to

treat Asians as strangers and no longer welcomed them en masse even

in Lower Egypt. The Afro-Asians had apparently resolved that since

they could not belong to either the black or white race, they would be a

race by themselves, and in their own right-the Egyptian race . It

worked. Asians, if unmixed, were now called Asians, and Africans, if

unmixed, were called Africans or Ethiopians. They alone (the new

breed) would be called Egyptians, and the writers of the world would

follow this classification from Homer's time to this day . I shall use the

terms in the same way in all subsequent references . In the earliest

period "Egyptian" would have meant the Blacks ; later on it would have

meant Blacks and Afro-Asians . The white Asians were never called

Egyptians even when they ruled all Egypt . (Even the present day rulers

of the land are unhappy with the term and much prefer to be called

what they are : Arabs ; hence, the change of the official name of the

country from Egypt to the United Arab Republic .)

However, the increasing hostility to the . Asians was due to their

offsprings' resentment over being rejected as equals and having a lower

status in the society whenever white Asians were in control . Their

hostility to the Africans had been nurtured from birth and remained the

same. Yet they never failed to seek alliances with the Blacks when it

suited their purposes (just as they do today thru OAU), or to marry into

ruling African families to enhance and perpetuate their rule .

The Eleventh Dynasty was started with stronger black rulers,

beginning with Mentuhotep and followed by three kings of the same

name. Their rule was again limited to Upper Egypt, since the Asians

had reestablished their rule in Lower Egypt during the period of

nationwide turmoil and rebellions . Mentuhotep II, after restoring order

in Upper Egypt and promoting a rapid economic program, had turned

north to repeat Menes' great feat of conquering Lower Egypt again .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:26am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]Since there was no such program in the best of times, the "every-

province-for-itself" spirit was chaff before the storms of invasions . The

invaders had found it easy to establish another Asian capital, even at

Heracleopolis . This move, in view of the general trend throughout

Ethiopia, was thought to be taken at the most propitious time, when the

empire was falling apart and no one was in command . But Asian

assumption of imperial power and the establishment of their capital in

the center of the black world aroused the disorganized and leaderless

people to fury. And the Asians apparently had not take into account

Thebes, the seat of the blacks' war god and the place from where the

mightiest African armies always came . Of course, even with this

knowledge neither the Asians or anyone else would expect any threat

from Thebes in the present state of national chaos . But the Blacks had

always looked to Thebes in times of crisis, leaders or no leaders . They

did so now . Theben leaders emerged, and with them fighting men arose

to battle the Asians again . Heracleopolis fell to the Blacks ; but Asian

kings were able to hold Lower Egypt again and reestablish dynasties

there under Kheti I and his successors . Western historians refer to this

period as the First Intermediate Period, 2181-2040 B.C., and further

confused an already too confused situation by mixing the Asian rulers

of Lower Egypt with the African rulers of Upper Egypt, and then listing

all the dynasties sequentially so that from such an arrangement one

could not distinguish the white Asian dynasties, kings or pharaohs from

the Black . So the eleven Asian kings of Lower Egypt who followed Kheti

I appeared as "Kings of Egypt ."

We should pause at the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, 2133 B .C .,

because during the long 1,500 years covered by my brief summary one

of the most unusual socio-political phenomena occurred . It has been

referred to numerous times before in terms of its development, but now

the unexpected had happened. At this point we have passed fifteen

centuries of African-Asian amalgamation, at first largely in Lower Egypt,

but afterward more and more in black Upper Egypt . The Afro-Asian

offsprings were called the "new breed," the distinguishing characteristics

of which were devotion to Asians and hatred of Africans . Unless

this point is grasped, we may as well drop the study of African history

insofar as understanding fully the internal troubles of this race .

First, the Afro-Asians, or "Coloureds," had far outnumbered the

Asians in the northern population during the past 1,500 years . Second,

the Coloureds had become sensitively aware that they were suspended[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:22am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]expanded. Rebellions of various chiefdoms, seeking independence

from weak and weaker rulers at Memphis, also spread . Decentralization

became the order of the day-the day for which the Asians had been

patiently waiting so long . Under weak rulers at Memphis and the

breaking up of the country into small independent areas (nomarchies),

Asian penetration and expansion in the "Black Land" became the
norm.

Earlier, I referred to the African failure to employ the essentials of real

nation-building, and proposed certain criteria they generally fail to use .

When this is done our black students often protest that the "same is also

true of many non-African peoples ." They would like to take comfort in

this fact (for it is a fact) and forget the whole thing . But I am not now

dealing with these "other peoples ." I am concerned here only with

African life and history . The failures of one people should serve as a

warning of what to avoid, and not as a justification for similar failures by

another . The glaring weakness in the unification of the Ethiopian

empire was the absence of any national program for the development of

a national solidarity and a sense of national community and belonging

that aimed at overcoming the greater local or tribal loyalties .

To begin with, there were too many tributary states within the

empire . Their very reason for being a part of the empire was mainly

for tribute, their regular contributions to the imperial treasury . Such

states did not, and indeed, could not feel themselves to be integral parts

of the empire . Blinded by the wealth that was pouring into the national

treasury, the empire builders were unable to see or understand the

requirements of the human heart and spirit for the formation of

attitudes of love and devotion toward a national citizenship . We shall be

discussing the traditional African constitution later because every

expanding African kingdom and empire already had the guidelines

which the leaders thought applied only to small states or they felt

themselves to be so rich and powerful that the traditional constitutional

safeguards could be safely ignored. In the smaller states or tribal

societies the African constitutional system operated to promote and

support equal justice, individual and group welfare or social security,

and an undying loyalty to the group . The very scheme of social

organization assured all this . Group solidarity became a natural

development . An almost fierce spirit of brotherhood and sisterhood

prevailed in all tribal states . The work of expanding this spirit as the

nation expanded was rarely undertaken .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:20am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]The other event to be awaited with patience was the passing of so

many great African leaders and the coming of weaker ones . This was an

historic certainty unless cycles of past developments were to be no more .

But time seemed slower and longer during the first five dynasties,

each of which was characterized by great leaders, a period of seven

hundred and fifty-five years . The roll call brings forth names that still

resound through the corridors of time : Menes, Athothes, Peribsen,

Khasekhem, Imhotep, Zoser, Sneferu, Khufu, Khafre, Userkaf,

Neferefre, and others who reestablished Ethiopian power as a united

empire and held it without a serious challenge for almost a thousand

years .

During this period, active foreign trade and expanded contacts with

other countries were now possible . Internal stability was achieved

through a process of increased centralization of power at Memphis and

the perfection of the bureaucracy of the vast imperial administration .

The state became the chief promoter and inspirer of progress on all

fronts : agriculture, industrial development, science, the arts, engineering,

massive building programs, mining and shipbulding . The rapid rise and

expansion of numerous crafts, each an organized secret society,

stimulated the remarkable industrial and building developments .

Internal peace and stability provided the opportunity for the outpouring

of much dormant native genius, and religion was the chief motivating

source . Every craft society had its own patron sub-god (not to be

confused with the Supreme God) . It was during this same period that

stone was first used in building, hieroglyphic writing was first invented,

the great pyramids were built, stone quarrying perfected and expanded

and Imhotep became the world's greatest architect and the "Father of

Scientific Medicine ." It was seven and a half centuries of the most

glorious pages in the history of the black world .

There was a concentration of some of the greatest leaders in the

Fourth Dynasty, 2613-2494 B .C . Thereafter, fewer and fewer of the

great kings appeared to stem the disorganization that was clearly

developing near the close of the Sixth Dynasty . The most notable

achievement was doubtless the compilation of the Palermo Stone

Annals, a work of great historical importance .

The Old Kingdom ended with this dynasty . The great wealth of the

nation, continued international commerce and internal progress overshadowed

the accelerating disintegration in the country . Conflicts

between the religious cults battling for more and more political power[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:17am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]between the two races were over the unification and control of the Two

Lands . These struggles apparently had been going on since the Asian

incursions began in prehistoric times . And it was not just the control of

all Egypt to the First Cataract that was involved, but unification and rule

of the whole Ethiopian empire from the Mediterranean Sea to the very

source of the Nile. This great design and all-consuming objective

throughout the history of Africa must be understood if, for example,

one is to understand why even black pharaohs of Egypt carried the wars

into the heartland of their own race, trying to subdue a rebellious

Nubia, Wawat or Cush . Southern separatist movements and rebellions

spread as Asian influence and integration spread in the North .

Viewing the outcome from the long perspective of history, Menes'

great victory over the Asians, the union of the white and black lands,

and the subsequent policy of trying to promote brotherhood through

integration, all this turned out to be not a victory for the Blacks, but the

beginning of their ultimate downfall and almost permanent degradation

as a people . It has been pointed out that up to the time of Menes' victory

over them, the Asians were rather firmly held behind a border line

along the 29th parallel . Few were allowed in the all-black regions of

Upper Egypt. With unification the situation radically changed in that

the gates to the South were now open to people who already held a

fourth of the country . The black masses were therefore apprehensive

about the new unification policies, and the general hostility to the

Asians checked any immediate and widespread infiltrations southward .

But time was on the side of the whites whose most commendable

attributes are tactful persistence when overt, aggressive action is for the

moment inexpedient, and their careful planning for their future

generations with what appears to be more interest in the future welfare

of their descendants than they are in the living . In Lower Egypt they

could bide their time and overcome the triumphant Blacks in many

ways. Asian kings in Lower Egypt, now dethroned, still had a direct

power over the Blacks through the "New Brotherhood of integration

and amalgamation. The African matrilineal system made the Asian

route to the African throne easy when compared with the generally

patrilineal system of the whites . All the Asian kings had to do, whether

in Lower Egypt or on the Asian continent, was to promote the marriage

of royal males to the oldest sisters of African kings . The first-born male

in such a carriage, though Afro-Asian, would be the number one

candidate far the throne .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:14am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]promoting the welfare of the whole people . To such a family the

Africans gave permanent leadership status as long as descendent

candidates qualified for it . Westerners called this the "royal family ." But,

again, the "royal family" concept was unknown to traditional Africa

where the chief or "king" was the chief representative of the people

before God and man, and at once the personifications of the people's

dignity and the instrument for carrying out their will . Much confusion

and trouble developed (and still exist) all over the continent because

Africans generally accepted Western and Asian expressions without

accepting their underlying ideas . Hence, an African king who attempted

to be an absolute monarch or "oriental dictator" generally found himself

in trouble rather quickly .

THE "BLACKOUT" IN REVIEW

The conversion of names in Egypt was on such a universal scale that

its African origin and character were changed as much as it was

humanly possible to do . Small political units or states, which Europeans

styled as chiefdoms in other parts of Africa, became nomarchies in

Egypt .

Since Asians and some Europeans were heavily concentrated in

Lower Egypt, it became relatively easy for them to appropriate exclusively

for themselves not only the name "Egyptian," but also all achievements

by the Blacks in Upper Egypt and the rest of the Ethiopian

empire . Holding the seacoasts and thus blocking' African contact with

the rest of the world, these "White Egyptians" were able to perpetuate

the myth so successfully that even today many remarkable achievements

by Blacks elsewhere over the continent are attributed to "Egyptian influence.''

There is something amusing here too . For when they refer to

"Egyptian influence" on African institutions they are in fact pointing out

black influence on black institutions throughout Africa . No one but a

fool would deny Asian and European influence in Egypt and elsewhere

in Africa . This is a fact that is obvious, but not more obvious than the

nature of that influence as it was discussed in part before . It can be

singled out and separated from the basic institutions of the Blacks as

easily as we can separate Islam and Christianity form the traditional

African religion .

Another predynastic situation to keep in mind concerns government

in the Two Lands. All Asians had their kings in Lower Egypt and the

Blacks had their kings in Upper Egypt . The long drawn-out wars[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:08am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]Egypt: The Rise
and Fall of Black Civilization

WE MAY NOW REVIEW AND SUM UP THIS LONG PERIOD,

beginning with an outline of some important developments that

highlight factors in the rise and fall of the Blacks and a further discussion

of those factors . Let us therefore begin at the beginning where some of

those misterpretations were simply due to ignorance .

This takes us back to the predynastic period of about 4500 B .C.,

certainly not the beginning, but quite far enough . Many writers refer to

the "kingless" periods before centralized states as the rule of nobles,

oligarchies or hierarchies, etc . From the beginning, therefore, the

Westerners applied Western concepts to quite different African

institutions . Later they described the same kind of societies as "chiefless"

or, worse, "stateless ." They did not understand the African constitutional

system of real self-government by the people through their representatives,

the Council of Elders . Nor did they seem to understand that the

Chief Elder, or Chief, was also the Chief Priest or that the other elders

also had religious functions in connection with their respective clans .

During the predynastic period under discussion, they were neither

oligarchies nor hierarchies as these terms are understood in the West . In

fact, the Western conception of kingship was foreign to traditional

Africa . What the West called "king" was, in Africa, the same senior elder

who had to be elected and presided at the Council of Elders ; and, then,

only if he had had the honor of belonging to a family whose ancestors

had either founded the state or had been the most outstanding in[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:05am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]ruling dynasty at that time . Being the center of black power, it was a

main object for destruction by non-African invaders and, after they had

achieved control, they established new capitals elsewhere . The importance

of the city that had been the envy of the world was ignored, and

many of its cultural activities were transferred elsewhere . No white

pharaoh could feel either comfortable or safe in the center of one of the

most heavily populated areas of Blacks in the empire . The colored

Egyptians generally felt the same way . Thebes was also eclipsed at times

by the bulding programs of Black kings in their drive to advance from

the very old to the very new, and also for the purpose of securing a more

effective centralized administration . The building of Memphis was for

this purpose . On the other hand, Piankhi and his successors in the

Twenty-Fifth Dynasty apparently preferred the capital city of Napata in

the deep South over both Thebes and Memphis . Was this because the

Holy City of Napata was like Meroe, the one great all-black city that had

never been defiled by the conquerors' hands? We may so speculate . It is

clear, however, that Thebes reflected the shifts in power more directly,

whether or not the shifts were occasioned by internal or external forces .

It declined as Memphis rose during the Dynasties I, II, III, IV and V

(3100-2345 B.C .) . These were the first five African lineages to rule after

the reunification . There was a further decline of Thebes after the Fifth

Dynasty, and again for internal reasons of a quite different nature .

Suffice it to say that after the period during which there was an active

policy of integrating Africans and Asians through the Memphis capital

on their dividing line (the border between Upper and Lower Egypt),

native kings generally sought to restore to its ancient glory the city so

dear to the hearts of the Blacks .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:04am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]But, we have to remind ourselves constantly, racism as we know it today

was practically non-existent . When an ancient people boasted of their

superiority over another nationality group, the terms of reference were

conquest, political rule, and some kind of myth to legitimize that rule .

When the fortunes of war enabled one white nation to enslave the

entire population of another white state, no one believed that the

conquered people were actually, that is, innately inferior to the

conquerors . Neither did the relatively backward Asian whites who

invaded Egypt consider themselves superior to the black builders of the

civilization they found there .

The emphasis has been on the Thebald as all Upper Egypt, Upper

Egypt as Upper Ethiopia, and Thebes (Nowe) as its most ancient city

and one of the very earliest centers of black civilization . We have said

that the ancient whites so regarded it . The Greek historian, Erathosthenes,

refers to Menes as "The Theban" and first king of Thebes

(meaning the Thebald or Upper Egypt when it was united with Lower

Egypt, and the beginning of the First Dynasty (3100 B .C .) . The same

historian noted that Menes' reign of sixty-two years was one of the

longest in history, and that of his nephew, Atothones, ran a close

second, fifty-nine years .

During this early period, before Memphis was founded, "The City of

a Hundred Gates" spread six square miles over both sides of the

Nile . It was also the "City Beautiful," being called by more different

glorifying names than any city known to the ancient world . Its widest

avenues, lined with sphinxes, temples, palaces and monuments, could

accommodate an array of colorful chariots, twenty abreast . It was also

"The Two Cities," or "The City of the Living" and "The City of the

Dead ." One was on the east side of the river and the other was on the

west side . Each vied with the other in a race for magnificence . Palaces

and mansions were largely concentrated on the East Bank . Temples,

being everywhere, were about as numerous in the "City of the Living"

as in the "City of the Dead" on the West Bank where the mortuary

temples of kings and queens were located, along with the various

religious cults, and houses of priests, craftsmen, soldiers and the masses .

The West Bank was such a beehive of industrial, commercial and

religious activities that "City of the Dead," even though it refers to its

famous burial places, is nevertheless a very misleading name . Thebes'

status as the capital city and center of imperial activities rose and

declined, with few exceptions, according to the race or nationality of the[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:59pm On Feb 23, 2012

[b]told a story, the dance also recorded a message, appealed for spiritual

aid from God and ancestors, expressed joy for successful harvest,

hunting, victories in war or forms of prayer to ward off the evil spirits

that always sought to overcome the good . Sickness is one of these evils,

hence, the association of medicine with the spiritual forces for good .

The ritual for appealing to a Power beyond man is called "magic" by

Westerners, that is, if they are discussing Africa . Exactly the same belief

and practice are called "divine healing" in Christiandom .

The great civilization of the Blacks which for countless ages was

centered around Nowe (Thebes) did not just happen . Progress does not

happen automatically . Every forward step made by these early Blacks

was made, you might even say forced,, by the imperatives of what had

to be done to survive . Bear in mind that spiritual survival was more

important than physical, a concept the modern world is not expected to

understand at all .

The development of writing is not explained by the simple statement

of a "need to communicate ." The idea of permanence seemed to

motivate the drawing of pictures and symbols which were man's first

step toward the art of writing . Significantly, the scribes arose in the holy

temples . And this is why so many inscriptions of historical importance

have been found there, on walls, altars and on colonnades. The world's

oldest city, with the greatest number of temples that were also the

oldest, must have been the place where the largest mass of historical

data would have been found, had not the plunderers from different

countries destroyed, stolen, and carried away so much of it . Here we

need not be as much concerned with further testimony such as that of

Diodorus affirming that the Thebans were the oldest (first) men on

earth, according to their tradition, and that they also originated the

systems of philosophy and astrology . We need not be as much concerned

about their antiquity, which was already well-established, as we are

about the loss of so much of the additional evidence concerning the

development of philosophy and the beginning of the space science of

astrology .

Ancient Greek scholars, through Herodotus, referred to the completion

of their education in Ethiopia with pride and, it appears, as a

matter of course . So much has been built up against the black race since

those far away times that it will be difficult for many people of today to

realize that whites of the ancient world did not seem to regard the

question of Ethiopia as the principal center of learning as even debatable .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:56pm On Feb 23, 2012

[b]curtains of time, shrewd leaders saw the overriding mystery of religion

as a controlling force in the lives of men . It appears that in almost all

societies religion was recognized not only as the principal means of social

control, but the equally certain source of economic wealth and political

authority . From the chieftain's role of offering prayers and sacrifices to

the gods, the steps to his own claim of kinship with the deities were easy

enough. For who can gainsay one who is in exclusive communication

with the Almighty? Although divine kinship was never widespread

over the continent, it seems to be true that the ideas and practices of the

divine despots of the Orient did penetrate and influence a number of

African kingdoms .

The point of all this is that religion made the people submissive and

obedient, all the more so if their ruler was given a superhuman role such

as kinship with the gods and the protecting ancestors . For did this not

mean then that rulers held all the keys to Heaven? Indeed, the chiefs

and kings had evolved into the very instruments of the peoples'

salvation.

The state's income from religion stemmed from the requirement of

sacrificial offerings from the people . This might be from ten to fifty

percent of what each individual produced or earned . But where the

traditional constitutional law of the Blacks prevailed, the people

willingly contributed from their means for a quite non-religious reason :

The central treasury belonged to the people and was maintained for the

people's welfare, not only for public projects but for the relief of each

and every individual in distress whose needs could not be met by his

family or clan . However, African constitutional law received its first

blow in Egypt in the wake of numerous invasions and foreign rule,

followed later by its almost complete destruction by Muslim and

European conquests .

The ancient religion that gave birth to science and learning, art,

engineering, architecture-the resources for a national economy and

political control-that same religion wars the mother of history, writing,

music, the healing art, the song and the dance .

The first historians were the professional story-tellers and traveling

singers . Both recounted the deeds of leaders, important events such as

wars and migrations, and how and by whom the society or state was

founded . Poetry and music were the cireations of the people in general

and, like the dance, came so easily that they seemed to be a natural

heritage of everyone . As the various musical instruments and singing[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:52pm On Feb 23, 2012

[b]Europe and Asia seized and transported from Africa as much of the

artifacts of its civilization as they could . Cambyses, for example, as early

as the sixth century B.C ., hauled away over $100,000,000 of precious

historical materials from Thebes alone . Cambyses was only one of

countless thousands who invaded the tomb repositories of black history

during each of the many periods of foreign invasions and foreign rule .

For these tombs not only contained valuable historical records in

different forms, but also great treasures in gold and precious stones . In

these cases, the historical records were generallydestroyed incidentally,

and not deliberately . The raids on graves and the great tombs were for

the great treasures to be found there . But the stolen gold and other

treasures were of no importance when compared with the mass of

priceless historical materials that are scattered over Europe and Asia,

some in museums, some destroyed or thrown away, all from from the

heartland of black civilization . Today the descendants of the robbers

still smugly declare, "The Blacks never had any worthwhile history ; if so,

where are their records?"

The still interesting fact about Thebes is that many of its formerly

great temples were prehistoric ruins even five thousand years ago . The

most ancient temple at Karnak, for example, in what was the center of

Nowe, goes back beyond the reach of man's records . No other city on

earth ever had so many temples, and even today there are more ruins of

temples there than anywhere in the world . Because of the splendor of

their architectural designs and the colossal size of the structures, they,

like the pyramids, became wonders of the world . Religion was not-only

the immediate occasion for the development of art and architecture, but

it also inspired the drive for bigness, the grand design on a scale as huge

as human skill and effort could achieve . Nothing less was befitting of the
gods .
The keepers of the temples of Thebes and elsewhere became a

powerful priesthood, thus indirectly reducing the power and influence

of chiefs and kings who, in traditional Africa, derived their real powers

as the official intermediaries between the gods, sainted ancestors and

the people . If an African king or chief had any real political power, it

was acquired either by virtue of his religious functions or because of the

prestige of being a great general and victorious warrior. Otherwise, the

Council was the constitutional center of power.

Moreover, religion became the basis of political power in a subtle and

much more far-reaching sense . For back behind the impenetrable[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:49pm On Feb 23, 2012

[b]copied by other cities of the world . If the Blacks of today want to

measure the distance to the heights from which they have fallen, they

need go no farther than Nowe (Thebes) .

THEBES AND THE
ROLE OF RELIGION

The "Mother of Cities," as it was called, was one of the chief centers of

religion in Africa . The Blacks were a very religious people and had quite

a number of religious cities, each one under the special patronage of a

god, goddess or any number of deities . The gods and goddesses of

Thebes were among the most important because their city was so

important. Because religion to the Africans was far more than ritual

reflecting beliefs, but a reality reflected in their actual way of life,

religion from the earliest times became the dynamic force in the

development of all the major aspects of black civilization .

The belief in immortality was a simple matter of course, and beyond

the realm of debate .

This belief in life after death was the great inspiration for building on

so grand a scale, attempting to erect structures that would stand forever .

Necessity, therefore, gave birth to the mathematical sciences required

for building the amazing pyramids and the architectural designs for the

most elaborate system of temple-building the world has ever known . As

the City of Amon, the King of the Gods, and of his wife, the great

goddess Mut, the temples and monuments to them alone had to be on a

massive scale . There was also the war god of Thebes, the source of the

power of the mightiest armies, the proudest and most fearless warriors .

From this center of the empire alone, 20,000 war chariots could be put

into the field . The hierarchy of deities not only included numerous

lesser gods and goddesses, but also a long line of venerated former

kings, queens and ancestors . All of this not only inspired endless temple

building at Thebes but also a concentration on attaining the highest

standards of excellence. This in turn called for reflective thinking,

invention and discovery . Many of the temples were what we would call

colleges, as the different fields of study were temple-centered . Here

scholars from foreign lands came to study, and from here, religious ideas

and architectural designs spread abroad . The early Greeks and Romans

eagerly copied from both, reshaped them and made them integral parts

of an "original" Western culture . During periods of decline or conquests,[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:47pm On Feb 23, 2012

[b]means `The Black Land' with 'Chem' (Egypt) which also means `The

Black Land,' for Pliny suggests that in the case of Egypt `black' refers to

the soil rather than the people And so it goes .

Throughout the study of the black man's history we may find

ourselves constantly misled or puzzled if we forget that practically all the

names and terms in use are not African names and terms, but Greek,

Roman, Arabic, Anglo-Saxon, etc . Some of the more recent pre-

European and pre-Asian-African names, however, have been rediscovered.

One of these earlier names for Thebes was the No, the Na-

Amun of the Bible and ancient Hebrew writers . But the African name

was Wo'se and, like the Greek Thebald, referred to all Upper Ethiopia

or Upper Egypt . The Blacks also made the distinction between Wo'se,

the Thebald and Nowe (Thebes), the University City . Another point of

the highest importance here is that the African name for Thebes not

only comes from the South, as Nims points out, but the name itself is

the name of the imperial scepter of Ethiopia, a golden staff ribboned

with ostrich feathers at the top . Here, then, is a single name that, all by

itself, gives far-reaching insights into the history of the Blacks . And this

is why I have urged that, high up on the list of research fields yet to be

explored, there should be one devoted to the rediscovery of African

names and their meaning . For, obviously, much of the African past was

rather effectively blotted out by blotting out African names along with

other indexes to black achievements .

The determination of ancient African names and their meaning will

spearhead a real Black Revolution because it will lead directly to the

emancipation of our still enslaved minds . It will be the great intellectual

reawakening of a people whose world outlook through Caucasian eyes

has been dimmed . I cannot now, for example, switch to the use of the

African names I know in this discussion . I must continue to say Thebes,

not Wo'se or Nowe . The reasons are obvious . But if the kind of

suggested research is done, the next generation of black writers will be

using African terms freely and understandably, and with maps redrawn

to show places with their own original names .

But let us never forget the central fact about Thebes, not even for a

moment. For if the Blacks had never left a single written record of their

past greatness, that record would still stand, defying time, in the

deathless stones of Thebes, of her fallen columns from temples,

monuments, and her pyramids ; a city more eternal than Rome because

its foundation was laid before the dawn of history, and its plan was that[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:39pm On Feb 23, 2012

[b]therefore, could mean the whole of black Egypt or the "University

City," depending on the inflection of the voice ; (4) that the Asian whites

were held rather firmly in the Delta region they occupied in Lower

Egypt until the unification of the Two Lands under Menes ; and (5) that

the much heralded "Egyptian dynasties" were African-founded and

were nothing more nor less than the African traditional lineage system,

matrilineal in character except when it was made patrilineal after Asian

conquests or the great Egyptian transformation .

I have said that the confusion in African history did not develop

accidentally or because of a long series of unfortunate circumstances .

The confusion seems to have been deliberately contrived . All specialists

on ancient Egypt whose works we have examined were quite familiar

with all the facts presented here . I present nothing here that would be

new to them, for so much of it is their own findings .

Consider how much confusion and misinterpretations would have

been avoided if they had stated the well-established fact that the

Ethiopian empire still included most of Egypt even after the Asian

occupation of the Delta, that it extended southward over northern

Abyssinia (present-day Ethiopia), and that states such as Wawat, Nubia,

Cush, etc . were, like Egypt, lesser divisions of that vast empire . Even in

the works where this is presented in various and sundry ways, you will

not find a single map showing the extent of the Ethiopian empire .

To present maps of ancient Ethiopia, of course, would have defeated

all major efforts to destroy or disguise the most significant aspects of

African history . All honors must go to the ancient Greek and Roman

historians who did not seem to know what racism is, certainly not as it

developed in modern white civilization . They, in dealing with Africa,

simply "told it like it was ." Pliny, Herodotus, Diodorus, Erastosthenes,

Plutarch, et al ., along with the Bible, all refute the interpretations of

African history by modern Caucasians . They eagerly quote the ancient

historians as first-line authorities, but attack them whenever and

wherever their records upset the premises upon which modern racism is

built . In such cases the Western scholar feels so absolute and infallible in

his wealth-centered power and control over science and education that

on those points he does not choose to accept, he will dismiss the "Father

of History" with "Here Herodotus must be read with caution . He is

known to have made errors . He did not travel very much in Africa ;

or " . . .It is very likely that Diodorus was relying on oral tradition

here ; or " . . .They may have confused the Greek `Ethiopia' which[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:34pm On Feb 23, 2012

[b]painting in a tomb at Thebes, the oldest city of the Blacks . The picture

shows "Negroes presenting tribute . . . " to the chief minister of Thutmose

III. If one did not know that all the Thutmoses were of an African

lineage, he would naturally conclude that Egyptian civilization was in

fact a Caucasian civilization, and the Blacks, where they appear on the

scene at all, were in a distinctly inferior role . Were not the paintings

conclusive evidence of this? Look at their scanty, almost barbarous

attire!

THE CITY OF A HUNDRED GATES

References have been made to Thebes, and they may have seemed to

be almost passing references . Yet Thebes was the most important single

city in the entire history of the black people . The whole series of lectures

could be properly based on Thebes . The history of Black Africa might

well begin at Thebes . For this was truly the "Eternal City of the Blacks"

that presented the most compelling evidence that they were the builders

of the earliest civilization in Chem, later called Egypt, as well as the great

civilization in the South . The foundation of Thebes, like the black state

of which it was the center, goes back so far in prehistory that not even a

general stone age period can be suggested .

This city is another example of what was meant when I suggested

earlier that research workers should not shun the "enemy" authorities

because they themselves inevitably present factual data that contravene

positions previously taken . I am not speaking about those scholars who

present the various conflicting theories and viewpoints of the different

schools of thought . It should be needless to say that this is desirable, or

that reference is not made to such writers . But reference was made to

those historians who espoused such doctrines as that of an indigenous

white African society before the arrival of the Blacks in Africa while,

later on, unwittingly showing that such could not have been the case .

So, almost all are forced by the evidence to concede in one place or

another,, and often in very guarded or ambiguous language, that : (1)

The Blacks were also called Thebans because (2) all Upper Egypt was

for centuries called the Thebald after its greatest city, Thebes, and its

people, the black Thebans ; (3) that the "Thebald" also referred to the

city itself as the intellectual center of Black Africa, the chief seat of

learning, of science, religion, engineering and the arts . "Thebald,"[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:30pm On Feb 23, 2012

[b]amusing, even though it is at the same time the tragedy of an unabated

twentieth century assault on the Blacks .

The discovery that the earliest civilization and, therefore, the most

advanced nation was in Africa led white scholars to do a quick turnabout .

Going far beyond transforming the indigenous people into whites, they

made Africa the birthplace of the entire human race and, to please God,

rushed back to Noah's sons again for a theory of racial origins and

dispersions-but now from Africa-over the earth . Western scholars, in

the absence of solid facts, do not hesitate to use myths and legends if

these serve their purposes . So in addition to the legend of how the

different races came to be and then migrated, we also have quoted the

Egyptian legend of how the god Turn assigned colors to the various

groups .

Sir Gardner, in his three volumes on ancient Egypt, follows the same

well-known line about Egyptians as Caucasians . In this he is quite in

step with most Western and Asian writers on the subject . Indeed, in

addition to the "evidence" cited above, he relies also on Caucasian

features in certain Egyptian monuments, portraits, etc . The head

carvings, pictures and other representations of people are quite true,

depending on the period in which the work was done . Was it done

during the long era of classical representations when all portraits were of

standardized form? The subject was idealized in an artistic attempt to

make him look quite different than he actually was . In fact, a true

representation of the individual was considered vulgar . The complementary

question is, were the wall paintings and similar depictions done

during the periods of Caucasian ascendency (Asian and Afro-Asian)?

For during these periods both African and Afro-Asian ruling and upper

classes were classed as Asians or Caucasians and a sharp distinction was

made between themselves and the non-integrating Blacks . The stylized

paintings also show the Blacks in the same unvarying patterns . The first

known revolt against this ancient system of classical art came during

Ikhnaton's religious reforms in the fifteenth century B .C.8

Anyone examining these early paintings will readily see why African

history is so confused and so often misleading . One example is a wall
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes

8 . Khafre actually broke the tradition in the 4th dynasty . But the

"Negroid" features in the Sphinx did not change the classical style .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:21pm On Feb 23, 2012

@ Rossikk,

You have said it all. I thank you for acknowledging my efforts in posting it like this, it is for the greater benefit of blacks. The efforts of Chancellor Williams shall never go in vain.

I thank you also for giving credence to this great book.

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:10pm On Feb 23, 2012

[b]Egypt was developing into "The New Empire" and, during the same

dynasty in which the Hyksos had been expelled, she struck back by

conquering both the Hyksos homeland and Syria and extending those

conquests to the Euphrates . It should be noted that the greatest Hebrew

invasion of Egypt occurred about 600 years before Moses and the
Captivity .

One reason why the great issues in African history must be both

reviewed and expanded is that anyone who dares to challenge the prevailing

and widely held viewpoints is in a position far more precarious

than that of little David facing the towering and mightily armed Goliath .

Here an almost universal army of giants, standing steadfastly in defense

of the "Africanist" ideologies they have developed, must be combatted .

To this end, I review positions already stated in order to be crystal clear,

and I expand by introducing additional facts on the same subject .

Indeed, I might be properly accused of overemphasizing one point on

which most scholars are already agreed : the great antiquity of African

civilization . But the greatest of all issues lies here in the general agreement

that at the very earliest period known to mankind, an African civilization

in the areas later called the Sudan and Egypt was fully developed, with

"all the arts of civilized life already matured," its beginning being placed

so far into the early history of the world that it is beyond the reach of

man. Since the most compelling evidence forced scholars to these

conclusions in recent times, the prevailing racist theories of history

created a very real dilemma : How, in view of civilization's beginning in

the Land of the Blacks, can one explain their role in world history?

Having successfully degraded the black race throughout the world and

supported the degradation with their "science" and religion, how may

one explain that this same black race was the first builder of the very

civilization of which the Caucasians themselves are heirs?

White scholarship solves such problems very neatly, and without a

blink of an eye . In this case they very simply put the white man in Africa

before the black man! And, apparently not feeling secure enough with

this, they overrode geography itself and "took Egypt out of Africa,"

making it a part of the Asian Middle East! Laughter and tragedy . For, of

course, a racism so extreme that it becomes ridiculous also becomes[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:03pm On Feb 23, 2012

[b]richest region in mineral resources . The long war against Nubia began

during the Eleventh Dynasty and went on year after year without

success. A very real problem now was the attitude of the black troops

from Thebes toward a war against their brothers in the South . In any

event, no progress in overcoming the South was made at all until the

power center at Thebes was moved to Al Fayyum in the Twelfth

Dynasty . Even then the war dragged on for another fifty years before

the region bordering on Egypt (called Lower Nubia) was brought under
control.

Henceforth, the country from the First Cataract to the Mediterranean

was definitely called Egypt and the country from the First Cataract

southward was definitely called Ethiopia, Nubia, Cush etc .

The end of the Twelfth Dynasty in 1786 B .C . ended nearly three and

one half centuries of great leaders and, therefore, great progress . Yet,

once again, the cycle of disaster returned with the Thirteenth Dynasty .

Mental pygmies sat on the thrones once occupied by giants . Nearly two

centuries of internal strife and decay followed . Lower Egypt, of course,

had quickly become independent again for the third time . This meant

an increased and unrestricted flow of Asians into the country . A period

of turmoil was also the opportune time for great armed invasions .

Among these invaders were the Hyksos, the "Children of Isreal,"

according to the historian Josephus . This invasion of Egypt in 1720 B .C .

was ruthless and aimed at nothing less than the extermination of the

Egyptian people and their replacement by the Isrealites . They did not

succeed in this, but settled down to rule the country as the Thirteenth

and Sixteenth Dynasties and stayed on as a powerful influence for over

400 years . The important point here is that Semites poured into Egypt

following its conquest by fellow tribesmen, and that this still further

advanced the Asiatic character of the Egyptians . Hyksos power was

broken during the Eighteenth Dynasty and many were expelled en

masse . They returned to Palestine and founded Jerusalem . Meanwhile,
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Notes

7 . Some writers say that they were Arabs and that their rule lasted

about 250 years .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 10:52pm On Feb 23, 2012

[b]even know what was going on in the country . This uncommonly long

reign made the Sixth Dynasty the introduction to the era of chaos . This

was the period of simultaneous dynasties of Asian, Libyan, and Theban

"pharaohs" and several different capitals . There were so many kings

during the Eighth, Ninth and Tenth dynasties with very short "reigns"

that many of their names are unknown .

Finally, the line of African kings ruling from Thebes first overcame

the other powerful Asian dynasty in Upper Egypt that was centered at

Heracleopolis and proceeded with the awful task of uniting the empire

again . Strong rulers had begun to emerge again in 2133 B.C. So the

Eleventh Dynasty of the great Mentuhoteps began 93 years before the

Tenth Dynasty ended, a further illustration of points previously made .

Mentuhotep II was probably the greatest of Eleventh Dynasty kings .

It was he who undertook to settle the white Asian problem forever by

reversing the policy of integration and expelling them from Lower

Egypt . Historians of the period write that he did "expel the Asians" from

the Delta in 2040 B .C . This, too, is misleading . While he did indeed

conquer Lower Egypt again, and probably believed that reunification

with the black South would be easier if he first drove the Asians out, he

was now 1000 years too late for such a task . The Asians could not be

expelled en masse in any event, for all Lower Egypt was overwhelmingly

an Asian population and had been so for centuries beyond record .

Nobody knows at what point in time they became the dominant people

there . What Mentuhotep did was to put the government to flight, along

with its army and other known supporters . Besides, the Asians were

now dispersed all through the provinces of Upper Egypt .

The compelling reason for the reconquest of the Delta was always

economic. In fact "race" itself was an economic factor . When Asians

controlled, a commercial blockade kept Blacks from direct world trade

and international relations in general . Therefore, the second reunification

in 2040 B.C. ushered in another "golden age" in black history . African

ships of commerce sailed the seas again, nation-wide reconstruction was

pushed and the revival of learning, science, the arts and crafts marked

the Eleventh and Twelfth dynasties. The most important lesson the

black world could learn from its history is that there was an economic

development base for each and every advance .

Meanwhile, the Blacks concentrated in the South had firmly fixed the

dividing line between themselves and their brothers in Upper Egypt at

the First Cataract . This, too, meant war, because the South was the[/b]

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