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Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:36pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]had ultimately surrendered to despair and retrogression, but a period of

African power, high civilization and a greatness respected and feared by

the ancient world . Even after the onslaught by the Assyrians and their

allies, the Africans were to rebuild, from the new capital city of Meroe, a

civilization greater than the one just destroyed .

There were many lesser states and countless small chiefdoms in the

vast land mass that began where the effective control by Ethiopia
ended .

Through all these milleniums of ups and downs, of trials and errors,

of great victories and disastrous defeats, through it all the central drive

of this once-black land was in the direction of consolidation and

progress . Tribes were united into one nation either voluntarily or, that

failing, by force . Strong armies were maintained to protect and expand

their civilization . The retaking of that part of the homeland that

extended north alone the Nile to the Mediterranean was at once the

deathless dream, the impassioned goal, and the cornerstone of their

foreign policy . These Africans battled the invading Asians decade after

decade and century after century until their resistance to conquest and

enslavement extended over four thousand years .

From ancient days, therefore, the Africans had had, in the very center

of the heartland on the continent, a history from which their posterity

could learn how unity alone provided the condition for strength and

progress, and that each one of a thousand little "independent" chiefdoms

were but a standing invitation to the aggressors and the ultimate

domination of all . Why did the Africans fail to take this message of

salvation as a revealed truth from their own history? What dimmed

civilization's light on Barkal Hill and caused an ultimate withdrawal to

the bush and the scattering of people hither and yon like hunted beasts?

Why did Africans begin to retire from the race with other advancing

peoples and fall so far behind that even the memory of former greatness

could not inspire a revival because that memory had been almost

completely blotted out? I have been detailing some of the answers

throughout, and in later chapters we shall explore further answers to

questions raised .

We now cross to the west bank of the Nile and journey farther south

~to the city of Meroe . It is the eighth century B .C., and the move to

Meroe was simply a move to what was already the southern capital, only

now, instead of having two capital cities in the South, there would be

only one .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:33pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]cope with the interminable struggle for power among the Asians,

Egyptians and other incursive groups . In these cycles of consolidation

followed by fragmentation into numerous chiefdoms and principalities,

Egypt mirrored the results of the human power craze not only in Africa

but generally throughout the world . Yet in the long view of her history,

Egypt's overall record was one of consolidation and unity that, at times,

was not seriously broken for a thousand years .

***

Napata was a beautiful city that was favored by surroundings that

helped to make it so . It was located below the Fourth Cataract above the

great curve where the Nile had turned southward and, as though

changing its mind, turned north again . An imposing hill, the "Throne of

the Sun God," was the site of temples . The city itself was regarded as the

"Holy of Holies," ; the capital of what the Egyptians called "The Land of

the Gods." But "Napata" referred not only to this central city, but

included what today we would call a metropolitan area that covered

towns and villages for miles in all directions from the present-day town

of Karima . It was to this area that African leaders, including priests of

the various cults, retreated when things got too hot in Egypt . Here also,

certain African kings preferred to stay even when their position and

power in Egypt were unchallenged . Most of the royal burials in pyramids

were at Kurru . The largest pyramid in Ethiopia is that of King Taharqa

at Nuri .

After the Assyrian-Greek invasion in 590 B.C ., the city was again

almost completely destroyed . The capital was moved to the other side of

the river to Meroe, the historic industrial center .

The Blacks apparently had been more concerned with the development

of their copper industry than with iron . Iron ore was in abundance .

The earlier failure to exploit it, especially for military weapons, was the

reason Assyrians, with their superior iron weapons, were able to sweep

the Blacks out of Egypt, invading the Heartland and destroying the

Holy City of Napata . The Africans had long since learned the use of

iron . They knew all about the smelting process . Why did they allow the

Assyrians to get ahead of them? Granting that the ancients kept their

military developments secret, as nations try to do today, it was also true

that spies, including Africans, were active everywhere . The question is

interesting because we are not discussing the period when the African[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:30pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]from his fiery rays. They were his children . Their very blackness, therefore,

was religious, a blessing and an honor .

The second already stated threat was economic . Egypt's own flourishing

export trade, both by sea and caravans, depended heavily on her

imports from the south . To cut these off would mean economic panic in

an otherwise prosperous land .

The third great fear concerned the mighty Nile river. Suppose the

Ethiopians decided to bring Egypt to her knees and starve her to death

by diverting the waters of the Nile? Belief in this possibility was ancient

and ran deep .

The Egyptian conquest of Nubia, therefore, might remove the military

and economic threats, but, insofar as the Nile was concerned, it would

settle nothing . Besides, these Blacks seemed to be unconquerable . A

Sneferu might attempt total extermination of the population, burning

every town and village, destroying farms and cattle, leaving the land in

utter ruin . Yet, as soon as the armies of destruction withdrew, the

surviving Africans would come out from their hiding places and began

to rebuild once again .

Like Upper Egypt, this was a land of cities and towns, of temples and

pyramids. Africans were the great pyramid builders, the temple builders .

They had built the great pyramids of Egypt during their rule . Renewed

activity in temple-building came after Nubia was reoccupied by the

Eighteenth Dynasty rulers . All this renewed zeal in building new towns

and temples in the south was reconstruction . The Old Kingdom raiders

could not destroy all of the temples and other monuments .

The returning Egyptians, therefore, had found many fine temples still

in use, others in ruins . All Ethiopian inscriptions on the temples and

monuments were erased and Egyptian inscriptions substituted . All

outstanding African creations that could not be converted and claimed

as the work of Egyptians were destroyed, for now "Egyptian" meant

"white"-Asian or European . This was done "to promote national

unity." Ethiopian inscriptions, of course, recorded victories over Egypt .

The Arabs were to carry out the work of eradication in a far more

thoroughgoing manner at a later time . All of the South was never

completely conquered . The reconquest we are now discussing extended

forty or fifty miles below Abu Hamed . History continued to repeat itself .

Below the area of conquest the Africans continued to rebuild, reorganizing

their fighting forces, and watching an overextended Egypt

become weaker and weaker under weak pharaohs who were unable to[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:27pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]and recorded such historic facts as the conquest of Northern Nubia by

the Nubian Pharaoh of the Old Kingdom, Sneferu, in 2730 B.C.' This

war left a vast wasteland and practically wiped out a civilization that had

been developing before Neolithic times .

THE "CHILDREN OF THE SUN"

For one thing, the land to the south of Egypt had developed a strong

economy that was continuously enriched by a thriving export trade in

paper (from papyrus), ivory, gold, ebony, emeralds, copper, incense,

ostrich feathers (always greatly in demand), and its famous decorated

earthenware . A strong economy also meant a strong Ethiopian army,

posing a threat even to an African-ruled Egypt . From the Egyptian

viewpoint, the "Land of the Blacks" was a threefold threat . Historically,

the Blacks who had fled below the First Cataract to escape the various,

conquests never seemed to accept those conquests as final, and

attempted to retake Egypt from time to time . (These repetitions are

deliberate because nowhere in history is this very important fact clearly

stated .)

But it is clear that, having reconquered the Asian-dominated Lower

Egypt, the black pharaohs sought integration with the Asians instead of

driving them out of the country . This policy of moderation and

accommodation was apparently anathema to the "extremist" Ethiopians,

proud Blacks for whom the prospects of having their children come into

the world with a color distinctly different from their own was at once an

insult to their watching ancestors, and an offense to the Gods themselves.

This attitude might also explain the hostility of the Southern Blacks

toward the Afro-Asian . The latter were not "true" Africans because

they were becoming Egyptians, a mixed breed of many races . They

were, therefore, traitors in the eyes of "true" Africans whose badge of

eternal honor was the blackness of their skin . This was color racism,

deeply rooted, for it sprang from religion : They were "Children of the

Sun" blessed with blackness by the Sun God himself and thus protected
--------------------------------------------------------------

Notes

1 . There was a previous reference to Sneferu's "scorched earth" war

in his own home to further illustrate the extreme Southern opposition

to integration with the Asians even under black kings .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 9:21pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]doctrines about "unoccupied" regions of Africa at any given period in

history are quite meaningless and unacceptable to Africans . For to

them, it is just as senseless as it would be to say to a farmer anywhere,

"See here now! There are large sections of your land unoccupied and

untended. So we'll just come in and take it!"

The Africans' area of great concentration was ancient Nubia between

the First and the Sixth Cataracts . It was the land where they had

developed the great civilization which they had extended over Egypt .

Their work had been appropriated by the invaders as their own .

The geography of Nubia is the geography of much of present-day

Sudan and beyond . The Nile flows through its sand and rock deserts

with a series of falls and a number of rapids . The country is almost

rainless . It is the land of the great Nubian desert . West of the Nile

towards the Red Sea was the mining area, rich in gold . It was, even

within the concept of these geographical boundaries, the heartland of

the black world .

Already pushed by the invaders from the Mediterranean areas in the

north, northeast and northwest, the Africans were to be further hedged

in from the east and southeast as the Asian hordes continued to stream

across the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean and, much later, as the Dutch

Boers poured in from the southernmost tip of the continent .

SCRAPS FROM PREHISTORY

The stone age Africans lived about the same as stone age peoples all

over the world . They were hunters, fishermen and craftsmen . Archaeologists

have dug up some of their tools and other artifacts at Wadi

Haifa, Wawa, Sai Island, Wadi Hudi, the Selima oasis, Tangasi, Tagiya

and other places . These areas are between the Second and Fourth

Cataracts . Our discussion of specific, concrete evidence of early black

civilization up to this point has been confined to the Egyptian north .

Most notable among the Neolithic finds in the south were the beautiful,

highly burnished, black-topped and red potterly bowls, jars, etc . The

pottery was artistically decorated in wavy ripples or squares . Their

earliest writing was in pictures . So many hundreds of these rock

"messages" were found along the Nile through Nubialand that one may

well wonder if these prehistoric "historians" had posterity in mind .

While many of the pictures portrayed wildlife and other objects of

interest in the environment, others went beyond this role of the artist[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:59pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]expansion of the Roman Empire had transferred the real center of

power to Rome . Assyria, Persia, Greece, Rome-the continuing process

of transforming a black civilization into a near-white civilization long

before the Christian era .

The Ptolemaic period had been largely one of confusion . The division

of power among the Greeks, Macedonians and Egyptians, and intermarriages

with the latter, joint rule, etc ., made the Ptolemies, at times,

merely nominal rulers . There were times when a native Afro-Asian

ruler gained the center of the stage as the star attraction, as in the case of

Cleopatra . Upon her death, in 30 B .C, Romans assumed direct control,

ruling the country for seven centuries, beginning their reign thirty years

before Jesus Christ would be born in the same Palestine where Blacks

had lived and ruled so long .

After this long period of domination, the Arab general Amr-ibn-al-

As, entered Alexandria in 642 A.D . with only 4,000 men . The conquest

of Egypt by the Muslim armies, which had reached Pelusium two years

earlier, was not only to change the character of Egyptian civilization

radically, but it was to have a `disastrous impact on the dignity and

destiny of Africans as a people . The Arab conquest had opened the

floodgates wider and Arabs poured in . Colonization and Islamization

progressed . As Egypt became a main center of Arab power, this fact

found concrete expression in Arab-Islamic expansion over North Africa

into Spain, and southward into what remained as "The Land of the

Blacks ."

THE NEW BORDERLINE
OF THE BLACKS

We have traced the ancient struggles between Africans, Mulattoes

and Asians, where the Africans sought not only to resist conquest, but

to retake the whole of Egypt . They succeeded at times, but finally lost all

of Egypt, as we have seen .

Ethiopia now began at the First Cataract in the north and extended

south into present-day Ethiopia . It was now bounded by Upper Egypt,

the Red Sea and the Libyan desert . These are rather general geographical

designations without any precise meaning, for ancient Ethiopia had no

precise southern boundaries . Ancient Ethiopians would say that their

land included Egypt and was in fact without boundaries in Africa

insofar as non-Africans were concerned . All of the European and Asian[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:56pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]The First Cataract:
The Black World's New Borderline

HAVING LOST BOTH UPPER AND LOWER EGYPT, ETHIOPIA'S

northern border had been pushed to the First Cataract at Assuan, and

Necho II eventually became king of Egypt, beginning the Twenty-Sixth

Dynasty, 665-525 B .C. The Egyptian armies were increasingly made up

of foreigners and enslaved Blacks . It was during this dynasty that the

Assyrians were expelled again, this time by nationalistic Egyptians . The

Blacks' loss of their beloved Memphis, Thebes, and even their Egyptian

name now seemed to be final .

Other invasions came . The Persians under Darius the Great took

over, and their domination of Egypt lasted from 525 to 404 B.C., with

the assistance of Greek mercenaries . They returned in 343 B .C. to

reestablish their rule, but again for only a relatively short duration .

Alexander reached Egypt in 332 B.C ., on his world conquering rampage .

But one of the greatest generals in the ancient world was also the

Empress of Ethiopia . This was the formidable black Queen Candace,

world famous as a military tactician and field commander . Legend has it

that Alexander could not entertain even the possibility of having his

world fame and unbroken chain of victories marred by risking a defeat,

at last, by a woman . He halted his armies at the borders of Ethiopia and

did not invade to meet the waiting black armies with their Queen in

personal command . Upon his death, one of his most outstanding

generals became Pharaoh as Ptolemy I, thus beginning 300 years of

Macedonian-Greek rule . Toward the end of Greek domination, the[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:54pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]from one army of Asians only to be lost to another . Esarhaddon seemed

to have thought that he had conquered Egypt when he took the ancient

capital . He retired after appointing local princes to collect the usual

tribute . Shabaka's nephew, Tarharqa, promptly marched up from the

south again and massacred all of the Assyrian garrisons . Esarhaddon

died leading a second expedition of vengeance in 699 B .C . His son,

Ashurbanipa, assumed the leadership, invaded Egypt and put Taharqa

to flight . The Egyptian governors were reinstated under a governor-general

named Necho, also Egyptian . As was to be expected, the Blacks

of Upper Egypt remained loyal to the African line . They shouted loud

enough for posterity to hear that the Blacks were the "rightful rulers of

Egypt ." Taharqa was succeeded by his nephew, Tanutamon . He renewed

the war against the Assyrians and the Egyptians, the latter preferring, as

usual, to support the Asians against native Africans . Tanutamon

recaptured Memphis again, during which battle the Egyptian governor-general

Necho was slain . This placed the Africans in a dominant

position in Northern Egypt once again . But in 661 B.C., the outraged

Ashurbanipal drove the African armed forces out of Northern Egypt .

He pursued them up the Nile and burned their ancient city of Thebes,

the stronghold of black power from times immemorial .

The Africans, eventually barred from further rule in Egypt, continued

Piankhi's line first from the capital at Napata and then at Meroe where

they promoted a broad reconstruction program . There the remarkable

Twenty-Fifth Dynasty ended in 656 B .C. The line of kings from

Piankhi to Tanutamon were all buried in the great Pyramids they and

their ancestors had built at Napata . Let us follow the Blacks from Egypt
to there .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:48pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]they had control of the Thebald-another name for Upper Egypt .) The

great city of Heracleopolis alone held out until the arrival of Ethiopian

forces. The immediate objective of Piankhi and the Ethiopian generals

was the recapture of Thebes . Supported by his naval forces moving

down the Nile and the thousands of black fighters who flocked to his

standard as he moved northward through Upper Egypt, Piankhi's

armies drove the Asians out of Thebes, reestablished it as the capital

city of the North, put Tefnakhte and his court to flight and, apparently

using tactics of Menes, pressed on to capture the once all-black capital

city of Memphis . "The rightful rulers of our land have returned!" the

oppressed Blacks cried as they flocked to his standard . Piankhi returned

to the capital city of Napata in the "Heartland" before Lower Egypt was

brought under control again . The task of reuniting the country under

Ethiopian rule was left for his great successor, Shabaka .

Shabaka firmly established the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, the only one

Western writers generally recognized as Black! This dynasty, however,

should be of special significance for the black world, not because it was

African from the beginning, but because the end of this period, 730-656

B .C., marked the end of all-out efforts by the Blacks to retake Egypt .

The African victory over the Asians did not lessen the danger from

them, for they always had the advantage of striking either from within

or from Asia itself. Now the new threat came from Asia . Assyria was

fighting its way toward Egypt . The pathways had been made easy

because the previous Egyptian conquest of Palestine and Syria had

made these countries bastions of defense as long as they were properly

governed. The later Egypt had been unable to do this . So Palestine and

Syria, like Egypt itself, had become weak from internal disorganization .

At first the Assyrian advance seemed to be concerned only with Syria

and Palestine, not Egypt . Uneasiness spread as the Assyrian hosts

approached the borders of Egypt .

However, Shabaka first followed the pattern of modern diplomacy by

loudly professing one thing while actively doing the very opposite . In

this case, Shabaka, while actively cultivating the friendship of the

Assyrian king, Sargon 11, was just as active in supporting the armies of

the Syrians and Palestinians . "Modern," I say, because it was exactly the

same kind of "commitment" and "special interests" policy that the

United States maintains in East Asia and other places around the world .

In 671 B.C., Esarhaddon led his Assyrian forces to victory near the

Egyptian border and moved on to capture the city of Memphis, retaken[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:45pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]Priest of the African god, Amon . The significance of this should be

obvious : The whites were systematically preempting the whole of Egypt,

even adopting, as their own, black institutions they could not easily

destroy. And they were wise enough to gain control of the African

religion . So now, as the whites became priests and worshipers of the

Supreme God and lesser gods of the Blacks in Egypt, the success of

erasing every vestige of early African civilization was moving toward the

absolute . As the white priesthoods became stronger and more widespread,

they were not only able to secure control of Thebes, the most

powerful stronghold of the Blacks in Egypt, but of equal importance,

they were then in a position to gain followers in the rebelling nomarchies

and persuade dissident chiefs to acknowledge the overlordship of Asian

kings in various parts of the country . In short, they took over Africa's

gods as their own as a means of taking over Africa as their own .

There was nothing sudden or new about this . The process was as long

and leisurely as Egyptian history itself, gaining rapid momentum only

during the often-repeated decades of internal strife . Lower Egypt was

always the area from which internal strife in black Upper Egypt was

planned and promoted . Secret agents, as mentioned earlier, are not new

inventions of modern states . The only thing new about Tefnakhte's

penetrations of Upper Egypt between 730 and 715 B .C . was that this

time, an Asian king (Libyan) from his Delta capital, now at Sais, had so

inflamed Southern Ethiopia that all-out war was declared against both

Asians and Egyptians (Afro-Asians) and the twenty-one year old king,

Piankhi, was given supreme command of the black armies .

ETHIOPIA RECAPTURES EGYPT

In view of the extent of the expansion of Asian power in Upper

Egypt, the Ethiopians' age-old dream of recovering their northern

homelands now seemed to be, in the very truth, an impossible dream .

In 715 B.C ., the strong situation of the Asians was such that the idea of

the Blacks repeating Menes' feat of twenty-three centuries before, that

of once again expanding the Ethiopian empire northward to the

Mediterranean, now seemed fantastic . Both Asian kings, Tefnakhte and

Bocchoria, were themselves great leaders and field commanders . And,

of all things, they had already taken Thebes and practically had all

Egypt under Asian control . (Some writers put it the other way and say[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:43pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]land, Southern Ethiopia tried to do exactly the same thing . The truth is

that the milleniums of contests over Egypt were never really over

unification per se, but rather who should rule the land after unification

was completed-the whites of the Delta or the Blacks of Southern

Ethiopia, particularly those south of the First Cataract? Indeed, as the

Asianization of Upper Egypt increased, migrations of the Blacks southward

increased, hostility toward the North increased, and the resolve of

the Blacks to reconquer all of their land all the way to the Mediterranean

was renewed once more .

The southern region, therefore, generally became independent as

soon as Lower Egypt became independent . It began to threaten Upper

Egypt at the same time the Asian threat was spreading . The Southern

Ethiopians were even more bitter because they had to fight the

"integrationist Blacks" of Egypt just as hard as they had to fight the

whites from Lower Egypt and Libya . The South was no more prepared

to accept all-white rule .' If anything, they trusted the mixed breeds less

because of their ability to play either the white or black role as it suited

their purposes . This may also be the reason so many blacks opposed

large-scale amalgamation . It appeared as one of the white man's most

effective weapons for the domination of the- race while at the same time

slowly removing it from the face of the earth . As proof, the Ethiopians

could ask, "From whence came our worst enemies, the Egyptians? Are

they not half Ethiopian? And do they not now scorn the very Ethiopian

name itself, proclaiming themselves to be `white'?"

The Ethiopians, therefore, followed all developments to the north,

northeast and west with the closest attention . The activities of the

probably Libyan king of the Twenty-Second Dynasty, Sheshonk I, did

not escape their notice and appraisal . From his capital at Bubastis in

Lower Egypt, he pushed affairs on a number of fronts, including the

usual stragey of marriage alliances of black ruling families with white

males . These alliances, after worming their way to power through the

African inheritance-through-female-line system (matrilineal), could then

change to the Asian and Western patrilineal system . This invidious

scheme for achieving power over the Blacks through the Blacks did not

escape those on alert . The move of Sheshonk I to negotiate a marriage

with the daughter of a king and gain legitimate control of Thebes, fitted

the well-known pattern of expanding Caucasian power, never failed to

create anotht°r stir in the still all-black areas . To make matters worse

from the viewpoint of the Blacks, Sheshonk had another son made High[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:41pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]The picture now was one of those confused scenes of black dynasties,

Asian dynasties, Egyptian dynasties (Afro-Asian), combination dynasties,

(those formed by alliances between two of the above groups), all

ruling simultaneously in Egypt from various capitals . Many historians

were further misled by the fact that while some of these so-called

dynasties claimed to be the imperial government of all Egypt, others

made no such claim and confined themselves to their local chiefdoms or

nomarchies . Significantly, many of the latter were headed by priests .

Our references to dynasties formed by alliances between two groups

against a third could be misleading to those who failed to grasp what had

been said about the changing ethnic character of the dynasties over

many centuries. From the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties on, we have

pointed out, Asian penetration through the "royal marriage route"

caused the succeeding dynasties, with few exceptions to become

increasingly mixed . Often they were only predominantly black, halfblack,

less than half-black, or predominantly'Asian or Egyptian (Afro-

Asian). The founders of the Eighteenth Dynasty, like many similar

instances, illustrate the reality of the process . For it is well known that

the famous Queen Nefertari was "all-black," while her equally great

husband, Ahmose I, was mulatto (Egyptian) . So that the Eighteenth,

like the great Nineteenth Dynasty of the Ramses, was predominantly

black, not all-black . On the other hand, the long periods of all-white

Asian and European dynasties were emphasized, and had to be

emphasized, to set the record straight .

There were also, for still another example, "Libyan dynasties,"

indicated by the Libyan names of the rulers . But who, now, were the

Libyans? They were, first of all, Western Ethiopians, then heavily

Berber, Mongolian, Arab, a sprinkling of Hebrews and other Asiatic

peoples, and then, of course, the resulting Afro-Asians . The ethnic

composition of Libya was about the same as that of early Egypt, with the

exception that there were fewer Europeans and more Mongolians .

Libya was once so nearly all-black that to be called a Libyan meant

that one was Black . So the Libyan dynasties during this period could

have been predominantly white, black, Afro-Asian or a combination of

all three, depending upon what faction was in the ascendency at the
time .

It is also worth noting that not only the whites of Lower Egypt took

advantage of every breakdown in the center (Upper Egypt), declaring

its independence and attempting to extend their rule over the whole[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:37pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]As custodians of the temples, the priests were promoting and making

their own positions more powerful and secure by promoting the divine

kingship idea . It meant that each king would try to outdo his predecessors

in building more bigger and finer temples and colossal burial structures

(the pyramids) for the royal saints and the sons and daughters of Amon,

Horus, Set, etc . etc .

The priests were in the most strategic positions to acquire great

economic and political power for themselves quite naturally and without

any particular efforts to do so . They were the first men of learning :

scribes, historians, scientists, architects, physicians, artists, mathematicians,

astrologers, and especially chemists . Many temples, therefore,

were colleges as well as places of worship . The temples were also places

through which flowed much of the national revenue . We could go on

and on, indicating how and why priests became so politically powerful

in Egyptian life that even a great king like Ikhnaton could not overcome

their opposition . It was too late for him to escape from the now

traditional status of being "divine ." One might say it was the price a god

has to pay for god-makers .

In 1320 B.C., the Age of the Ramses began . This time, a line of great

leaders was not followed by a line of weaklings . This was the Nineteenth

Dynasty, 1320-1200 B .C . And while it did not equal the "Glorious

Eighteenth," the Ramses kings stamped their periods as one of the most

outstanding in the long history of the country . It was only near its end

that the usual phenomenon of weakness and decline in the cycle began

to set in as general social, economic and political disorganization . The

Ramses rule continued through the Twentieth Dynasty, 1200-1085 B .C .

The Twenty-First, Twenty-Second and Twenty-Third periods, 1085-

730 B.C ., again illustrated, as I had stated before, the fallacy of trying to

chronicle African history in Egypt by dynasties . I had pointed out that at

various times during the long, long struggles for power we find several

different "dynasties" ruling at the same time from their respective

capitals in various parts of the country . Every period of weak kings at

Memphis or Thebes was a general breakdown during which exactly the

same happened over and over again : The Asian Lower Egypt became

independent again, and from its capital at Avaris or Sais pushed the

expansion of Asian power in Upper Egypt . By 1085 B.C ., the Asian

population was so vast there that new Asian dynasties were relatively

easy to establish almost anywhere north of the First Cataract . During

one of these periods, 70 kings in 70 days was reported .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:35pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]anything that might indicate that Hatshepsut ever lived . Also, as later

Europeans and Asians were to do to all inscriptions reflecting the Blacks,

Thutmose III had his own name and that of his brother engraved where

Hatshepsut's had been chiselled out, thus taking credit for all of her

achievements in addition to his own outstanding works . These were

many, and need not be detailed since so much of it repeats the works of

great leaders already discussed .

Queen Tiy was also one of Egypt's remarkable queens . Amenhotep

III and Queen Tiy gave a son to Egypt who was destined to be one of the

greats in in the black world . This was Amenhotep IV, known to fame as

Ikhnaton. He was different from all of his predecessors . He was more

preacher than king, and the greatest single spiritual force to appear in

the history of the Blacks . His great religious reform movement aimed at

a greater focus on the One and Only Almighty God, Creater of the

Universe . The numerous lesser gods had overshadowed the Almighty

in involving people by causing them to worship the gods through the

endless number of competing cults, all served by a too self-serving

priesthood . Such an unheard-of stand by the leader of the nation meant

revolution and certain rebellion by the powerful priesthoods all over

the land . Yet the new doctrine did not reach the masses and the nonspiritual

demands for leadership on pressing earthly fronts put the king

in an unhappy situation . One was the continued Asian harassments on

the eastern borders . Ikhnaton grew more indifferent as his religious

movement declined . After 17 years of heroic efforts, he passed in 1362

B.C ., leaving the reins to Tutankhamen . This stepson's efforts to carry

on the work of his father had only limited success . The old-time

religions still prevailed . Ikhnaton'5 impact on the nation, however, was

everlasting. His proposed reforms had more to do with a shift in

emphasis than in faith . But even this seems to have been regarded as a

direct threat to the powerful priesthood that, no matter how much

divided into numerous cults, could unite in a common cause .

The power of the priesthood rose as the kings of Egypt became more

preoccupied with secular affairs than with their religious role as high

priest of The Most High . It has been pointed out that the ruler's political

influence stemmed not from the constitution but from his close

relationship with the gods . The priests themselves had promoted the

evolution of an idea of the ruler's role as chief priest and intermediary

with the ancestral dead and the gods, to the idea of the ruler's kinship

with the gods, thereby becoming divine himself, the son or daughter of

a god, and, finally, a god himself .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:33pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]national affairs . She helped her son, Amenhotep, in the great work of

national reconstruction . If she did not reach the heights of the greatest

black queen of Egypt, Hatshepsut, it was only because the latter was a

queen absolute, ruling along as a king (to emphasize the point she often

dressed in royal male attire, including the false beard and wig) . But the

comparison is hardly fair because each was great in her field of work,

and that work was largely predetermined, and the role to be played by

each was clear . And that was why, in the end, both Nefertari and

Amenhotep I were deified as the founders of one of the world's greatest

line of rulers and some of the finest monuments were erected to their

memory. Had the people forgotten Ahmose, her husband, who was the
true founder?

Queen Hatsheput, daughter of Thutmose 1, was indeed a "man" in

many of her aggressive and unyielding characteristics as a ruler. As

regent for Thutmose 111, she tended to be an absolute ruler and, by

expertly relying on her feminine charms, she was able to have her own

way without a real check by the Council, something few African kings

could do successfully . But it was not all due to "feminine charms,"

perhaps not at all . For Hatshepsut was, in fact, one of the most brilliant

minds that ever ascended the throne of a nation . Her reign was in two

parts, one as regent and the other as reigning queen in her own right .

There was actually no difference, for Thutmose III was too young to

count . Even before becoming legal ruler, therefore, she was actively

pushing the things dearest to the hearts of all great African leaders : the

expansion of foreign trade, international diplomatic relations, perfection

of national defenses, vast public building programs, securing the

South and the North through either peace or war and, one of her "pet

projects," building a great navy for both commerce and war . Her success

on most of these fronts made her one of the giants of the race .

Meanwhile, the next Thutmose was waiting with increasing impatience

and frustration to succeed a woman who, to him at least, seemed

destined to live forever. The fact that his wife was the Queen's daughter

only increased the really morbid hatred of his royal mother-in-law .

Consequently, when he finally became King Thutmose III at last, he

himself did what Asians and Europeans were to do on a scale so grand

that the history of ancient Egypt, as essentially black history, was almost

completely obliterated . He undertook to erase her name from all the

monuments and temples she had built, destroying all documents bearing

her name, and smashing all sculptured likenesses, paintings and, indeed,[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:31pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]society . Contributing to its development on all fronts, they were not

disturbed when their leaders were expelled . There was the usual revival

of domestic industry, agriculture and foreign trade, along with the

expansions of imperial rule in Palestine and Syria to the Euphrates in

Mesopotamia . This expansion of empire and its promise of great wealth

from the accompanying expansion of trade meant renewal of the wars

against their black brothers holding the economically indispensable

South . This time the new and most powerful central government was

able to extend its rule farther south than ever ; that is, to the Fourth

cataract, almost to the Holy City of Napata itself.

For Western writers to state that obvious truth that the black rulers of

Egypt did not hesitate to wage wars against the black rulers of Southern

Ethiopia, to state this would have destroyed their biggest myth that the

Egyptians (white Asians or Coloureds) were always the conquering

heroes over the Blacks in the South . In short, as previously stated, these

wars did not always follow a racial pattern .

As would be expected under black rulers, Thebes was again

reorganized under the Eighteenth Dynasty and much of its ancient

grandeur restored . Temple building in the grand style was resumed .

The Eighteenth, like some of the previous African dynasties, was well

integrated with "loyal Asians ." For there were, it should be needless to

say, countless thousands of Asians who were wholeheartedly devoted to

the Blacks, just as there were thousands of Afro-Asians (Egyptians) as

loyal to the black race as any Black could possibly be . Therefore, when

an overall picture is presented, such as in my discussion of the attitudes

of Asians, Afro-Asians and Africans toward each other, one should

keep the always big exceptions in mind . Nothing is ever all-white, all-black

or, in this case, all half-white . In the case of the half-whites, the

record overflows with those who, contrary to the rule, hated the fact of

their white blood and stuck to the Blacks and their cause all the more

tenaciously. These are the kinds of outcomes that reflect the complexities

and variations of the human mind, and that make generalizations about

a whole people, if anything, ridiculous .

The "Great Eighteenth" had begun under the most favorable

circumstances, for one of the great black queens of Egypt, Nefertari, and

her equally famous husband, Ahmose 1, headed the dynasty. As was the

custom, she had been named after some of the distinguished queens of

similar name who had preceded her . None of them, however, ranked

near Nefertari of the Eighteenth in active participation and leadersip in[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:28pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]territory claimed at times for the Empire was so vast that even if there

had been efforts to consolidate states other than those directly north

and south, it would have been impossible in the absence of administrative

and communication systems for the task .

The war to bring Nubia under control started near the end of the

Eleventh Dynasty and went on for over four hundred years, ending in

defeat for southern blacks in the next dynasty, 1991-1786 B.C . This

period was notable for the further expansion of foreign trade, especially

in Palestine, Syria, and Punt, the "Golden Age" of the arts and crafts, a

vast program of land reclamation and marked improvements in
irrigation .

By repetition, one of the greatest of the "Great Issues" stands out .

With each and every mass invasion of the whites the physical characteristics

of the Egyptian people change more and more, becoming more

and more "caucasoid" as more and more Blacks tended to move

southward . When the white dynasties continued for several centuries,

as in the case of the "Children of Israel," Semitic caucasianization was

accelerated on an ever-widening scale . One of the signifiant ethnic

changes was that the only people then recognized as Egyptians (the

Afro-Asians) became more Asian-white in color, language and culture .

Upper Egypt was becoming less "black" Egypt . Thebes under white rule

was becoming a museum center for European and Asian collectors . So

by the time Herodotus and other Greek historians arrived, Ethiopia, as

an empire, extended only up to the First Cataract.

THE THIRD PERIOD
OF GREAT RULERS

But that time was still far away when Kamose, the last Theban king in

the Seventeenth Dynasty (1645-1567 B.C.), opened a full-scale War of

Liberation against the Hebrews and the greatest of the dynasties since

the Fourth had now arrived . This was the remarkable Eighteenth

Dynasty with a line. of kings and queens who became immortal:

Ahmose I, Nefertari, Amenhotep 11, Thutmose 1, Thutmose 11, Queen

Hatshepsut the Great, Amenhotep 111, Ikhnaton, the "Great Reformer,"

and Tutankhamen . It was called the "New Empire," and so it was in

fact. The Hyksos rule was broken and they were "expelled ." This,

however, could only apply to the rulers and their immediate followers .

The Hyksos masses were scattered over the country and permanently

settled as "Egyptians." They had become integrated into Egyptian[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:25pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]rise. On the other hand, no matter how black the pharaohs were, if

only for economic reasons Southern Ethiopia (Nubia or Cush or

Abyssinia) had to be more firmly integrated with the North . The South

was the real source of Egypt's wealth as it had been for Egypt's

civilization . The South actually had all Egypt at its mercy . The gold

mines were there and it was where the vast stone quarrying, copper,

and tin mining were conducted . From the South came most of the

papyrus plants from which the Blacks invented paper and built the first

and finest boats from the same tough leaves . The South had all the

ivory and, at that time, was the only source of the highly-prized ostrich

feathers, etc . In short, Egyptian foreign trade depended almost entirely

on Southern Ethiopia . Added to these economic imperatives, there was

an even greater danger felt in the North . This was the control of the

Nile, almost all of which, over 3,000 miles, flowed through Southern

Ethiopia .

Black Upper Egypt, being in the middle, was forced by circumstances

to play the leading role in the wars for unification in both directions and,

considering the many centuries over which they were intermittently

waged, they seemed destined to go on forever . It is noteworthy that all

these long drawn-out efforts at unification of an empire under a

centralized government were confined to the -directly indispensable

economic regions which were contiguous to each other .

Other "members" of the empire, even those who had long since

stopped paying tribute, were not disturbed . In fact, as I have been

indicating, "Ethiopian Empire" was often merely a geographical

expression insofar as effective rule over all of its supposed parts was

concerned . To keep the picture as clear as possible, we have to keep on

remembering that at various periods in ancient times, the "Land of the

Blacks" meant all Ethiopia, all Ethiopia meant all Africa, and all Blacks

were Africans or Ethiopians or Thebans, etc . There were numerous

independent states in the Western Land of the Blacks (Western Sudan)

that may have claimed a membership alliance with the Ethiopian

Empire as an expression of pride-nothing more than a symbolic

gesture to the great state that was the "Mother of the Race" and which

bore the race's name, Ethiopian .' In any event, the extent of the
--------------------------------------------------

Notes

1. It is well known, of course, that "Ethiopian" is the Greek rendering

of Black or the "sun-burnt people ."[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 8:20pm On Feb 24, 2012

[b]ETHIOPIA SOUTH

But Ethiopia below the First Cataract did not return to the reunited

imperial fold in the North . As we have seen, the southern kingdoms did

not intend to return, Their defections had been going on, one right after

another, long before the general disorganization and rebellions during

the Sixth and Seventh Dynasties . Hostility to the Asian invasions was

always greatest in the southern regions . Many of the people claimed the

Asian-held areas as their ancestral home . They wanted Lower Egypt

conquered and the Asians driven out . Menes had achieved the great

victory, but the integration policies that followed were regarded as a

betrayal of the Blacks . They had lost faith in the black kings ruling from

Memphis, who not only favored integration, but promoted it . The

steady movement of the whites from the Delta into Upper Egypt itself

was proof enough for southern Blacks that the Asian aim was nothing

less than ultimate control of all Ethiopia . As the Asian presence and

influence spread in Upper Egypt, the withdrawal to the southern kingdoms

appeared to keep pace .

But why were the Blacks farthest away from the Asian threat so much

more concerned (or appeared to be) than those who still lived next door

to the enemy in Upper Egypt? Even the larger number of refugees from

Lower Egypt must have settled in Upper Egypt because the biggest

concentration of Blacks was there . This would have been the situation

around 2400 B.C . The answer may be that since Napata was regarded

as the unchanging capital and center of the black world, and not Nowe

(Thebes) of glorious memory, any threat to this sacred area (Land of the

Gods) was a threat to the survival of the race itself.

The first great southern division of the Ethiopian empire was the

kingdom of Wawat, and below that was the far greater kingdom of

Nubia which, like many other vast areas, while nominally a part of the

empire, was at various times independent . The age-old dream of all the

great kings, black, white, or mixed, was the consolidation of the

Northern and Southern regions; hence, the constant wars against Lower

Egypt and, now, again, Mentuhotep's war against Nubia . In both cases,

that of the Asians in the far North and the Blacks in the far South,

economics was the driving force. The hold on the seacoasts not only

blocked the Africans from world trade, but that fact enabled the Asians

and Coloureds to control the domestic economy indirectly as well . The

record shows that every time this Asian stranglehold was broken,

African foreign trade again flourished and national prosperity began to[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:32am On Feb 24, 2012

ETHIOPIA SOUTH

To be continued,

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:31am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]between two worlds, the black and the white, and that they were not

fully accepted in either. Nowhere did their Asian fathers and other

white kinsmen regard or accept them as equals, while the Blacks had

come to hate them as much as they hated the Blacks . Third, out of this

situation developed a passionate and defiant nationalism that restricted

the term "Egyptian" to Mulattoes alone . Henceforth, neither Asians or

Africans were to be called Egyptians . Indeed, the new breed began to

treat Asians as strangers and no longer welcomed them en masse even

in Lower Egypt. The Afro-Asians had apparently resolved that since

they could not belong to either the black or white race, they would be a

race by themselves, and in their own right-the Egyptian race . It

worked. Asians, if unmixed, were now called Asians, and Africans, if

unmixed, were called Africans or Ethiopians. They alone (the new

breed) would be called Egyptians, and the writers of the world would

follow this classification from Homer's time to this day . I shall use the

terms in the same way in all subsequent references . In the earliest

period "Egyptian" would have meant the Blacks ; later on it would have

meant Blacks and Afro-Asians . The white Asians were never called

Egyptians even when they ruled all Egypt . (Even the present day rulers

of the land are unhappy with the term and much prefer to be called

what they are : Arabs ; hence, the change of the official name of the

country from Egypt to the United Arab Republic .)

However, the increasing hostility to the . Asians was due to their

offsprings' resentment over being rejected as equals and having a lower

status in the society whenever white Asians were in control . Their

hostility to the Africans had been nurtured from birth and remained the

same. Yet they never failed to seek alliances with the Blacks when it

suited their purposes (just as they do today thru OAU), or to marry into

ruling African families to enhance and perpetuate their rule .

The Eleventh Dynasty was started with stronger black rulers,

beginning with Mentuhotep and followed by three kings of the same

name. Their rule was again limited to Upper Egypt, since the Asians

had reestablished their rule in Lower Egypt during the period of

nationwide turmoil and rebellions . Mentuhotep II, after restoring order

in Upper Egypt and promoting a rapid economic program, had turned

north to repeat Menes' great feat of conquering Lower Egypt again .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:26am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]Since there was no such program in the best of times, the "every-

province-for-itself" spirit was chaff before the storms of invasions . The

invaders had found it easy to establish another Asian capital, even at

Heracleopolis . This move, in view of the general trend throughout

Ethiopia, was thought to be taken at the most propitious time, when the

empire was falling apart and no one was in command . But Asian

assumption of imperial power and the establishment of their capital in

the center of the black world aroused the disorganized and leaderless

people to fury. And the Asians apparently had not take into account

Thebes, the seat of the blacks' war god and the place from where the

mightiest African armies always came . Of course, even with this

knowledge neither the Asians or anyone else would expect any threat

from Thebes in the present state of national chaos . But the Blacks had

always looked to Thebes in times of crisis, leaders or no leaders . They

did so now . Theben leaders emerged, and with them fighting men arose

to battle the Asians again . Heracleopolis fell to the Blacks ; but Asian

kings were able to hold Lower Egypt again and reestablish dynasties

there under Kheti I and his successors . Western historians refer to this

period as the First Intermediate Period, 2181-2040 B.C., and further

confused an already too confused situation by mixing the Asian rulers

of Lower Egypt with the African rulers of Upper Egypt, and then listing

all the dynasties sequentially so that from such an arrangement one

could not distinguish the white Asian dynasties, kings or pharaohs from

the Black . So the eleven Asian kings of Lower Egypt who followed Kheti

I appeared as "Kings of Egypt ."

We should pause at the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, 2133 B .C .,

because during the long 1,500 years covered by my brief summary one

of the most unusual socio-political phenomena occurred . It has been

referred to numerous times before in terms of its development, but now

the unexpected had happened. At this point we have passed fifteen

centuries of African-Asian amalgamation, at first largely in Lower Egypt,

but afterward more and more in black Upper Egypt . The Afro-Asian

offsprings were called the "new breed," the distinguishing characteristics

of which were devotion to Asians and hatred of Africans . Unless

this point is grasped, we may as well drop the study of African history

insofar as understanding fully the internal troubles of this race .

First, the Afro-Asians, or "Coloureds," had far outnumbered the

Asians in the northern population during the past 1,500 years . Second,

the Coloureds had become sensitively aware that they were suspended[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:22am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]expanded. Rebellions of various chiefdoms, seeking independence

from weak and weaker rulers at Memphis, also spread . Decentralization

became the order of the day-the day for which the Asians had been

patiently waiting so long . Under weak rulers at Memphis and the

breaking up of the country into small independent areas (nomarchies),

Asian penetration and expansion in the "Black Land" became the
norm.

Earlier, I referred to the African failure to employ the essentials of real

nation-building, and proposed certain criteria they generally fail to use .

When this is done our black students often protest that the "same is also

true of many non-African peoples ." They would like to take comfort in

this fact (for it is a fact) and forget the whole thing . But I am not now

dealing with these "other peoples ." I am concerned here only with

African life and history . The failures of one people should serve as a

warning of what to avoid, and not as a justification for similar failures by

another . The glaring weakness in the unification of the Ethiopian

empire was the absence of any national program for the development of

a national solidarity and a sense of national community and belonging

that aimed at overcoming the greater local or tribal loyalties .

To begin with, there were too many tributary states within the

empire . Their very reason for being a part of the empire was mainly

for tribute, their regular contributions to the imperial treasury . Such

states did not, and indeed, could not feel themselves to be integral parts

of the empire . Blinded by the wealth that was pouring into the national

treasury, the empire builders were unable to see or understand the

requirements of the human heart and spirit for the formation of

attitudes of love and devotion toward a national citizenship . We shall be

discussing the traditional African constitution later because every

expanding African kingdom and empire already had the guidelines

which the leaders thought applied only to small states or they felt

themselves to be so rich and powerful that the traditional constitutional

safeguards could be safely ignored. In the smaller states or tribal

societies the African constitutional system operated to promote and

support equal justice, individual and group welfare or social security,

and an undying loyalty to the group . The very scheme of social

organization assured all this . Group solidarity became a natural

development . An almost fierce spirit of brotherhood and sisterhood

prevailed in all tribal states . The work of expanding this spirit as the

nation expanded was rarely undertaken .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:20am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]The other event to be awaited with patience was the passing of so

many great African leaders and the coming of weaker ones . This was an

historic certainty unless cycles of past developments were to be no more .

But time seemed slower and longer during the first five dynasties,

each of which was characterized by great leaders, a period of seven

hundred and fifty-five years . The roll call brings forth names that still

resound through the corridors of time : Menes, Athothes, Peribsen,

Khasekhem, Imhotep, Zoser, Sneferu, Khufu, Khafre, Userkaf,

Neferefre, and others who reestablished Ethiopian power as a united

empire and held it without a serious challenge for almost a thousand

years .

During this period, active foreign trade and expanded contacts with

other countries were now possible . Internal stability was achieved

through a process of increased centralization of power at Memphis and

the perfection of the bureaucracy of the vast imperial administration .

The state became the chief promoter and inspirer of progress on all

fronts : agriculture, industrial development, science, the arts, engineering,

massive building programs, mining and shipbulding . The rapid rise and

expansion of numerous crafts, each an organized secret society,

stimulated the remarkable industrial and building developments .

Internal peace and stability provided the opportunity for the outpouring

of much dormant native genius, and religion was the chief motivating

source . Every craft society had its own patron sub-god (not to be

confused with the Supreme God) . It was during this same period that

stone was first used in building, hieroglyphic writing was first invented,

the great pyramids were built, stone quarrying perfected and expanded

and Imhotep became the world's greatest architect and the "Father of

Scientific Medicine ." It was seven and a half centuries of the most

glorious pages in the history of the black world .

There was a concentration of some of the greatest leaders in the

Fourth Dynasty, 2613-2494 B .C . Thereafter, fewer and fewer of the

great kings appeared to stem the disorganization that was clearly

developing near the close of the Sixth Dynasty . The most notable

achievement was doubtless the compilation of the Palermo Stone

Annals, a work of great historical importance .

The Old Kingdom ended with this dynasty . The great wealth of the

nation, continued international commerce and internal progress overshadowed

the accelerating disintegration in the country . Conflicts

between the religious cults battling for more and more political power[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:17am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]between the two races were over the unification and control of the Two

Lands . These struggles apparently had been going on since the Asian

incursions began in prehistoric times . And it was not just the control of

all Egypt to the First Cataract that was involved, but unification and rule

of the whole Ethiopian empire from the Mediterranean Sea to the very

source of the Nile. This great design and all-consuming objective

throughout the history of Africa must be understood if, for example,

one is to understand why even black pharaohs of Egypt carried the wars

into the heartland of their own race, trying to subdue a rebellious

Nubia, Wawat or Cush . Southern separatist movements and rebellions

spread as Asian influence and integration spread in the North .

Viewing the outcome from the long perspective of history, Menes'

great victory over the Asians, the union of the white and black lands,

and the subsequent policy of trying to promote brotherhood through

integration, all this turned out to be not a victory for the Blacks, but the

beginning of their ultimate downfall and almost permanent degradation

as a people . It has been pointed out that up to the time of Menes' victory

over them, the Asians were rather firmly held behind a border line

along the 29th parallel . Few were allowed in the all-black regions of

Upper Egypt. With unification the situation radically changed in that

the gates to the South were now open to people who already held a

fourth of the country . The black masses were therefore apprehensive

about the new unification policies, and the general hostility to the

Asians checked any immediate and widespread infiltrations southward .

But time was on the side of the whites whose most commendable

attributes are tactful persistence when overt, aggressive action is for the

moment inexpedient, and their careful planning for their future

generations with what appears to be more interest in the future welfare

of their descendants than they are in the living . In Lower Egypt they

could bide their time and overcome the triumphant Blacks in many

ways. Asian kings in Lower Egypt, now dethroned, still had a direct

power over the Blacks through the "New Brotherhood of integration

and amalgamation. The African matrilineal system made the Asian

route to the African throne easy when compared with the generally

patrilineal system of the whites . All the Asian kings had to do, whether

in Lower Egypt or on the Asian continent, was to promote the marriage

of royal males to the oldest sisters of African kings . The first-born male

in such a carriage, though Afro-Asian, would be the number one

candidate far the throne .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:14am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]promoting the welfare of the whole people . To such a family the

Africans gave permanent leadership status as long as descendent

candidates qualified for it . Westerners called this the "royal family ." But,

again, the "royal family" concept was unknown to traditional Africa

where the chief or "king" was the chief representative of the people

before God and man, and at once the personifications of the people's

dignity and the instrument for carrying out their will . Much confusion

and trouble developed (and still exist) all over the continent because

Africans generally accepted Western and Asian expressions without

accepting their underlying ideas . Hence, an African king who attempted

to be an absolute monarch or "oriental dictator" generally found himself

in trouble rather quickly .

THE "BLACKOUT" IN REVIEW

The conversion of names in Egypt was on such a universal scale that

its African origin and character were changed as much as it was

humanly possible to do . Small political units or states, which Europeans

styled as chiefdoms in other parts of Africa, became nomarchies in

Egypt .

Since Asians and some Europeans were heavily concentrated in

Lower Egypt, it became relatively easy for them to appropriate exclusively

for themselves not only the name "Egyptian," but also all achievements

by the Blacks in Upper Egypt and the rest of the Ethiopian

empire . Holding the seacoasts and thus blocking' African contact with

the rest of the world, these "White Egyptians" were able to perpetuate

the myth so successfully that even today many remarkable achievements

by Blacks elsewhere over the continent are attributed to "Egyptian influence.''

There is something amusing here too . For when they refer to

"Egyptian influence" on African institutions they are in fact pointing out

black influence on black institutions throughout Africa . No one but a

fool would deny Asian and European influence in Egypt and elsewhere

in Africa . This is a fact that is obvious, but not more obvious than the

nature of that influence as it was discussed in part before . It can be

singled out and separated from the basic institutions of the Blacks as

easily as we can separate Islam and Christianity form the traditional

African religion .

Another predynastic situation to keep in mind concerns government

in the Two Lands. All Asians had their kings in Lower Egypt and the

Blacks had their kings in Upper Egypt . The long drawn-out wars[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:08am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]Egypt: The Rise
and Fall of Black Civilization

WE MAY NOW REVIEW AND SUM UP THIS LONG PERIOD,

beginning with an outline of some important developments that

highlight factors in the rise and fall of the Blacks and a further discussion

of those factors . Let us therefore begin at the beginning where some of

those misterpretations were simply due to ignorance .

This takes us back to the predynastic period of about 4500 B .C.,

certainly not the beginning, but quite far enough . Many writers refer to

the "kingless" periods before centralized states as the rule of nobles,

oligarchies or hierarchies, etc . From the beginning, therefore, the

Westerners applied Western concepts to quite different African

institutions . Later they described the same kind of societies as "chiefless"

or, worse, "stateless ." They did not understand the African constitutional

system of real self-government by the people through their representatives,

the Council of Elders . Nor did they seem to understand that the

Chief Elder, or Chief, was also the Chief Priest or that the other elders

also had religious functions in connection with their respective clans .

During the predynastic period under discussion, they were neither

oligarchies nor hierarchies as these terms are understood in the West . In

fact, the Western conception of kingship was foreign to traditional

Africa . What the West called "king" was, in Africa, the same senior elder

who had to be elected and presided at the Council of Elders ; and, then,

only if he had had the honor of belonging to a family whose ancestors

had either founded the state or had been the most outstanding in[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:05am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]ruling dynasty at that time . Being the center of black power, it was a

main object for destruction by non-African invaders and, after they had

achieved control, they established new capitals elsewhere . The importance

of the city that had been the envy of the world was ignored, and

many of its cultural activities were transferred elsewhere . No white

pharaoh could feel either comfortable or safe in the center of one of the

most heavily populated areas of Blacks in the empire . The colored

Egyptians generally felt the same way . Thebes was also eclipsed at times

by the bulding programs of Black kings in their drive to advance from

the very old to the very new, and also for the purpose of securing a more

effective centralized administration . The building of Memphis was for

this purpose . On the other hand, Piankhi and his successors in the

Twenty-Fifth Dynasty apparently preferred the capital city of Napata in

the deep South over both Thebes and Memphis . Was this because the

Holy City of Napata was like Meroe, the one great all-black city that had

never been defiled by the conquerors' hands? We may so speculate . It is

clear, however, that Thebes reflected the shifts in power more directly,

whether or not the shifts were occasioned by internal or external forces .

It declined as Memphis rose during the Dynasties I, II, III, IV and V

(3100-2345 B.C .) . These were the first five African lineages to rule after

the reunification . There was a further decline of Thebes after the Fifth

Dynasty, and again for internal reasons of a quite different nature .

Suffice it to say that after the period during which there was an active

policy of integrating Africans and Asians through the Memphis capital

on their dividing line (the border between Upper and Lower Egypt),

native kings generally sought to restore to its ancient glory the city so

dear to the hearts of the Blacks .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 12:04am On Feb 24, 2012

[b]But, we have to remind ourselves constantly, racism as we know it today

was practically non-existent . When an ancient people boasted of their

superiority over another nationality group, the terms of reference were

conquest, political rule, and some kind of myth to legitimize that rule .

When the fortunes of war enabled one white nation to enslave the

entire population of another white state, no one believed that the

conquered people were actually, that is, innately inferior to the

conquerors . Neither did the relatively backward Asian whites who

invaded Egypt consider themselves superior to the black builders of the

civilization they found there .

The emphasis has been on the Thebald as all Upper Egypt, Upper

Egypt as Upper Ethiopia, and Thebes (Nowe) as its most ancient city

and one of the very earliest centers of black civilization . We have said

that the ancient whites so regarded it . The Greek historian, Erathosthenes,

refers to Menes as "The Theban" and first king of Thebes

(meaning the Thebald or Upper Egypt when it was united with Lower

Egypt, and the beginning of the First Dynasty (3100 B .C .) . The same

historian noted that Menes' reign of sixty-two years was one of the

longest in history, and that of his nephew, Atothones, ran a close

second, fifty-nine years .

During this early period, before Memphis was founded, "The City of

a Hundred Gates" spread six square miles over both sides of the

Nile . It was also the "City Beautiful," being called by more different

glorifying names than any city known to the ancient world . Its widest

avenues, lined with sphinxes, temples, palaces and monuments, could

accommodate an array of colorful chariots, twenty abreast . It was also

"The Two Cities," or "The City of the Living" and "The City of the

Dead ." One was on the east side of the river and the other was on the

west side . Each vied with the other in a race for magnificence . Palaces

and mansions were largely concentrated on the East Bank . Temples,

being everywhere, were about as numerous in the "City of the Living"

as in the "City of the Dead" on the West Bank where the mortuary

temples of kings and queens were located, along with the various

religious cults, and houses of priests, craftsmen, soldiers and the masses .

The West Bank was such a beehive of industrial, commercial and

religious activities that "City of the Dead," even though it refers to its

famous burial places, is nevertheless a very misleading name . Thebes'

status as the capital city and center of imperial activities rose and

declined, with few exceptions, according to the race or nationality of the[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:59pm On Feb 23, 2012

[b]told a story, the dance also recorded a message, appealed for spiritual

aid from God and ancestors, expressed joy for successful harvest,

hunting, victories in war or forms of prayer to ward off the evil spirits

that always sought to overcome the good . Sickness is one of these evils,

hence, the association of medicine with the spiritual forces for good .

The ritual for appealing to a Power beyond man is called "magic" by

Westerners, that is, if they are discussing Africa . Exactly the same belief

and practice are called "divine healing" in Christiandom .

The great civilization of the Blacks which for countless ages was

centered around Nowe (Thebes) did not just happen . Progress does not

happen automatically . Every forward step made by these early Blacks

was made, you might even say forced,, by the imperatives of what had

to be done to survive . Bear in mind that spiritual survival was more

important than physical, a concept the modern world is not expected to

understand at all .

The development of writing is not explained by the simple statement

of a "need to communicate ." The idea of permanence seemed to

motivate the drawing of pictures and symbols which were man's first

step toward the art of writing . Significantly, the scribes arose in the holy

temples . And this is why so many inscriptions of historical importance

have been found there, on walls, altars and on colonnades. The world's

oldest city, with the greatest number of temples that were also the

oldest, must have been the place where the largest mass of historical

data would have been found, had not the plunderers from different

countries destroyed, stolen, and carried away so much of it . Here we

need not be as much concerned with further testimony such as that of

Diodorus affirming that the Thebans were the oldest (first) men on

earth, according to their tradition, and that they also originated the

systems of philosophy and astrology . We need not be as much concerned

about their antiquity, which was already well-established, as we are

about the loss of so much of the additional evidence concerning the

development of philosophy and the beginning of the space science of

astrology .

Ancient Greek scholars, through Herodotus, referred to the completion

of their education in Ethiopia with pride and, it appears, as a

matter of course . So much has been built up against the black race since

those far away times that it will be difficult for many people of today to

realize that whites of the ancient world did not seem to regard the

question of Ethiopia as the principal center of learning as even debatable .[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:56pm On Feb 23, 2012

[b]curtains of time, shrewd leaders saw the overriding mystery of religion

as a controlling force in the lives of men . It appears that in almost all

societies religion was recognized not only as the principal means of social

control, but the equally certain source of economic wealth and political

authority . From the chieftain's role of offering prayers and sacrifices to

the gods, the steps to his own claim of kinship with the deities were easy

enough. For who can gainsay one who is in exclusive communication

with the Almighty? Although divine kinship was never widespread

over the continent, it seems to be true that the ideas and practices of the

divine despots of the Orient did penetrate and influence a number of

African kingdoms .

The point of all this is that religion made the people submissive and

obedient, all the more so if their ruler was given a superhuman role such

as kinship with the gods and the protecting ancestors . For did this not

mean then that rulers held all the keys to Heaven? Indeed, the chiefs

and kings had evolved into the very instruments of the peoples'

salvation.

The state's income from religion stemmed from the requirement of

sacrificial offerings from the people . This might be from ten to fifty

percent of what each individual produced or earned . But where the

traditional constitutional law of the Blacks prevailed, the people

willingly contributed from their means for a quite non-religious reason :

The central treasury belonged to the people and was maintained for the

people's welfare, not only for public projects but for the relief of each

and every individual in distress whose needs could not be met by his

family or clan . However, African constitutional law received its first

blow in Egypt in the wake of numerous invasions and foreign rule,

followed later by its almost complete destruction by Muslim and

European conquests .

The ancient religion that gave birth to science and learning, art,

engineering, architecture-the resources for a national economy and

political control-that same religion wars the mother of history, writing,

music, the healing art, the song and the dance .

The first historians were the professional story-tellers and traveling

singers . Both recounted the deeds of leaders, important events such as

wars and migrations, and how and by whom the society or state was

founded . Poetry and music were the cireations of the people in general

and, like the dance, came so easily that they seemed to be a natural

heritage of everyone . As the various musical instruments and singing[/b]

Politics › Re: The Destruction of Black Civilization by Chancellor Williams by Tochi3(op): 11:52pm On Feb 23, 2012

[b]Europe and Asia seized and transported from Africa as much of the

artifacts of its civilization as they could . Cambyses, for example, as early

as the sixth century B.C ., hauled away over $100,000,000 of precious

historical materials from Thebes alone . Cambyses was only one of

countless thousands who invaded the tomb repositories of black history

during each of the many periods of foreign invasions and foreign rule .

For these tombs not only contained valuable historical records in

different forms, but also great treasures in gold and precious stones . In

these cases, the historical records were generallydestroyed incidentally,

and not deliberately . The raids on graves and the great tombs were for

the great treasures to be found there . But the stolen gold and other

treasures were of no importance when compared with the mass of

priceless historical materials that are scattered over Europe and Asia,

some in museums, some destroyed or thrown away, all from from the

heartland of black civilization . Today the descendants of the robbers

still smugly declare, "The Blacks never had any worthwhile history ; if so,

where are their records?"

The still interesting fact about Thebes is that many of its formerly

great temples were prehistoric ruins even five thousand years ago . The

most ancient temple at Karnak, for example, in what was the center of

Nowe, goes back beyond the reach of man's records . No other city on

earth ever had so many temples, and even today there are more ruins of

temples there than anywhere in the world . Because of the splendor of

their architectural designs and the colossal size of the structures, they,

like the pyramids, became wonders of the world . Religion was not-only

the immediate occasion for the development of art and architecture, but

it also inspired the drive for bigness, the grand design on a scale as huge

as human skill and effort could achieve . Nothing less was befitting of the
gods .
The keepers of the temples of Thebes and elsewhere became a

powerful priesthood, thus indirectly reducing the power and influence

of chiefs and kings who, in traditional Africa, derived their real powers

as the official intermediaries between the gods, sainted ancestors and

the people . If an African king or chief had any real political power, it

was acquired either by virtue of his religious functions or because of the

prestige of being a great general and victorious warrior. Otherwise, the

Council was the constitutional center of power.

Moreover, religion became the basis of political power in a subtle and

much more far-reaching sense . For back behind the impenetrable[/b]

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