Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. - Culture - Nairaland
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| Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Ritchiee: 6:30pm On Feb 09, 2016 |
Complex genetic ancestry of Americans uncovered: Genetic fingerprints of slave trade and colonization Date: March 24, 2015 Source: University of Oxford Summary: By comparing the genes of current-day North and South Americans with African and European populations, a study has found the genetic fingerprints of the slave trade and colonization that shaped migrations to the Americas hundreds of years ago. FULL STORY Researchers analyzed more than 4,000 previously collected DNA samples from 64 different populations, covering multiple locations in Europe, Africa and the Americas. Credit: © stefanocapra / Fotolia By comparing the genes of current-day North and South Americans with African and European populations, an Oxford University study has found the genetic fingerprints of the slave trade and colonization that shaped migrations to the Americas hundreds of years ago. The team, which also included researchers from UCL (University College London) and the Universita' del Sacro Cuore of Rome, analyzed more than 4,000 previously collected DNA samples from 64 different populations, covering multiple locations in Europe, Africa and the Americas. Since migration has generally flowed from Africa and Europe to the Americas over the last few hundred years, the team compared the 'donor' African and European populations with 'recipient' American populations to track where the ancestors of current-day North and South Americans came from. 'We found that the genetic profile of Americans is much more complex than previously thought,' said study leader Professor Cristian Capelli from the Department of Zoology at Oxford University. The study found that: While Spaniards provide the majority of European ancestry in continental American Hispanic/Latino populations, the most common European genetic source in African-Americans and Barbadians comes from Great Britain. The Basques, a distinct ethnic group spread across current-day Spain and France, provided a small but distinct genetic contribution to current-day Continental South American populations, including the Maya in Mexico. The Caribbean Islands of Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic are genetically similar to each other and distinct from the other populations, probably reflecting a different migration pattern between the Caribbean and mainland America. Compared to South Americans, people from Caribbean countries (such as the Barbados) had a larger genetic contribution from Africa. The ancestors of current-day Yoruba people from West Africa (one of the largest African ethnic groups) provided the largest contribution of genes from Africa to all current-day American populations. The proportion of African ancestry varied across the continent, from virtually zero (in the Maya people from Mexico) to 87% in current-day Barbados. South Italy and Sicily also provided a significant European genetic contribution to Colombia and Puerto Rico, in line with the known history of Italian emigrants to the Americas in the late 19th and early 20th century One of the African-American groups from the USA had French ancestry, in agreement with historical French immigration into the colonial Southern United States. The proportion of genes from European versus African sources varied greatly from individual to individual within recipient populations. The research team analyzed DNA samples collected from people in Barbados, Columbia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Puerto Rico and African-Americans in the USA. The scientists used a technique called haplotype-based analysis to compare the pattern of genes in these 'recipient populations' to 'donor populations' in areas where migrants to America came from. 'We firstly grouped subsets of people in Africa and Europe who were genetically similar and used this fine scale resolution to find which combinations of these clusters resulted in the sort of mixtures that we now see in people across the Americas', said study author Dr Francesco Montinaro from Oxford University's Department of Zoology. 'We can see the huge genetic impact that the slave trade had on American populations and our data match historical records', said study author Dr Garrett Hellenthal from the UCL Genetics Institute, 'The majority of African Americans have ancestry similar to the Yoruba people in West Africa, confirming that most African slaves came from this region. In areas of the Americas historically under Spanish rule, populations also have ancestry related to what is now Senegal and Gambia. Records show that around a third of the slaves sent to Spanish America in the 17th Century came from this region, and we can see the genetic evidence of this in modern Americans really clearly.' These genetic findings also uncover previously unknown migration. 'We found a clear genetic contribution from the Basques in modern-day Maya in Mexico', said Oxford University's Professor Cristian Capelli. 'This suggests that the Basque also took part in the colonization of the Americas, coming over either with the Spanish conquistadores or in later waves of migration. 'The differences in European ancestry between the Caribbean islands and mainland American population that we found were also previously unknown. It is likely that these differences reflect different patterns of migration between the Caribbean and mainland America. 'These results show just how powerful a genetic approach can be when it comes to uncovering hidden patterns of ancestry. We hope to use the same approach to look at other populations with diverse genetic contributions, such as Brazilians', said Professor Capelli. I HAVE ALWAYS KNOWN THAT MOST BLACK AMERICANS ARE OF YORUBA STOCK. THE GREAT YORUBA NATION  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150324132224.htm |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Olamipapa(m): 7:04pm On Feb 09, 2016 |
In essence, Yoruba was the most enslaved Africans. If truly I digested the write up well. 4 Likes |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Nobody: 7:18pm On Feb 09, 2016 |
Not new. I think the slave project alluded to this time ago that the overwhelming majority of present day African Americans are of Yoruba ancestry based on DNA. They're mostly our brothers and sisters. 1 Like |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Nobody: 7:20pm On Feb 09, 2016 |
cc: lalasticlala and mynd44 |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Curlieweed: 7:29pm On Feb 09, 2016 |
Olamipapa: I tire for chest beating, sa. 'till we come take slavery dey boast. Modern Africans dey tire me. 4 Likes |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Nobody: 7:33pm On Feb 09, 2016 |
Olamipapa: Africans from the area of Angola were the most enslaved Africans. But I agree a lot of AA's are in fact of Yoruba ancestry. |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Olamipapa(m): 7:53pm On Feb 09, 2016 |
Curlieweed: Can you imagine! But I want to believe the survey was for the Americans, not for us to boast of. 2 Likes |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Nobody: 7:54pm On Feb 09, 2016 |
Curlieweed: This isn't about chest beating or supremacy. Only someone who's insecure with low self-esteem would think that. It's about know where ya people walked and understanding the connection between folks of the same ancestry separated by slavery and the Atlantic ocean. Beneficial to both sides and can easily help to form alliance since most AAs don't know much about their ancestral backgrounds and they have lost their culture/identity and a sense of who they truly are. |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Ritchiee: 7:58pm On Feb 09, 2016 |
Olamipapa: In other words... Marian Anderson Maya Angelou Arthur Ashe Crispus Attucks James Baldwin Benjamin Banneker Amiri Baraka Romare Bearden Mary McLeod Bethune Guion Bluford Arna Bontemps Edward W. Brooke Gwendolyn Brooks Blanche K. Bruce Ralph Bunche George Washington Carver Shirley Chisholm Kenneth B. Clark John Henrik Clarke John Coltrane Alexander Crummell Countee Cullen Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. Martin R. Delany Frederick Douglass Charles Drew W. E. B. Du Bois Paul Laurence Dunbar Katherine Dunham Duke Ellington James Forten John Hope Franklin Henry Highland Garnet Marcus Garvey Prince Hall Fannie Lou Hamer Lorraine Hansberry Dorothy Height Matthew Henson Charles Hamilton Houston Langston Hughes Zora Neale Hurston Jesse Jackson Mae Jemison Jack Johnson James Weldon Johnson John H. Johnson Percy Julian Ernest Just Maulana Karenga Martin Luther King, Jr. Edmonia Lewis Alain Locke Joe Louis Thurgood Marshall Benjamin E. Mays Elijah McCoy Claude McKay Oscar Micheaux Dorie Miller Garrett Morgan Toni Morrison Elijah Muhammad Jesse Owens Rosa Parks Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. Colin Powell A. Philip Randolph Hiram Revels Paul Robeson Jackie Robinson John Russwurm Arturo Schomburg Benjamin "Pop" Singleton Mary Church Terrell William Monroe Trotter Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Kwame Ture Henry McNeal Turner Nat Turner David Walker Madame C. J. Walker Booker T. Washington Ida B. Wells-Barnett Phillis Wheatley Walter F. White Roy Wilkins Daniel Hale Williams August Wilson Oprah Winfrey Tiger Woods Carter G. Woodson Richard... are all of Yoruba stock. 1 Like |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Olamipapa(m): 8:54pm On Feb 09, 2016 |
Ritchiee: oh! what a long list. but I still don't like the idea of slavery, but I know it is a fact that I most accept that it has happened but....... |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Ritchiee: 9:15pm On Feb 09, 2016 |
Olamipapa: There is nothing we can do about what has happened but to know where we stand and ruminate about the failings and successes of these great people whose forefathers were once on the African soil.If this forum were a serious one,this is the kind of topic mods like Mynd44,lalasticlala,seun should have pushed to the frontpage so that a lot of serious people can contribute... 1 Like |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Ritchiee: 10:15pm On Feb 09, 2016 |
Seun,why put this in the culture section? Shymexx,wizeguy69,ilekehd,oduastates,onreflection,igbotic,yorubatic,xtorse,pazienza,anonimi,Flyoruboy,opcnairaland,igboson1,truckpusher,gbawe,whathaveidone,. What is wrong here? |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by oduastates: 1:27am On Feb 10, 2016 |
the decline of the oyo empire led to a power vacuum in the homeland and vassal states . Wars ,internal strife followed . Unfortunately human beings are considered part of the bounty of war . Women are shared out as wives while the men are either sold or locally enslaved or massacre . 2 Likes |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by anonimi: 5:48am On Feb 10, 2016 |
Ritchiee: Indeed there is nothing we can do about the PAST. We can only learn from it. Learning from it however is impossible if we do not ACTIVELY remind ourselves about ALL of what happened back then through: - museums - historical research funded by our own wealthy folks - teaching our history, based on constantly updated findings from the research, to all our children - excursions and vacations to the RESTORED historical sites and activities This is what the oyinbos whom most of us consider "superior" do, including the Germans with their "horrible" genocidal war aka holocaust against the Jews that was an integral part of World War II. When I visited Gore Island in Dakar, Senegal, the tour guide mentioned that Yorubas were the highest number of slaves that passed through the place. This is a two-edged truth. While it is bad, it also reflects on the many wars within the Yoruba nation that were also for slave raiding. However this must have led to the evident URBANISATION of Yorubas as we have more walled/protected towns than other ethnic nations. This forced comparatively complex language and political structures that most of us have ABANDONED in favour of oyinbo culture without realising the beauty of ours. Sad! Pathetic!! Ist pic: Obama at the Point/Door of No Return on Gore Island 2nd pic: Barack & Michelle Obama at the Door of No Return 3rd pic: Me at the same spot.  [img]http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/image/image_file/p062713ps-08439.jpg[/img] 1 Share
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| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by alanmwene: 12:13am On Feb 12, 2016 |
KidStranglehold:Unlike yorubas,igbos,binis etc....Kongos and mbundus fought the white man and portugueses never conquered the kongo kingdom:Civil war destroyed kongo. Kongos never sold their own people like yorubas or igbos! ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l11fqBax7xM 2 Likes |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by scholes0(m): 2:00am On Feb 12, 2016 |
alanmwene: lol, so who sold the millions of Kongo and mbundu slaves to south America? 1 Like |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by tpiar: 2:02am On Feb 12, 2016 |
alanmwene: so why does the US have a large number of Congolese descendants from centuries ago?  2 Likes |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by absoluteSuccess: 8:01am On Feb 12, 2016 |
alanmwene: king Alfonsos wrote the letter that sparked on slavery to the West. |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Ritchiee: 2:24pm On Feb 12, 2016 |
alanmwene: You lied... African American Place of Origin Edit This Page From FamilySearch Wiki Jump to: navigation , search Back to African American Research Place of Origin 80+ percent of all slaves arriving in North America came directly from Africa Senegambia—13 percent (coast between present day Senegal and Gambia) Gold Coast—16 percent (most of present day Ghana) Bight of Biafra—23 percent (most of present day Nigeria and Cameroon)) Windward Coast—11 percent (present day Liberia and Ivory Coast) Region between Angola and Congo—25 percent (present day Congo, Zaire, Angola, Namibia) Ports of Arrival As popular as DNA is in providing clues to ancestral origins, learning the likely port of entry for one’s African American ancestry will give important clues to their place of origin in Africa. Below are distributions of African origins based upon entry into the U.S. in South Carolina, Virginia, and New Orleans. South Carolina 40 percent of all Africans arrived through Charleston, SC from the following areas: Angola/Congo represented 40 percent Senegambia represented 19 percent Windward Coast represented 16 percent Gold Coast represented 13 percent Virginia Others arrived at various ports in Virginia from the following locals: Bight of Biafra represented 37.7 percent Gold Coast represented 16 percent Angola/Congo represented 15.7 percent Senegambia represented by 14.9 percent Windward Coast represented by 6.3 percent Sierra Leone represented by 5.5 percent Mozambique/Madagascar represented by 4.1 percent See Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement by David Fischer and James Kelly, University of Virginia Press, 2000; page 61. New Orleans 92 percent of Africans brought to Louisiana arrived between 1719 and 1730. Two-thirds of slaves arriving in Louisiana were from Senegambia, mostly Bambara people from present day Mali, and Wolof’s located at the mouth of the Senegal River. Nearly 30 percent of enslaved people to Louisiana came from the Bight of Benin near present day Togo and Benin. The remaining 5 percent came from the Congo or Angola. See Gwendolyn Hall’s book, Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in Eighteenth Century Louisiana (Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 34-40. North Carolina Few slaves were brought directly to North Carolina ports because natural harbors were lacking. See Dee Parmer Wootor’s comprehensive book Finding a Place Called Home: A Guide to African American Genealogy and Historical Identity, especially chapter 14, "The Last African and the First American" (New York: Random House, 1999). Slave Generations First African came to Jamestown in 1619. William Tucker, born in 1624, was the first recorded African American born on American soil. There were 12 generations of slavery between 1619 and 1865. According to Finding a Place Called Home, until the 1820s, more than twice as many people of African descent crossed the Atlantic Ocean as Europeans. Retrieved from " https://familysearch.org/learn/ wiki/en/African_American_Place_of_Origin " Categories : African American Record |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by alanmwene: 6:19pm On Feb 12, 2016 |
@Ritchiee Back then,people were arbirtrarily classified as kongos,igbos,yorubas,akans............But this genetic study has shown that between 70-80% of the slaves taken from Africa were actually yorubas.Igbos come second with 10-15% and the rest of Africa contributed around 10%.The kongo law never allowed kongo people to be taken as slaves.All kongo slaves were civilians caught in the war between Portugal and kongo.Now that the dust has settled with this study,we know who did what during these very dark hours of Africa history.People should come clean and atone for their sins. |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Ritchiee: 7:33pm On Feb 12, 2016 |
alanmwene: But it is often said that Europeans did not begin the Atlantic trade and that they simply tapped into a human trade that already existed in Africa. While domestic forms of slavery and the trans- Saharan slave trade existed in Africa prior to the arrival of Europeans in the 1400s, these had a lesser impact on the continent than did the Atlantic trade. The latter surpassed the earlier trade in terms of the immeasurable loss of lives and resources it brought about in Africa and the Black Diaspora. 4 The three forms of slavery relegated Africans to an inferior social status and deprived them, partly or wholly, of their freedom. They legitimized the removal of Africans from their homeland and their relocation in foreign territories. Yet, the Atlantic trade differed from African slavery and Arab slavery because it was founded on a unique and rigid concept of bondage. 5 Unlike the Arabs and Africans, Europeans had a theory of slavery in which conversion to the religion of the master or marriage with the master did not prevent a person and his/her descendants from inheriting the status of a slave. 6 Despite this fundamental difference, these forms of slavery complemented each other, |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by mercyville: 8:50pm On Feb 12, 2016 |
alanmwene:I read this: The Democratic Republic of the Congo has been plagued by a history of widespread violence, often fueled by a deadly scramble for the state’s natural resources. In eastern Congo today, the mines have become a source of not only conflict minerals, but also a source of human slavery. The mines of eastern Congo are run by multiple armed groups, many of whom have strategically attacked and raped civilians in order to gain control. The armed groups are then financed by profits from the mineral resources, which are often extracted and transported using slave labor. Last week Free the Slaves, a partner organization of Enough, released The Congo Report: Slavery in Conflict Minerals , which documents slavery in and around Congo’s mines. Research teams from Free the Slaves and two local Congolese groups conducted surveys and community consultations in the Kivu Provinces of eastern Congo to determine the extent of slavery in the area. The report found several forms of slavery taking place, including the use of child soldiers, peonage, forced labor, sexual slavery, child slavery, and debt bondage. Some types of slavery are directly linked to the conflict such as the abduction of civilians for forced labor and sexual slavery, and others such as debt bondage and forced marriage are related to other factors including poverty and cultural norms. Child slavery is prominent among many of the armed groups and mining operations. As one NGO worker explained: “If you can’t afford to pay for workers, you’ll target children, who are most vulnerable and can be tempted into highly exploitative situations with the simple promise of a meal at the end of the day.” Child slaves are often employed in some of the worst types of labor such as diggers at the mine sites, or porters assisting in the transport of conflict minerals. Children, especially girls, are also susceptible to sexual exploitation and slavery by mine operators and soldiers. The slaves in and around the mines in eastern DR Congo serve as free and/or cheap labor for armed groups, enabling them to continue their trade in conflict minerals. To further understand this connection and to view first person accounts of slaves in the area check out Free the Slaves’ new video, Slavery in your Pocket: the Congo Connection . Slavery in Your Pocket: The Congo Connection from Free the Slaves on Vimeo . Conflict in the eastern Congo is a multi-faceted issue that requires stakeholders at all levels to combine efforts to bring justice and liberation to those enslaved in the Congo. Community-level justice building could be done through rights awareness training, self-help groups, or community vigilance committees. Additionally, a robust, independently monitored and audited tracing and certification scheme must be implemented for minerals sourced in eastern Congo. Consumers and investors can play a role in this process by holding governments and companies accountable to ensure that conflict and slavery are removed from product supply chains. What is the situation now? |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by kayfra: 5:31am On Feb 14, 2016 |
This study probably groups Yoruba and Igbos together since our DNAs are so damned close. 2 Likes |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by mercyville: 4:18pm On Feb 14, 2016 |
kayfra:Some people believed the bolded before this DNA thing was done.Do you have proofs that Yoruba and Igbo DNA(S) are similar? Igbo Americans, or Americans of Igbo ancestry, (Igbo: Igbo nke Amerika) are citizens of the United States who can claim whole or significant ancestry from the Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria.The vast majority of Igbo Americans have arrived in America by force through the Atlantic slave trade. Many African Americans of significant Igbo ancestry do not know that they have this ancestry. The Igbo were one of the common ethnic groups found amongst enslaved Africans in the United States. Another way the Igbo have arrived in America is through migration, one of the reasons being Nigeria's poor infrastructure and the effects of the Nigerian-Biafran War. In the United States Igbo slaves were usually referred to as Ibo or Ebo (sometimes spelled Eboe), a corruption of their native name. Some Igbo slaves were also referred to as 'bites', denoting their Bight of Biafra origin, and their name were sometimes given to them denoting their origin such as Bonna for a slave that arrived through Bonny. Their presence in the United States was met with mixed feelings by American plantation owners. Till today there is a very small amount of African Americans with 'Ebo' as their surname. I also have come across studies which directly link our language ties to the igbo, such as the prononciations of how we use certain wordings, and ways in which we say them even while being poisoned with this english crush on our original language. The Igbo people first came in contact with European traders in the mid-15th century. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach Igboland, followed by the Dutch and then the English. The trade of Igbo slaves started in the mid-17th century. The Bight (large bay) of Biafra, located off the west African coast (east of the Bight of Benin) was a central location not only for the capture and purchase of slaves, but for the departure of European slave ships bound for the Americas. Between 1650 and 1900, 14.6% (totaling about 1.4 million people) of the slaves taken to the Americas were taken from the Bight of Benin. This was the third highest percentage of enslaved Africans taken to the New World. The Igbo were taken to various colonies in the New World, including Jamaica, Barbados, Haiti, and the United States. In the United States, most Igbo slaves were taken to Virginia and Maryland: "Approximately 65,000 Africans came from the Bight of Biafra, which was about 16 percent of the total number, but 45,000 went to the Chesapeake where they represented about 36 percent of the African population. Moreover, they arrived early and were the largest group of immigrants from the 1690s through the 1750s. By contrast, they comprised less than 9 percent (about 18,000 people) of the total African population in the Carolinas and Georgia, with arrivals concentrated in the 1730s (over 5,000), the 1750s (over 4,000), and the years before 1808 (almost 4,000)." -- Peoples From the Kongo and the Bight of Biafra The Igbo were known to be rebellious and feisty. Oftentimes, Igbo males committed suicide (this was seen as a problem in several New World colonies, not just the U.S.) or ran away. For these reasons, American slavers in Georgia and the Carolinas rarely sought out Igbo slaves, opting instead for Senegambian or Kongolese slaves. "It is a truism in the historical literature that Igbo, especially Igbo males, were not at all appreciated in the Americas, mainly because of their propensity to run away and/or commit suicide. Igbo were, indeed, sometimes described as 'refuse slaves' who were purchased in high percentages in Virginia because the poverty of the slave owners left them no alternative." -- The Igbo The Igbo came to represent a large percentage of Africans in the Americas. Some researchers postulate that 60% of black Americans have at least one Igbo ancestor. The Igbo influence in the Americas is evident to this day, especially in the Caribbean. In Jamaica, for example, the creole word for "you" (plural) is unu, which is a direct descendent of the Igbo "unu." Foods like okra were introduced by the Igbo people as well. There's even an "Igbo Village" in Virginia. All in all, the Igbo represented a large portion of the slaves brought to America, and many black Americans today are descended from the Igbo people. 3 Likes |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Ritchiee: 4:33pm On Feb 14, 2016 |
kayfra: I DO NOT THINK THEIR DNA TALLY.THIS MAY HELP... Listed here are the human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in various ethnic groups and populations from Sub-Saharan Africa. Based on relevant studies, the samples are taken from individuals identified by linguistic designation (AA=Afroasiatic, KS=Khoisan, NS=Nilo-Saharan and NC=Niger–Congo). The table below's third column gives the total sample size studied, and the other columns indicate the percentage observed of the particular haplogroup. Population Language group n A B E1a E1b1a E1b1b E2 J R1b T Reference Afro-Asiatic[nb 1] Afro-Asiatic (AA) 236 5.5 3.8 0.4 3.3 34.8 0.8 19.5 20.8 3.8 Wood 2005[1] Alur Nilotic (NS) 9 22 0 0 11 0 67 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] Amhara (Ethiopia) Semitic (AA) 48 14.6 2.1 0 - 35.4 0 33.3 0 4.2 Hassan 2008[2] Bamileke Bantoid (NC) 85 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 Luis 2004[3] Bantus (Gabon) Bantu (NC) 795 0.5 6.7 0.2 79.4 0.1 6.2 0 5.5 0 Berniell 2009[4] Bantus (Kenya) Bantu (NC) 29 13.8 3.4 0 51.7 13.7 17.2 0 0 0 Hurles 2005[5] Bantus (Tanzania)[nb 2] Bantu (NC) 110 2.7 9.1 - 48.2 21.8 16.4 0 0 1.8 [3][6] Bantus (South Africa)[nb 3] Southern Bantu (NC) 137 5.1 10.9 0 54.7 4.4 21.2 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] Bantus (South-Eastern) Bantu (NC) 343 5.0 16.3 -- 66.2 1.5 10.2 -- 0 -- Naidoo 2010[7] Beja Cushitic (AA) 42 4.8 0 0 0 52.4 0 38.1 4.8 0 Hassan 2008[2] Benin (Fon) Gbe (NC) 100 0 0 0 95 0 5 0 0 0 Luis 2004[3] Berbers Berber (AA) 64 3 0 2 5 80 0 6 0 0 Cruciani2002[8] Burkina Faso[nb 4] Niger–Congo (NC) 106 0 0.9 3.8 81.1 2.8 11.3 0 0 0 Cruciani2002[8] Burunge Cushitic (AA) 24 0 25 -- 4 33 -- -- -- -- Tishkoff 2007[6] Cameroon (North)[nb 5] Adamawa (NC) 72 1.4 12.5 4.2 54.2 0 0 0 27.8 0 Cruciani2002[8] Cameroon (North)[nb 6] Chadic (AA) 54 1.8 3.7 0 13.0 3.7 7.4 0 70.4 0 Cruciani2002[8] Cameroon (South)[nb 7] Bantoid (NC) 89 0 5.6 0 93.3 0 0 0 1.1 0 Cruciani2002[8] R.D. Congo (East)[nb 8] Bantu (NC) 36 2.8 0 0 63.9 13.9 19.4 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] Copts (Sudanese) Arabic (AA) 33 0 15.2 0 0 21.2 0 45.5 15.2 - Hassan 2008[2] Cross River (Nigeria) Cross River (NC) 1113 0 -- -- 87 -- -- 0 0 0 Veeramah2010[9] Datog Nilotic (NS) 35 3 3 -- 11 54 -- -- -- -- Tishkoff 2007[6] Dinka Nilotic (NS) 26 62 23 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2] Dogon Dogon (NC) 55 1.8 7.3 45.5 43.6 0 1.8 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] Ethiopians Afro-Asiatic (AA) 242 17.8 0.8 0 - 48.8 0.4 26.9 0 3.7 Moran 2004[10] Ethiopian Jews Cushitic (AA) 22 41 0 0 0 50 0 5 0 5 Cruciani2002[8] Fulbe[nb 9] Senegambian (NC) 37 5.4 0 29.7 48.6 -- 0 0 -- 8.1 Cruciani2002[8] Fulbe (Sudan) Senegambian (NC) 26 0 0 0 0 34.6 0 0 53.8 0 Hassan 2008[2] Fulbe (Nigeria) Senegambian (NC) 21 - - - - - - - 0 - Cruciani2010[11] Fur Fur (NS) 32 31.3 3.1 0 0 59.4 0 6.3 0 0 Hassan 2008[2] Ghana[nb 10] Kwa (NC) 91 0 0 2.2 92.3 1.1 0 0 1.1 0 Wood 2005[1] Hadza Hadza (Isolate/KS) 80 0 57.5 - 26.2 15.0 - - - - Tishkoff 2007[6] Hausa (Sudan) Chadic (AA) 32 12.5 15.6 0 12.5 3.1 0 0 40.6 0 Hassan 2008[2] Hema Northeast Bantu (NC) 18 6 0 2.2 28 28 39 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] Hutu (Rwanda) Northeast Bantu (NC) 69 0 4 0 83 3 8 0 1 0 Luis 2004[3] Igbo[nb 11] Volta–Niger (NC) 209 A3b2=0 - - 89.3 - - 0 - 0 Veeramah 2010[9] Iraqw Cushitic (AA) 9 0 22 0 11 56 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] Khoisan[nb 12] Khoisan (KS) 90 47.7 14.4 0 24.4 6.7 2.2 1.1 0 0 Wood 2005[1] Khoisan Khoisan (KS) 183 44.3 11.5 0 23.0 16.4 1.6 0 1.6 0 Naidoo 2010[7] Khoisan (South Africa)[nb 13] Khoisan (KS) 129 33.3 12.4 0 35.7 14.7 3.9 0 0 0 Tishkoff 2007[6] Kikuyu & Kamba Northeast Bantu (NC) 42 2 2 0 73 19 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] ǃKung Northern Khoisan (KS) 64 36 8 0 39 11 6 0 0 0 Cruciani2002[8] Luo Nilotic (NS) 9 11 22 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] Maasai Nilotic (NS) 26 27 8 0 16 50 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] Malagasy Malayo-Polynesian 35 0 8.6 0 34.3 0 8.6 5.7 - 0 O=34.3%[5] Mandinka Mande (NC) 39 5 3 3 79 8 3 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] Masalit Maban (NS) 32 18.8 3.1 0 0 71.9 0 6.3 0 0 Hassan 2008[2] Mossi Gur (NC) 49 0 2 -- 90 2 -- -- -- -- Tishkoff 2007[6] Namibia (Nama) Khoikhoi (KS) 11 64 0 0 18 9 0 0 - 0 Wood 2005[1] Nande Northeast Bantu (NC) 18 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] Niger–Congo[nb 14] Niger–Congo (NC) 705 2.7 9.6 4.5 68.2 3.9 6.9 0.1 1.4 0 Wood 2005[1] Nilo-Saharan[nb 15] Nilo-Saharan 91 12.1 35.2 0 29.7 14.3 8.8 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] Nilo-Saharan[nb 16] Nilo-Saharan 345 23.2 17.4 -- 9.9 33.9 2.6 6.1 -- -- See [nb 17] Nubians Nubian(NS), Arabic(AA) 39 0 7.7 0 0 23.1 0 43.6 10.3 0 Hassan 2008[2] Nuba Nuba (NS) 28 46.4 14.3 0 0 39.3 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2] Nuer Nilotic (NS) 12 33.3 50 0 0 16.7 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2] Oromo (Ethiopia) Cushitic (AA) 78 10.3 1.3 0 - 62.8 1.3 3.8 0 5.1 Hassan 2008[2] Ouldeme Chadic (AA) 13 - - - - - - - 95.5 - Cruciani2010[11] Pygmy (Mbuti) Central Sudanic (NS) 47 2 59 0 34 0 4 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] Pygmy (Western)[nb 18] Niger–Congo (NC) 60 5 53.3 - 28.3 0 - 0 3.3 0 Berniell 2009[4] Sandawe Sandawe (tentative/KS) 68 4 14 - 43 34 - - - - Tishkoff 2007[6] Senegalese Niger–Congo (NC) 139 0 0 5.0 81.3 6.5 2.9 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2] Shilluk Nilotic (NS) 15 53.3 26.7 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2] Shuwa Arabs Arabic (AA) 5 - - - - - - - 40 - Cruciani2010[11] Somalis Cushitic (AA) 201 0.5 1.0 0 1.5 81.1 0.5 3.0 R1a=1 10.4 Sanchez2005[12] South African Whites Indo-European 157 0 0 0.6 0.6 9.6 0 3.8 51.6 -- Others=33.8[7] Sudan (Arabs)[nb 19] Semitic (AA) 102 2.9 0 0 0 16.7 0 47.1 15.7 0 Hassan 2008[2] South Sudan (Nilotic)[nb 20] Nilotic (NS) 81 50.6 24.7 0 0 24.7 0 0 - 0 Hassan 2008[2] West Sudan (Darfur)[nb 21] Nilo-Saharan (NS) 90 27.8 2.2 0 0 62.2 0 4.4 - 0 Hassan 2008[2] Tuareg (Burkina Faso)[nb 22] Tuareg (AA) 38 - - 0 16.7 77.8 0 - 0 - Pereira 2010[13] Tuareg (Mali)[nb 23] Tuareg (AA) 21 - - 0 9.1 90.9 0 - 0 - Pereira 2010[13] Tuareg (Niger)[nb 24] Tuareg (AA) 31 - - 0 44.4 16.7 0 - 33.3 - Pereira 2010[13] Tutsi (Rwanda) Northeast Bantu (NC) 94 0 15 0 80 1 4 0 0 0 Luis 2004[3] Wolof Senegambian (NC) 34 0 0 12.0 68.0 12.0 3.0 0 0 - Wood 2005[1] Yoruba Volta–Niger (NC) 13 0 8 0 92 0 0 0 0 0 Tishkoff 2007[6] Xhosa Southern Bantu (NC) 80 5 5 0 54 5 28 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] Zulu Southern Bantu (NC) 29 3 20 0 55 0 21 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1] |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by curi00: 9:02pm On Feb 14, 2016 |
very interesting thread |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by alanmwene: 9:43pm On Feb 14, 2016 |
mercyville: We aren't talking of child labour in a war zone:We are talking of the slave trade that lasted 400years and depleted Africa of its human ressources! This study shows that yorubas and igbos were the most enslaved ethnicities in the whole black race .It is all crystal clear!This is not surprising coz these two ethnicities never put a single full 8hours shift against the white man The kongo law never allowed kongo-mbundu people to be slaves.But we know for fact yorubas and igbos even sold their own igwes and obas for food,clothing,... Anyway,the past is the past!Lets hope they wont do it again. |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by tpiar: 6:04am On Feb 15, 2016 |
alanmwene: why would they do that? maybe you did? and why do you keep insisting Kongos were not enslaved when they were among the first Africans to be shipped to the Americas as slaves? |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by blueAgent(m): 5:56pm On Feb 16, 2016 |
Curlieweed: Lol....jobless dudes. their mates other races dey launch man for space . they dey here dey drag who they enslave pass. pathetic. |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Nobody: 7:18pm On Feb 16, 2016 |
Curlieweed:It's just exciting to discover you have relatives out there. Should we be sad? It reminds me of how some time past I was at pains explaining to an old relative that Tyra Banks is not a white person. We finally settled at something, which loosely translated, means a white African. |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Ritchiee: 12:34pm On Feb 17, 2016 |
Muafrika2: Lol...is there something like WHITE AFRICAN? |
| Re: Complex Genetic Ancestry Of Americans Uncovered. by Nobody: 3:40pm On Feb 17, 2016 |
Ritchiee: In Nigerian it would be Oyinbo African. It's mainly used jokingly to refer to Africans who are so emmersed into white culture that they are not African in their behaviour. Or like Tyra with all the lighting, white hair weave, on t.v, it's hard (for some Africans who are not exposed) to differentiate from a white person. |
That's A Nigerian? How Can You Tell? / The Timbuktu Manuscripts / Why Weren't/aren't There Any Tribes In Europe?
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