[quote author=OyinFarm post=104038156]Ch10 Animal housing: Cattle housing (Pig Housing)
Pig farming is realtively unimportant in most regions of Africa, as in most tropical countries, except China and South-East Asia. However, pig production is increasing in many tropical countries as processed pork finds an increasing market and pig production yields a relatively rapid rate of return on the capital employed. Pigs are kept primarily for meat production, but the by-products, such as pigskin, bristles and manure are also of economic importance.
To some extent pigs compete with man for food, but they can also utilise by-products and wastes from human feeding.
Management Improvements
In many tropical countries pigs roam freely as scavengers or are raised in the back-yard where they depend on wastes for feed. Little attempt is made to obtain maximum. Little attempt is made to obtain maximum productivity. However, a few simple management practices can help to improve the productivity and health of these pigs. They include:
1 Fenced paddocks with shade and water where:
• a Pigs are protected from direct sun, which will cause sunburn, and sometimes sunstroke particularly with whiteskinned pigs.
• b Pigs can be fed supplementary feed secure from neighbouring pig.
• c Some basic measures to control disease and parasites are possible to reduce the often very high mortality rate and to improve the poor reproductive and growth performance and inferior quality of meat experienced in traditional pig production in the tropics. The paddock can be sub-divided into 4 to 6 smaller areas so that pigs can be moved from one enclosure to another at 2 week intervals.
• d Sows can be bred to selected sires.
2 Simple semi-covered pens constructed of rough timber with a thatch roof and floor of concrete as shown in Figure 10.25.

An earth floor can be used, but is more difficult to keep clean and sanitary. Several pens can be arranged in a row as required. The main disadvantage with this type of accommodation is the relatively high labour requirements for cleaning.
3 Wallows or sprinklers can be provided to alleviate heat stress. Being unable to sweat sufficiently pigs have a natural instinct to wallow to increase the evaporative cooling from the skin.
While such improvements have the advantage of low investment in buildings and less need for balanced feed rations, they should only be regarded as first steps in raising the general level in present primitive systems.
The raising of pigs in confinement is gradually replacing the old methods because of lower production costs, improved feed efficiency and better control of disease and parasites. Thus, the confinement system is usually advisable in circumstances where:
• good management is available;
• high-quality pigs ate introduced;
• farrowings occur at regular intervals throughout the year;
• land is scarce or not accessible all the year;
• balanced rations ate available;
• labour is expensive;
• parasite and disease control is necessary;
• the target is commercial production;
• herd size is reasonably large.
Some systems keep only part of the herd in confinement. The order of priority for confinement housing for the different classes of animals is usually as follows:
• 1 Growing/finishing pigs (25-90 kg or more liveweight) for higher control daily gain, better feed conversions dna pasite control.
• 2 Farrowing and lactating sows, to reduce pre-weaning mortality and for higher quality weaners.
• 3 Gestating sows, to allow individual feeding and better control of stock.
Management Systems in Intensive Commercial Pig Production

There is no standard type or system of housing for pigs. Instead, accommodation and equipment are chooser to suit the type of management system adopted. However, there are certain similar principles and practices in most systems. These originate from the fact that most pig units will contain pigs of different ages and classes as show in Figure 10.26

Farrowing-Suckling Pens
In small and medium scale intensive pig production units a combined farrowing, suckling and rearing pen is normally used. The sow is brought to this pen one week before farrowing and stays there together with her litter for 5 to 8 weeks when the piglets are weaned by removing the sow. The sow is often confined in a farrowing crate a few days before, and up to a week after birth to reduce piglet mortality caused by overlaying or trampling. Systems 1 and II in Figure 10.27.
Early weaning after a suckling period of 5 to 6 weeks or even less can only be recommended where management and housing is of good standard.
The piglets remain in the farrowing pen after weaning and until they are 12 to 14 weeks of age or weigh 25 to 30 kg.
Group keeping of farrowing-suckling sows that have given birth within a 2 to 3 week interval is possible, but is unusual in intensive production. However, there are few acceptance problems and the litters cross-suckle and mix freely. The pen should have at least 6m² deep litter bedding per sow, with an additional creep area of 1m².
In a large scale unit, which has a separate farrowing house, sometimes either of the following two alternative systems ate practiced instead of the system described above:
The first alternative (System III in Figure 10.27) is similar to the system already described, but the piglets are moved two weeks after weaning to a weaner pen where they may remain either until they are 12 to 14 weeks of age (25 to 30 kg) or until 18 to 20 weeks of age (45 to 55 kg). Note that the piglets should always remain in the farrowing/ suckling pen for a further 1 to 2 weeks after the sow has been removed so that they are not subjected to any new environmental or disease stress at the same time as they are weaned. The weaning pens can contain one litter or up to 30 to 40 pigs. The pigs are often fed 'ad libitum'.
In the second alternative showing (System IV in Figure 10.27) the sow is placed in a farrowing crate in a small pen one week prior to birth. Two weeks after farrowing the sow and the litter are moved to a larger suckling pen. The piglets may remain in this pen until 12 to 14 weeks of age or be transferred to weaner accommodation two weeks after weaning.
Dry Sow Pens
After weaning a sow will normally come on heat within 5 to 7 days and then at 3 week intervals until successful mating. The average weaning to conception interval can vary between 8-20 days depending on management. In the period until pregnancy has been ascertained the sow is best kept in a pen or stall in close proximity to the boar pen.
Gestating sows are kept in yards or pens in groups of up to 10 to 12 sows, that will farrow within a 2 to 3 week interval. They can also be kept in individual pens confined in stalls or tethered in stalls.
Weaner and Fattening Pens
The weaners, whether they come from a farrowing pen or a weaner pen, will at 12 to 14 weeks of age be sufficiently hardened to go to a growing/finishing pen. Finishing can be accomplished either in one stage in a growing/ finishing pen from 25 kg to 90 kg - systems 1 and IV in Figure 10.27 or in two stages so that the pigs are kept in a smaller growing pen until they weigh 50 to 60 kg and are then moved to a larger finishing pen where they remain until they reach marketable weight. System II in Figure 10.27. In large scale production the pigs are arranged into groups of equal size and sex when moved into the growing/finishing pen. Although finishing pigs are sometimes kept in groups of 30 or more, pigs in a group of 9 to 12, or even less, show better growth performance in intensive systems. An alternative, where growing and finishing are carried out in the same facility, is to start about 12 pigs in the pen and later, during the finishing period, reduce the number to 9 by taking out the biggest or smallest pigs from each pen.
Replacement Pens
In intensive systems a sow will, on average, produce 3 to 6 litters before she is culled because of infertility, low productivity or age. Young breeding stock should be separated from the rest of the litter at about 3 months of age, since they should be less intensively fed than the fatterning pigs. Gilts are first covered when they are 7 to 9 months of age or weight 105 to 120 kg. After mating they can either be kept in the same pen up to 1 week before farrowing, or kept in the gestating sow accommodation, but in a separate group.
Boars in the tropics are usually quiet if run with other boars or with pregnant sows, but may develop vicious habits if shut up alone.
Determining the Number of Pens and Stalls Required in a Pig Unit
One objective in planning a pig unit is to balance the accommodation between the various ages and numbers of pigs. Ideally, each pen

[quote author=OyinFarm post=104038414][/quote]
From the above example it will be appreciated that the number of pens of various kinds required in a pig unit is based on a number of factors. It is, therefore, not possible to lay down hard and fast rules about the relative number of pens and stalls. However, a guide line to the requirement of pens in herds with average or good management and performance in tropical conditions is given in Appendix VI.
Space Requirement
In intensive pig production systems all pigs should be raised on concrete floors to provide for a clean and sanitary environment. In semi-intensive systems a concrete floor is only used in the pens for finishing pigs and perhaps in the farrowing pens, whereas an earth floor or deep litter bedding is used in other pens and yards. Litter may or may not be used on a concrete floor, but its use is desirable, particularly in farrowing pens.
Because of the cost of a concrete floor there is a tendency to reduce the floor area allowed per animal. However, too high stocking densities will contribute to retarding performance, increasing mortality, health and fertility problems and a high frequency of abnormal behaviour thus endangering the welfare of the animals. Increasing the stocking density must be accompanied by an increased standard of management and efficiency of ventilation and cooling. In particular, to aid in cooling, finishing pigs kept in a warm tropical climate should be allowed more space in their resting area than is normally recommended for pigs in temperate climates. Table 10.9 lists the recommended space allowance per animal at various stocking densities. The figures listed for high stocking density should only be used in design of pig units in cool areas and where the management level is expected to be above average.
should only be used in design of pig units in cool areas and where the management level is expected to be above average.
The dimensions of a pen for fattening pigs are largely given by the minimum trough length required per pig at the end of their stay in the pen. See Table 10.10. However, the width of a pen with low stocking density can be larger than the required trough length. This will reduce the depth to 2.0 to 2.4m, and thus the risk of having the pigs create a manure are within the pen.
Furthermore, the flexibility in the use of the pen will increase and the extra trough space allow additional animals to be accommodated temporarily or when the level of management improves.
Sometimes finishing pens are deliberately overstocked. The motive for this is that all pigs in the pen will not reach marketable weight at the same time and the space left by those pigs sent for slaughter can be utilized by the remainder. Such over-stocking should only be practiced in very well managed finishing units.
General Requirements for Pig Housing
A good location for a pig unit meets the following requirements: easy access to a good all-weather road; welldrained ground; and sufficient distance from residential areas to avoid creating a nuisance from odour and flies.
An east-west orientation is usually preferable to minimize exposure to the sun. Breezes across the building in summer weather are highly desirable. A prevailing wind during hot weather can sometimes justify a slight deviation from the east-west orientation. Ground cover, such as bushes and grass, can reduce reflected heat considerably, and the building should be located where it can most benefit from surrounding vegetation.
A fairly light well drained soil is preferable, and usually the highest part of the site should be selected for construction.
Pig houses should be simple, open sided structures as maximum ventilation is needed. A building for open confine merit is therefore essentially a roof carried on poles. The roof supporting poles are placed in the corners of the pens where they will cause least inconvenience. A free span trussed roof design would be an advantage but is more expensive.
In some circumstances it may be preferable to have solid gable ends and one tight side to give protection from wind or low temperatures, at least for part of the year. If such walls are needed they can often be temporary and be removed during hot weather to allow maximum ventilation. Permanent walls must be provided with large openings to ensure sufficient air circulation in hot weather. If there is not sufficient wind to create a draught in hot weather, ceiling fans can considerably improve the environment.
The main purpose of the building is to provide shade, and therefore the radiant heat from the sun should be reduced as much as possible. In climates where a clear sky predominates, a high building of 3m, or more, under the eaves gives more efficient shade than a low building. A wide roof overhang is necessary to ensure shade and to protect the animals from rain. A shaded ventilation opening along the ridge will provide an escape for the hot air accumulating under the roof. If made from a hard material the roof can be painted white to reduce the intensity of solar radiation. Some materials such as aluminium reflect heat well as long as they are not too oxidized. A layer of thatch (5cm) attached by wire netting beneath a galvanised steel roof will improve the microclimate in the pens. A roof of thatch is excellent in hot climates, particularly in non-confined systems, but cannot always be used because of fire hazard and because it is attractive to birds and rodents. A pig house with two rows of pens and a central feeding alley would require a ridge height of 5 to 6 metres if covered with thatch.

[quote author=OyinFarm post=104038414][/quote]

For all types of confinement housing a properly constructed easily cleaned concrete floor is required. Eighty to 100 mm of concrete on a consolidated gravel base is sufficient to provide a good floor. A stiff mix of 1:2:4 or 1:3:5 concrete finished with a wood float will give a durable non-slip floor. The pen floors should slope 2 to 3% toward the manure alley and the floor in the manure alley 3 to 5% towards the drains.
For units with 2 to 15 sows, specialized buildings for the various stages of production may not be practical or desirable. For the smallest units of 2 to 6 sows a kind of universal pen which is about 2.7m wide and 2.8-3.0m deep (including feed through) which can be used for:
I sow and her litter, or
2 litter of weaned piglets, or
3 to 4 gestating sows, or
9 growing/finishing pigs of up to 90 kg live weight, or
1 boar
This type of pen shown in Figure 10.28, provides a high degree of flexibility but usually does not allow as efficient a use of the building space as the more specialized pens.
When used for farrowing, the pen should be adapted with guard rails 25cm above floor level and 25 from the wall to protect the piglets from being crushed as shown in Figure 10.28b. However, confinement farrowing is one of the most efficient ways of reducing piglet losses. An arrangement with fixed or removable rails, which divide the pen, as shown in Figure 10.28c, will offer some degree of confinement.
In some climates it may be desirable to give sows with litter access to exercise yards. However, for the relatively short suckling period (6 to 8 weeks), it is usually considered best to keep the sows confined in pens with their litters.
A creep for the piglets is arranged in one corner of the pen. It is recommended that a temporary ceiling (e.g. wire netting covered with straw) 50 to 60cm above the floor in the creep area be constructed to prevent draughts and to keep warmer temperatures for the piglets during their first weeks of life. Where electricity is available, heating with an infra-red lamp may be used instead. Piglets are fed in the creep area out of reach of the sow.
Figure 10.29 shows a single row pig unit for 2 sows and fattening pigs, and Figure 10.30 a double row pig unit for 4 sows having a central feeding alley. The semi-covered manure alleys are arranged along the outside walls separated from the resting area of the pen. This arrangement will allow rain water to help flush away the waste to the drain channel and on to the manure store which has to have extra capacity for this water. However, in the 4 sow unit the furrowing pens have fully covered manure alleys for increased protection of the piglets.
The roof may be equipped with gutters so that rain water can be drained away separately or be collected for use as drinking water for the pigs.
A single tubular steel or round timber rail 20cm above the outside, rear wall (1m high) is desirable to increase security without interfering with ventilation.
Both buildings shown in Figures 10.29 and 10.30 can be extended to accommodate 2 to 4 more sows by adding 2 pens for fattening pigs at one end every time a farrowing pen is added at the other end.
Table 10. 10 Minimum Trough Length and Height of Partitions in Various Types of Pig Pens
Minimum trough length Minimum height of pen partitions

[quote author=OyinFarm post=104039002][/quote]

Two piglet feeders for use in the creep area are shown in Figure 10.36. The same types can be used for growing pigs up to 40 to 50 kg, but the dimensions will need to be increased. Metal is preferred, although a feeder made of wood can be satisfactory if cleaned regularly and thoroughly.
Watering Equipment
The requirement of drinking water is shown in Table 10.11. It is preferable to mix mealfeed with 1.5 to 2.1 litres of water per kg feed. The rest of the water can be given in the trough between feedings or in special drinkers. Clean water must be available to the pigs at all times, including the piglets in a farrowing pen.
Automatic drinkers are the most hygienic and can be used where piped water is available. There are two types, one which is placed above the feed trough and sprays into the trough when pushed by the pigs and the other type, which is operated by the pigs biting around it. This latter type is often placed in the manure alley or in the pen close to the manure alley to prevent the pigs from getting the resting area wet.
Manure Handling
The pig pens must be cleaned once or twice per day. Provided suffcient bedding is used and the urine is drained away separately to a urine storage tank the solids may have a consistency, which allows it to be stacked on a concrete slab. Where little or no bedding is used or the urine is not separated, a manure storage slab of the type shown in Figure 10.22 can be used. Table 10.12 shows the manure production.

Raising Native Pigs without expensive feed


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=if3aSDHvSGI

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Hello House.
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42 pigs which consist of different breed ie Duroc ,large white and land race.

I need someone with vast experience that can manage the farm either into partnership or as a manager.
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15 pieces of pigs available for sell @ #850/kg, location is Akoko-Edo LGA, Edo State.

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dammyalabs:
Good day great farmer, please anyone that have an idea where I can rent pen in ado ekiti.Also am looking for someone who is interested in starting up in ado that we can collaborate together please you can reach me on whatsap on 08036449669

I'm in Ado Ekiti. Please send me a WhatsApp message 09050211978

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Can someone please update this thread with current prices of different pig breeds , it’s piglets, weaners and growers both sow and boar . Am an intending farmer in ikorodu

[quote author=dreu2fine post=102694332]
Where can I buy pig to resale in large quantity to delta state[/quoote]



Pls do you still need pigs to buy? We have in Okpella, Edo State. My gsm :09025463229.

Kindly contact us at Pork N’ Wings Farm for your TN breed and Duroc breed weaners.

Phone : 08144250020, 08162924981

TN breed

Oladiran2046:
Kindly contact us at Pork N’ Wings Farm for your TN breed and Duroc breed weaners.

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Location

Y

Over 10tonnes of pigs available for sale 129pcs price 800 per kg

I need a pig farmer in gberigbe .

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxBLFHNGPko&t=367s

I would like to work at a piggery farm, with accomodation and room to learn the trade itself? Any opening with good pay is welcome....urgently please my professional farmers.

Dear farmers, pls how can I handle this situation, my pigs are 8 months old, the male is not aggressive to mate

You need PKC In tons at affordable price, call me 09067369425

Olanrewajuluke1:
Dear farmers, pls how can I handle this situation, my pigs are 8 months old, the male is not aggressive to mate

Separate the male from the females.
In few days he will start becoming sexually aggressive.
It happened to me and that's the way we are going about it

IRIENBOY:
Good afternoon. I want to start pig farming here in delta.pig farmer delta show me were to get brewery yeast.

Call me on 08062409979 I will give you the man number that supply me in Delta State, he uses tepper and big van open back so you have to tell him how many tons you need. My farm is located at Ibuzo Coker Asaba.

i need an active whatsapp group to join add me on 07038307221.thanks

Nice one