₦airaland Forum

shawnfamous:
so technically saying, there is a possibility that after fixing any phone too, the Memory capacity can also increase??

Yeah, the same way rivers flow uphill.

Uyi168:
..
Is this the painting thats worth $275m or we should expect another one

I'm still waiting for real picture to load.

VickyRotex:
Pele. So when are you dropping the next game?

Soonest.

____ [SPOILERS]____ _________
I want it coloured

VickyRotex:
Cool. Keep up with it. Dont hustle any hustling o, make sure it's legit.

lol. Photo editing is cool. Are you also learning video editing? Or do you already have that skill? I think that'll also help expand beyond your niche. Or even go hardcore for graphic design.

Good bless your legit hustle.

Video editing? It's cool but i don't have the resources for that now. Yeah graphics designing all the way!!

If there is one job you can do forever and you'll never grow tired of it. What will it be?

Idowster:
i invite DICKstractor harlos BankyGee legiitAdigun mickybeejay proudlyngwa StubbornGENIUS tot Bartork PrincessB1 Dew04 Katier00 mabella2550 vickyrotex callmeathena maggilove Galactico4ever armadeo tendyjohn andrew13 corbin dcrested ABCthingx dannyboi976 friendlo if u are nt mentioned u are still welcome

I hope pple will not fall waec after going threal dis thread. as in three should bi a disclamer for Jambites.

Last night, I waka waka go porta cut to draw a photography of my parport.
And nothing go shelerize.

---

[color=#555555]Respect please!
--- --- I'm the Literature Teacher of The Queen of England ---- [/color]

Axiwaju:

with all the money you have;-);-)

and please when are you going to update the UI of Nairalandplease

3031 May you live long enough to see the day!

VickyRotex:
This one is quarter loaf o.

Why not add yearly to it, let's know that it wee be an annual event game

Kidding. It's alright. Take your time. Drop the games when you have some (not the) time to do so. Cos you're right, you just might never have THE time.

as in eh? e no easy.

VickyRotex:
Hey hun! How have you been?

I dey o. Just trying to hustle any hustling I can find.

Like now, I want to learn photo editing so that I can cash out steady from rich girls like you.

@VickyRotex, Oh lawd! I've missed you a lot!

I thought it was best to leave this game till "when I will have the time" But now I realized that will I just might never have that time.

Well, half-loaf of bread is better than none. So how about we continue the game no matter how slow it takes. Weeks, Months

@Hachan
@VickyRotex
@Tominix
@EveryOtherIndividual$.

Op, how do I sum 1 + 1 and find the its square root using HTML 5

This isn't even half of it.

Each of these languages spawned descendants, and most modern programming languages count at least one of them in their ancestry.

The 1960s and 1970s also saw considerable debate over the merits of structured programming, and whether programming languages should be designed to support it.[39] Edsger Dijkstra, in a famous 1968 letter published in the Communications of the ACM, argued that GOTO statements should be eliminated from all "higher level" programming languages.[40]

Consolidation and growth Edit

A selection of textbooks that teach programming, in languages both popular and obscure. These are only a few of the thousands of programming languages and dialects that have been designed in history.
The 1980s were years of relative consolidation. C++ combined object-oriented and systems programming. The United States government standardized Ada, a systems programming language derived from Pascal and intended for use by defense contractors. In Japan and elsewhere, vast sums were spent investigating so-called "fifth-generation" languages that incorporated logic programming constructs.[41] The functional languages community moved to standardize ML and Lisp. Rather than inventing new paradigms, all of these movements elaborated upon the ideas invented in the previous decades.

One important trend in language design for programming large-scale systems during the 1980s was an increased focus on the use of modules or large-scale organizational units of code. Modula-2, Ada, and ML all developed notable module systems in the 1980s, which were often wedded to generic programming constructs.[42]

The rapid growth of the Internet in the mid-1990s created opportunities for new languages. Perl, originally a Unix scripting tool first released in 1987, became common in dynamic websites. Java came to be used for server-side programming, and bytecode virtual machines became popular again in commercial settings with their promise of "Write once, run anywhere" (UCSD Pascal had been popular for a time in the early 1980s). These developments were not fundamentally novel; rather, they were refinements of many existing languages and paradigms (although their syntax was often based on the C family of programming languages).

Programming language evolution continues, in both industry and research. Current directions include security and reliability verification, new kinds of modularity (mixins, delegates, aspects), and database integration such as Microsoft's LINQ.

Fourth-generation programming languages (4GL) are computer programming languages which aim to provide a higher level of abstraction of the internal computer hardware details than 3GLs. Fifth-generation programming languages (5GL) are programming languages based on solving problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer.

Elements Edit

All programming languages have some primitive building blocks for the description of data and the processes or transformations applied to them (like the addition of two numbers or the selection of an item from a collection). These primitives are defined by syntactic and semantic rules which describe their structure and meaning respectively.

Syntax Edit
Main article: Syntax (programming languages)

Parse tree of Python code with inset tokenization

Syntax highlighting is often used to aid programmers in recognizing elements of source code. The language above is Python.
A programming language's surface form is known as its syntax. Most programming languages are purely textual; they use sequences of text including words, numbers, and punctuation, much like written natural languages. On the other hand, there are some programming languages which are more graphical in nature, using visual relationships between symbols to specify a program.

The syntax of a language describes the possible combinations of symbols that form a syntactically correct program. The meaning given to a combination of symbols is handled by semantics (either formal or hard-coded in a reference implementation). Since most languages are textual, this article discusses textual syntax.

Programming language syntax is usually defined using a combination of regular expressions (for lexical structure) and Backus–Naur form (for grammatical structure). Below is a simple grammar, based on Lisp:

expression ::= atom | list
atom ::= number | symbol
number ::= [+-]?['0'-'9']+
symbol ::= ['A'-'Z''a'-'z'].*
list ::= '(' expression* ')'
This grammar specifies the following:

an expression is either an atom or a list;
an atom is either a number or a symbol;
a number is an unbroken sequence of one or more decimal digits, optionally preceded by a plus or minus sign;
a symbol is a letter followed by zero or more of any characters (excluding whitespace); and
a list is a matched pair of parentheses, with zero or more expressions inside it.

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Programming language
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The source code for a simple computer program written in the C programming language. When compiled and run, it will give the output "Hello, world!".
A programming language is a formal language comprising a set of instructions that produce various kinds of output. Programming languages are used in computer programming to implement algorithms.

Most programming languages consist of instructions for computers. There are programmable machines that use a set of specific instructions, rather than general programming languages. Early ones preceded the invention of the digital computer, the first probably being the automatic flute player described in the 9th century by the brothers Musa in Baghdad, during the Islamic Golden Age.[1] Since the early 1800s, programs have been used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms, music boxes and player pianos.[2] The programs for these machines (such as a player piano's scrolls) did not produce different behavior in response to different inputs or conditions.

Thousands of different programming languages have been created, and more are being created every year. Many programming languages are written in an imperative form (i.e., as a sequence of operations to perform) while other languages use the declarative form (i.e. the desired result is specified, not how to achieve it).

The description of a programming language is usually split into the two components of syntax (form) and semantics (meaning). Some languages are defined by a specification document (for example, the C programming language is specified by an ISO Standard) while other languages (such as Perl) have a dominant implementation that is treated as a reference. Some languages have both, with the basic language defined by a standard and extensions taken from the dominant implementation being common.

Definitions Edit

A programming language is a notation for writing programs, which are specifications of a computation or algorithm.[3] Some authors restrict the term "programming language" to those languages that can express all possible algorithms.[3][4] Traits often considered important for what constitutes a programming language include:

Function and target
A computer programming language is a language used to write computer programs, which involves a computer performing some kind of computation[5] or algorithm and possibly control external devices such as printers, disk drives, robots,[6] and so on. For example, PostScript programs are frequently created by another program to control a computer printer or display. More generally, a programming language may describe computation on some, possibly abstract, machine. It is generally accepted that a complete specification for a programming language includes a description, possibly idealized, of a machine or processor for that language.[7] In most practical contexts, a programming language involves a computer; consequently, programming languages are usually defined and studied this way.[8] Programming languages differ from natural languages in that natural languages are only used for interaction between people, while programming languages also allow humans to communicate instructions to machines.
Abstractions
Programming languages usually contain abstractions for defining and manipulating data structures or controlling the flow of execution. The practical necessity that a programming language support adequate abstractions is expressed by the abstraction principle.[9] This principle is sometimes formulated as a recommendation to the programmer to make proper use of such abstractions.[10]
Expressive power
The theory of computation classifies languages by the computations they are capable of expressing. All Turing complete languages can implement the same set of algorithms. ANSI/ISO SQL-92 and Charity are examples of languages that are not Turing complete, yet are often called programming languages.[11][12]
Markup languages like XML, HTML, or troff, which define structured data, are not usually considered programming languages.[13][14][15] Programming languages may, however, share the syntax with markup languages if a computational semantics is defined. XSLT, for example, is a Turing complete language entirely using XML syntax.[16][17][18] Moreover, LaTeX, which is mostly used for structuring documents, also contains a Turing complete subset.[19][20]

The term computer language is sometimes used interchangeably with programming language.[21] However, the usage of both terms varies among authors, including the exact scope of each. One usage describes programming languages as a subset of computer languages.[22] Similarly, languages used in computing that have a different goal than expressing computer programs are generically designated computer languages. For instance, markup languages are sometimes referred to as computer languages to emphasize that they are not meant to be used for programming.[23]

Another usage regards programming languages as theoretical constructs for programming abstract machines, and computer languages as the subset thereof that runs on physical computers, which have finite hardware resources.[24] John C. Reynolds emphasizes that formal specification languages are just as much programming languages as are the languages intended for execution. He also argues that textual and even graphical input formats that affect the behavior of a computer are programming languages, despite the fact they are commonly not Turing-complete, and remarks that ignorance of programming language concepts is the reason for many flaws in input formats.[25]

History Edit

Main article: History of programming languages
Early developments Edit
Very early computers, such as Colossus, were programmed without the help of a stored program, by modifying their circuitry or setting banks of physical controls.

Slightly later, programs could be written in machine language, where the programmer writes each instruction in a numeric form the hardware can execute directly. For example, the instruction to add the value in two memory location might consist of 3 numbers: an "opcode" that selects the "add" operation, and two memory locations. The programs, in decimal or binary form, were read in from punched cards, paper tape, magnetic tape or toggled in on switches on the front panel of the computer. Machine languages were later termed first-generation programming languages (1GL).

The next step was development of so-called second-generation programming languages (2GL) or assembly languages, which were still closely tied to the instruction set architecture of the specific computer. These served to make the program much more human-readable and relieved the programmer of tedious and error-prone address calculations.

The first high-level programming languages, or third-generation programming languages (3GL), were written in the 1950s. An early high-level programming language to be designed for a computer was Plankalkül, developed for the German Z3 by Konrad Zuse between 1943 and 1945. However, it was not implemented until 1998 and 2000.[26]

John Mauchly's Short Code, proposed in 1949, was one of the first high-level languages ever developed for an electronic computer.[27] Unlike machine code, Short Code statements represented mathematical expressions in understandable form. However, the program had to be translated into machine code every time it ran, making the process much slower than running the equivalent machine code.

At the University of Manchester, Alick Glennie developed Autocode in the early 1950s. As a programming language, it used a compiler to automatically convert the language into machine code. The first code and compiler was developed in 1952 for the Mark 1 computer at the University of Manchester and is considered to be the first compiled high-level programming language.[28][29]

The second autocode was developed for the Mark 1 by R. A. Brooker in 1954 and was called the "Mark 1 Autocode". Brooker also developed an autocode for the Ferranti Mercury in the 1950s in conjunction with the University of Manchester. The version for the EDSAC 2 was devised by D. F. Hartley of University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in 1961. Known as EDSAC 2 Autocode, it was a straight development from Mercury Autocode adapted for local circumstances and was noted for its object code optimisation and source-language diagnostics which were advanced for the time. A contemporary but separate thread of development, Atlas Autocode was developed for the University of Manchester Atlas 1 machine.

In 1954, FORTRAN was invented at IBM by John Backus. It was the first widely used high-level general purpose programming language to have a functional implementation, as opposed to just a design on paper.[30][31] It is still a popular language for high-performance computing[32] and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers.[33]

Another early programming language was devised by Grace Hopper in the US, called FLOW-MATIC. It was developed for the UNIVAC I at Remington Rand during the period from 1955 until 1959. Hopper found that business data processing customers were uncomfortable with mathematical notation, and in early 1955, she and her team wrote a specification for an English programming language and implemented a prototype.[34] The FLOW-MATIC compiler became publicly available in early 1958 and was substantially complete in 1959.[35] FLOW-MATIC was a major influence in the design of COBOL, since only it and its direct descendant AIMACO were in actual use at the time.[36]

Refinement Edit
The increased use of high-level languages introduced a requirement for low-level programming languages or system programming languages. These languages, to varying degrees, provide facilities between assembly languages and high-level languages. They can be used to perform tasks which require direct access to hardware facilities but still provide higher-level control structures and error-checking.

The period from the 1960s to the late 1970s brought the development of the major language paradigms now in use:

APL introduced array programming and influenced functional programming.[37]
ALGOL refined both structured procedural programming and the discipline of language specification; the "Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60" became a model for how later language specifications were written.
Lisp, implemented in 1958, was the first dynamically typed functional programming language.
In the 1960s, Simula was the first language designed to support object-oriented programming; in the mid-1970s, Smalltalk followed with the first "purely" object-oriented language.
C was developed between 1969 and 1973 as a system programming language for the Unix operating system and remains popular.[38]
Prolog, designed in 1972, was the first logic programming language.
In 1978, ML built a polymorphic type system on top of Lisp, pioneering statically typed functional programming languages.

Do you know:
The first Space Robot was coded in pure CSS.

This thread is a waste of server space.
Seun should just trash this!

lucky999:
why are people so dumb and mad at the same time, na by force say a man most kneel to a woman before he propose to her.
kneeling down to propose to a woman is what we learned from white men.
let me ask a questions,
do white men use to pay for bride price the way Africans pay?
Africans bride price is something else in the world especially Nigeria.
white men understands marriage different from what we Nigeria understand about marriage.
go and marry a white woman and see how easy it is to marry a woman and come to Nigeria to marry, you will understand that a man who wants to marry a woman is coming to carry a family problem.
after all this shiit you still expect our Nigeria men kneel down to a Nigeria woman when he knows what is waiting for him in the front.
people like you are why our woman takes advantage of us, because they see it as our responsibility to take care of them and carry their family problem.
it's not bad for a man not to kneel and propose to a woman, it's a choice.
tell me where for Bible that say make we dey kneel down dey propose to a woman.

too much sense will not kee you.

femi4:
You can never go wrong with Nokia.

A dead Nokia is better than all transs whatever put together

chai!

olamide0147:
it so easy, all you need is two sim cards one for the subscription then you will transfer the data to the other sim card it will definitely last for few days.

Which network is this stupid?

1bunne4lif:
I DEY HAIL O!

I GREET YOU BOSS!

Bantino:
Wow you guys keep on disappearing and appearing anyhow, hope you're doing great?

Yes o, I'm great!
It just that 'things' will not allow somebody chance to visit Nairaland let alone logging into say "hi".

If you want see the subsidiary app SOFTY just signify.

Bartork:
It's a new month. And am glad we are here. Months running so fast already. It's a quality of the year.

The lock down brougt me this new family

And am glad we made it it's far

May all our pending positive based wishes come true this month.

Good morning everyone....


Tot..... Silent but intelligent

Friendlo... My good friend, well place and firm.

PrincessB1.... One day one day.

Dew04..... You get double face, male today female tomorrow.... Hope it's just 2

Katier00..... We ought to have started the love.... Am the one they fought over you for. They were trying to place my feet firmly on the ground. Don't tell them it's deep.


Mabella2550.... Book and brains... Success is loading


VickyRotex....peperempe, the battle continues


CallMeAthena......Athena I have called you ooo answer me..... I'll engage you soon enough. Just brace yourself


maggilove......our food partnership agreement will never fail. Keep dropping bombshells and making us salivate. It's your job, we are duty bound to come find you out oneday to eat them delicacy life and direct.


Galactico4ever...... Boss your authority is for ever


Bantino.... Senior man.... I hail


armadeo......man me... How body
tendyjohn..... The man that trends..... You sabi


Andrew13........ Be sleeping ooo bbn is a one kind show...

Corbin.....corbin how are the globins..... You self know say you sure.

dcrested...boss I hail

ABCthingx..... Senior man. We see your power.

1bunne4lif......boss man. How far. 2 days

StubbornGENIUS...... The man that attracted me to the thread, you know you got the atheist already. No wonder you ain't up and about anymore. Don't rush off with her. Pick her but remain active we need the top notch touch


Proudlyngwa.... Your pride is enviable... We see you boss


mickybeejay....man me I salute

LegiitAdigun....boss, stay in line we see you here too.


BankyGee.... Yeah yeah. Am still popping. Banky I see you hands, you sabi


DICKstractor..... Your name don't ring a bell because I no wan mention am. But your touch picks up the style. You be sure man


harlos...boss top of the morning to you. I hail

Happy New Month Fam


If I didn't mention you and you are active here on this section or thread. Relax I'll find you and fix this

If any one of you like this post una no try. Let outsiders like it and not you.

Happy new month Bro.

maggilove:
come make we chop juh.
Corbin
TendyJohn
Stubborngenus
Bartork
Bantino
PrincessB1
Katier00
VillageBus
ABCthingx
Galactico4ever

Go and wash your hand at Tarkwabay and join us.

Shey food still remain?
'cause I wan set 8hrs dry fasting for am.

Bartork:
Galactico4ever
Bantino
ABCthingx
1bunne4lif
StubbornGENIUS
Proudlyngwa
Ugaboy

How una dey

Wow! e be like say I don miss plenty. .......I dey come!

VickyRotex:
Clue? very funny stop trying to play smart. you're the one trying to use reverse psychology here to get answers. But don't worry, I'll give a clue. Whether you agree or not, doesn't change what it is. I kinda know the exact fact you want me to state and I wont. Let's keep playing mind games

Here's your hint: go to page 362++ in Likers paradise. If what you find there still doesn't give you a clue of how/what I knew then

Maybe if you're humble I can tell you more, or we can just pretend and move on.

Btw, Please make sure Martin faces the closet this time.

Okay ma, Please tell me more. As there is no substantial evidence in page 362.


Also why and for how long have you been stalking me?

VickyRotex:
lol take a guess first and I'll tell you if you're right.

But first, you agree that, that's one of your numerous moniker, correct? No lies

Nope no. You ain't getting any clue from me. No matter who you say I am. If you like say I'm mannabbq.
I'll rather catch fun watching you prove your assertions.

VickyRotex:
No, you own all the monikers on NL. Do you need me to remind you how I suspected knew you own that moniker

Yep. How?

NNU0000:
Not really,but i found someone who's good at it.

That's good to hear.