"There are lots of ways to express that you are still young: celebrating on your birthday is one of them. Happy Birthday!"my princess I pray that today being 12thNovember 2016 that make you one year may the Almighty God add another years to your life u shall leave to witness many more years in Jesus name Amen kamsiyochukwu Asonye happy birthday from your daddy I love you

THIS THE LIST OF ICT FROM PSC EXAMS 2013 - 04 - 23 LIST OF CANDIDATES RECRUITED INTO THE NPF AS CADET ASPS AND INSPECTORS (ICT PROFESSIONALS)

The Police Service Commission has approved the release of names of successful candidates for appointment into the Nigeria Police Force as ICT Professionals; Cadet Assistant Superintendents of Police (C/ ASPs) and Cadet Inspectors (C/ INSPs) as attached.
2. The date and venue of training of the successful Cadets will be released at a later date.

Daily Devotional from EVANS4GOD ONE MONUTH
January 01 PM

"We will be glad and rejoice in Thee."
Song of Solomon 1:4
We will be glad and rejoice in Thee. We will not open the gates of the year to the dolorous notes of the sackbut, but to the sweet strains of the harp of joy, and the high sounding cymbals of gladness. "O come, let us sing unto the Lord: let us make a joyful noise unto the rock of our salvation." We, the called and faithful and chosen, we will drive away our griefs, and set up our banners of confidence in the name of God. Let others lament over their troubles, we who have the sweetening tree to cast into Marah's bitter pool, with joy will magnify the Lord. Eternal Spirit, our effectual Comforter, we who are the temples in which Thou dwellest, will never cease from adoring and blessing the name of Jesus. We WILL, we are resolved about it, Jesus must have the crown of our heart's delight; we will not dishonour our Bridegroom by mourning in His presence. We are ordained to be the minstrels of the skies, let us rehearse our everlasting anthem before we sing it in the halls of the New Jerusalem. We will BE GLAD AND REJOICE: two words with one sense, double joy, blessedness upon blessedness. Need there be any limit to our rejoicing in the Lord even now? Do not men of grace find their Lord to be camphire and spikenard, calamus and cinnamon even now, and what better fragrance have they in heaven itself? We will be glad and rejoice IN THEE. That last word is the meat in the dish, the kernel of the nut, the soul of the text. What heavens are laid up in Jesus! What rivers of infinite bliss have their source, ay, and every drop of their fulness in Him! Since, O sweet Lord Jesus, Thou art the present portion of Thy people, favour us this year with such a sense of Thy preciousness, that from its first to its last day we may be glad and rejoice in Thee. Let January open with joy in the Lord, and December close with gladness in Jesus.

January 02 PM

"Let the people renew their strength."
Isaiah 41:1
All things on earth need to be renewed. No created thing continueth by itself. "Thou renewest the face of the year," was the Psalmist's utterance. Even the trees, which wear not themselves with care, nor shorten their lives with labour, must drink of the rain of heaven and suck from the hidden treasures of the soil. The cedars of Lebanon, which God has planted, only live because day by day they are full of sap fresh drawn from the earth.Neither can man's life be sustained without renewal from God. As it is necessary to repair the waste of the body by the frequent meal, so we must repair the waste of the soul by feeding upon the Book of God, or by listening to the preached Word, or by the soul-fattening table of the ordinances.How depressed are our graces when means are neglected! What poor starvelings some saints are who live without the diligent use of the Word of God and secret prayer! If our piety can live without God it is not of divine creating; it is but a dream; for if God had begotten it, it would wait upon Him as the flowers wait upon the dew. Without constant restoration we are not ready for the perpetual assaults of hell, or the stern afflictions of heaven, or even for the strifes within. When the whirlwind shall be loosed, woe to the tree that hath not sucked up fresh sap, and grasped the rock with many intertwisted roots.When tempests arise, woe to the mariners that have not strengthened their mast, nor cast their anchor, nor sought the haven. If we suffer the good to grow weaker, the evil will surely gather strength and struggle desperately for the mastery over us; and so, mayhap, a painful desolation, and a lamentable disgrace may follow. Let us draw near to the footstool of divine mercy in humble entreaty, and we shall realize the fulfillment of the promise, "They that wait on the Lord shall renew their strength."

January 03 PM

"The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight."
Luke 3:4
The voice crying in the wilderness demanded a way for the Lord, a way prepared, and a way prepared in the wilderness. I would be attentive to the Master's proclamation, and give Him a road into my heart, cast up by gracious operations, through the desert of my nature. The four directions in the text must have my serious attention.

Every valley must be exalted. Low and grovelling thoughts of God must be given up; doubting and despairing must be removed; and self-seeking and carnal delights must be forsaken. Across these deep valleys a glorious causeway of grace must be raised.

Every mountain and hill shall be laid low. Proud creature- sufficiency, and boastful self-righteousness, must be levelled, to make a highway for the King of kings. Divine fellowship is never vouchsafed to haughty, highminded sinners. The Lord hath respect unto the lowly, and visits the contrite in heart, but the lofty are an abomination unto Him. My soul, beseech the Holy Spirit to set thee right in this respect.

The crooked shall be made straight. The wavering heart must have a straight path of decision for God and holiness marked out for it. Double-minded men are strangers to the God of truth. My soul, take heed that thou be in all things honest and true, as in the sight of the heart-searching God.

The rough places shall be made smooth. Stumbling-blocks of sin must be removed, and thorns and briers of rebellion must be uprooted. So great a visitor must not find miry ways and stony places when He comes to honour His favoured ones with His company. Oh that this evening the Lord may find in my heart a highway made ready by His grace, that He may make a triumphal progress through the utmost bounds of my soul, from the beginning of this year even to the end of it.

January 04 PM

"And Joseph knew his brethren, but they knew not him."
Genesis 42:8
This morning our desires went forth for growth in our acquaintance with the Lord Jesus; it may be well to-night to consider a kindred topic, namely, our heavenly Joseph's knowledge of us. This was most blessedly perfect long before we had the slightest knowledge of Him. "His eyes beheld our substance, yet being imperfect, and in His book all our members were written, when as yet there was none of them." Before we had a being in the world we had a being in His heart. When we were enemies to Him, He knew us, our misery, our madness, and our wickedness. When we wept bitterly in despairing repentance, and viewed Him only as a judge and a ruler, He viewed us as His brethren well beloved, and His bowels yearned towards us. He never mistook His chosen, but always beheld them as objects of His infinite affection. "The Lord knoweth them that are His," is as true of the prodigals who are feeding swine as of the children who sit at the table.

But, alas! we knew not our royal Brother, and out of this ignorance grew a host of sins. We withheld our hearts from Him, and allowed Him no entrance to our love. We mistrusted Him, and gave no credit to His words. We rebelled against Him, and paid Him no loving homage. The Sun of Righteousness shone forth, and we could not see Him. Heaven came down to earth, and earth perceived it not. Let God be praised, those days are over with us; yet even now it is but little that we know of Jesus compared with what He knows of us. We have but begun to study Him, but He knoweth us altogether. It is a blessed circumstance that the ignorance is not on His side, for then it would be a hopeless case for us. He will not say to us, "I never knew you," but He will confess our names in the day of His appearing, and meanwhile will manifest Himself to us as He doth not unto the world.

January 05 PM

"And God saw the light."
Genesis 1:4
This morning we noticed the goodness of the light, and the Lord's dividing it from the darkness, we now note the special eye which the Lord had for the light. "God saw the light"--He looked at it with complacency, gazed upon it with pleasure, saw that it "was good." If the Lord has given you light, dear reader, He looks on that light with peculiar interest; for not only is it dear to Him as His own handiwork, but because it is like Himself, for "He is light." Pleasant it is to the believer to know that God's eye is thus tenderly observant of that work of grace which He has begun. He never loses sight of the treasure which He has placed in our earthen vessels. Sometimes we cannot see the light, but God always sees the light, and that is much better than our seeing it. Better for the judge to see my innocence than for me to think I see it. It is very comfortable for me to know that I am one of God's people--but whether I know it or not, if the Lord knows it, I am still safe. This is the foundation, "The Lord knoweth them that are His." You may be sighing and groaning because of inbred sin, and mourning over your darkness, yet the Lord sees "light" in your heart, for He has put it there, and all the cloudiness and gloom of your soul cannot conceal your light from His gracious eye. You may have sunk low in despondency, and even despair; but if your soul has any longing towards Christ, and if you are seeking to rest in His finished work, God sees the "light." He not only sees it, but He also preserves it in you. "I, the Lord, do keep it." This is a precious thought to those who, after anxious watching and guarding of themselves, feel their own powerlessness to do so. The light thus preserved by His grace, He will one day develop into the splendour of noonday, and the fulness of glory. The light within is the dawn of the eternal day.

January 06 PM

"Now the hand of the Lord was upon me in the evening."
Ezekiel 33:22
In the way of judgment this may be the case, and, if so, be it mine to consider the reason of such a visitation, and bear the rod and Him that hath appointed it. I am not the only one who is chastened in the night season; let me cheerfully submit to the affliction, and carefully endeavour to be profited thereby. But the hand of the Lord may also be felt in another manner, strengthening the soul and lifting the spirit upward towards eternal things. O that I may in this sense feel the Lord dealing with me! A sense of the divine presence and indwelling bears the soul towards heaven as upon the wings of eagles. At such times we are full to the brim with spiritual joy, and forget the cares and sorrows of earth; the invisible is near, and the visible loses its power over us; servant-body waits at the foot of the hill, and the master-spirit worships upon the summit in the presence of the Lord. O that a hallowed season of divine communion may be vouchsafed to me this evening! The Lord knows that I need it very greatly. My graces languish, my corruptions rage, my faith is weak, my devotion is cold; all these are reasons why His healing hand should be laid upon me. His hand can cool the heat of my burning brow, and stay the tumult of my palpitating heart. That glorious right hand which moulded the world can new-create my mind; the unwearied hand which bears the earth's huge pillars up can sustain my spirit; the loving hand which incloses all the saints can cherish me; and the mighty hand which breaketh in pieces the enemy can subdue my sins. Why should I not feel that hand touching me this evening? Come, my soul, address thy God with the potent plea, that Jesu's hands were pierced for thy redemption, and thou shalt surely feel that same hand upon thee which once touched Daniel and set him upon his knees that he might see visions of God.

January 07 PM

"My sister, my spouse."
Song of Solomon 4:12
Observe the sweet titles with which the heavenly Solomon with intense affection addresses His bride the church. "My sister, one near to me by ties of nature, partaker of the same sympathies. My spouse, nearest and dearest, united to me by the tenderest bands of love; my sweet companion, part of my own self. My sister, by my Incarnation, which makes me bone of thy bone and flesh of thy flesh; my spouse, by heavenly betrothal, in which I have espoused thee unto myself in righteousness. My sister, whom I knew of old, and over whom I watched from her earliest infancy; my spouse, taken from among the daughters, embraced by arms of love, and affianced unto me for ever. See how true it is that our royal Kinsman is not ashamed of us, for He dwells with manifest delight upon this two-fold relationship. We have the word "my" twice in our version; as if Christ dwelt with rapture on His possession of His Church. "His delights were with the sons of men," because those sons of men were His own chosen ones. He, the Shepherd, sought the sheep, because they were His sheep; He has gone about "to seek and to save that which was lost," because that which was lost was His long before it was lost to itself or lost to Him. The church is the exclusive portion of her Lord; none else may claim a partnership, or pretend to share her love. Jesus, thy church delights to have it so! Let every believing soul drink solace out of these wells. Soul! Christ is near to thee in ties of relationship; Christ is dear to thee in bonds of marriage union, and thou art dear to Him; behold He grasps both of thy hands with both His own, saying, "My sister, my spouse." Mark the two sacred holdfasts by which thy Lord gets such a double hold of thee that He neither can nor will ever let thee go. Be not, O beloved, slow to return the hallowed flame of His love.

January 08 PM

"Thy love is better than wine."
Song of Solomon 1:2
Nothing gives the believer so much joy as fellowship with Christ. He has enjoyment as others have in the common mercies of life, he can be glad both in God's gifts and God's works; but in all these separately, yea, and in all of them added together, he doth not find such substantial delight as in the matchless person of his Lord Jesus. He has wine which no vineyard on earth ever yielded; he has bread which all the corn-fields of Egypt could never bring forth. Where can such sweetness be found as we have tasted in communion with our Beloved? In our esteem, the joys of earth are little better than husks for swine compared with Jesus, the heavenly manna. We would rather have one mouthful of Christ's love, and a sip of his fellowship, than a whole world full of carnal delights. What is the chaff to the wheat? What is the sparkling paste to the true diamond? What is a dream to the glorious reality? What is time's mirth, in its best trim, compared to our Lord Jesus in His most despised estate? If you know anything of the inner life, you will confess that our highest, purest, and most enduring joys must be the fruit of the tree of life which is in the midst of the Paradise of God. No spring yields such sweet water as that well of God which was digged with the soldier's spear. All earthly bliss is of the earth earthy, but the comforts of Christ's presence are like Himself, heavenly. We can review our communion with Jesus, and find no regrets of emptiness therein; there are no dregs in this wine, no dead flies in this ointment. The joy of the Lord is solid and enduring. Vanity hath not looked upon it, but discretion and prudence testify that it abideth the test of years, and is in time and in eternity worthy to be called "the only true delight." For nourishment, consolation, exhilaration, and refreshment, no wine can rival the love of Jesus. Let us drink to the full this evening.

January 09 PM

"Serve the Lord with gladness."
Psalm 100:2
Delight in divine service is a token of acceptance. Those who serve God with a sad countenance, because they do what is unpleasant to them, are not serving Him at all; they bring the form of homage, but the life is absent. Our God requires no slaves to grace His throne; He is the Lord of the empire of love, and would have His servants dressed in the livery of joy. The angels of God serve Him with songs, not with groans; a murmur or a sigh would be a mutiny in their ranks. That obedience which is not voluntary is disobedience, for the Lord looketh at the heart, and if He seeth that we serve Him from force, and not because we love Him, He will reject our offering. Service coupled with cheerfulness is heart-service, and therefore true. Take away joyful willingness from the Christian, and you have removed the test of his sincerity. If a man be driven to battle, he is no patriot; but he who marches into the fray with flashing eye and beaming face, singing, "It is sweet for one's country to die," proves himself to be sincere in his patriotism. Cheerfulness is the support of our strength; in the joy of the Lord are we strong. It acts as the remover of difficulties. It is to our service what oil is to the wheels of a railway carriage. Without oil the axle soon grows hot, and accidents occur; and if there be not a holy cheerfulness to oil our wheels, our spirits will be clogged with weariness. The man who is cheerful in his service of God, proves that obedience is his element; he can sing,

"Make me to walk in Thy commands,
'Tis a delightful road."

Reader, let us put this question--do you serve the Lord with gladness? Let us show to the people of the world, who think our religion to be slavery, that it is to us a delight and a joy! Let our gladness proclaim that we serve a good Master.

January 10 PM

"In my flesh shall I see God."
Job 19:26
Mark the subject of Job's devout anticipation "I shall see God." He does not say, "I shall see the saints"--though doubtless that will be untold felicity--but, "I shall see God." It is not--"I shall see the pearly gates, I shall behold the walls of jasper, I shall gaze upon the crowns of gold," but "I shall see God." This is the sum and substance of heaven, this is the joyful hope of all believers. It is their delight to see Him now in the ordinances by faith. They love to behold Him in communion and in prayer; but there in heaven they shall have an open and unclouded vision, and thus seeing "Him as He is," shall be made completely like Him. Likeness to God--what can we wish for more? And a sight of God--what can we desire better? Some read the passage, "Yet, I shall see God in my flesh," and find here an allusion to Christ, as the "Word made flesh," and that glorious beholding of Him which shall be the splendour of the latter days. Whether so or not it is certain that Christ shall be the object of our eternal vision; nor shall we ever want any joy beyond that of seeing Him. Think not that this will be a narrow sphere for the mind to dwell in. It is but one source of delight, but that source is infinite. All His attributes shall be subjects for contemplation, and as He is infinite under each aspect, there is no fear of exhaustion. His works, His gifts, His love to us, and His glory in all His purposes, and in all His actions, these shall make a theme which will be ever new. The patriarch looked forward to this sight of God as a personal enjoyment. "Whom mine eye shall behold, and not another." Take realizing views of heaven's bliss; think what it will be to you. "Thine eyes shall see the King in His beauty." All earthly brightness fades and darkens as we gaze upon it, but here is a brightness which can never dim, a glory which can never fade--"I shall see God."

January 11 PM

"I have prayed for thee."
Luke 22:32
How encouraging is the thought of the Redeemer's never- ceasing intercession for us. When we pray, He pleads for us; and when we are not praying, He is advocating our cause, and by His supplications shielding us from unseen dangers. Notice the word of comfort addressed to Peter--"Simon, Simon, Satan hath desired to have you that he may sift you as wheat; but"--what? "But go and pray for yourself." That would be good advice, but it is not so written. Neither does he say, "But I will keep you watchful, and so you shall be preserved." That were a great blessing. No, it is, "But I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not." We little know what we owe to our Saviour's prayers. When we reach the hill-tops of heaven, and look back upon all the way whereby the Lord our God hath led us, how we shall praise Him who, before the eternal throne, undid the mischief which Satan was doing upon earth. How shall we thank Him because He never held His peace, but day and night pointed to the wounds upon His hands, and carried our names upon His breastplate! Even before Satan had begun to tempt, Jesus had forestalled him and entered a plea in heaven. Mercy outruns malice. Mark, He does not say, "Satan hath desired to have you." He checks Satan even in his very desire, and nips it in the bud. He does not say, "But I have desired to pray for you." No, but "I have prayed for you: I have done it already; I have gone to court and entered a counterplea even before an accusation is made." O Jesus, what a comfort it is that thou hast pleaded our cause against our unseen enemies; countermined their mines, and unmasked their ambushes. Here is a matter for joy, gratitude, hope, and confidence.

January 12 PM

"I have yet to speak on God's behalf."
Job 36:2
We ought not to court publicity for our virtue, or notoriety for our zeal; but, at the same time, it is a sin to be always seeking to hide that which God has bestowed upon us for the good of others. A Christian is not to be a village in a valley, but "a city set upon a hill;" he is not to be a candle under a bushel, but a candle in a candlestick, giving light to all. Retirement may be lovely in its season, and to hide one's self is doubtless modest, but the hiding of Christ in us can never be justified, and the keeping back of truth which is precious to ourselves is a sin against others and an offence against God. If you are of a nervous temperament and of retiring disposition, take care that you do not too much indulge this trembling propensity, lest you should be useless to the church. Seek in the name of Him who was not ashamed of you to do some little violence to your feelings, and tell to others what Christ has told to you. If thou canst not speak with trumpet tongue, use the still small voice. If the pulpit must not be thy tribune, if the press may not carry on its wings thy words, yet say with Peter and John, "Silver and gold have I none; but such as I have give I thee." By Sychar's well talk to the Samaritan woman, if thou canst not on the mountain preach a sermon; utter the praises of Jesus in the house, if not in the temple; in the field, if not upon the exchange; in the midst of thine own household, if thou canst not in the midst of the great family of man. From the hidden springs within let sweetly flowing rivulets of testimony flow forth, giving drink to every passer-by. Hide not thy talent; trade with it; and thou shalt bring in good interest to thy Lord and Master. To speak for God will be refreshing to ourselves, cheering to saints, useful to sinners, and honouring to the Saviour. Dumb children are an affliction to their parents. Lord, unloose all Thy children's tongue.

January 13 PM

"The iron did swim."
2 Kings 6:9
The axe-head seemed hopelessly lost, and as it was borrowed, the honour of the prophetic band was likely to be imperilled, and so the name of their God to be compromised. Contrary to all expectation, the iron was made to mount from the depth of the stream and to swim; for things impossible with man are possible with God. I knew a man in Christ but a few years ago who was called to undertake a work far exceeding his strength. It appeared so difficult as to involve absurdity in the bare idea of attempting it. Yet he was called thereto, and his faith rose with the occasion; God honoured his faith, unlooked-for aid was sent, and the iron did swim. Another of the Lord's family was in grievous financial straits, he was able to meet all claims, and much more if he could have realized a certain portion of his estate, but he was overtaken with a sudden pressure; he sought for friends in vain, but faith led him to the unfailing Helper, and lo, the trouble was averted, his footsteps were enlarged, and the iron did swim. A third had a sorrowful case of depravity to deal with. He had taught, reproved, warned, invited, and interceded, but all in vain. Old Adam was too strong for young Melancthon, the stubborn spirit would not relent. Then came an agony of prayer, and before long a blessed answer was sent from heaven. The hard heart was broken, the iron did swim.

Beloved reader, what is thy desperate case? What heavy matter hast thou in hand this evening? Bring it hither. The God of the prophets lives, and lives to help His saints. He will not suffer thee to lack any good thing. Believe thou in the Lord of hosts! Approach Him pleading the name of Jesus, and the iron shall swim; thou too shalt see the finger of God working marvels for His people. According to thy faith be it unto thee, and yet again the iron shall swim.

January 14 PM

"Beginning to sink, he cried, saying, Lord, save me."
Matthew 14:30
Sinking times are praying times with the Lord's servants. Peter neglected prayer at starting upon his venturous journey, but when he began to sink his danger made him a suppliant, and his cry though late was not too late. In our hours of bodily pain and mental anguish, we find ourselves as naturally driven to prayer as the wreck is driven upon the shore by the waves. The fox hies to its hole for protection; the bird flies to the wood for shelter; and even so the tried believer hastens to the mercy seat for safety. Heaven's great harbour of refuge is All-prayer; thousands of weather-beaten vessels have found a haven there, and the moment a storm comes on, it is wise for us to make for it with all sail.

Short prayers are long enough. There were but three words in the petition which Peter gasped out, but they were sufficient for his purpose. Not length but strength is desirable. A sense of need is a mighty teacher of brevity. If our prayers had less of the tail feathers of pride and more wing they would be all the better. Verbiage is to devotion as chaff to the wheat. Precious things lie in small compass, and all that is real prayer in many a long address might have been uttered in a petition as short as that of Peter.

Our extremities are the Lord's opportunities. Immediately a keen sense of danger forces an anxious cry from us the ear of Jesus hears, and with Him ear and heart go together, and the hand does not long linger. At the last moment we appeal to our Master, but His swift hand makes up for our delays by instant and effectual action. Are we nearly engulfed by the boisterous waters of affliction? Let us then lift up our souls unto our Saviour, and we may rest assured that He will not suffer us to perish. When we can do nothing Jesus can do all things; let us enlist His powerful aid upon our side, and all will be well.

January 15 PM

"But I give myself unto prayer."
Psalm 109:4
Lying tongues were busy against the reputation of David, but he did not defend himself; he moved the case into a higher court, and pleaded before the great King Himself. Prayer is the safest method of replying to words of hatred. The Psalmist prayed in no cold-hearted manner, he gave himself to the exercise--threw his whole soul and heart into it--straining every sinew and muscle, as Jacob did when wrestling with the angel. Thus, and thus only, shall any of us speed at the throne of grace. As a shadow has no power because there is no substance in it, even so that supplication, in which a man's proper self is not thoroughly present in agonizing earnestness and vehement desire, is utterly ineffectual, for it lacks that which would give it force. "Fervent prayer," says an old divine, "like a cannon planted at the gates of heaven, makes them fly open." The common fault with the most of us is our readiness to yield to distractions. Our thoughts go roving hither and thither, and we make little progress towards our desired end. Like quicksilver our mind will not hold together, but rolls off this way and that. How great an evil this is! It injures us, and what is worse, it insults our God. What should we think of a petitioner, if, while having an audience with a prince, he should be playing with a feather or catching a fly?

Continuance and perseverance are intended in the expression of our text. David did not cry once, and then relapse into silence; his holy clamour was continued till it brought down the blessing. Prayer must not be our chance work, but our daily business, our habit and vocation. As artists give themselves to their models, and poets to their classical pursuits, so must we addict ourselves to prayer. We must be immersed in prayer as in our element, and so pray without ceasing. Lord, teach us so to pray that we may be more and more prevalent in supplication.

January 16 PM

"The Messiah shall be cut off, but not for himself."
Daniel 9:26
Blessed be His name, there was no cause of death in Him. Neither original nor actual sin had defiled Him, and therefore death had no claim upon Him. No man could have taken His life from Him justly, for He had done no man wrong, and no man could even have lain Him by force unless He had been pleased to yield Himself to die. But lo, one sins and another suffers. Justice was offended by us, but found its satisfaction in Him. Rivers of tears, mountains of offerings, seas of the blood of bullocks, and hills of frankincense, could not have availed for the removal of sin; but Jesus was cut off for us, and the cause of wrath was cut off at once, for sin was put away for ever. Herein is wisdom, whereby substitution, the sure and speedy way of atonement, was devised! Herein is condescension, which brought Messiah, the Prince, to wear a crown of thorns, and die upon the cross! Herein is love, which led the Redeemer to lay down His life for His enemies!

It is not enough, however, to admire the spectacle of the innocent bleeding for the guilty, we must make sure of our interest therein. The special object of the Messiah's death was the salvation of His church; have we a part and a lot among those for whom He gave His life a ransom? Did the Lord Jesus stand as our representative? Are we healed by His stripes? It will be a terrible thing indeed if we should come short of a portion in His sacrifice; it were better for us that we had never been born. Solemn as the question is, it is a joyful circumstance that it is one which may be answered clearly and without mistake. To all who believe on Him the Lord Jesus is a present Saviour, and upon them all the blood of reconciliation has been sprinkled. Let all who trust in the merit of Messiah's death be joyful at every remembrance of Him, and let their holy gratitude lead them to the fullest consecration to His cause.

January 17 PM

"And it came to pass in an evening-tide, that David arose from off his bed, and walked upon the roof of the king's house."
2 Samuel 11:2
At that hour David saw Bathsheba. We are never out of the reach of temptation. Both at home and abroad we are liable to meet with allurements to evil; the morning opens with peril, and the shades of evening find us still in jeopardy. They are well kept whom God keeps, but woe unto those who go forth into the world, or even dare to walk their own house unarmed. Those who think themselves secure are more exposed to danger than any others. The armour-bearer of Sin is Self-confidence.

David should have been engaged in fighting the Lord's battles, instead of which he tarried at Jerusalem, and gave himself up to luxurious repose, for he arose from his bed at eventide. Idleness and luxury are the devil's jackals, and find him abundant prey. In stagnant waters noxious creatures swarm, and neglected soil soon yields a dense tangle of weeds and briars. Oh for the constraining love of Jesus to keep us active and useful! When I see the King of Israel sluggishly leaving his couch at the close of the day, and falling at once into temptation, let me take warning, and set holy watchfulness to guard the door.

Is it possible that the king had mounted his housetop for retirement and devotion? If so, what a caution is given us to count no place, however secret, a sanctuary from sin! While our hearts are so like a tinder-box, and sparks so plentiful, we had need use all diligence in all places to prevent a blaze. Satan can climb housetops, and enter closets, and even if we could shut out that foul fiend, our own corruptions are enough to work our ruin unless grace prevent. Reader, beware of evening temptations. Be not secure. The sun is down but sin is up. We need a watchman for the night as well as a guardian for the day. O blessed Spirit, keep us from all evil this night. Amen.

January 18 PM

"He expounded unto them in all the Scriptures the things concerning himself."
Luke 24:27
The two disciples on the road to Emmaus had a most profitable journey. Their companion and teacher was the best of tutors; the interpreter one of a thousand, in whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge. The Lord Jesus condescended to become a preacher of the gospel, and He was not ashamed to exercise His calling before an audience of two persons, neither does He now refuse to become the teacher of even one. Let us court the company of so excellent an Instructor, for till He is made unto us wisdom we shall never be wise unto salvation.

This unrivalled tutor used as His class-book the best of books. Although able to reveal fresh truth, He preferred to expound the old. He knew by His omniscience what was the most instructive way of teaching, and by turning at once to Moses and the prophets, He showed us that the surest road to wisdom is not speculation, reasoning, or reading human books, but meditation upon the Word of God. The readiest way to be spiritually rich in heavenly knowledge is to dig in this mine of diamonds, to gather pearls from this heavenly sea. When Jesus Himself sought to enrich others, He wrought in the quarry of Holy Scripture.

The favoured pair were led to consider the best of subjects, for Jesus spake of Jesus, and expounded the things concerning Himself. Here the diamond cut the diamond, and what could be more admirable? The Master of the House unlocked His own doors, conducted the guests to His table, and placed His own dainties upon it. He who hid the treasure in the field Himself guided the searchers to it. Our Lord would naturally discourse upon the sweetest of topics, and He could find none sweeter than His own person and work: with an eye to these we should always search the Word. O for grace to study the Bible with Jesus as both our teacher and our lesson!

January 19 PM

"Then opened He their understanding, that they might understand the Scriptures."
Luke 24:45
He whom we viewed last evening as opening Scripture, we here perceive opening the understanding. In the first work He has many fellow-labourers, but in the second He stands alone; many can bring the Scriptures to the mind, but the Lord alone can prepare the mind to receive the Scriptures. Our Lord Jesus differs from all other teachers; they reach the ear, but He instructs the heart; they deal with the outward letter, but He imparts an inward taste for the truth, by which we perceive its savour and spirit. The most unlearned of men become ripe scholars in the school of grace when the Lord Jesus by His Holy Spirit unfolds the mysteries of the kingdom to them, and grants the divine anointing by which they are enabled to behold the invisible. Happy are we if we have had our understandings cleared and strengthened by the Master! How many men of profound learning are ignorant of eternal things! They know the killing letter of revelation, but its killing spirit they cannot discern; they have a veil upon their hearts which the eyes of carnal reason cannot penetrate. Such was our case a little time ago; we who now see were once utterly blind; truth was to us as beauty in the dark, a thing unnoticed and neglected. Had it not been for the love of Jesus we should have remained to this moment in utter ignorance, for without His gracious opening of our understanding, we could no more have attained to spiritual knowledge than an infant can climb the Pyramids, or an ostrich fly up to the stars. Jesus' College is the only one in which God's truth can be really learned; other schools may teach us what is to be believed, but Christ's alone can show us how to believe it. Let us sit at the feet of Jesus, and by earnest prayer call in His blessed aid that our dull wits may grow brighter, and our feeble understandings may receive heavenly things.

January 20 PM

"Turn away mine eyes from beholding vanity; and quicken Thou me in Thy way."
Psalm 119:37
There are divers kinds of vanity. The cap and bells of the fool, the mirth of the world, the dance, the lyre, and the cup of the dissolute, all these men know to be vanities; they wear upon their forefront their proper name and title. Far more treacherous are those equally vain things, the cares of this world and the deceitfulness of riches. A man may follow vanity as truly in the counting-house as in the theatre. If he be spending his life in amassing wealth, he passes his days in a vain show. Unless we follow Christ, and make our God the great object of life, we only differ in appearance from the most frivolous. It is clear that there is much need of the first prayer of our text. "Quicken Thou me in Thy way." The Psalmist confesses that he is dull, heavy, lumpy, all but dead. Perhaps, dear reader, you feel the same. We are so sluggish that the best motives cannot quicken us, apart from the Lord Himself. What! will not hell quicken me? Shall I think of sinners perishing, and yet not be awakened? Will not heaven quicken me? Can I think of the reward that awaiteth the righteous, and yet be cold? Will not death quicken me? Can I think of dying, and standing before my God, and yet be slothful in my Master's service? Will not Christ's love constrain me? Can I think of His dear wounds, can I sit at the foot of His cross, and not be stirred with fervency and zeal? It seems so! No mere consideration can quicken us to zeal, but God Himself must do it, hence the cry, "Quicken Thou me." The Psalmist breathes out his whole soul in vehement pleadings: his body and his soul unite in prayer. "Turn away mine eyes," says the body: "Quicken Thou me," cries the soul. This is a fit prayer for every day. O Lord, hear it in my case this night.

January 21 PM

"He was sore athirst, and called on the Lord, and said, Thou hast given this great deliverance into the hand of Thy servant: and now shall I die for thirst?"
Judges 15:18
Samson was thirsty and ready to die. The difficulty was totally different from any which the hero had met before. Merely to get thirst assuaged is nothing like so great a matter as to be delivered from a thousand Philistines! but when the thirst was upon him, Samson felt that little present difficulty more weighty than the great past difficulty out of which he had so specially been delivered. It is very usual for God's people, when they have enjoyed a great deliverance, to find a little trouble too much for them. Samson slays a thousand Philistines, and piles them up in heaps, and then faints for a little water! Jacob wrestles with God at Peniel, and overcomes Omnipotence itself, and then goes "halting on his thigh!" Strange that there must be a shrinking of the sinew whenever we win the day. As if the Lord must teach us our littleness, our nothingness, in order to keep us within bounds. Samson boasted right loudly when he said, "I have slain a thousand men." His boastful throat soon grew hoarse with thirst, and he betook himself to prayer. God has many ways of humbling His people. Dear child of God, if after great mercy you are laid very low, your case is not an unusual one. When David had mounted the throne of Israel, he said, "I am this day weak, though anointed king." You must expect to feel weakest when you are enjoying your greatest triumph. If God has wrought for you great deliverances in the past, your present difficulty is only like Samson's thirst, and the Lord will not let you faint, nor suffer the daughter of the uncircumcised to triumph over you. The road of sorrow is the road to heaven, but there are wells of refreshing water all along the route. So, tried brother, cheer your heart with Samson's words, and rest assured that God will deliver you ere long.

January 22 PM

"Doth Job fear God for nought?"
Job 1:9
This was the wicked question of Satan concerning that upright man of old, but there are many in the present day concerning whom it might be asked with justice, for they love God after a fashion because He prospers them; but if things went ill with them, they would give up all their boasted faith in God. If they can clearly see that since the time of their supposed conversion the world has gone prosperously with them, then they will love God in their poor carnal way; but if they endure adversity, they rebel against the Lord. Their love is the love of the table, not of the host; a love to the cupboard, not to the master of the house. As for the true Christian, he expects to have his reward in the next life, and to endure hardness in this. The promise of the old covenant is adversity. Remember Christ's words--"Every branch in Me that beareth not fruit"-- What? "He purgeth it, that it may bring forth fruit." If you bring forth fruit, you will have to endure affliction. "Alas!" you say, "that is a terrible prospect." But this affliction works out such precious results, that the Christian who is the subject of it must learn to rejoice in tribulations, because as his tribulations abound, so his consolations abound by Christ Jesus. Rest assured, if you are a child of God, you will be no stranger to the rod. Sooner or later every bar of gold must pass through the fire. Fear not, but rather rejoice that such fruitful times are in store for you, for in them you will be weaned from earth and made meet for heaven; you will be delivered from clinging to the present, and made to long for those eternal things which are so soon to be revealed to you. When you feel that as regards the present you do serve God for nought, you will then rejoice in the infinite reward of the future.

January 23 PM

"We will remember Thy love more than wine."
Song of Solomon 1:4
Jesus will not let His people forget His love. If all the love they have enjoyed should be forgotten, He will visit them with fresh love. "Do you forget my cross?" says He, "I will cause you to remember it; for at My table I will manifest Myself anew to you. Do you forget what I did for you in the council-chamber of eternity? I will remind you of it, for you shall need a counsellor, and shall find Me ready at your call." Mothers do not let their children forget them. If the boy has gone to Australia, and does not write home, his mother writes--"Has John forgotten his mother?" Then there comes back a sweet epistle, which proves that the gentle reminder was not in vain. So is it with Jesus, He says to us, "Remember Me," and our response is, "We will remember Thy love." We will remember Thy love and its matchless history. It is ancient as the glory which Thou hadst with the Father before the world was. We remember, O Jesus, Thine eternal love when Thou didst become our Surety, and espouse us as Thy betrothed. We remember the love which suggested the sacrifice of Thyself, the love which, until the fulness of time, mused over that sacrifice, and long for the hour whereof in the volume of the book it was written of Thee, "Lo, I come." We remember Thy love, O Jesus as it was manifest to us in Thy holy life, from the manger of Bethlehem to the garden of Gethsemane. We track Thee from the cradle to the grave--for every word and deed of Thine was love--and we rejoice in Thy love, which death did not exhaust; Thy love which shone resplendent in Thy resurrection. We remember that burning fire of love which will never let Thee hold Thy peace until Thy chosen ones be all safely housed, until Zion be glorified, and Jerusalem settled on her everlasting foundations of light and love in heaven.

January 24 PM

"Martha was cumbered about much serving."
Luke 10:40
Her fault was not that she served: the condition of a servant well becomes every Christian. "I serve," should be the motto of all the princes of the royal family of heaven. Nor was it her fault that she had "much serving." We cannot do too much. Let us do all that we possibly can; let head, and heart, and hands, be engaged in the Master's service. It was no fault of hers that she was busy preparing a feast for the Master. Happy Martha, to have an opportunity of entertaining so blessed a guest; and happy, too, to have the spirit to throw her whole soul so heartily into the engagement. Her fault was that she grew "cumbered with much serving," so that she forgot Him, and only remembered the service. She allowed service to override communion, and so presented one duty stained with the blood of another. We ought to be Martha and Mary in one: we should do much service, and have much communion at the same time. For this we need great grace. It is easier to serve than to commune. Joshua never grew weary in fighting with the Amalekites; but Moses, on the top of the mountain in prayer, needed two helpers to sustain his hands. The more spiritual the exercise, the sooner we tire in it. The choicest fruits are the hardest to rear: the most heavenly graces are the most difficult to cultivate. Beloved, while we do not neglect external things, which are good enough in themselves, we ought also to see to it that we enjoy living, personal fellowship with Jesus. See to it that sitting at the Saviour's feet is not neglected, even though it be under the specious pretext of doing Him service. The first thing for our soul's health, the first thing for His glory, and the first thing for our own usefulness, is to keep ourselves in perpetual communion with the Lord Jesus, and to see that the vital spirituality of our religion is maintained over and above everything else in the world.

January 25 PM

"Do we then make void the law through faith? God forbid: yea, we establish the law."
Romans 3:31
When the believer is adopted into the Lord's family, his relationship to old Adam and the law ceases at once; but then he is under a new rule, and a new covenant. Believer, you are God's child; it is your first duty to obey your heavenly Father. A servile spirit you have nothing to do with: you are not a slave, but a child; and now, inasmuch as you are a beloved child, you are bound to obey your Father's faintest wish, the least intimation of His will. Does He bid you fulfil a sacred ordinance? It is at your peril that you neglect it, for you will be disobeying your Father. Does He command you to seek the image of Jesus? It is not your joy to do so? Does Jesus tell you, "Be ye perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect"? Then not because the law commands, but because your Saviour enjoins, you will labour to be perfect in holiness. Does He bid his saints love one another? Do it, not because the law says, "Love thy neighbour," but because Jesus says, "If ye love Me, keep My commandments;" and this is the commandment that He has given unto you, "that ye love one another." Are you told to distribute to the poor? Do it, not because charity is a burden which you dare not shirk, but because Jesus teaches, "Give to him that asketh of thee." Does the Word say, "Love God with all your heart"? Look at the commandment and reply, "Ah! commandment, Christ hath fulfilled thee already--I have no need, therefore, to fulfill thee for my salvation, but I rejoice to yield obedience to thee because God is my Father now and He has a claim upon me, which I would not dispute." May the Holy Ghost make your heart obedient to the constraining power of Christ's love, that your prayer may be, "Make me to go in the path of Thy commandments; for therein do I delight." Grace is the mother and nurse of holiness, and not the apologist of sin.

January 26 PM

"All they that heard it wondered at those things."
Luke 2:18
We must not cease to wonder at the great marvels of our God. It would be very difficult to draw a line between holy wonder and real worship; for when the soul is overwhelmed with the majesty of God's glory, though it may not express itself in song, or even utter its voice with bowed head in humble prayer, yet it silently adores. Our incarnate God is to be worshipped as "the Wonderful." That God should consider His fallen creature, man, and instead of sweeping him away with the besom of destruction, should Himself undertake to be man's Redeemer, and to pay his ransom price, is, indeed marvellous! But to each believer redemption is most marvellous as he views it in relation to himself. It is a miracle of grace indeed, that Jesus should forsake the thrones and royalties above, to suffer ignominiously below for you. Let your soul lose itself in wonder, for wonder is in this way a very practical emotion. Holy wonder will lead you to grateful worship and heartfelt thanksgiving. It will cause within you godly watchfulness; you will be afraid to sin against such a love as this. Feeling the presence of the mighty God in the gift of His dear Son, you will put off your shoes from off your feet, because the place whereon you stand is holy ground. You will be moved at the same time to glorious hope. If Jesus has done such marvellous things on your behalf, you will feel that heaven itself is not too great for your expectation. Who can be astonished at anything, when he has once been astonished at the manger and the cross? What is there wonderful left after one has seen the Saviour? Dear reader, it may be that from the quietness and solitariness of your life, you are scarcely able to imitate the shepherds of Bethlehem, who told what they had seen and heard, but you can, at least, fill up the circle of the worshippers before the throne, by wondering at what God has done.

January 27 PM

"But Mary kept all these things, and pondered them in her heart."
Luke 2:19
There was an exercise, on the part of this blessed woman, of three powers of her being: her memory--she kept all these things; her affections--she kept them in her heart; her intellect--she pondered them; so that memory, affection, and understanding, were all exercised about the things which she had heard. Beloved, remember what you have heard of your Lord Jesus, and what He has done for you; make your heart the golden pot of manna to preserve the memorial of the heavenly bread whereon you have fed in days gone by. Let your memory treasure up everything about Christ which you have either felt, or known, or believed, and then let your fond affections hold Him fast for evermore. Love the person of your Lord! Bring forth the alabaster box of your heart, even though it be broken, and let all the precious ointment of your affection come streaming on His pierced feet. Let your intellect be exercised concerning the Lord Jesus. Meditate upon what you read: stop not at the surface; dive into the depths. Be not as the swallow which toucheth the brook with her wing, but as the fish which penetrates the lowest wave. Abide with your Lord: let Him not be to you as a wayfaring man, that tarrieth for a night, but constrain Him, saying, "Abide with us, for the day is far spent." Hold Him, and do not let Him go. The word "ponder, ' means to weigh. Make ready the balances of judgment. Oh, but where are the scales that can weigh the Lord Christ? "He taketh up the isles as a very little thing:"--who shall take Him up? "He weigheth the mountains in scales"--in what scales shall we weigh Him? Be it so, if your understanding cannot comprehend, let your affections apprehend; and if your spirit cannot compass the Lord Jesus in the grasp of understanding, let it embrace Him in the arms of affection.

January 28 PM

"And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all the things that they had heard and seen, as it was told unto them."
Luke 2:20
What was the subject of their praise? They praised God for what they had heard--for the good tidings of great joy that a Saviour was born unto them. Let us copy them; let us also raise a song of thanksgiving that we have heard of Jesus and His salvation. They also praised God for what they had seen. There is the sweetest music--what we have experienced, what we have felt within, what we have made our own--"the things which we have made touching the King." It is not enough to hear about Jesus: mere hearing may tune the harp, but the fingers of living faith must create the music. If you have seen Jesus with the God-giving sight of faith, suffer no cobwebs to linger among the harpstrings, but loud to the praise of sovereign grace, awake your psaltery and harp. One point for which they praised God was the agreement between what they had heard and what they had seen. Observe the last sentence--"As it was told unto them." Have you not found the gospel to be in yourselves just what the Bible said it would be? Jesus said He would give you rest--have you not enjoyed the sweetest peace in Him? He said you should have joy, and comfort, and life through believing in Him--have you not received all these? Are not His ways ways of pleasantness, and His paths paths of peace? Surely you can say with the queen of Sheba, "The half has not been told me." I have found Christ more sweet than His servants ever said He was. I looked upon His likeness as they painted it, but it was a mere daub compared with Himself; for the King in His beauty outshines all imaginable loveliness. Surely what we have "seen" keeps pace with, nay, far exceeds, what we have "heard." Let us, then, glorify and praise God for a Saviour so precious, and so satisfying.

January 29 PM

"The dove came in to him in the evening."
Genesis 8:11
Blessed be the Lord for another day of mercy, even though I am now weary with its toils. Unto the preserver of men lift I my song of gratitude. The dove found no rest out of the ark, and therefore returned to it; and my soul has learned yet more fully than ever, this day, that there is no satisfaction to be found in earthly things--God alone can give rest to my spirit. As to my business, my possessions, my family, my attainments, these are all well enough in their way, but they cannot fulfil the desires of my immortal nature. "Return unto thy rest, O my soul, for the Lord hath dealt bountifully with thee." It was at the still hour, when the gates of the day were closing, that with weary wing the dove came back to the master: O Lord, enable me this evening thus to return to Jesus. She could not endure to spend a night hovering over the restless waste, not can I bear to be even for another hour away from Jesus, the rest of my heart, the home of my spirit. She did not merely alight upon the roof of the ark, she "came in to him;" even so would my longing spirit look into the secret of the Lord, pierce to the interior of truth, enter into that which is within the veil, and reach to my Beloved in very deed. To Jesus must I come: short of the nearest and dearest intercourse with Him my panting spirit cannot stay. Blessed Lord Jesus, be with me, reveal Thyself, and abide with me all night, so that when I awake I may be still with thee. I note that the dove brought in her mouth an olive branch plucked off, the memorial of the past day, and a prophecy of the future. Have I no pleasing record to bring home? No pledge and earnest of lovingkindness yet to come? Yes, my Lord, I present Thee my grateful acknowledgments for tender mercies which have been new every morning and fresh every evening; and now, I pray Thee, put forth Thy hand and take Thy dove into Thy bosom.

January 30 PM

"In whom also we have obtained an inheritance."
Ephesians 1:11
When Jesus gave Himself for us, He gave us all the rights and privileges which went with Himself; so that now, although as eternal God, He has essential rights to which no creature may venture to pretend, yet as Jesus, the Mediator, the federal Head of the covenant of grace, He has no heritage apart from us. All the glorious consequences of His obedience unto death are the joint riches of all who are in Him, and on whose behalf He accomplished the divine will. See, He enters into glory, but not for Himself alone, for it is written, "Whither the Forerunner is for us entered." Heb. 6:20. Does He stand in the presence of God?--"He appears in the presence of God for us." Heb. 9:24. Consider this, believer. You have no right to heaven in yourself: your right lies in Christ. If you are pardoned, it is through His blood; if you are justified, it is through His righteousness; if you are sanctified, it is because He is made of God unto you sanctification; if you shall be kept from falling, it will be because you are preserved in Christ Jesus; and if you are perfected at the last, it will be because you are complete in Him. Thus Jesus is magnified--for all is in Him and by Him; thus the inheritance is made certain to us--for it is obtained in Him; thus each blessing is the sweeter, and even heaven itself the brighter, because it is Jesus our Beloved "in whom" we have obtained all. Where is the man who shall estimate our divine portion? Weigh the riches of Christ in scales, and His treasure in balances, and then think to count the treasures which belong to the saints. Reach the bottom of Christ's sea of joy, and then hope to understand the bliss which God hath prepared for them that love Him. Overleap the boundaries of Christ's possessions, and then dream of a limit to the fair inheritance of the elect. "All things are yours, for ye are Christ's and Christ is God's."

January 31 PM

"Then Ahimaaz ran by the way of the plain, and overran Cushi."
2 Samuel 18:23
Running is not everything, there is much in the way which we select: a swift foot over hill and down dale will not keep pace with a slower traveller upon level ground. How is it with my spiritual journey, am I labouring up the hill of my own works and down into the ravines of my own humiliations and resolutions, or do I run by the plain way of "Believe and live"? How blessed is it to wait upon the Lord by faith! The soul runs without weariness, and walks without fainting, in the way of believing. Christ Jesus is the way of life, and He is a plain way, a pleasant way, a way suitable for the tottering feet and feeble knees of trembling sinners: am I found in this way, or am I hunting after another track such as priestcraft or metaphysics may promise me? I read of the way of holiness, that the wayfaring man, though a fool, shall not err therein: have I been delivered from proud reason and been brought as a little child to rest in Jesus' love and blood? If so, by God's grace I shall outrun the strongest runner who chooses any other path. This truth I may remember to my profit in my daily cares and needs. It will be my wisest course to go at once to my God, and not to wander in a roundabout manner to this friend and that. He knows my wants and can relieve them, to whom should I repair but to Himself by the direct appeal of prayer, and the plain argument of the promise. "Straightforward makes the best runner." I will not parlay with the servants, but hasten to their master.

In reading this passage, it strikes me that if men vie with each other in common matters, and one outruns the other, I ought to be in solemn earnestness so to run that I may obtain. Lord, help me to gird up the loins of my mind, and may I press forward towards the mark for the prize of my high calling of God in Christ Jesus.

THE COUNCIL OF WICKEDNESS MUST BOW

* Evil agent, carry your message to your sender and release the arrows you brought to me against him.
* I curse the curses sent against me and return them to their senders, in the name of Jesus.
* Let the heavens send judgment against every strange covenant of darkness, in the name of Jesus.
* O Lord, make me an instrument of spiritual violence.
* I break every evil authority, in the name of Jesus.
* I break every dark resistance, in the name of Jesus.
* Holy fire, break the backbones and destroy the roots of every evil spirit that is speaking against me, in the name of Jesus.
* Let the serpent of the Lord swallow the serpent of my Pharaoh, in the name of Jesus.
* I cast every bondage off my shoulder, in the name of Jesus.
* I use the keys of heaven to lock out problems from my life, in the name of Jesus.

EVANS4GOD SHARING ONE OF THE MOST POWERFUL NEW YEAR, 2013 PRAYERS.
*"your mouth shall be filled with testimonies of the Lord".

Thus saith The Lord:
I have given you my word and i am your strength. i am your life. Have no fear, for I am with you. Have no fear... Fear not the night nor the darkness. For the darkness has no power over you, and the wicked shall not overcome you.
For u are mine saith The Lord the evil shall bow before the good, and the wicked at the gates of the righteous.
For I am your strength saith The Lord. I have enabled you. I have empowered you.
My hand is upon you, and I have exalted you with my hand of righteousness for thou are mine saith The Lord.
Thus saith The Lord, I have given you an understanding heart and my wisdom is perfected in you. Walk in the light of my word. I have made you victorious in all things therefore walk in victory. Walk in the consciousness of victory. Do not look at the shadows for I have laughed at the enemy.
I have laughed at the adversary. Therefore consider him not. Consider not your adversaries for they are fallen before you.
I have exalted you.
For in this year of Favor saith The Lord I will demonstrate my glory before you and men shall know that you are mine.
For you shall show forth my praise saith The Lord and your mouth shall be filled with testimonies of my goodness.
I am your shield. It is your year of favour.
So saith The Lord unto you. - EVANS4GOD.

Obey these rules to receive these prophecy onto your life. SHARE and LIKE this Message at the same time. Type "AMEN" and your own words to claim this prayer NOW!!![color=#000099][/color]

Computer technology" redirects here. For the company, see Computer Technology Limited.


Part of an early computer, EDSAC.
A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem.
Conventionally a computer consists of some form of memory for data storage, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control element that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from an external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out.
A computer's processing unit executes series of instructions that make it read, manipulate and then store data. Conditional instructions change the sequence of instructions as a function of the current state of the machine or its environment.
The first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).[1]
Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2] Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from mp3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.
Contents
[hide]

• 1 History of computing
o 1.1 Limited-function early computers
o 1.2 First general-purpose computers
o 1.3 Stored-program architecture
o 1.4 Semiconductors and microprocessors
• 2 Programs
o 2.1 Stored program architecture
o 2.2 Bugs
o 2.3 Machine code
o 2.4 Higher-level languages and program design
• 3 Function
o 3.1 Control unit
o 3.2 Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
o 3.3 Memory
o 3.4 Input/output (I/O)
o 3.5 Multitasking
o 3.6 Multiprocessing
o 3.7 Networking and the Internet
• 4 Misconceptions
o 4.1 Required technology
o 4.2 Computer architecture paradigms
o 4.3 Limited-function computers
o 4.4 Virtual computers
• 5 Further topics
o 5.1 Artificial intelligence
o 5.2 Hardware
o 5.3 Software
o 5.4 Programming languages
o 5.5 Professions and organizations
• 6 See also
• 7 Notes
• 8 References
• 9 External links

History of computing
Main article: History of computing hardware
The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century onwards, the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, describing a machine that carries out computations.[3]
Limited-function early computers


The Jacquard loom, on display at the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England, was one of the first programmable devices.
The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies—automated calculation and programmability—but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. A few devices are worth mentioning though, like some mechanical aids to computing, which were very successful and survived for centuries until the advent of the electronic calculator, like the Sumerian abacus, designed around 2500 BC[4] which descendant won a speed competition against a modern desk calculating machine in Japan in 1946,[5] the slide rules, invented in the 1620s, which were carried on five Apollo space missions, including to the moon[6] and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism, an ancient astronomical computer built by the Greeks around 80 BC.[7] The Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when.[8] This is the essence of programmability.
Around the end of the tenth century, the French monk Gerbert d'Aurillac brought back from Spain the drawings of a machine invented by the Moors that answered Yes or No to the questions it was asked (binary arithmetic).[9] Again in the thirteenth century, the monks Albertus Magnus and Roger Bacon built talking androids without any further development (Albertus Magnus complained that he had wasted forty years of his life when Thomas Aquinas, terrified by his machine, destroyed it).[10]
In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical calculator,[11] a device that could perform all four arithmetic operations without relying on human intelligence.[12] The mechanical calculator was at the root of the development of computers in two separate ways ; initially, it is in trying to develop more powerful and more flexible calculators[13] that the computer was first theorized by Charles Babbage[14][15] and then developed,[16] leading to the development of mainframe computers in the 1960s, but also the microprocessor, which started the personal computer revolution, and which is now at the heart of all computer systems regardless of size or purpose,[17] was invented serendipitously by Intel[18] during the development of an electronic calculator, a direct descendant to the mechanical calculator.[19]
First general-purpose computers
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom by introducing a series of punched paper cards as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.


The Most Famous Image in the Early History of Computing[20]

This portrait of Jacquard was woven in silk on a Jacquard loom and required 24,000 punched cards to create (1839). It was only produced to order. Charles Babbage owned one of these portraits ; it inspired him in using perforated cards in his analytical engine[21]
It was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the first recognizable computers. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer, his analytical engine.[22] Limited finances and Babbage's inability to resist tinkering with the design meant that the device was never completed ; nevertheless his son, Henry Babbage, completed a simplified version of the analytical engine's computing unit (the mill) in 1888. He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in 1906. This machine was given to the Science museum in South Kensington in 1910.
In the late 1880s, Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a machine readable medium. Prior uses of machine readable media, above, had been for control, not data. "After some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards , "[23] To process these punched cards he invented the tabulator, and the keypunch machines. These three inventions were the foundation of the modern information processing industry. Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the 1890 United States Census by Hollerith's company, which later became the core of IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of ideas and technologies, that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers, had begun to appear: Boolean algebra, the vacuum tube (thermionic valve), punched cards and tape, and the teleprinter.
During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.
Alan Turing is widely regarded to be the father of modern computer science. In 1936 Turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer.[24] Of his role in the creation of the modern computer, Time magazine in naming Turing one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, states: "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine".[24]


The Zuse Z3, 1941, considered the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computing machine.


The ENIAC, which became operational in 1946, is considered to be the first general-purpose electronic computer.


EDSAC was one of the first computers to implement the stored program (von Neumann) architecture.


Die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor (actual size: 12×6.75 mm) in its packaging.
The Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) was among the first electronic digital binary computing devices. Conceived in 1937 by Iowa State College physics professor John Atanasoff, and built with the assistance of graduate student Clifford Berry,[25] the machine was not programmable, being designed only to solve systems of linear equations. The computer did employ parallel computation. A 1973 court ruling in a patent dispute found that the patent for the 1946 ENIAC computer derived from the Atanasoff–Berry Computer.
The inventor of the program-controlled computer was Konrad Zuse, who built the first working computer in 1941 and later in 1955 the first computer based on magnetic storage.[26]
George Stibitz is internationally recognized as a father of the modern digital computer. While working at Bell Labs in November 1937, Stibitz invented and built a relay-based calculator he dubbed the "Model K" (for "kitchen table", on which he had assembled it), which was the first to use binary circuits to perform an arithmetic operation. Later models added greater sophistication including complex arithmetic and programmability.[27]
A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features that are seen in modern computers. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as "the first digital electronic computer" is difficult.Shannon 1940 Notable achievements include.
• Konrad Zuse's electromechanical "Z machines". The Z3 (1941) was the first working machine featuring binary arithmetic, including floating point arithmetic and a measure of programmability. In 1998 the Z3 was proved to be Turing complete, therefore being the world's first operational computer.[28]
• The non-programmable Atanasoff–Berry Computer (commenced in 1937, completed in 1941) which used vacuum tube based computation, binary numbers, and regenerative capacitor memory. The use of regenerative memory allowed it to be much more compact than its peers (being approximately the size of a large desk or workbench), since intermediate results could be stored and then fed back into the same set of computation elements.
• The secret British Colossus computers (1943),[29] which had limited programmability but demonstrated that a device using thousands of tubes could be reasonably reliable and electronically reprogrammable. It was used for breaking German wartime codes.
• The Harvard Mark I (1944), a large-scale electromechanical computer with limited programmability.[30]
• The U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory ENIAC (1946), which used decimal arithmetic and is sometimes called the first general purpose electronic computer (since Konrad Zuse's Z3 of 1941 used electromagnets instead of electronics). Initially, however, ENIAC had an inflexible architecture which essentially required rewiring to change its programming.
Stored-program architecture
Several developers of ENIAC, recognizing its flaws, came up with a far more flexible and elegant design, which came to be known as the "stored program architecture" or von Neumann architecture. This design was first formally described by John von Neumann in the paper First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, distributed in 1945. A number of projects to develop computers based on the stored-program architecture commenced around this time, the first of these being completed in Great Britain. The first working prototype to be demonstrated was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM or "Baby" in 1948. The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), completed a year after the SSEM at Cambridge University, was the first practical, non-experimental implementation of the stored program design and was put to use immediately for research work at the university. Shortly thereafter, the machine originally described by von Neumann's paper—EDVAC—was completed but did not see full-time use for an additional two years.
Nearly all modern computers implement some form of the stored-program architecture, making it the single trait by which the word "computer" is now defined. While the technologies used in computers have changed dramatically since the first electronic, general-purpose computers of the 1940s, most still use the von Neumann architecture.
Beginning in the 1950s, Soviet scientists Sergei Sobolev and Nikolay Brusentsov conducted research on ternary computers, devices that operated on a base three numbering system of −1, 0, and 1 rather than the conventional binary numbering system upon which most computers are based. They designed the Setun, a functional ternary computer, at Moscow State University. The device was put into limited production in the Soviet Union, but supplanted by the more common binary architecture.
Semiconductors and microprocessors
Computers using vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s, but by the 1960s had been largely replaced by transistor-based machines, which were smaller, faster, cheaper to produce, required less power, and were more reliable. The first transistorised computer was demonstrated at the University of Manchester in 1953.[31] In the 1970s, integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such as the Intel 4004, further decreased size and cost and further increased speed and reliability of computers. By the late 1970s, many products such as video recorders contained dedicated computers called microcontrollers, and they started to appear as a replacement to mechanical controls in domestic appliances such as washing machines. The 1980s witnessed home computers and the now ubiquitous personal computer. With the evolution of the Internet, personal computers are becoming as common as the television and the telephone in the household[citation needed].
Modern smartphones are fully programmable computers in their own right, and as of 2009 may well be the most common form of such computers in existence[citation needed].
Programs
The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can be programmed. That is to say that some type of instructions (the program) can be given to the computer, and it will carry process them. While some computers may have strange concepts "instructions" and "output" (see quantum computing), modern computers based on the von Neumann architecture often have machine code in the form of an imperative programming language.
In practical terms, a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second (gigaflops) and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation. Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write, and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors.
Stored program architecture
Main articles: Computer program and Computer programming


A 1970s punched card containing one line from a FORTRAN program. The card reads: "Z(1) = Y + W(1)" and is labelled "PROJ039" for identification purposes.
This section applies to most common RAM machine-based computers.
In most cases, computer instructions are simple: add one number to another, move some data from one location to another, send a message to some external device, etc. These instructions are read from the computer's memory and are generally carried out (executed) in the order they were given. However, there are usually specialized instructions to tell the computer to jump ahead or backwards to some other place in the program and to carry on executing from there. These are called "jump" instructions (or branches). Furthermore, jump instructions may be made to happen conditionally so that different sequences of instructions may be used depending on the result of some previous calculation or some external event. Many computers directly support subroutines by providing a type of jump that "remembers" the location it jumped from and another instruction to return to the instruction following that jump instruction.
Program execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met. This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention.
Comparatively, a person using a pocket calculator can perform a basic arithmetic operation such as adding two numbers with just a few button presses. But to add together all of the numbers from 1 to 1,000 would take thousands of button presses and a lot of time—with a near certainty of making a mistake. On the other hand, a computer may be programmed to do this with just a few simple instructions. For example:

mov #0, sum ; set sum to 0
mov #1, num ; set num to 1
loop: add num, sum ; add num to sum
add #1, num ; add 1 to num
cmp num, #1000 ; compare num to 1000
ble loop ; if num <= 1000, go back to 'loop'
halt ; end of program. stop running
Once told to run this program, the computer will perform the repetitive addition task without further human intervention. It will almost never make a mistake and a modern PC can complete the task in about a millionth of a second.[32]
Bugs
Main article: software bug


The actual first computer bug, a moth found trapped on a relay of the Harvard Mark II computer
Errors in computer programs are called "bugs". Bugs may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only subtle effects. But in some cases they may cause the program - or the entire system - to "hang"—become unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, or to completely fail or "crash". Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes be harnessed for malicious intent by an unscrupulous user writing an "exploit"—code designed to take advantage of a bug and disrupt a computer's proper execution. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design.[33]
Rear Admiral Grace Hopper is credited for having first used the term 'bugs' in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay of the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947.[34]
Machine code
In most computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode, the command to multiply them would have a different opcode and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from—each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. This leads to the important fact that entire programs (which are just lists of these instructions) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same way as numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program, architecture. In some cases, a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on. This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in CPU caches.
While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and while this technique was used with many early computers,[35] it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember—a mnemonic such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP. These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's assembly language. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand (machine language) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler. Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them (collectively termed low-level programming languages) tend to be unique to a particular type of computer. For instance, an ARM architecture computer (such as may be found in a PDA or a hand-held videogame) cannot understand the machine language of an Intel Pentium or the AMD Athlon 64 computer that might be in a PC.[36]
Higher-level languages and program design
Though considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and is also error prone. Therefore, most practical programs are written in more abstract high-level programming languages that are able to express the needs of the programmer more conveniently (and thereby help reduce programmer error). High level languages are usually "compiled" into machine language (or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language) using another computer program called a compiler.[37] High level languages are less related to the workings of the target computer than assembly language, and more related to the language and structure of the problem(s) to be solved by the final program. It is therefore often possible to use different compilers to translate the same high level language program into the machine language of many different types of computer. This is part of the means by which software like video games may be made available for different computer architectures such as personal computers and various video game consoles.
The task of developing large software systems presents a significant intellectual challenge. Producing software with an acceptably high reliability within a predictable schedule and budget has historically been difficult; the academic and professional discipline of software engineering concentrates specifically on this challenge.
Function
Main articles: Central processing unit and Microprocessor
A general purpose computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by busses, often made of groups of wires.
Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a "1", and when off it represents a "0" (in positive logic representation). The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits.
The control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O (and often other hardware closely linked with these) are collectively known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs were composed of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single integrated circuit called a microprocessor.
Control unit
Main articles: CPU design and Control unit


Diagram showing how a particular MIPS architecture instruction would be decoded by the control system.
The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) manages the computer's various components; it reads and interprets (decodes) the program instructions, transforming them into a series of control signals which activate other parts of the computer.[38] Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance.
A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.[39]
The control system's function is as follows—note that this is a simplified description, and some of these steps may be performed concurrently or in a different order depending on the type of CPU:
1. Read the code for the next instruction from the cell indicated by the program counter.
2. Decode the numerical code for the instruction into a set of commands or signals for each of the other systems.
3. Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.
4. Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory (or perhaps from an input device). The location of this required data is typically stored within the instruction code.
5. Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.
6. If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation.
7. Write the result from the ALU back to a memory location or to a register or perhaps an output device.
8. Jump back to step (1).
Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU. Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program. Instructions that modify the program counter are often known as "jumps" and allow for loops (instructions that are repeated by the computer) and often conditional instruction execution (both examples of control flow).
It is noticeable that the sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program—and indeed, in some more complex CPU designs, there is another yet smaller computer called a microsequencer that runs a microcode program that causes all of these events to happen.
Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)
Main article: Arithmetic logic unit
The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations: arithmetic and logic.[40]
The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to adding and subtracting or might include multiplying or dividing, trigonometry functions (sine, cosine, etc.) and square roots. Some can only operate on whole numbers (integers) whilst others use floating point to represent real numbers—albeit with limited precision. However, any computer that is capable of performing just the simplest operations can be programmed to break down the more complex operations into simple steps that it can perform. Therefore, any computer can be programmed to perform any arithmetic operation—although it will take more time to do so if its ALU does not directly support the operation. An ALU may also compare numbers and return boolean truth values (true or false) depending on whether one is equal to, greater than or less than the other ("is 64 greater than 65?".
Logic operations involve Boolean logic: AND, OR, XOR and NOT. These can be useful both for creating complicated conditional statements and processing boolean logic.
Superscalar computers may contain multiple ALUs so that they can process several instructions at the same time.[41] Graphics processors and computers with SIMD and MIMD features often provide ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectors and matrices.
Memory
Main article: Computer data storage


Magnetic core memory was the computer memory of choice throughout the 1960s, until it was replaced by semiconductor memory.
A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered "address" and can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to "put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357" or to "add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595". The information stored in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is the software's responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers.
In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers (2^8 = 256); either from 0 to 255 or −128 to +127. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight). When negative numbers are required, they are usually stored in two's complement notation. Other arrangements are possible, but are usually not seen outside of specialized applications or historical contexts. A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically. Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory.
The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area. There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed. As data is constantly being worked on, reducing the need to access main memory (which is often slow compared to the ALU and control units) greatly increases the computer's speed.
Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: random-access memory or RAM and read-only memory or ROM. RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, so the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely. In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset. In embedded computers, which frequently do not have disk drives, all of the required software may be stored in ROM. Software stored in ROM is often called firmware, because it is notionally more like hardware than software. Flash memory blurs the distinction between ROM and RAM, as it retains its data when turned off but is also rewritable. It is typically much slower than conventional ROM and RAM however, so its use is restricted to applications where high speed is unnecessary.[42]
In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories which are slower than registers but faster than main memory. Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically, often without the need for any intervention on the programmer's part.
Input/output (I/O)
Main article: Input/output


Hard disk drives are common storage devices used with computers.
I/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world.[43] Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals.[44] On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices. Computer networking is another form of I/O.
Often, I/O devices are complex computers in their own right with their own CPU and memory. A graphics processing unit might contain fifty or more tiny computers that perform the calculations necessary to display 3D graphics[citation needed]. Modern desktop computers contain many smaller computers that assist the main CPU in performing I/O.
Multitasking
Main article: Computer multitasking
While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory, in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously. This is achieved by multitasking i.e. having the computer switch rapidly between running each program in turn.[45]
One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs are running "at the same time", then the interrupt generator might be causing several hundred interrupts per second, causing a program switch each time. Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception, it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant. This method of multitasking is sometimes termed "time-sharing" since each program is allocated a "slice" of time in turn.[46]
Before the era of cheap computers, the principal use for multitasking was to allow many people to share the same computer.
Seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly — in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running. However, most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks. If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard, then it will not take a "time slice" until the event it is waiting for has occurred. This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run at the same time without unacceptable speed loss.
Multiprocessing
Main article: Multiprocessing


Cray designed many supercomputers that used multiprocessing heavily.
Some computers are designed to distribute their work across several CPUs in a multiprocessing configuration, a technique once employed only in large and powerful machines such as supercomputers, mainframe computers and servers. Multiprocessor and multi-core (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and laptop computers are now widely available, and are being increasingly used in lower-end markets as a result.
Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers.[47] They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful only for specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of the available resources at once. Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale simulation, graphics rendering, and cryptography applications, as well as with other so-called "embarrassingly parallel" tasks.
Networking and the Internet
Main articles: Computer networking and Internet


Visualization of a portion of the routes on the Internet.
Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s. The U.S. military's SAGE system was the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems like Sabre.[48]
In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. This effort was funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that it produced was called the ARPANET.[49] The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved.
In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the Internet. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like Ethernet and ADSL saw computer networking become almost ubiquitous. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments.

Misconceptions
A computer does not need to be electric, nor even have a processor, nor RAM, nor even hard disk. The minimal definition of a computer is anything that transforms information in a purposeful way.[citation needed] However the traditional definition of a computer is a device having memory, mass storage, processor (CPU), and Input & Output devices.[50] Anything less would be a simple processor.
Required technology
Main article: Unconventional computing
Computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything. For example, a computer can be made out of billiard balls (billiard ball computer); this is an unintuitive and pedagogical example that a computer can be made out of almost anything. More realistically, modern computers are made out of transistors made of photolithographed semiconductors.
Historically, computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors.
There is active research to make computers out of many promising new types of technology, such as optical computing, DNA computers, neural computers, and quantum computers. Some of these can easily tackle problems that modern computers cannot (such as how quantum computers can break some modern encryption algorithms by quantum factoring).
Computer architecture paradigms
Some different paradigms of how to build a computer from the ground-up:
RAM machines
These are the types of computers with a CPU, computer memory, etc., which understand basic instructions in a machine language. The concept evolved from the Turing machine.
Brains
Brains are massively parallel processors made of neurons, wired in intricate patterns, that communicate via electricity and neurotransmitter chemicals.
Programming languages
Such as the lambda calculus, or modern programming languages, are virtual computers built on top of other computers.
Cellular automata
For example, the game of Life can create "gliders" and "loops" and other constructs that transmit information; this paradigm can be applied to DNA computing, chemical computing, etc.
Groups and committees
The linking of multiple computers (brains) is itself a computer
Logic gates are a common abstraction which can apply to most of the above digital or analog paradigms.
The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a minimum capability (being Turing-complete) is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore any type of computer (netbook, supercomputer, cellular automaton, etc.) is able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.
Limited-function computers
Conversely, a computer which is limited in function (one that is not "Turing-complete" cannot simulate arbitrary things. For example, simple four-function calculators cannot simulate a real computer without human intervention. As a more complicated example, without the ability to program a gaming console, it can never accomplish what a programmable calculator from the 1990s could (given enough time); the system as a whole is not Turing-complete, even though it contains a Turing-complete component (the microprocessor). Living organisms (the body, not the brain) are also limited-function computers designed to make copies of themselves; they cannot be reprogrammed without genetic engineering.
Virtual computers
A "computer" is commonly considered to be a physical device. However, one can create a computer program which describes how to run a different computer, i.e. "simulating a computer in a computer". Not only is this a constructive proof of the Church-Turing thesis, but is also extremely common in all modern computers. For example, some programming languages use something called an interpreter, which is a simulated computer built on top of the basic computer; this allows programmers to write code (computer input) in a different language than the one understood by the base computer (the alternative is to use a compiler). Additionally, virtual machines are simulated computers which virtually replicate a physical computer in software, and are very commonly used by IT. Virtual machines are also a common technique used to create emulators, such game console emulators.
Further topics
• Glossary of computers
Artificial intelligence
A computer will solve problems in exactly the way they are programmed to, without regard to efficiency nor alternative solutions nor possible shortcuts nor possible errors in the code. Computer programs which learn and adapt are part of the emerging field of artificial intelligence and machine learning.
Hardware
The term hardware covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware.
History of computing hardware

First Generation (Mechanical/Electromechanical) Calculators Antikythera mechanism, Difference engine, Norden bombsight

Programmable Devices Jacquard loom, Analytical engine, Harvard Mark I, Z3

Second Generation (Vacuum Tubes) Calculators Atanasoff–Berry Computer, IBM 604, UNIVAC 60, UNIVAC 120

Programmable Devices
Colossus, ENIAC, Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, EDSAC, Manchester Mark 1, Ferranti Pegasus, Ferranti Mercury, CSIRAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC I, IBM 701, IBM 702, IBM 650, Z22

Third Generation (Discrete transistors and SSI, MSI, LSI Integrated circuits)
Mainframes
IBM 7090, IBM 7080, IBM System/360, BUNCH

Minicomputer
PDP-8, PDP-11, IBM System/32, IBM System/36

Fourth Generation (VLSI integrated circuits) Minicomputer VAX, IBM System i

4-bit microcomputer
Intel 4004, Intel 4040

8-bit microcomputer
Intel 8008, Intel 8080, Motorola 6800, Motorola 6809, MOS Technology 6502, Zilog Z80

16-bit microcomputer
Intel 8088, Zilog Z8000, WDC 65816/65802

32-bit microcomputer
Intel 80386, Pentium, Motorola 68000, ARM architecture

64-bit microcomputer[51]
Alpha, MIPS, PA-RISC, PowerPC, SPARC, x86-64

Embedded computer
Intel 8048, Intel 8051

Personal computer
Desktop computer, Home computer, Laptop computer, Personal digital assistant (PDA), Portable computer, Tablet PC, Wearable computer

Theoretical/experimental Quantum computer, Chemical computer, DNA computing, Optical computer, Spintronics based computer

Other Hardware Topics
Peripheral device (Input/output)
Input Mouse, Keyboard, Joystick, Image scanner, Webcam, Graphics tablet, Microphone

Output Monitor, Printer, Loudspeaker

Both Floppy disk drive, Hard disk drive, Optical disc drive, Teleprinter

Computer busses
Short range RS-232, SCSI, PCI, USB

Long range (Computer networking)
Ethernet, ATM, FDDI

Software
Main article: Computer software
Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called "firmware" to indicate that it falls into an uncertain area somewhere between hardware and software.
Computer software

Operating system
Unix and BSD
UNIX System V, IBM AIX, HP-UX, Solaris (SunOS), IRIX, List of BSD operating systems

GNU/Linux
List of Linux distributions, Comparison of Linux distributions

Microsoft Windows
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7

DOS
86-DOS (QDOS), PC-DOS, MS-DOS, DR-DOS, FreeDOS

Mac OS
Mac OS classic, Mac OS X

Embedded and real-time
List of embedded operating systems

Experimental Amoeba, Oberon/Bluebottle, Plan 9 from Bell Labs

Library
Multimedia
DirectX, OpenGL, OpenAL

Programming library C standard library, Standard Template Library

Data
Protocol
TCP/IP, Kermit, FTP, HTTP, SMTP

File format
HTML, XML, JPEG, MPEG, PNG

User interface
Graphical user interface (WIMP)
Microsoft Windows, GNOME, KDE, QNX Photon, CDE, GEM, Aqua

Text-based user interface
Command-line interface, Text user interface

Application
Office suite
Word processing, Desktop publishing, Presentation program, Database management system, Scheduling & Time management, Spreadsheet, Accounting software

Internet Access
Browser, E-mail client, Web server, Mail transfer agent, Instant messaging

Design and manufacturing Computer-aided design, Computer-aided manufacturing, Plant management, Robotic manufacturing, Supply chain management
Graphics
Raster graphics editor, Vector graphics editor, 3D modeler, Animation editor, 3D computer graphics, Video editing, Image processing

Audio
Digital audio editor, Audio playback, Mixing, Audio synthesis, Computer music

Software engineering
Compiler, Assembler, Interpreter, Debugger, Text editor, Integrated development environment, Software performance analysis, Revision control, Software configuration management

Educational Edutainment, Educational game, Serious game, Flight simulator

Games
Strategy, Arcade, Puzzle, Simulation, First-person shooter, Platform, Massively multiplayer, Interactive fiction

Misc Artificial intelligence, Antivirus software, Malware scanner, Installer/Package management systems, File manager

Programming languages
Main article: Programming language
Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques. There are thousands of different programming languages—some intended to be general purpose, others useful only for highly specialized applications.
Programming languages

Lists of programming languages Timeline of programming languages, List of programming languages by category, Generational list of programming languages, List of programming languages, Non-English-based programming languages

Commonly used Assembly languages
ARM, MIPS, x86

Commonly used high-level programming languages
Ada, BASIC, C, C++, C#, COBOL, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Pascal, Object Pascal

Commonly used Scripting languages
Bourne script, JavaScript, Python, Ruby, PHP, Perl

Professions and organizations
As the use of computers has spread throughout society, there are an increasing number of careers involving computers.
Computer-related professions

Hardware-related Electrical engineering, Electronic engineering, Computer engineering, Telecommunications engineering, Optical engineering, Nanoengineering

Software-related Computer science, Desktop publishing, Human–computer interaction, Information technology, Information systems, Computational science, Software engineering, Video game industry, Web design

The need for computers to work well together and to be able to exchange information has spawned the need for many standards organizations, clubs and societies of both a formal and informal nature.
Organizations

Standards groups ANSI, IEC, IEEE, IETF, ISO, W3C

Professional Societies ACM, AIS, IET, IFIP, BCS

Free/Open source software groups Free Software Foundation, Mozilla Foundation, Apache Software Foundation

See also

Information technology portal

• Computability theory
• Computer security
• Computer insecurity
• List of computer term etymologies
• List of fictional computers
• Pulse computation
Notes
1. ^ In 1946, ENIAC required an estimated 174 kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30 W; nearly six thousand times less. "Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage". University of Pennsylvania. http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
2. ^ Early computers such as Colossus and ENIAC were able to process between 5 and 100 operations per second. A modern "commodity" microprocessor (as of 2007) can process billions of operations per second, and many of these operations are more complicated and useful than early computer operations. "Intel Core2 Duo Mobile Processor: Features". Intel Corporation. http://www.intel.com/cd/channel/reseller/asmo-na/eng/products/mobile/processors/core2duo_m/feature/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
3. ^ computer, n, Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989. http://dictionary.oed.com/. Retrieved 2009-04-10
4. ^ * Ifrah, Georges (2001). The Universal History of Computing: From the Abacus to the Quantum Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471396710. From 2700 to 2300 BC, Georges Ifrah, pp.11
5. ^ Berkeley, Edmund (1949). Giant Brains, or Machines That Think. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 19. Edmund Berkeley
6. ^ According to advertising on Pickett's N600 slide rule boxes."Pickett Apollo Box Scans". Copland.udel.edu. http://copland.udel.edu/~mm/sliderule/lem/. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
7. ^ "Discovering How Greeks Computed in 100 B.C.". The New York Times. 31 July 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/science/31computer.html?hp. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
8. ^ "Heron of Alexandria". http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/HeronAlexandria2.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
9. ^ Felt, Dorr E. (1916). Mechanical arithmetic, or The history of the counting machine. Chicago: Washington Institute. pp. 8. http://www.archive.org/details/mechanicalarithm00feltrich. Dorr E. Felt
10. ^ "Speaking machines". The parlour review, Philadelphia 1 (3). January 20, 1838. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Xt4PAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT38&dq=the+parlour+review+january+1838&hl=en&ei=0yqzTN3kLMTHswa2wMjSDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
11. ^ Felt, Dorr E. (1916). Mechanical arithmetic, or The history of the counting machine. Chicago: Washington Institute. pp. 10. http://www.archive.org/details/mechanicalarithm00feltrich. Dorr E. Felt
12. ^ "Pascal and Leibnitz, in the seventeenth century, and Diderot at a later period, endeavored to construct a machine which might serve as a substitute for human intelligence in the combination of figures" The Gentleman's magazine, Volume 202, p.100
13. ^ Babbage's Difference engine in 1823 and his Analytical engine in the mid 1830s
14. ^ "It is reasonable to inquire, therefore, whether it is possible to devise a machine which will do for mathematical computation what the automatic lathe has done for engineering. The first suggestion that such a machine could be made came more than a hundred years ago from the mathematician Charles Babbage. Babbage's ideas have only been properly appreciated in the last ten years, but we now realize that he understood clearly all the fundamental principles which are embodied in modern digital computers" Faster than thought, edited by B. V. Bowden, 1953, Pitman publishing corporation
15. ^ ", Among this extraordinary galaxy of talent Charles Babbage appears to be one of the most remarkable of all. Most of his life he spent in an entirely unsuccessful attempt to make a machine which was regarded by his contemporaries as utterly preposterous, and his efforts were regarded as futile, time-consuming and absurd. In the last decade or so we have learnt how his ideas can be embodied in a modern digital computer. He understood more about the logic of these machines than anyone else in the world had learned until after the end of the last war" Foreword, Irascible Genius, Charles Babbage, inventor by Maboth Moseley, 1964, London, Hutchinson
16. ^ In the proposal that Aiken gave IBM in 1937 while requesting funding for the Harvard Mark I we can read: "Few calculating machines have been designed strictly for application to scientific investigations, the notable exceptions being those of Charles Babbage and others who followed him, After abandoning the difference engine, Babbage devoted his energy to the design and construction of an analytical engine of far higher powers than the difference engine, Since the time of Babbage, the development of calculating machinery has continued at an increasing rate." Howard Aiken, Proposed automatic calculating machine, reprinted in: The origins of Digital computers, Selected Papers, Edited by Brian Randell, 1973, ISBN 3-540-06169-X
17. ^ "Parallel processors composed of these high-performance microprocessors are becoming the supercomputing technology of choice for scientific and engineering applications", 1993, "Microprocessors: From Desktops to Supercomputers". Science Magazine. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/261/5123/864.abstract. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
18. ^ Intel Museum - The 4004, Big deal then, Big deal now
19. ^ Please read Sumlock ANITA calculator#History of ANITA calculators
20. ^ From cave paintings to the internet HistoryofScience.com
21. ^ See: Anthony Hyman, ed., Science and Reform: Selected Works of Charles Babbage (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1989), page 298. It is in the collection of the Science Museum in London, England. (Delve (2007), page 99.)
22. ^ The analytical engine should not be confused with Babbage's difference engine which was a non-programmable mechanical calculator.
23. ^ "Columbia University Computing History: Herman Hollerith". Columbia.edu. http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/hollerith.html. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
24. ^ a b "Alan Turing – Time 100 People of the Century". Time Magazine. http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html. Retrieved 2009-06-13. "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine"
25. ^ "Atanasoff-Berry Computer". http://energysciencenews.com/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=98&p=264#p264. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
26. ^ "Spiegel: The inventor of the computer's biography was published". Spiegel.de. 2009-09-28. http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/gadgets/0,1518,651776,00.html. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
27. ^ "Inventor Profile: George R. Stibitz". National Inventors Hall of Fame Foundation, Inc, http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/140.html.
28. ^ Rojas, R. (1998). "How to make Zuse's Z3 a universal computer". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 20 (3): 51–54. doi:10.1109/85.707574.
29. ^ B. Jack Copeland, ed., Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers, Oxford University Press, 2006
30. ^ "Robot Mathematician Knows All The Answers", October 1944, Popular Science. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=PyEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA86&dq=motor+gun+boat&hl=en&ei=LxTqTMfGI4-bnwfEyNiWDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=motor%20gun%20boat&f=true. Retrieved 2010-12-11.
31. ^ Lavington 1998, p. 37
32. ^ This program was written similarly to those for the PDP-11 minicomputer and shows some typical things a computer can do. All the text after the semicolons are comments for the benefit of human readers. These have no significance to the computer and are ignored. (Digital Equipment Corporation 1972)
33. ^ It is not universally true that bugs are solely due to programmer oversight. Computer hardware may fail or may itself have a fundamental problem that produces unexpected results in certain situations. For instance, the Pentium FDIV bug caused some Intel microprocessors in the early 1990s to produce inaccurate results for certain floating point division operations. This was caused by a flaw in the microprocessor design and resulted in a partial recall of the affected devices.
34. ^ Taylor, Alexander L., III (1984-04-16). "The Wizard Inside the Machine". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,954266,00.html. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
35. ^ Even some later computers were commonly programmed directly in machine code. Some minicomputers like the DEC PDP-8 could be programmed directly from a panel of switches. However, this method was usually used only as part of the booting process. Most modern computers boot entirely automatically by reading a boot program from some non-volatile memory.
36. ^ However, there is sometimes some form of machine language compatibility between different computers. An x86-64 compatible microprocessor like the AMD Athlon 64 is able to run most of the same programs that an Intel Core 2 microprocessor can, as well as programs designed for earlier microprocessors like the Intel Pentiums and Intel 80486. This contrasts with very early commercial computers, which were often one-of-a-kind and totally incompatible with other computers.
37. ^ High level languages are also often interpreted rather than compiled. Interpreted languages are translated into machine code on the fly, while running, by another program called an interpreter.
38. ^ The control unit's role in interpreting instructions has varied somewhat in the past. Although the control unit is solely responsible for instruction interpretation in most modern computers, this is not always the case. Many computers include some instructions that may only be partially interpreted by the control system and partially interpreted by another device. This is especially the case with specialized computing hardware that may be partially self-contained. For example, EDVAC, one of the earliest stored-program computers, used a central control unit that only interpreted four instructions. All of the arithmetic-related instructions were passed on to its arithmetic unit and further decoded there.
39. ^ Instructions often occupy more than one memory address, so the program counters usually increases by the number of memory locations required to store one instruction.
40. ^ David J. Eck (2000). The Most Complex Machine: A Survey of Computers and Computing. A K Peters, Ltd, p. 54. ISBN 9781568811284.
41. ^ Erricos John Kontoghiorghes (2006). Handbook of Parallel Computing and Statistics. CRC Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780824740672.
42. ^ Flash memory also may only be rewritten a limited number of times before wearing out, making it less useful for heavy random access usage. (Verma & Mielke 1988)
43. ^ Donald Eadie (1968). Introduction to the Basic Computer. Prentice-Hall. p. 12.
44. ^ Arpad Barna; Dan I. Porat (1976). Introduction to Microcomputers and the Microprocessors. Wiley. p. 85. ISBN 9780471050513.
45. ^ Jerry Peek; Grace Todino, John Strang (2002). Learning the UNIX Operating System: A Concise Guide for the New User. O'Reilly. p. 130. ISBN 9780596002619.
46. ^ Gillian M. Davis (2002). Noise Reduction in Speech Applications. CRC Press. p. 111. ISBN 9780849309496.
47. ^ However, it is also very common to construct supercomputers out of many pieces of cheap commodity hardware; usually individual computers connected by networks. These so-called computer clusters can often provide supercomputer performance at a much lower cost than customized designs. While custom architectures are still used for most of the most powerful supercomputers, there has been a proliferation of cluster computers in recent years. (TOP500 2006)
48. ^ Agatha C. Hughes (2000). Systems, Experts, and Computers. MIT Press. p. 161. ISBN 9780262082853. "The experience of SAGE helped make possible the first truly large-scale commercial real-time network: the SABRE computerized airline reservations system, "
49. ^ "A Brief History of the Internet". Intern

the inspector general of police has approved the nomination of the rank and file to proceeded on six week course 6th june to 15th july 2011 18th july to 26th august 2011 ref no ce2300/wel/fhq/abj/t.1/172 date 16th may 2011

The World Health Organisation, WHO, has said about 90% of death due to malaria world wide occur in Africa, stating that Nigeria alone bears over 25% of the burden.
ABUJA-The World Health Organisation, WHO, has said about 90% of death due to malaria world wide occur in Africa, stating that Nigeria alone bears over 25% of the burden.

Consequently, the Federal Government has declared that the scourge of malaria had negatively impacted and affected the achievements of the Millennium Development Goals, MDGs, in Nigeria, noting that malaria had remained a global public health challenge with Nigeria contributing to a quarter of malaria burden in the world.

The WHO representative in Nigeria, Dr. David Okello, stated this Tuesday at the 2011 World Malaria Day celebration.

His word: “Close to 90% of deaths due to malaria worldwide occur in Africa; and Nigeria alone bears over 25% of this burden and thus the theme of this year’s World Malaria Day ‘achieving progress and impact’ is particularly relevant for us in Nigeria.

“Malaria impacts on virtually all the health Millennium Development Goals, MDGs, and consequently, needs to be controlled for progress to be made on achievement on the MGDs.”

Dr Okello added that malaria remained the leading cause of death in children under five years, accounting for more than 1 in 10 deaths among pregnant women in Nigeria

In his speech, the Minister of Health, Prof, Oyebuchi Chukwu, said malaria had remained a global public health challenge, with Nigeria contributing to a quarter of malaria burden in Africa.

Today may 3rd is my birthday iam experinceing joy in my live this year of 2011 i thank god for my live

This to infrom all my friends that to day being may 3rd is my birthday i am experienceing peace on this my special day 2011

This to inform all my friends that to day being may 3rd is my birthday iam experinceing peace on this my special day 2011

election postponement in Nigeria is jaga part of April fool to Nigerians so for that he should be arrested, because this April fool has experied and its an organized reign of election in Nigeria i pray that god will deliver us from their hand.

givers never lack the lord is good so you should give if you have anything to give.

Posts: 3

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VISION
The vision of our team is to create a leadership that is ready, willing and able to actualize the dreams of our elder statesmen who struggled to create Enugu (WAWA) State. Our vision is to establish and administer a morally strong government in Enugu State on the core values of respect for our elders, honesty and accountability, cooperation, industry, discipline, self confidence, moral courage, justice and equity. Such a transparent government must be guided by a charter of equity to ensure even development, and create a WAWA society where there shall be no oppression, marginalization or discrimination on grounds of clan, zone, sex, or religion, but equal opportunities for all.

MISSION STATEMENT
It is our avowed mission to drastically reduce poverty, provide maximum security, enthrone the rule of law and economically empower the citizens of Enugu State. We are prepared and committed to building a truly great WAWA society that is anchored on democratic values, political unity, cultural affinity, economic prosperity and equality of citizenry. It is our belief that we can build a WAWA state that can truly stand on its feet without necessarily relying on Federal Government monthly allocations only. Enugu State has the capacity to generate internal revenue that will make a lot of difference if undertaken prudently. In doing this, all loopholes that allowed state taxes/revenue to enter into private pockets shall be closed permanently.
In accordance with Federal Government NEEDS (National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy) and the State Government SEEDS (State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy), we intend to build on the momentum of reforms already in progress or commence same in the other sector of the state. Accordingly, we shall provide a leadership that is willing and able to adopt a NEW orientation aimed at encouraging a life of service. A leadership that will be dedicated to the State and its people by providing and encouraging hard work, honesty, merit, excellence, tolerance , love, care, compassion and diligence; that will initiate WAR at all fronts against corruption, slothfulness, nepotism, bitterness, prejudice and abuse of office.
This leadership will restore Enugu to its proper place and to greatness must be prepared to manage available funds efficiently, including her abundant human resources. Success in Enugu State, beckons on those in government in line with the best global practices, to achieve the millennium development goals, by introducing modern management techniques that will translate to increased productivity and service delivery to the public.
We shall therefore demonstrate and put into practice leadership qualities of:

o Responsibility and accountability
o Integrity and honesty
o Prudence and Diligence in management
o Transparency and Due process
o Dependability and truthfulness
o Justice, Equity, Fairness, and fear of God
o Resourcefulness and industry
o Achievement and promise keeping
o Respect for the rule of law and Dignity of human labor

In view of the realities today in Enugu State, and the tragic consequences of poverty, neglect, lack of due process in government, nepotism and abuse of power, we shall tirelessly work for:
1. The establishment of a free and dynamic society, in which the powers and actions of the government are lawful and where those in government are held accountable to the people.
2. The creation of a dynamic economy designed to serve the people’s interest and in which the market forces are combined with government partnership, solidarity and cooperation to produce goods and services and economically empower our people
3. The building of a just society which provides basic needs, and ensures equal opportunities for self-development through education and gainful employment; defends the dignity of human persons; judges its strength by the condition of the weak; provides security against criminals and delivers the masses from the tyranny of poverty, oppression and abuse of power.
4. The sustained implementation of people-oriented programs with particular emphasis on;

I. War against poverty and disease

II. Integrated rural development

III. Rapid industrial growth through SME promotion

IV. Excellence in education, science and technology

V. Building new and maintaining existing infrastructure

DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES
We shall remain strongly committed to:

1. Democracy and good governance;
2. Freedom, liberty,and dignity of the human person;
3. Justice, equity and the rule of law;
4. Integrity, transparency, and due process in the conduct of public affairs;
5. Eradication of poverty and sustainable development through sound education, basic health care, abundant food production, rapid industrial growth, good housing, full employment, improved infrastructure, efficient public transport, regular power supply, availability of portable water and basic services.

THE SOCIAL CHARTER
According to the NEEDS document (2004), the social charter refers to the contract between the individual and the government in which the government recognizes the individual rights, responsibilities and promises to deliver the basic necessities for a decent human existence. These necessities include portable water, food, clothing, shelter, adequate nutrition, basic education, primary health care, productive assets, security and protection from abuse of rights.
Poverty reduction is the most difficult challenge facing our people and the greatest obstacle to pursuit of sustainable socio-economic growth. The poverty rate in Nigeria was 27% in1980, increased to 66% in 1996 and by 1999 it was estimated that more than 70% of Nigerians lived in poverty. Data from 1996 showed that 57% of the citizens of Enugu State were living in poverty, with about 15% in extreme poverty. 43% of the population is living above the poverty line.
Poverty arises from lack of choice and capability, material deprivation, social exclusion and denial of human rights. Poverty it should be noted is not a natural condition but rather a scenario created by uncaring and unaccountable governments and societies. Thus, poverty in WAWA land is exacerbated by many factors such as lack of accountability and transparencyin governance, mismanagement, corruption, disregard for due process, poor policy formulation, implementation and evaluation.
In line with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), our team regards poverty eradication as the most important goal of human development. Indeed, at its core, we believe that development must be about improvement in human well-being, removal of hunger, disease and generation of productive employment for all.

POVERTY ERADICATION
Our strategy is to achieve sustainable poverty reduction by the enhancement of livelihoods and human capabilities through broad based wealth creation and employment generation. Wealth creation and employment generation imply economic growth as both condition and consequence. Thus economic growth is the driver for poverty reduction. Economic growth is expected to directly reduce poverty for households by creating more jobs and improving average household incomes, thus making more money available to households for consumption, increasing their savings and freeing resources for investment.
Secondly, economic growth increases government revenues, thus providing more funds for investment in human development. Our team realizes however, that for economic growth to be poverty reducing, it needs to be broad based. Accordingly, emphasis should be placed on growth in the Agriculture and SME sectors, which account for employment of over 70% of the citizens of the State.

STRATEGY FOR POVERTY REDUCTION
In conclusion, to achieve the objective of breaking out of the cycle of poverty, in line with our analysis of the root causes of poverty above, the following strategies have been identified:

I. Provide support for Entrepreneurship and self help through Agriculture &SMEs;.

II. Improvement in delivery of basic social services in education, health and justice;

III. Improvement in basic infrastructure such as roads, electricity, water, housing and sanitation;

IV. Ensuring sustainable development for environmental and natural resources;

V. Provide an investment friendly society for job creation by ensuring the saety of lives and property.

With the preparations towards the forthcoming 2011 elections in top gear, Jude Ossai examines the political climate of Enugu State and the individuals who could determine the outcome of the governorship election in the state.AHEAD of the 2011 general election in the country, there is no gainsaying that some people, who are in the frontburners of today’s politics largely because of their vantage positions, command a lot of influence, both within and outside their immediate constituencies.

In Enugu State, the situation is not different, as there are politicians who have made their marks in the political history of the state and still have a stake in its affairs.

Here are some of these political gladiators, who possess the necessary political influence and could as well dominate the political scenery in the forthcoming 2011 governorship election in the state.

Governor Sullivan Chime
Arguably, Governor Sullivan Chime remains the greatest beneficiary in Ebeano family, a political structure nurtured and sustained by former Governor Chimaroke Nnamani, now a member of the upper house of the National Assembly.

Ironically, it was alleged that the incumbent governor had since distanced himself from the group, on whose crest he rode to power in 2007.

Prior to the election and pronouncement of Chime as governor, many people in his party, the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), did not give him a chance But as events unfolded, the Udi-born lawyer warmed himself into the hearts of the people with his aggressive development of infrastructure in the state, particularly roads in the Enugu metropolis, which, many have said, remained unparallel in the South-East geopolitical zone.

But critics of Chime have argued that the governor is a weak leader because he was not able to stand his ground during the last local government election in the state, where his perceived close associates lost out in the power game.

For instance, it was said that the governor bowed to pressures from the stakeholders in his local government council, Udi, denying a return ticket to Chief Walter Oji.

A similar story was told in Oji Rivers Local Government Area, where it was, again, the governor could not allow “internal democracy” to take place in other council areas of the state.

However, the pro-Chime group contended that the governor’s actions were anchored on the principle of participatory democracy and rule of law, adding that the governor did not want his personal interest to override that of the majority during the local government polls, where all the 17 chairmen in the state emerged from the PDP stable.

Truly speaking, if the governorship election is held today between the incumbent and any other candidate in Enugu State, Governor Chime would likely triumph as he still holds the ace in the state.
The seemingly opposition that could pose serious threat to the governor could come from his party and that would be on the condition that Ray Nnaji wins the PDP chairmanship tussle, which he instituted at the Federal High Court, Enugu.

Chief Okey Ezea
Perhaps, Chief Okey Ezea, a business mogul, is the strongest opposition leader in Enugu State. He is like a storm in the teacup. No matter the decision of the PDP in the state, Ezea’s factor must be considered, as he constantly keeps the ruling party on its toes.

As the last man standing since 2003, Ezea had proved to be a formidable force and remained critical of the Chime’s government, even after losing his bid to upturn the election of the PDP governor in 2007 at the election tribunal.

In the 2009 local government elections in the state, the former governorship candidate of Labour Party (LP), now in the Progressives Peoples Alliance (PPA), single-handedly supported the PPA to provide formidable opposition, prompting the ruling party to bring power of incumbency to bear.

Perhaps, if not for the way politics is run in the country, Ezea might have won, at least, one local government council. Even with the arrays of heavy weight politicians in his Enugu North Senatorial zone, Ezea’s PPA remained highly felt in the area. And with the alleged plot by Nnamani’s Ebeano group to join forces with Ezea, the alliance could spring surprises in the 2011 general elections in the state.
Be that as it may, Ezea’s incontinency in political parties appears to be his greatest undoing.

Senator Chimaroke Nnamani
Since he left office as a governor in 2007, he has remained relatively silent on issues concerning Enugu State politics. Though he was a key player in the enthronement of the present administration in the state, he has not shown interest in the affairs of the state. Nnamani’s seemingly indifference, some observers believe, is ominous and should not be swept under the carpet, as his antecedent showed that he is like a cat with nine lives.

To this group, Nnamani knows the right time to strike. It could be recalled that Nnamani, as a governor, was able to transverse the length and breadth of Nigeria effectively, and participated in series of national discourse.

Even with the alleged eight-year misrule, the Agbani-born medical doctor still has pockets of die-hard supporters scattered all over the state. Not even with the tremendous achievements of Governor Chime had made these Nnamani loyalists to loss faith in him.

But critics of Nnamani said that his frosty relationship with his erstwhile political god son (Governor Chime) might cause him his return ticket to the National Assembly in 2011, stressing that, except the presidency intervenes, a fresh candidate for the Enugu-East Senatorial zone election might emerge. Already, one Everest Nnaji is being said in certain cycles as the person to replace him at the upper house in the next political dispensation.

Senator Ayogu Eze
Chief Eze, a former Associate Editor of Newswatch Magazine, came into political limelight in 1992, when he was appointed as a Special Adviser to then Governor Okwesilieze Nwodo of Enugu State.
Eze, currently Chairman, Senate Committee on Information, has gradually succeeded in carving a niche for himself, especially in his Enugu North Senatorial zone, through aggressive development of infrastructure in the area. Presently, Eze’s quest to return to the Senate seemed not to be under threat, more so, as he enjoys a good relationship with Governor Chime since the beginning of this political era.

Apparently to consolidate his political stronghold, Senator Eze was also said to have influenced the elections of many local government chairmen in his constituency, giving him an edge over his political rivals in terms of grass root campaigns. The ability of the senator to influence the re-elections of some local government bosses in the last local government polls in the area accounted for his political relevance and control of politics of Enugu North Senatorial zone.

Critics of Eze, however, said that despite his growing influence, he could get stiff opposition from either the Ezea-led PPA or the Nwodos, arguing that the lawmaker would be tested in 2011.

Senator Ike Ekweremadu
The Deputy Senate President has not shown convincingly that he is nursing a governorship ambition in the state. However, rumours are rife that he is seriously scheming to be the next occupant of the Lion Building Government House, Enugu, in 2011.

How far he would go on this voyage would depend on the political arrangement and development at the presidency. Some political commentators have argued that Ekweremadu’s proximity to Acting President Goodluck Jonathan would act as a boost to his quest, if he decided to run for the governorship seat in the state. It would be recalled that Senator Ekweremadu worked assiduously alongside other progressive senators to kickstart the process which led to the declaration of Jonathan as the acting president, following the then absence of ailing President Musa Yar’Adua.

Pro-Ekweremadu group said that the senator has been able to touch many lives through his pet project, “Ikeoha Foundation,” by awarding scholarships to thousands of indigent students within and outside his Enugu West Senatorial zone.

Nevertheless, critics of Ekweremadu argued that he has not been able to attract meaningful physical projects to his immediate constituency. Aninri Local Government, where his elder brother (Matthias Ekweremadu) hold sway as chairman, and which was said to be the poorest council area in the state after Uzo-Uwani.

With these bigwigs in the league of governorship aspirants, there is no doubt that the shape of Enugu politics would be altered in 2011.

On June 25, 2010, two-thirds majority of the Bayelsa State House of Assembly impeached Mr. Peremobowei Ebebi (former Speaker of the House) as deputy governor of the state. A 10-count charge bordering on gross misconduct was hung on his neck by the lawmakers.

Aware that the lawmakers were bent on impeaching him, because his relationship had irrevocably broken down with Governor Timipre Sylva, Ebebi ran to the court to halt the move to send him packing.

When it was thought the Chief Judge of the state, Justice Kate Abiri, incidentally Ebebi’s cousin, was not going to constitute a panel to investigate the allegations against him, she surprisingly went ahead to inaugurate the panel headed by Mr. Donald Denwigwe.

Accusing his regicides of a grand plot to force him out of office, Ebebi through his counsels, Alex Izinyon and Kemasoude Wodu, went to the Bayelsa State High Court to stop the impeachment process. Not only did the presiding Judge, Justice Doris Adokeme, strike out the case for lack of jurisdiction, the Denwigwe panel found him guilty on nine out of the 10-count charge and subsequently the Assembly in a motion moved by Mr. Jonathan Robinson Obuebite removed Ebebi from office.

However, eight months after he lost his seat, a panel of three Justices of the Court of Appeal, sitting in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, led by Justice Dantijo Mohammed, on Wednesday nullified his impeachment and ordered his reinstatement. The court also affirmed that the appointment of Hon. Werinipre Seibarugu as the new deputy governor was illegal and ordered him to vacate the seat.
It also ordered a retrial of the case to be handled by another judge.

No doubt, the Court of Appeal’s decision has thrown Bayelsa into another round of confusion with pro- and anti-Ebebi forces engaging in ferocious arguments on the interpretation of the judgment. For the Ebebi camp, it is a new dawn in Bayelsa and a triumph of the rule of law over rule of the jungle. According to them, the judgment has indeed shown that Ebebi (nicknamed Odudu by those who are in awe of his ability to stage a comeback from political wilderness) is a cat with nine lives.

But, for the anti-Ebebi camp, the judgment has no correlation with the fact that Ebebi is a spent political force, who had been consigned to political Siberia. They are telling those who care to listen that in the battle for the control of Bayelsa politics, Ebebi’s impeachment without any resistance is an indication that he was not a long distant runner and no reinstatement order can bring him back from political oblivion.

The return of Odudu
On the eve of the judgment speculations were rife following inferences from legal minds that Ebebi’s impeachment would be nullified. Anti-Ebebi forces had stormed Port Harcourt on February 16, 2010, to witness the verdict and when news filtered into Bayelsa that indeed the Court of Appeal had nullified Ebebi’s impeachment and reinstated him in office, there was palpable tension due to ominous implication of the verdict.

Ebebi, who had ran to the court to challenge his removal from office after his famed political friends had failed him, had also tried albeit, unsuccessfully, to force himself back into political reckoning. Shortly after the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) announced the time-table for the party’s primaries, Ebebi had bought the expression of interest and nomination forms to contest the office of governorship in Bayelsa. During the screening of governorship aspirants at PDP zonal secretariat in Port Harcourt, Ebebi was disqualified, and he appealed to the Senator Tunde Ogbeha screening appeal panel, which nullified his disqualification and was cleared to contest the governorship primary.

On January 9, date for the primary, Ebebi got a shocker as his name was not listed among the aspirants. He complained bitterly in the presence of President Goodluck Jonathan over the non-listing of his name, announcing that he was on his way to the Labour Party (LP).
“This kind of injustice happening in PDP is unfortunate. Since the process was fraudulent, we have no faith in what they have done so far. “We will stand up to make sure we fight this injustice, including lack of development and visionless leadership in our state, using the platform of the Labour Party,” he said.

Ebebi immediately declared his intention to contest the senatorial seat for Bayelsa West on the platform of the LP and has been moving everywhere with the LP governorship candidate, Mr Ndutim Alaibe. By the court’s pronouncement to reinstate him, Ebebi with the full instrumentality of his office, is set to give all his traducers a bloody nose in the 2011 elections.

Legal fisticuffs
Counsel to parties in the case and politicians have also joined the fray, with counter arguments on the actual interpretation of the judgment. Wodu, in an interview, explained that the request was in three parts and it bothered on the processes that led to the impeachment of Ebebi as Deputy Governor, the appointment of Werinipre Seibarugu as new Deputy Governor and the order empowering the State High Court to hear the suit filed before it by the estranged Deputy Governor, Peremobowei Ebebi. He insisted that the Court of Appeal granted their prayers and said his client had been reinstated to his office.

“The High Court struck out our case, saying it does not have jurisdiction and that was what led us to the Appeal Court. At the Appeal Court, the court agreed with our submission and ruled that the High Court has jurisdiction. He referred us back to the High Court for retrial by another judge.
Meanwhile, it set aside and nullified the impeachment of Ebebi, noting that the House of Assembly ought not to do anything on the matter since it was in court.

But the Bayelsa State government through its Commissioner for Information, Orientation and Strategy, Mr. Nathan Egba, said there was no where the court ordered Ebebi to be reinstated.
Hear him: “The court quashed the impeachment but did not direct the re-instatement of the impeached Deputy Governor. Consequently, the scenario is not quite clear, a situation that can only be subject to further legal clarification. In the light of the above, Bayelsa State government hereby calls on the people to remain calm and go about their usual activities as there is no cause for alarm whatsoever.”

But not prepared to take any chances, the Bayelsa State House of Assembly has approached the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court over the matter. While it is praying for an order to stay execution, it has also appealed to the Supreme Court against the judgment . According to the sworn affidavit, the appellant/respondent (Ebebi) has decamped to the Labour Party and has emerged as that party’s senatorial candidate, adding that PDP was the original party the appellant used its platform to contest on a joint ticket with the incumbent governor and won as governor/deputy governor.

It was further stated that the PDP had again given the ticket to Governor Timipre Sylva to run jointly with Seigbarugu Werinipre, who will run in the April 2011 general elections for the office of governor/deputy governor of Bayelsa State. The affidavit reads in part: “Between now and May 29 is just about three months away, and if this stay is not granted and the applicant’s appeal to the Supreme Court succeeds, they will reap an empty judgment because by then fresh elections would have been conducted into the office of governor/deputy governor of Bayelsa State and there would then be no opportunity of enforcing that judgment of the Supreme Court against the appellant/respondent. And irreparable damage would be done to the applicants because there would be no return to status quo.”

Battle line
Opposition parties in the state have also added their voices to the controversy, with a call on the Bayelsa State government to respect the court’s ruling. While the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) said the Court of Appeal verdict had vindicated the party’s position on the impeachment, the LP simply advised the Governor Timipre Sylva-led government to respect the court’s ruling.

National Youth Leader of ACN, who was the immediate past chairman of the party in the state, Mr. Ebikibina Miriki, spoke for the party: “ACN’s position on the kangaroo and unconstitutional impeachment of the former Deputy Governor, Peremobowei Ebebi, has been vindicated by the Court of Appeal’s ruling. The party had strongly condemned the process of the arrangee impeachment, which lacked transparency, due process and the rule of law. It was an action borne out of desperation, deceit, greed for power and playing politics with development of the people and using state funds to pursue personal agenda.”

LP spoke through its state Chairman, Adou Bobo: “My advice to the governor is to obey the court’s judgement and ensure the Deputy Governor is returned. He should observe what has been happening in the African continent and obey the court’s ruling before the people would mobilise and move against the forces of injustices, corruption and poverty symbolised by Governor Sylva. This is another plus for the Judiciary.”

And in a veiled response to the opposition, the State Executive Council at its weekly meeting presided over by Governor Timipre Sylva passed a vote of confidence on Seibarugu and reaffirmed him as the authentic deputy governor. Sources at the meeting quoted Sylva as saying: “Just as it is impossible to force a servant on an unwilling master, so also it will be difficult to force a Deputy Governor not willing to work in harmony with his master on me.”

Egba added a clincher: “The State Executive Council today passed a vote of explicit confidence on the Deputy Governor, Werinipre Seibarugu. They declared that the only Deputy Governor they know is Seibarugu.” With Ebebi threatening to resume work as soon as the court papers is served on the Secretary to the State Government, and the government maintaining its ground, Bayelsans are anxiously waiting to see how the knotty issue would be resolved.

As the crisis rocking Ogun state chapter of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) become messier, the faction loyal to Governor Gbenga Daniel may have come to the conclusion that the other faction, led by former President Olusegun Obasanjo, was out to kill the party.

It has, therefore, decided to settle for the “Rotimi Amaechi option” as a way out of the crisis. The Supreme Court had pronounced incumbent Governor Rotimi Amaechi as the elected governor of the PDP, maintaining that he, and not Celestine Omehia, won the primaries of the PDP in 2007 and should have been fielded as the candidate of the party at the election.
It was learnt that the Daniel group plans to replicate such a development in Ogun.

The state Commissioner for Information, Sina Kawonise, who decried the crisis in the party, said: “We won’t give up. They thought they could frustrate us out of the party, but we won’t leave a house we helped built. We are not leaving PDP; but we will pursue the legal option and we are sure we will be vindicated at the end of the day. They want to kill PDP, but we won’t allow it.”
A top source in the Daniel faction criticised steps taken by the Obasanjo faction, adding that the former president was using his position to deny them of justice.

He corroborated the statement by Kawonise that the Daniel faction would not be forced out of the PDP.
He said: “We have resolved to stay in the party and explore legal options to reverse the injustice that (Olusegun) Obasanjo has done to us because they are trying to ripe where they didn’t sow.
“They are standing on illegality. Both the INEC and the party hierarchy were at the congress that produced our candidates. The same cannot be said of their own. This is a party and there are rules to be followed. We followed all the rules, but they didn’t and I don’t see any justice in what is going on at the moment. They just used their connection to hijack that thing at the court.

“If they think they can frustrate us out of PDP, they must be joking. We will pursue the matter till the time of election and beyond the election. We will get it from them. “Rotimi Amaechi didn’t go through the hassles of election and he is today ruling in Rivers. We won’t relent. We will pursue it to a logical conclusion, even to the Supreme Court.” Asked if the group is exploring going the way of Amaechi-Omehia face-off, the source said: “We won’t rule out anything because fair is fair, they are trying to cheat us.”

But the spokesman of the Obasanjo faction, Babatunde Fadun, dismissed the claim of the Daniel faction, adding: “they are just bluffing. They know they can’t do anything.’’ ‘ They can argue that INEC and the PDP witnessed their congresses but do you build something on nothing? The PDP has written that the Fadairo Exco be harmonised to bring on board everybody. A court of competent jurisdiction has said the exco is illegal. Another court said PDP shouldn’t relate with Fadairo. So you can see that they are not on firm ground as they claimed.”

The state chapter of the PDP has been locked in a fierce supremacy battle that has polarised the party along two factions. One allegedly sympathetic to Daniel is led by Joju Fadairo while Dayo Soremi leads another group that has the sympathy of Obasanjo. The two factions also held parallel conventions that produced Gboyega Isiaka and Idowu Olurin from the Daniel and Obasanjo factions.

Although the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) initially recognised the candidates produced by the Fadairo faction since it witnessed the process that produced them, a Federal High Court in Abuja ordered that the list be discarded in favour of the Soremi side. Stunned by its inability to reverse the court order, the Daniel faction initially threatened to quit the PDP but later backed off following emissaries from President Goodluck Jonathan.

Enugu State governor, Mr. Sullivan Chime, yesterday escaped death as, two hours after he flagged-off his campaign, the police confirmed that a bomb was planted at the pavillion he and other top politicians from the state sat.

The state’s police public relations officer (PPRO), Mr. Ebere Amaraizu, who confirmed this strange find, told Saturday Sun that officers of the anti-bomb squad in the state have removed the bomb, even as the police are carrying out investigations to unravel those behind the act.

The police said the bomb was planted under one of the chairs not far from where Chime sat. As at press time, there was no information as to the calibre of bomb discovred.
Meanwhile, Chime, basking in the euphoria of his victory at an Abuja Federal High Court, which vacated an injunction against his position as Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) governorship candidate, has vowed to crush all opposition in the April election.

Addressing party faithful yesterday at the Okpara Square during the official flag-off of his campaign the governor urged the people to continue to show their support by voting en masse for the PDP and protecting such votes.

Said he: “Vote for us and leave the opposition to us; we shall take care of them; we shall surely wrestle them to the ground.”
He also advised the people to beware of dangerous rumours from the camps of the opposition, adding: “Be steadfast; the battle is never over until it is over; the people we are dealing with are desperate; they will do anything to get power; they know they can never win any election, so they continue causing mischief and I assure you that nothing whatsoever will make them succeed; I therefore enjoin you to do your bit by voting for the PDP, we know how to deal with opposition.

“Thuggery is a thing of the past; nothing will ever take us back to thuggery; so for anybody planning to use thuggery, for anybody planning to use violence, let him learn from the lessons of Egypt; let him learn from Tunisia; it is not what you want to do but what God wants to happen; so they should wait till 2015 and try their luck, but the way they are going they may not even get anything in 2015.”

Chime expressed gratitude to God for the opportunity and possibility to finally launch his campaign, pointing out that about 36 positions, including 24 House of Assembly seats, three senatorial seats, eight House of Representatives and the governorship position are to be vied for in the state.
He recalled that about a week earlier President Goodluck Jonathan was in Enugu to kick-start his presidential campaign in the zone during which he was given the flag as the governorship candidate.

“I want to say that all our candidates in the state are stars in their own right and apart from the PDP candidates in Enugu all other candidates for the April election are not credible,” he said.

The governor said the reason for the credibility of the PDP candidates is because they were chosen by the people.
“They were not handpicked and the people running against them are on their own; they want to satisfy their urge; come April we expect you to endorse what you have done before,” he said.

hello guys of naira landers thank you all for your contribution i am sorry for that mistake, in the most case we are leaning because this a network forum, god bless you all.

the bomb squad of the Nigeria police force of enugu police command has discovered bomb planted at the okpara square enugu as chime flag off campaign.

This must be the handwork of political calculators like Chimaroke. He wants a weak candidate in PDP so he could easily knock him down with Dan Sherre.
But if PDP fields Onwuegbu, they should forget Enugu. I wonder if Sullivan can switch to another party now, is it too late? Coal city, Nigeria


Enugu State Governor, Sullivan Chime, Has Lost The Governorship Ticket

interesting story. Enugu pdp and the many intrigues. The crisis in the party is a blessing to the other smaller parties like PDC. While pdp is busy scrambling over the list of candidates, pdc is busy campaigning @ the grassroot level and are gaining more grounds. They are capitalizing on those areas that mr. Chime didn't do well on like the near-death state of the two tertiary institutions, IMT n Esut, insensitivity to wishes of the people especially on choosing their representatives, imposition of candidates, concentration of projects in urban areas only and his elitist leadership style. The party currently has large follower ship around Nsukka and . Nkanu areas of the state and is likely to win some elective positions in the state if free and fair elections are conducted. The leader of the party, Chimaroke Nnamani still enjoys great loyalty especially from grassroot politicians.

my the same problem in enugu glo help me out

This must be the handwork of political calculators like Chimaroke. He wants a weak candidate in PDP so he could easily knock him down with Dan Sherre.
But if PDP fields Onwuegbu, they should forget Enugu. I wonder if Sullivan can switch to another party now, is it too late? Coal city, Nigeria


Enugu State Governor, Sullivan Chime, Has Lost The Governorship Ticket

interesting story. Enugu pdp and the many intrigues. The crisis in the party is a blessing to the other smaller parties like PDC. While pdp is busy scrambling over the list of candidates, pdc is busy campaigning @ the grassroot level and are gaining more grounds. They are capitalizing on those areas that mr. Chime didn't do well on like the near-death state of the two tertiary institutions, IMT n Esut, insensitivity to wishes of the people especially on choosing their representatives, imposition of candidates, concentration of projects in urban areas only and his elitist leadership style. The party currently has large follower ship around Nsukka and . Nkanu areas of the state and is likely to win some elective positions in the state if free and fair elections are conducted. The leader of the party, Chimaroke Nnamani still enjoys great loyalty especially from grassroot politicians.

after the publication of the replacement in inec office in enugu yesterday but to day inec has come with new list including chimes name as the pdp candidate in the state. the court will diced tomorrow

Enugu State Governor, Sullivan Chime, has lost the governorship ticket of the Peoples Democratic Party for the April elections.



Another Enugu PDP member, Mr. Anayo Onwuegbu, was listed as the PDP governorship candidate in the state in the list of candidates displayed at the headquarters of the Independent National Electoral Commission in Enugu on Monday night.



The Resident Electoral Commissioner, Enugu State, Mr. Josiah Uwazuruonye, told THE PUNCH that the list of candidates displayed was the one received from Abuja in the meantime.
The Independent National Electoral Commission on Tuesday rescinded its earlier decision to deny incumbent Governor of Enugu State, Mr. Sullivan Chime recognition based on a Court Order served it.



Details of what led to the development were not available at the time of filing this report.



However, our correspondents obtained a copy of the letter written by the INEC Headquarters directing the Enugu State Resident Electoral Commissioner, Mr. Josiah Uwazurunoye, to effect the change.



In the letter, INEC directed Uwazurunoye to withdraw an earlier list and publish the list containing the particulars of Chime and others in his camp.



The INEC letter, dated February 14 was signed by the INEC commissioner in charge of Legal Services, Mr. Philip Umeadi Jnr.



The letter was titled, “Re: Publication of forms CF001 affidavit in support of personal particulars of candidate.”



It reads, “My letter dated February 11, 2011 refers. Please note that sequel to developments in the ongoing proceedings in the matter, the particulars of the candidate earlier sent to you for publication should be suspended.



“On the advice of our legal team, kindly prepare for publication the particulars of Mr. Sullivan Chime and others on the list.”



Meanwhile, the Enugu State chapter of the Peoples Democratic Party has condemned the publication of the name of Chief Anayo Onwuegbu as the governorship candidate of the party by the Independent National Electoral Commission.



In his reaction to the development, the state chairman of the PDP, Mr. Vita Abba, described the act by some officials of the commission as quite unfortunate and regrettable, pointing out that it negated all tenets of due process in law.



Abba said, “Our first reaction was to ignore such an irresponsible act by some elements within INEC, ostensibly motivated by certain inducements from some desperate politicians who are out to score cheap points.



“There are questions that must be asked and which need answers from INEC.



“How did they (INEC) come about the name of the person purportedly pasted on their board in Enugu? If the list or name did not emanate from the PDP headquarters, how did the commission or its officials in Enugu come about it?



“Why did INEC wait till yesterday (Monday) to publish the name, after counsels to both parties made their arguments to set aside the interlocutory injunction and ruling was fixed for Wednesday?”






Uwazuruonye said the development was sequel to the decision of an Abuja High Court, which ruled on Monday that Onwuegbu was the legitimate candidate PDP governorship.



Among the governorship candidates who made the list were Mr. Obinna Obiegue of the All Progressives Grand Alliance and Dr. Dan Shere of the People for Democratic Change, a new platform for Ebeano structure of former Enugu State Chimaroke Nnamani.



Chime had governor made the first list published last week Monday but it was withdrawn less than 24 hours after on the directive of INEC National Commissioner (Legal Services), Philip Umeadi.



Umeadi’s directive was prompted by an order of an Abuja High Court that INEC and PDP should deal with Onwuegbu and 38 others as the PDP candidates in Enugu State for April elections and not Chime and the line up of candidates from his faction of PDP in the state led by Vita Abba.



Meanwhile, the exclusion of Chime from the list of governorship candidates has created apprehension among his supporters, who felt that the battle was over with the presentation of flag to the governor last Friday by the Acting National Chairman of PDP, Bello Haliru.



One of Chime’s supporters, who pleaded anonymity, described his exclusion from the INEC candidate list as ‘very worrisome’, more so when the time for substitution of candidates by parties seem to have elapsed.



But, Onwuegbu’s supporters thronged the state secretariat of INEC on Monday, jubilating over the listing of their man as the PDP candidate in the state.



But our correspondent’s efforts to get the Director General, Sullivan Campaign Organisation, Dr. Festus Uzor, to speak, proved abortive as at press time.

yes my broter is like you are in enugu that is true and he cant suceed