Culture › Re: Africa: Is It Time To Put An End To Traditional Wedding Rites? by Okeycima: 8:02am On Jul 02, 2014 |
CongoleseQueen: Marriage has an important significance in every society. In African societies, there are three marriage ceremonies, traditional, court and white. The traditional marriage is the most important of all three. It’s not just a celebration of unbinding love between two individuals – it’s the creation of a deep union between two families and communities.
Before the celebration of most traditional marriages, the groom’s family must present the bride’s family with goods, as requested by the elders in her clan. Money, property, shoes, clothes, food, jewelry, electronics and other accessories are examples of some of these goods. They often vary, depending on each family.
As an individual who was raised in a home centered around culture, I fully understand the importance of traditional practices. However, I have struggled with grasping the reasoning behind some of these practices. I recall having a conversation with a friend about the process of traditional marriage. She once told her mom that she was not interested in receiving a bride price. She is all for having a traditional wedding, but refuses to participate in a ceremony that she feels is unnecessary. Her mom was certainly not pleased with her request. In fact, she informed her that it wasn’t a decision that lied in her hands. It had already been decided for her the moment she was born. While I do see where her mother is coming from, I don’t think she should be forced to adhere to a custom that doesn’t apply to her as an individual. If anything, it should be a choice.
Personally, I want to have a traditional wedding because I want to celebrate my culture. But I do not agree with some of the details associated with having a traditional marriage. I am on the fence about my family demanding a bride price. I am just not sure where I stand on that particular issue. I am more induced by the celebratory and cultural aspect of a traditional marriage. Afterall, isn’t that what truly matters?
I fully get the symbolism behind receiving a bride price. It is a practice that has been in place for centuries. However, is it still relevant to our society? I know that this statement will probably give every tribal chief a panic attack, but it is a valid question. Everytime I think of the bride price, I remember the song “Matata Ya Mwasi Na Mobali Esila Te (Marital Problems Will Never End)”, where Franco Luambo sings, “soki na keyi ko traiter ba affaire, nazongi na lingi na pema, akomi ko tuna nga, ozalaki wapi? O uti wapi? Ba lobaki boye — mwasi na bala na mosolo, nani a pesi ye authorisation a tuna nga epayi na uti?” He is pretty much saying that a woman he married (paid for) is not authorized to ask him any questions regarding his whereabouts. It is a reminder that I am being purchased by someone.
In 2004, activists from Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Senegal, Ghana, Rwanda and South Africa gathered in Kampala for the International Bride Price Conference to discuss ways of eliminating its practice in Africa. Quite frankly, I don’t think it is a good idea to get rid of it completely. I simply think that people should not be forced to participate. It should be optional.
A single African country can have anywhere from five to two hundred tribes, and each tribe carries its own customs. With so many rituals in place, individuals who come from the same country, but belong to different tribes, are not encouraged to marry. This is not a progressive way of thinking. If these traditions aren’t creating unified sense of belonging, why are Africans still holding on to them?
Scandal Actress, Kerry Washington, recently had a child with a Nigerian man. Due to her husband’s tradition, they had to wait eight days before naming their child. In his culture, a child is named in an official naming ceremony a week after birth. During a conversation with a Nigerian friend, I mentioned that story, and he had no idea such a tradition ever existed. According to him, these things vary from tribe to tribe. This is an issue found throughout the entire continent. Each tribe or ethnic group holds on to its own customs and refuses to welcome or appreciate those found in other regions.
For many Africans, the rise of inter-tribe and inter-Africa marriages is a sign that tribal disputes have ended. That’s like saying, inter-religion marriages have ended religious wars and disputes. It couldn’t be further from the truth. Tribal fighting is still an ongoing problem in Africa. Africans are still committing atrocious acts of violence towards one another due to tribal differences. A friend of mine once said that Africans are always complaining about how badly they were treated by Europeans, but refuse to acknowledge the fact that they are doing the same thing to each other.
Inter-tribe and inter-Africa marriages are becoming more popular due to Western influence. Most Western societies encourage cultural diversity and tolerance. Africans who have been exposed to it tend to become more open. The average African, living within the borders of Africa, would prefer to marry a person from their tribe. In fact, they have zero interest in knowing what goes on in other regions.
South Africa was listed as one of the world’s most multilingual countries. The average South African can speak or understand all of the country’s main languages. This is a great strategy towards creating a sense of unity and belonging within its frontier. It is a fantastic way of promoting cultural diversity.
In conclusion, before we start advocating for a “united Africa”, let’s first encourage a “united Congo”, “united Nigeria”, “united Sudan” and so forth. Africans love culture. That is what makes our continent so beautiful. However, it’s very difficult to genuinely appreciate the culture when it is playing key role in dividing our people. Africans hold traditional practices very close to their hearts, as they have been passed on from generation to generation. Change is not something most of us are quick to accept, but if we are working towards a unified and progressive Africa, accepting cultural diversity and tolerance is the right way forward.
source: http://afri-culture.com/african-traditions-in-todays-society-is-it-time-to-put-an-end-to-traditional-wedding-rites/ rubbish,nonsense infact what u r saying is a view of a person who do know and sont want to know about sometin,that which is AFRICAN TRADITION and culture.I said so becos had it been u know african culture and traditions u will know that's what made u an african man,ok let me ask u if we put and end to it what will we embrace?WHITE WEDDING or asian way of marriage?.if is the ist one then I can see that u must b a slave of western culture or civilization |
Sports › Re: My Analysis On The Super Eagles Team! by Okeycima: 12:14am On Jul 01, 2014 |
ideyvexnow: How Nigeria Can Win The Fifa World Cup In 2018.
It is no longer news that Nigeria have just been eliminated from the ongoing 2014 Fifa World cup in Brazil.
This can be attributed to many factors such as poor squad selection, in ability to defend set pieces, lack of creativity in the final third of the
pitch and finally, sub standard/half baked player abilities development (with the exception of Enyeama)
The Real Problem....
It is public knowledge that Nigeria is the most successful country in the world at the Fifa Under 17 World Cup level, but we have not been able
to translate this success to the Super Eagles.
The Reason for this is simply because, at the under 17 level, Nigeria has lots of football academies around the country whose job is to scout for
and train naturally talented and skillful young players who are between JS3 and SS2 level.
These academies help the young footballers to develop their personal abilities like running, jumping, heading, shooting, passing, dribbling, ball
juggling etc.
As a result, Nigeria benefits immensely, by winning lots of Under 17 world cups.
Our problem begins once these players return from the under 17 world cup tournaments.
These players are simply abandoned to their own fate to fend for themselves and as a result, the following happens,
1. The team spirit and cohesion is destroyed
2. The youngsters whose can't fend for themselves at 17 years of age, fall by the way side or sign useless exploiting contracts that end up
destroying their careers.
No more effort is made by the nation to assist these youngsters in further developing their skills.
It's like stopping your child's education at SS2 level and you want the child to go and compete for the post of MD of a company with people
holding PHD.
The Solution is ... The Super Eagles Special Player Development Program ....
1. We need to identify all the top/best football players from the past and present and emulate them/ clone them. Players such as
Christian Ronaldo, Lionel Messi, Ronaldindo, Arjen Robben, Ronaldo De Lima, David Beckam, Gabriel Batistuta etc. We will then select a group of
talented players to specially train and mold them into each of these special players. To do this, we will need to contract special foreign personal
trainers for each young talented player.
2. The federal government of Nigeria, will give these boys special juicy football contracts and payment packages that will last at least till they
become 23 years and sign a better local or foreign contract or are dropped from the Super Eagles Special Player Development Program.
2. Nigeria will contract foreign personal trainers to train of boys in areas such as dribbling, shooting, heading, free kicks, penalty kicks, goal
keeping etc.
3. Nigeria will contract foreign personal trainers to train selected number of players to dribble and shoot like Messi. We will get another foreign
personal trainer, to train a selected group of talented boys to player like Christiano Ronaldo etc.
4. We will contract a foreign technical adviser to select and coach the best 22 players among these hand picked and specially trained players.
This Technical Adviser will organize competitive matches for these boys against local and foreign opponents. This will continue until these boys
become 23 years old.
5. At the age of 23 years, these players can now be allowed to sign contracts with foreign clubs.
Once we have finished developing super star footballers, we can now ensure that any Coach or Technical Adviser hired is forced to only select
player from our Super made in Nigeria Eagles
I believe that If this blueprint is followed, Nigeria will win the 2018 world cup with ease.
Guys and Girls, what do you think? nwanne u have a point in ur analysis but u forgot to know and add that this is nigeria where everytin is based on self interest,I read sometime yesterday that GREEK football players rejected their appearance fee,instead the told their FA to use the money in building national team training center for the team,now do u tink nigerian players is going to do the same even after giving up their bonus they still got knocked out of world cup,now if it where to b nigerian players the won't do it becos the big boyz in the team will b saying that afterall nigeria had money,so if they want to build national team center or invest in youth the will do it without their help,or afterall a common senator of nigeria the eat millions wen he is not working so y won't they eat or y will they sacrifice their money 4 the country,and the so call home base is after the money becos the have the mind that who know after this one,I may neva come to world cup again and there by ude it as the means of grabbing as more money as they can,and another problem is that NFF is corrupt starting 4rm the chairman down to the kit cleaner of the players,and equally the players.let me tell u y I said so,correct me if am wrong this world cup will make it the 3 world cup 4 yobo,is this is true then y is he still forcing himself to world cup or do u want to tell me that we don't have a nigerian that is performing more that him or did he normally pay his way into the national teams as they do.to cap it all,wen siasia handled that team that came back with silver in one junior world cup like that my mind was that those boyz will replace the ageing national team but where r the boyz now?,nigerian and african player as a whole must know wen to bow out and give younger generation time,and equally the national team coach has to start integrating the young ones into the national team,by playing of friendlies and other matches,and lastly the player must come to know or made to understand the even though we diversify in this country,the is strength in our diversity and one of the strength is found in football,so the should try and sacrifice a little like the greeks becos if by tomorrow the young or up coming players of greeks do well they will b glad to help and so goes the circle,and equally what it seems that the NFF is not going to do 4 u guys u guys can do it on ur own. |
Romance › Re: Some Stupid Things Ladies Do, In The Name Of LOVE by Okeycima: 8:45am On Jun 30, 2014 |
Alikaxon: Hey! Mr Op. What then is love? Love is blind and kind, it can do anything. And again, please don't make it seem a character with girls alone.... What of a guy who 'll buy an ipad, take a girl for shopping and buy her heaven and earth like a maga when she is not even a wife, what have u bought for ur mum? But its good to be in love, don't get it twisted! |
|
Music/Radio › Re: Your Top 10 Musicians Of All Time by Okeycima: 11:24pm On Jan 08, 2014 |
Here is my list: 1.OLIVER DE COque 2.CHIEF OSITA OSADEBE 3.MORROCO MADUKA 4.DR SIR WARRIOR 5.BRIGHT CHIMEZIE 6.ANY rapper dat rap inspirational song{i dont mind d rapper but d lyrics and message is what i care about}.ie ethier naija or foregin rapper 7.same as no 6 wen it comes to blues. 8.GOOD bongo OWERRI by good musician. 9.good gospel music by any musician with linking it to any church or otherwise 10.A LETTER TO MA LOVE-by unknown musician NOTE:this ma own list and i don't seek ur opinion on it if u don't like it simply,GET A MAP AND A CAR AND DRIVE TO HELL |
Romance › Re: Abortion: Now A Proof Of Love? by Okeycima: 3:41pm On Jan 03, 2014 |
Adaeze003: O jeez! Mynd easy jor no need of calling names. Like I said, some girls fall into the wrong hands early. I remember when I was still in secondary school, 15 year olds were already 'dating' 25-30 year old men! Now these old men were just taking advantage of them but how were they to know at that age? At such early stage you can make some girls believe any rubbish and I'm no psychologist but that can affect their reasoning. Our parents didn't even give us appropriate sex education, they just pretended that there was nothing like sex! So the problem isn't inherent stupiditty but rather lack of proper sex education. u r correct u know as i am now i do have 15yr old girl dat is our family friends daughter dat is telling me dat she loves me.after talking to her about sex education she won't listen to me stating dat she is in love with me.CAN U IMAGINE DAT |
Politics › Re: Is Ebonyi No Longer Part Of Nigeria? by Okeycima: 10:35am On Dec 31, 2013 |
WMD: The silence from that part of the country givs me great concern wallahi. . . No insult pls. Is jst that i dnt hear them even in our network news or am i the only one? dude r u 4rm d east?i guess no might b d ansa.have u visted d state?i will say no.ok here 4 ur info the Ebonyi state people to me the most peace loving,hardworking and great agriculturist{d don't chase money like 2morrow no dey like their brodas i.e ma brodas} and FYI almost all the gravel and stones use in road construction do come 4rm a local Govt in Ebonyi{isiagu}so don't regard people dat r peace loving and hardworking as stone age people |
Jokes Etc › Re: Merry Xmass Mathematical Equation & All Funny Christmass Pix Here. by Okeycima: 5:57pm On Dec 23, 2013 |
Gangster farda chirstmas
|
Culture › Re: Which Village Are You From? Represent Your Village Here by Okeycima: 1:30pm On Dec 13, 2013 |
Nostalgia21: wtf!..frm ihube too..amagu village nwannem Udo diri gi |
Culture › Re: Which Village Are You From? Represent Your Village Here by Okeycima: 9:30am On Nov 30, 2013 |
click2cbn: FGC Okigwe, my Alma Mater, i spent years in Okigwe,left there officially last year though i still visit r u 4rm okigwe or did u school there only?anyway u r welcome.BUT WAIT oh!i hope u r not among those young scientist dat one caused a pandamouim dat side |
Culture › Re: Which Village Are You From? Represent Your Village Here by Okeycima: 9:29am On Nov 30, 2013 |
click2cbn: FGC Okigwe, my Alma Mater, i spent years in Okigwe,left there officially last year though i still visit r u 4rm okigwe or did u school there only?anyway u r welcome |
Culture › Re: Which Village Are You From? Represent Your Village Here by Okeycima: 9:24am On Nov 30, 2013 |
pyzdan: Am from Ihube, Okigwe LGA of Imo State WHAT!!!and where run go hide since?.wen i dey hear d find una? |
Culture › Re: Which Village Are You From? Represent Your Village Here by Okeycima: 7:51pm On Nov 27, 2013 |
click2cbn: IHUBE n her cashew broda udo di u can always say dat again{as d cashew part}it seems u know us 2well
|
Culture › Re: Which Village Are You From? Represent Your Village Here by Okeycima: 3:30pm On Nov 27, 2013 |
yellowpawpaw: She is correct. Ibo is d people while igbo is the culture and language. Don't mix it up. guy i no d like draw issues with people wetin i know na 'Igbo' dats what i know and there is notin like 'ibo' 4 me |
Culture › Re: Which Village Are You From? Represent Your Village Here by Okeycima: 3:23pm On Nov 27, 2013 |
shadowxteem: Anambra...ORAIIFITE...Dad from AWOR mum From Umuezopi Like to know you more padi me i see u
|
Culture › Re: Which Village Are You From? Represent Your Village Here by Okeycima: 2:41pm On Nov 27, 2013 |
EVANKOKO1: am proud to be an AKU OKIGWE BOY.in imo state TANK GOD 4 U.as i have waited,looked searched 4 u{i mean ma brodas and sistas}i have even come to d conculsion dat am man alone here and dat bad if u know what i mean.Meanwhile am 4rm IHUBE OKIGWE IN IMO State |
Culture › Re: Which Village Are You From? Represent Your Village Here by Okeycima: 11:16am On Nov 27, 2013 |
princesa: here we go again: 
you people (ibos) should let him know that you are angry. Tell him where it pains you people. If the ibos should leave nairaland, I tell you the truth, things would spoil. The man (Seun) would not see what he would eat again.
#you can thank me later, Mr seun  is not ibos but igbos pls take note |
Culture › Re: Which Village Are You From? Represent Your Village Here by Okeycima: 9:50am On Nov 27, 2013 |
greall1: Ibo plenty on dis forum oooooooo ma friend is not IBO but IGBO.pls take note.TANK U |
Culture › Re: Which Village Are You From? Represent Your Village Here by Okeycima: 9:39am On Nov 27, 2013 |
slap1: Umuhu-Ukwu, Atta, Ikeduru LGA of Imo State. Ndewonu! ma mum is 4rm umuokoro,iho dimeze,ikeduru |
|
Romance › Re: Cooking For Your Boyfriend In His House: Is It Right Or Wrong? by Okeycima: 9:25am On Nov 27, 2013 |
GentleMimi: Hi,peeps.I am presently in an argument with a group of friends about the moral value behind the act of a female who goes to visit her ''guy'' and then enters his kitchen to cook for him (even when his health is in perfect condition). Now,some of my friends argue that there is nothing wrong in the act,in fact,it is an avenue to exhibit her cooking skills. Others counter that it makes the guy loose some of his respect for her after a period of consistent cooking and caring(mind you,this is coming from a male ooo).They go on to say that ''familiarity breeds contempt'',and that a guy looses interest if the girl seems too eager to please. Now,i would really wish some NL guys would give me their HONEST opinion on this matter.Babes,do you think it a big deal to go to your bobo's house and then cook for him?
*Yipeeeeee! My topic made FP! Lol! My ban elapsed this evening so i guess this is a perfect way to celebrate! I dedicate this topic to my ''point and kill club,A.K.A derailers paradise'',my fans and haters.Mmmwwwuuuah! @op i dey mad?even if i dey mad.i wont allow such nonsense becos it is against ma ethics as a person{am speaking 4 maself}not only dat but i have been a witness of d bad side effect{girls apply juju,period etc}wen cooking.as it happened to ma lodge mate in school and equally departmental guy nah there i rule am off.if u r not comfortable wit it as a female u can kiss our relationship goodbye. |
Romance › Re: Cooking For Your Boyfriend In His House: Is It Right Or Wrong? by Okeycima: 9:24am On Nov 27, 2013 |
GentleMimi: Hi,peeps.I am presently in an argument with a group of friends about the moral value behind the act of a female who goes to visit her ''guy'' and then enters his kitchen to cook for him (even when his health is in perfect condition). Now,some of my friends argue that there is nothing wrong in the act,in fact,it is an avenue to exhibit her cooking skills. Others counter that it makes the guy loose some of his respect for her after a period of consistent cooking and caring(mind you,this is coming from a male ooo).They go on to say that ''familiarity breeds contempt'',and that a guy looses interest if the girl seems too eager to please. Now,i would really wish some NL guys would give me their HONEST opinion on this matter.Babes,do you think it a big deal to go to your bobo's house and then cook for him?
*Yipeeeeee! My topic made FP! Lol! My ban elapsed this evening so i guess this is a perfect way to celebrate! I dedicate this topic to my ''point and kill club,A.K.A derailers paradise'',my fans and haters.Mmmwwwuuuah! @op i dey mad?even if i dey mad.i wont allow such nonsense becos it is against ma ethics as a person{am speaking 4 maself}not only dat but i have been a witness of d bad side effect{girls apply juju,period etc}wen cooking.as it happened to ma lodge mate in school and equally departmental guy nah there i rule am off.if u r not comfortable wit it as a female u can kiss our relationship goodbye. |
Politics › Re: INEC On Anambra Poll: Only Courts Can Cancel Entire Election by Okeycima: 2:36pm On Nov 19, 2013 |
berem: For your mind! APC has come to stay in Imo state. You better get used to it or you change your state of origin. guy i d pity u.as u no know wetin u dey talk,by d way which imo u d talk?.ABI NA OUR OWN IMO STATE. |
Culture › Re: Igbo Kwenu! Kwezuo Nu! Join Us If You're Proud To Be An Igbo Guy/lady by Okeycima: 11:05am On Nov 18, 2013 |
Umunne na umunna ekelemu oh.udo diri onye obula nno na ebea |
Romance › Re: Whats Your Idea Of Love??? How Real Is It To You by Okeycima: 11:13pm On Nov 14, 2013 |
IMO and with how tings r love is jux a tool{weapon} dat d strong use in decieving d weak |
Politics › Re: Ex-PDP Chairman To Supervise Anambra Polls by Okeycima: 11:21pm On Nov 07, 2013 |
Kingsley1000: so daft,,i know you're sentiment driven,peter obi wasted 8yrs in office without anytn to show for it,full of corruption,building malls in abuja/grant malt in pH with State fund,is an abomination....That anambra is fairly developed is courtesy of NGIGE...We have the resources to turn things round,buh d dubious admins we'v had in d past hampers it....dont tell me Obi's 8yrs is better dan rochas's 2yrs,d difference innit clear? guy no d compare the 2 state abeg is not fair,dat is if u know what i mean |
Politics › Re: Ex-PDP Chairman To Supervise Anambra Polls by Okeycima: 11:19pm On Nov 07, 2013 |
Neaman: APC is already fixing blame for their defeat..ask your Rochas how he won against Ohakim and his mercenaries..mayb u cud adopt the same strategy..buh dats if you re sure u have'nt lose already. dont compare imo state politics to anambra state politics they r neva the same |
Politics › Re: Presidency To Amaechi, Join APC, Dont Consult Jonathan by Okeycima: 11:21am On Nov 07, 2013 |
blocker: How did Igbos betray Orji Uzor Kalu? PPA is a party sponsored by Abia funds before and after winning the 2007 elections. PDP did not have an Imo State gubernotarial candidate in 2007 and that was how Ikedi Ohakim under special arrangement was given the PPA ticket in Imo State. So it was expectedly predictable that Ohakim should leave PPA who had no seat in Imo State House of Assembly and had no LGA Chairman nor Councellor in Imo. How could Orji Uzor Kalu expect to call the shots in Imo and Abia at the same time as if his loot used to fund PPA is enough to control Imo where PPA had no structure except for a borrowed building, a few 14 seater buses and about a dozen henchmen? And you come here to make a case that Igbos betrayed OUK. In what way? Or you drew your conclusions from from being an adherent and feverent reader of SUN Newspapers? oga e b like say u d follow IMO STAte politics wella |
Politics › Re: Katsina APC Reps Exchange Blows Over Court Judgment by Okeycima: 10:57am On Nov 07, 2013 |
Dis topic has not even reach upto 10 pages.assuming it were to b topic concernin our presdo GEJ.sum abusers 4 don make am reach hundred pages b4 it surface on front page,DEM NO FIT CRITIZE OR D DO TURN to DUMB PEOPLE |
European Football (EPL, UEFA, La Liga) › Re: Manchester United Vs Southampton (1 - 1) On 19 Oct 2013 by Okeycima: 6:05pm On Oct 19, 2013 |
What i can't understand is y dat Man keep on playing fellani ahead of clevaley(who has been playing 4 d same team 4 3 or 4 season) let me guess*he want to justify his first signing*and even as dat Why would he place WELBECK ahead of KAGAWA(a two time buli player of the year,and has carried german league consercutively 4 2 years).IS HE STUPID OR IS HE BLIND OR HE IS A FUCKING racist?as 4 me welbeck is d low we it come to our CF OR ACM. |
Politics › Re: Igbos Ready To Dump PDP For APC —OKOROCHA by Okeycima: 11:10pm On Jun 21, 2013 |
just4francisca: for me and my household we rather vote for pdp than to vote BH. But this discussion of election dnt u guys think is too early for such discussion . Why dnt we wait for 2015 to come first. Any way. My advise for u guys at d TOP is to forget 2015 and focus on wht ur doing. dis tin u just said made me to remember what he wrote on d roundabout leading to govt house and it say'POLITICIANS IS TINKING OF NEXT ELECTION,BUT LEADER TINK OF THE NEXT GENERATION'who is the politician and who is the leader now OKOROCHA |
Politics › Re: Imo Civil Servants Strike Over Govt's Insensitivity To Their Welfare by Okeycima: 12:47am On May 11, 2013 |
Smooyis: Thanks for the clarifications. The problems our people in the east are facing is that they do not realize that it is totally impossible to make a national influence politically without reaching out to other tribes or regions. Even Buhari has come to realise that he cannot make much national impact if he does not open up to others. Same for Tinubu and others. Why crucify Okorocha who is one of your noble sons. What is wrong in aligning with progressives in other regions of the country in order to bring a change. Truly a prophet has no honour among his people.
Igbos should stop this attitude of not seeing anything good in others simply because they are not their kinsmen. They should have a broader perspective like we the yorubas who accommodate all shades of opinions, tribes, parties, and religions without any acrimony.
Politics is a thing of choice and everyone should be left to make his or her own choice. In the time past under OBJ, many easterners were in the fore front of criticisms against PDP. But today the story has changed. The war is now against APC. Even though i have my reservations against the APC, i believe they surely have the right to position themselves so as to effectively confront the octopus PDP. With the way things are it may be difficult for Nigerians to truly support an Igbo presidency in the forseeable future unless this attitude changes. nwanne see wetin u jux d talk dat we should support some who track record in backbitting and betrayal |