₦airaland Forum

c0ogumo:
I found this on Google. I believe this will help throw more light into the ongoing discussion.

Solar cell efficiency
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dust often accumulates on the glass of solar panels - seen here as black dots - which reduces the amount of light available to the panel.

Solar cell efficiency is the ratio of the electrical output of a solar cell to the incident energy in the form of sunlight. The energy conversion efficiency (η) of a solar cell is the percentage of the solar energy to which the cell is exposed that is converted into electrical energy.[1] This is calculated by dividing a cell's power output (in watts) at its maximum power point (Pm) by the input light (E, in W/m2) and the surface area of the solar cell (Ac in m2).

Efficiency = Pm/EAc

By convention, solar cell efficiencies are measured under standard test conditions (STC) unless stated otherwise. STC specifies a temperature of 25 °C and an irradiance of 1000 W/m2 with an air mass 1.5 (AM1.5) spectrum. These conditions correspond to a clear day with sunlight incident upon a sun-facing 37°-tilted surface with the sun at an angle of 41.81° above the horizon.[2][3] This represents solar noon near the spring and autumn equinoxes in the continental United States with surface of the cell aimed directly at the sun. Under these test conditions a solar cell of 20% efficiency with a 100 cm2 ( (10 cm)2 ) surface area would produce 2.0 W.

The efficiency of the solar cells used in a photovoltaic system, in combination with latitude and climate, determines the annual energy output of the system. For example, a solar panel with 20% efficiency and an area of 1 m² will produce 200 W at STC, but it can produce more when the sun is high in the sky and will produce less in cloudy conditions and when the sun is low in the sky. In central Colorado, which receives annual insolation of 2200 kWh/m²,[4] such a panel can be expected to produce 440 kWh of energy per year. However, in Michigan, which receives only 1400 kWh/m²/yr,[4] annual energy yield will drop to 280 kWh for the same panel. At more northerly European latitudes, yields are significantly lower: 175 kWh annual energy yield in southern England.[5]

Several factors affect a cell's conversion efficiency value, including its reflectance efficiency, thermodynamic efficiency, charge carrier separation efficiency, and conduction efficiency values.[1] Because these parameters can be difficult to measure directly, other parameters are measured instead, including quantum efficiency, VOC ratio, and fill factor. Reflectance losses are accounted for by the quantum efficiency value, as they affect "external quantum efficiency." Recombination losses are accounted for by the quantum efficiency, VOC ratio, and fill factor values. Resistive losses are predominantly accounted for by the fill factor value, but also contribute to the quantum efficiency and VOC ratio values.

As of September 2013, the highest efficiencies have been achieved by using multiple junction cells at high solar concentrations (44.7% by the Fraunhofer ISE, Soitec, CEA-Leti and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin).[6]

Gbam, this says it all. Stc is the rating used under normal conditions but due to the weather in Africa we are above standard conditions. Bodegeorge take note. Traveling around the world does not guarantee knowledge.

It's a pity that nairaland.com is now being infested with buhari warriors who were not alive during buhari's regime...

[size=32pt][/size] MORE

I want more more more...

And they say money can't buy love....

I pity Nigerians, always so quick to support so called men of God, first the pastor slaps you to drive out a demon now he is saying if you don't follow Jesus you will go to hell. Yet we are so quick to criticize politicians when our so called men of God are buying private jets. I will forever respect fela for singing "suffering and smiling" cause he said the truth. Nigeria's major problem still is and will always be religion. God will not fix this country we need to fix it our self.

tonychristopher:
depending, what about convienience, if you are a man that has family you will understand the importance of a car, my dear nobody brags with poverty. It is a bad thing.

Do you think that its everybody that has the patience for that bus thing

It is well. Different strokes for different folks.

princdebola201:
To me Ladies with future Ambitions will rather pursue their success before thinking about Marriage...While some Ladies see it as an Avenue to Cut Short their suffering so that the Husband take over she and her Family Burden..

Gbam. You said it all.

Atk01:
Miss Suya too.

girls and suya, na wa oh.

tonychristopher:
And this is sparingly


Having a car isn't luxury
What is luxury is the type of car


Here in Lagos or Nigeria we lack efficient transport system and its expensive

From Ikeja yo island in a taxi is like 5k minimum

But 5k fuel in your small golf will serve you a week and parts are cheap ..you fit use the car hutsle

But with that 5k you can go 2 or 3 weeks with public bus.

I pity this generation...

tonychristopher:
What if u lose your job after buying the car

My dear car isn't a luxury but a neccesity

If such happens the best thing to do is use the car sparingly.

kilokeys:
Nairaland TACTICS

meaning?

So what's your view.?

Has anyone else noticd how most adverts involving the use of money most often use men buying gifts for women? Yet women say money can't buy love.

SMH Nigerians are so gullible, just like they fell for a "man without shoes" they are falling for this as well....

I don't blame her i blame all those woman wrappers that believe women can do no wrong.

Eya

Like i always tell my friends, don't buy a car unless you have a steady source of income and not depending on God to fuel and maintain your car.

WinsomeX:
Another perspective, also from Facebook:

PARTY HAS BEGUN IN ASO ROCK!

Why is the PDP so interested in making Abubakar Atiku win the APC primaries? Is it true that the PDP has made millions of dollars available for Atiku to ‘help’ him coast to victory? Is it true that a modest celebration has begun in Aso-Rock as indications are growing
stronger that Atiku Abubakar may clinch the APC nomination? Are these guys human beings? If the PDP is partly bankrolling Atiku for this process, then we are in trouble as a nation.

I still believe atiku is far better than buhari, who said Nigeria will b ungovernable if he looses?

If buhari
Wins then truly there is no difference between apc and pdp...

M4gunners:
So in the Environment where you live,you didn't know beaten a woman is prohibited abi? Bush boy,i only metion woman because it's a man that beat him.If it were a policewoman that beat her, that is different.

You just confirmed that you are truly a sexist

M4gunners:
Thunder fire that Policeman. How can he beat a Lady to that extends? They should drag him to Court. Hungry policeman.

You are a sexist, was it only the woman that was beaten? Later you will say what a man can do a woman can do it better. Absolute rubbish.

Hope no one died. Like the other posters said am sure the building is already insured. Lol.

Jesus christ of Nazareth. Any woman that posts such things has a high level of low self esteem. No sane man will use such dp's. So this is what all married men must face for the rest of their live? God have mercy. Thank God not all women are like this, if not i ain't ever getting married no matter the current pressure. Chai.

You all are missing the point, this is a "designer" food, so obviously it's not meant for everyone except those that have money to waste.

Nigerian women. Always in a hurry to get married but later complain that their husbands are not treating them right or end up having affairs outside the marriage. Op how old are exactly? If you want a long lasting marriage better marry someone you love and can tolerate not because you will soon reach menopause, trust me have seen lots of women like you who wish they had waited.

duduhemit36:
i really really love this..........i do av dat line dey musnt cross......dat if dey tell me dat am UGLY

lol. Being ugly doesn't make you worthless. Just tell them something true that also hurts them but they may never forgive you if you do that.

Hmmmm. Almost what am going through, however unlike the OP my ex says she is a virgin so i suspect that is why she is so STUBBORN. When we were dating i always told her she would find it difficult to find a man that would tolerate her stubbornness and if i did marry her she would pay for her stubbornness but God knows i would never rape her, instead i would just deny her of sex since that's what she thinks all men want. Ladies there is a thing line between playing hard to get and just being stubborn. Most men have a boiling point so make sure whatever you do, you don't cross that line. It's mostly women of this generation that cross such line, am sure anyone here who has parents who are over 60 will testify to what am saying. No to violence against women and no to stubborn women. It should always be 50/50.

I don't know whether to laugh or cry but somehow am doing both. Unfortunately most girls like that chimaka girl are to stubborn to realize the truth. Yet again marriage is not for everyone.

Where can I find the cry cry girls? Cause of all the types of girls OP listed, she is is the only one i can cope with. God knowsi ewon't di anything to make her cry. (as long she doesn't disturb me for money unnecessary)