The current trend is a gynae and obstetric outreach platform. We are using this platform to discuss women's health; we will be sharing gynaecology & obstetrics related cases.

Gynaecology is the care of the female reproductive system including contraception, the investigation and treatment of menstrual problems, sexual problems, infertility, problems relating to the menopause, and disorders such as uterine fibroids and ovarian cysts. It also covers early pregnancy problems such as recurrent miscarriage.

Obstetrics is a branch of medical science that deals or care with pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.

The trend is also open to everyone that has any question in relating to the above topic and other medically related issues.

For personal questions feel free to reach us on whatsapp 08087252112 or call 08067410701
mail: respond.beachland@gmail.com

Today I will be sharing along the line of what is call polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) occurs when there is a disproportion in the amounts of the female sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone. It is sometimes referred to as hormonal imbalance.

It derives its name from the fact that most women with PCOS will have numerous small cysts (a cyst is a fluid filled sac) on both ovaries, but it is important to note that this is different from having a single cyst on any of the ovaries.

The symptoms of PCOS include the following:

Hirsutism – increased hair on the face and body

Excess acne (numerous pimples on the skin, especially on the face)

Weight gain

Irregular periods: The cycle length is usually unpredictable, and can last longer than 35 days; sometimes it can take months before a period starts. A woman with PCOS will therefore have fewer periods in a year.

Numerous small cysts seen on the ovary in a scan

An imbalance in the amount of female hormones shown by a blood test

An increase in the amount of androgens (male hormones) shown by a blood test – it is normal for all females to have small amounts of male hormones)


Difficulty in getting pregnant


A diagnosis of PCOS is made when one has at least two of these three symptoms; irregular periods,numerous small follicles seen on the ovary in a scan and an imbalance in the amount of female hormones shown by a blood test.

The exact cause of PCOS is not known. However, we do know that PCOS can be hereditary, so if your mother or sister has been diagnosed with it, there is a higher chance of you having it. The syndrome is also related to the body’s inability to use a hormone called insulin, which is very important for the breakdown of glucose (sugar). Women with Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are at a higher risk of developing Type II Diabetes, gestational diabetes (pregnancy induced diabetes), obesity, high blood pressure, and hyperlipidemia (raised levels of fat in the blood).

Possible treatment are as follows:
Change of lifestyle: As a first step, you will be advised to lose some weight, especially if you observed that the symptoms developed or worsened when you gained weight. This alone (even as little as a 5% reduction) can be effective enough to make your periods regular again and relieve other symptoms. Other things that help are regular exercise and a low calorie diet.

Oral contraceptives: The combination oral contraceptive (COC) pill can be prescribed, and this will address the hormonal imbalance and cause your periods to be regular again. However, this is only an option for someone who is not trying to get pregnant.


Ovulation induction and follicular tracking: This is used to address infertility that is caused by PCOS. Medications (tablets or injections) are given to stimulate the ovaries to ovulate (i.e to release an egg). After this, the ovaries are scanned regularly to monitor the growth of the follicle (the small sac on the ovary that contains the egg), and to confirm when ovulation occurs, so that sexual intercourse can be timed.


Ovarian drilling: This is a surgical procedure that is done if all the other treatments have been unsuccessful. A laparoscopy is done – the insertion of thin, rodlike instruments into the abdomen through small cuts. A camera is attached to them and the images are projected on a screen. The surgeon identifies the ovaries and uses the same instruments to remove the cysts on the ovary by puncturing them.

I hope you will not be diagnosing and prescribing to people online?

Amarabae:
I hope you will not be diagnosing and prescribing to people online?

smiles...its just an educative and help platform. Just to help answer questions.

If need call for diagnosis and prescription is better to be seen in person.

Thanks for your review. Regards

Good morning house,

I will be sharing along the line of painful periods medically call dysmenorrhoea.

I will be looking at answering some few questions based on some feedback i have gotten via mail and calls.

Will share about why is there painful period in the first place, types of dysmenorrhoea, possible causes and how it can be managed or treated.


Feel free to drop your questions if you have anyone along this line of thoughts.

A period is the term used to describe menstruation – the regular flow of blood from a woman which marks the beginning of a new reproductive cycle in her body. During the cycle, the womb (uterus) prepares to receive a fertilized egg by growing thicker and developing new blood vessels.

The uterus is covered or lined with a soft coating called the endometrium, which actually has two layers, called the basal layer and the functional layer; like a grassy lawn with plants which have roots (basal layer) and shoots (functional layer).

It becomes thickened in preparation to receive a fertilized egg, under the influence of the female hormones. If fertilization does not occur, the amounts of the hormone begin to drop steadily, and so the thickening process is slowed down. As the hormones reach their lowest level, the functional layer begins to shed because there’s no more support. When the cells are broken down, they release some chemicals that make the body of the uterus to start to contract/tighten.

This does two things:
The blood supply to the endometrium is cut off and so more of it dies and is shed

The uterus squeezes out all the blood and the endometrium that was shed. By the time the lining is shed, a new cycle has begun and the level of the hormones begins to rise again, and so the functional layer starts to grow back.

Why Painful Periods? These two actions (cutting off of blood supply and the contractions) can cause women to experience pain during menstruation – this is called primary dysmenorrhoea and is the most common, occurring in more than 50% of women. This type usually gets better as one grows older and for some people, improves after delivery.

Pain is the most common complaint during menstruation. This pain occurs in the lower abdomen and usually starts on the first day of the period, is worse on the first one to three days, and gests better after that.
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Some other symptoms you might feel are low back pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, irritability, dizziness, moodiness, headaches.

There are two types of dysmenorrhea

Primary dysmenorrhoea: Usually starts at the onset or a few months after the onset of menstruation, and is normal.

Secondary dysmenorrhoea – This is when painful periods start in a woman who never used to have pain before. The pain is caused by a problem within the female reproductive organs, and it is more likely to start earlier in the cycle and last longer than in primary dysmenorrhoea.

The things that can cause secondary dysmenorrhoea are:

Endometriosis: This is a condition in which the lining of the womb is found in other places outside the uterus, like on the pelvic wall, the ovaries, and the intestines. Endometrial tissue that is found outside the uterus is influenced by the female hormones, the same as inside the uterus. So, the tissue thickens during the cycle and is shed when menstruation begins. It is unable to flow out, and so it remains there and irritates the surrounding areas. This pain is usually severe, starts some days before the period starts, and continues for some days after the period has ended. The pain sometimes extends from the lower abdomen to the back and thighs. There can be cyclical pain in other parts of the body like on the skin or the chest. Other symptoms include cyclical diarrhoea or constipation, pain on stooling or urinating, painful intercourse, and infertility. It can also cause a type of ovarian cyst called an endometrioma.


Adenomyosis: This is similar to endometriosis, where there is endometrium found in other places. However, here, the endometrium is found within the muscle of the wall of the uterus. It either appears as small deposits (like seeds), or it is diffuse, in which case it isn’t easily separable from the rest of the body of the uterus. It is another common cause of severe dysmenorrhoea, usually associated with heavy and prolonged bleeding, and a bloated feeling.


Fibroids: Fibroids are abnormal growths that occur in the uterus, which can cause periods to be heavier and more painful than usual. They can also cause pain in the abdomen or in the lower back.

These are the most common causes of secondary dysmenorrhoea

Some other things that can also cause painful periods are:

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (an infection of the female reproductive organs, usually caused by sexually transmitted infections)

Cervical stenosis – Sometimes after one has had a surgical procedure, scar tissue can form and block the cervix, which is the opening of the uterus, thus preventing the blood from flowing out during menstruation. This can cause pain during periods, and is usually associated with either reduction in or absence of blood flow.

How can it managed or treated?


For most people, menstrual pain is something that is a cause for discomfort, but not necessarily a major discomfort. However, if the pain disturbs you significantly every month, if the pain and other symptoms are getting worse, or if you notice that you suddenly developed very painful cramps, you need to see a Gynaecologist.

Do not assume that it is a woman’s portion, or lot, or cross to bear, and so decide to remain in pain.

It also helps to track your periods (this might be difficult, if your periods are irregular), so that you can prepare.

Lifestyle/Home remedies: Different things have been found to help different people; you would need to discover what words for you. They include Exercise (or activity), Rest, Heat (using a hot water bottle, or soaking in a hot bath). The key is to find what works for you, that you can fit into your daily schedule or routine.

Pain relievers: For most people, the uses of easily available pain medications are enough to relieve the pain, on those two or three days when the pain is experienced. This is sufficient for primary dysmenorrhoea

Hormonal medications: For the treatment of endometriosis and adenomyosis, hormones can be given to disrupt the normal cyclical release of the hormones oestrogen and progesterone. This prevents the endometrium from growing and shedding both within and outside of the lining. The contraceptives can be in the form of pills, injections, and even intrauterine devices. This treatment is not permanent, but can provide relief from the pain

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For those trying to conceive i will be sharing on infertility today, though will be sharing on a generic way: specific answers will best be shared depending on individual history and needs.

Infertility happens when a couple cannot conceive after having regular unprotected sex.

Infertility means you cannot get pregnant (conceive).

There are 2 types of infertility: Primary and Secondary infertility.

Primary infertility refers to couples who have not become pregnant after at least 1 year having sex without using birth control methods.

Secondary infertility refers to couples who have been able to get pregnant at least once, but now are unable.

It may be that one partner cannot contribute to conception, or that a woman is unable to carry a pregnancy to full term. It is often defined as not conceiving after 12 months of regular sexual intercourse without the use of birth control.

Though because of the topic of the trend i will be focusing on causes in female.

Causes;

Many physical and emotional factors can cause infertility. It may be due to problems in the woman, man, or both.

Physical causes can include:

Risk factors that increase the risk include:


Age: The ability to conceive starts to fall around the age of 32 years.


Smoking: Smoking significantly increases the risk of infertility in both men and women, and it may undermine the effects of fertility treatment. Smoking during pregnancy increases the chance of pregnancy loss. Passive smoking has also been linked to lower fertility.

Alcohol: Any amount of alcohol consumption can affect the chances of conceiving.


Being obese or overweight: This can increase the risk of infertility in women as well as men.

Eating disorders: If an eating disorder leads to serious weight loss, fertility problems may arise.

Diet: A lack of folic acid, iron, zinc, and vitamin B-12 can affect fertility. Women who are at risk, including those on a vegan diet, should ask the doctor about supplements.

Exercise: Both too much and too little exercise can lead to fertility problems.


Exposure to some chemicals: Some pesticides, herbicides, metals, such as lead, and solvents have been linked to fertility problems in both men and women. A mouse study has suggested that ingredients in some household detergents may reduce fertility.


Mental stress: This may affect female ovulation and male sperm production and can lead to reduced sexual activity.

Medical conditions includes;

Ovulation disorders appear to be the most common cause of infertility in women.

Ovulation is the monthly release of an egg. The eggs may never be released or they may only be released in some cycles.

Ovulation disorders can be due to:

Premature ovarian failure: The ovaries stop working before the age of 40 years.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): The ovaries function abnormally and ovulation may not occur.

Hyperprolactinemia: If prolactin levels are high, and the woman is not pregnant or breastfeeding, it may affect ovulation and fertility.

Poor egg quality: Eggs that are damaged or develop genetic abnormalities cannot sustain a pregnancy. The older a woman is, the higher the risk.

Thyroid problems: An overactive or underactive thyroid gland can lead to a hormonal imbalance.

Chronic conditions: These include AIDS or cancer.

Problems in the uterus or fallopian tubes can prevent the egg from traveling from the ovary to the uterus, or womb.
If the egg does not travel, it can be harder to conceive naturally.

Surgery: Pelvic surgery can sometimes cause scarring or damage to the fallopian tubes. Cervical surgery can sometimes cause scarring or shortening of the cervix. The cervix is the neck of the uterus.


Submucosal fibroids: Benign or non-cancerous tumors occur in the muscular wall of the uterus. They can interfere with implantation or block the fallopian tube, preventing sperm from fertilizing the egg. Large submucosal uterine fibroids may make the uterus' cavity bigger, increasing the distance the sperm has to travel.


Endometriosis: Cells that normally occur within the lining of the uterus start growing elsewhere in the body.



Previous sterilization treatment: In women who have chosen to have their fallopian tubes blocked, the process can be reversed, but the chances of becoming fertile again are not high.

Everyone reaching on whatsapp, all questions will be answered shortly. Regards.

I will be sharing along the line of Intrauterine Adhesions today also known as asherman syndrome

I will be looking at answering some few questions based on some feedback i have gotten via mail and calls.


Feel free to drop your questions if you have anyone along this line of thoughts.

Intrauterine adhesions are formed when there is an injury or a cut on the endometrium (the lining of the womb which sheds off with every cycle at menstruation) that does not heal properly and forms scar tissue, which is also called an adhesions.

These adhesions replace the normal endometrial lining and can cause a reduction in menstrual flow and difficulty getting pregnant because the fertilized egg is unable to implant on the abnormal endometrium. It also causes the walls of the uterus to stick together and distorts the shape of the cavity, or forms a band that can block the cavity. It is sometimes referred to as Asherman’s syndrome.

Intrauterine adhesions usually occur after any procedure that can cause injury or damage to the endometrium, irrespective of the reason for which the procedure was done.

This includes the following:

Dilatation and Curettage (D&C)

Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA)

Caesarean section

Open myomectomy

Hysteroscopic surgeries


Manual removal of the placenta

Intrauterine adhesions commonly cause the following symptoms:

Reduction in the amount of bleeding during menstruation

Reduction in the number of days of menstruation

Passing small amounts of dark blood during a period

Developing painful periods (dysmenorrhoea)

Recurrent early miscarriages

Difficulty in getting pregnant

Everyone reaching on whatsapp, all questions will be answered shortly. Regards.

Good morning.....

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a medical condition in which the endometrial tissue (i.e the lining of the womb which sheds off with every cycle at menstruation) is found in other places outside the uterus, like on the pelvic wall, the ovaries, and the bowel (the intestines).

Endometriosis most commonly causes severe menstrual pain (dysmenorrhoea), and is often underdiagnosed, because of a wrong assumption that it is normal for periods to be painful.

It is not yet very clear why the endometrium is found outside the uterus in endometriosis, but there are a few likely reasons. When the endometrium is being shed during a period, it is possible that while the blood flows out through the vagina, some of it flows backwards through the tubes and ends up in the pelvic area, from where it can attach to the pelvic walls, organs, and even the bowel (retrograde menstruation).


Another possible reason is that the cells from the endometrium can be carried from the uterus to other parts of the body through the lymphatic or blood vessels. It has been shown that after one has any surgery involving the uterus (like a myomectomy or a Caesarean section), endometrial cells can be carried to the site of the skin incision and thus endometriosis develops on the surgical scar.