Nigerians do not like the truth; they prefer self-comforting narratives. Since doing a short update on the just-declared ASUU strike yesterday, many who are suckers for ASUU’s propaganda have continued to spew the predictable ASUU talking points without much critical reflection on them. My American hosts say that the definition of stupidity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting a different outcome. That is what ASUU has been doing in the last 15 years or thereabouts. The golden age of the ASUU struggle ended about 20 years ago. For the past fifteen years or so, the union has been struggling to redefine itself and find a new identity but has ended up simply reinventing the proverbial wheel even when the challenges of today’s university system call for a different toolkit than periodic strikes that worked in the 1980s and 1990s but that are increasingly less productive and are even counterproductive. Here are the problems with ASUU’s lazy, unimaginative resort to strikes every five years.

The current strike is not about a plan by the federal government to introduce fees and student loans. That is just ASUU propaganda, designed to curry sympathy with parents, students, and the general public. If you believe it, you’ll believe anything. The strike, of which ASUU has been warning for at least a year, is about the government’s non-implementation of the revised 2009 agreement — revised because it was renegotiated in 2013 after a prolonged strike. But as with other recent strikes, ASUU leaders said that they’re on strike because of “poor funding,” a vague, misleading, recurring, and overused propaganda in ASUU’s rhetorical repertoire. Much of what they’re fighting for are actually their own benefits (nothing wrong with that, but why not be honest about it?).

But realizing that a public skeptical of their struggle will not support the strike if it is couched strictly in terms of their earlier agreement with the Federal Government or in terms of earned but unpaid allowances, ASUU leaders recycled, as they’ve always done, the hackneyed narrative of poor funding. For additional emotional appeal, they decided to highlight an old, largely discredited federal government proposal — a mere proposal — about the introduction of tuition fees and the establishment of education banks.

ASUU Strikes have become counterproductive in several ways. The government usually waits it out until ASUU is desperate for a deal — any deal — because of financial hardship occasioned by several months of its members going unpaid, and because of pressure from parents and students, who, in recent years, have turned decisively against ASUU, influencing public opinion that now sees ASUU honchos as selfish, money-grabbing activists who do not have the interest of students at heart. Whether this is fair to ASUU or not is not the point. The point, rather, is that a wise, self-reflective, and self-critical body of activists tries not to overplay its hand or lose the support of its constituency or the public. A wise trade or professional union knows when to fight and when not to, and knows when a particular method of struggle has exhausted its effectiveness, its lifespan, and has begun to yield diminishing returns. ASUU’s laziness prevents it from making this realization. As things stand, the government has mastered the game, playing ASUU leaders like a set of drums.

But ASUU leaders are willing participants in the theatre. ASUU people themselves are complicit in the cyclical ritual of strikes, negotiations, agreements, and more strikes. They always willfully enter into agreements that are dubious. The agreements are fantastical, aspirational promissory notes that the federal government cannot realistically deliver because the only way it can do so is either for political office holders to give up their perks or abandon their own political promises and patronage networks and channel the resources previously dedicated to those endeavors to ASUU. That would be political suicide, which political leaders and appointees will not commit. Federal government negotiators know this, as does ASUU. Thus, these agreements and the negotiations that precede them are choreographed rituals meant largely to save face for both sides and to dignify what essentially is a bribe in the form of paid backlogs of “earned allowances” and an agreement to buy another five or so years before resuming the charade once again.

The agreements have thus become little more than documentary testaments to ASUU’s periodic egotistical efforts to reassert its visibility, importance, and ability to flex its power by shutting down universities. That’s why they produce less and less results. Speaking of diminishing returns, apart from the payment of salary backlogs and earned allowances as well as “agreements” on old and new promises — promises that are at best half-fulfilled — what positive outcome have these recent strikes yielded? I use “recent” advisedly because in the early days of ASUU strikes were an effective and hugely successful mechanism for bringing attention and funding to the many problems of the university system.

ASUU’s initial struggle was successful. The system had collapsed and needed to be resuscitated. ASUU strikes in the 1990s, which I fully supported as an undergraduate, succeeded in raising salaries and allowances and attracting massive funding to universities. Today, TETFUND is awash in billions of naira that it disburses to universities for capital projects — the building of lecture halls, labs, hostels, offices, and other physical structures. These are the fruits of ASUU’s initial struggles. From not earning enough to take them home, lecturers began to earn comfortable middleclass salaries. Much of that early gain and the subsequent increases in salaries and allowances in the 2000s consolidated university lectures in the Nigerian Middle Class. I recall seeing bankers, civil servants, and parastatal workers resign to take up appointments with universities in the 2000s. I personally know a couple of people who did so. Part of the attraction was that university lecturers began to out-earn many workers with equivalent degrees and experiences in the public and private sectors.

Inflation may have eroded some of those gains, but the Nigerian lecturer still earns more than civil servants. The starting pay of a lecturer is significantly higher than that of a civil servant. Some professors earn as much as N500,000 monthly, and some teach at multiple institutions and earn twice or trice that. An undergraduate classmate of mine who has served in one of the paramilitary organs of the Nigerian state and has risen through the ranks is contemplating quitting to go into academia after earning a PhD. Why? He would be better paid and he would be better fulfilled, he said.

The point here is that Nigerian lecturers are not poorly paid, certainly not as poorly paid as they want Nigerians to believe. At any rate, since when is the academy a place to get paid? People get into academia for the love of ideas, to live the life of the mind. They don’t go into it to make money. If money is your motivation, you should go to the private sector, run for office in Nigeria, or become a corrupt bureaucrat. You cannot function in the academy, with all its epistemological benefits, and then envy or use corrupt or non-corrupt people in lucrative sectors as references for your own aspirations. I routinely teach undergraduates whose starting salaries eclipse mine. One of the students went to work for Google and her pay package dwarfed mine. Another went on to law school and thereafter got a job with a law firm in Washington DC that paid him more than I earned. This is normal. It’s not just in Nigeria that academics are paid less than people with equivalent pedigrees in non-academic workplaces. Academia has many non-monetary rewards, including flexibility and fulfilment. That makes up for any monetary deficits.

So many strikes have occurred in the last 15 years or so that no one who attended a public university in this period can say they were not affected by at least one. And yet, the fundamental problems of universities — poor instruction, poor research, poor supervision and mentorship, ethical violations, sexual harassment and exploitation of students, and poor intellectual life — have persisted and worsened, discrediting the wisdom and logic of strikes as effective weapons for improving the quality of higher education. Academic standards have fallen drastically even as more money poured into universities for infrastructure and as lecturers and non-academic staff salaries and allowances increased. Nigerian academics have become less internationally competitive, and their products, the students they teach and graduate, have become more shortchanged and less educated, never mind the fact that the number of first class degrees has risen (story for another update). In some ways, then, it seems as though ASUU and the university system became victims of the union’s early success.

This negative correlation between improved funding and deteriorating standards is worrisome but hardly surprising. This is because as ASUU struggled to get the government to invest more in infrastructure and compensation, the body never asked anything of itself, of its members. All this while, even as TETFUND and other intervention agencies emerged to fund higher education, lecturers remained unaccountable and thus they remained stagnant in their craft and even regressed. They didn’t have to give anything or improve their attitude, mindset, or approach to their jobs in return for all the gains and benefits they reaped from their struggle.

As a result, poor teaching continued; lecturers continued to skip classes even as their personal economies significantly improved and some of them even became caught up in extracurricular pecuniary and career pursuits outside the university; poor or non-existent supervision and mentorship of postgraduate students continued; lecturers continued to teach from outdated, dog-eared lecture notes from the 1970s; lecturers continued to publish poorly researched papers or not to publish at all; lecturers, in fact, began to game the new NUC publications metrics by patronizing pay-to-publish predatory journals in India and Pakistan, and by self-publishing, and by publishing in incestuous venues such as departmental journals, making mockery of the academic research process; sexual harassment of students continued; monetary demands on students continued; and more catastrophically, plagiarism became the unspoken norm among Nigerian academics.

Improved access to online journals and resources, enabled in part by increased funding of universities (the very thing they claimed to desire and which ostensibly their struggle was about), ironically made lecturers lazy, causing them to simply copy or reproduce without attribution, steal and pass off entire works, or unethically appropriate works published by others elsewhere. If plagiarism has surged among undergraduate and graduate students, it is because their lecturers themselves either do not know the ethos of academic citation and plagiarism avoidance or are too lazy to care. In this way, bad habits are transmitted from teachers to students, perpetuating a cycle of poor ethics and academic fraud.

As infrastructure and compensation improved in Nigerian universities, Vice Chancellors transformed into tin-gods requiring adulation, submission, and absolute loyalty rather than acting as catalysts for academic agendas and reform. VCs, with the active connivance of university boards, became contractors and receivers of kickbacks on contracts, hence the obsession with building physical structures, leading to the neglect of academic and research standards. Buoyed by power and the control of ever-growing federal monetary allocations, Vice Chancellors could distribute patronage and largesse as they wished. More distressingly, VCs, like political leaders in the larger governmental system, realized that they could give out jobs and began to recruit incompetent, unqualified people who had no business in the academy, into lecturing positions. Today’s poor graduates are partly attributable to the influx of these incompetent recruits into the academy. You cannot impart what you yourself do not know. To obtain anything based on scholarly productivity and commitment to pedagogy and research became impossible. Only those who sucked up to VCs were rewarded. Merit, hard work, and ethical discipline left the space of the university, replaced by a crass politics of patronage that mirrored the messy, corrupt politics of the larger Nigerian political arena.

I reiterate: all these occurred in the context of much improved conditions — what one might describe as ASUU’s earlier success. The irony is that this success has led to a fixation on the erroneous notion that the problem of university education in Nigeria centers on infrastructure funding and improvement to salaries and allowances, even though universities are not about physical buildings but rather about what goes on in those buildings and in the minds of students and academics.

The corollary of this obsession with building grandiose physical structures is a neglect of the aforementioned problems that have a direct bearing on academic standards. Which is why we’re producing poorer and poorer graduates even as universities are building fancier and fancier structures on their campuses. I should know about the degeneration in standards because I have first class degree holders and even some academics writing to me for one reason or the other or sharing their work with me, and I’ve noticed that their works are poorly conceived, error-ridden, poorly researched, and poorly-written. Some in the humanities and qualitative social sciences cannot even string grammatically correct sentences together and have no basic understanding of research or analysis.

Today, when we say a VC’s tenure was a success or such and such was a successful VC, we’re talking about how many physical structures were built during their time. We’re not talking about how he or she improved the quality and quantity of research output, or how they improved teaching standards, or how they created a vibrant intellectual culture devoid of ethical abuses, or how they helped produce graduates who are internationally competitive, are self-motivated, and are intellectually curious.

Herein lies the problem. ASUU’s initial success ironically killed whatever was left of research culture or spirit of critical inquiry in Nigerian universities. Today, as we speak, TETFUND has N3 billion naira in research funds that have not been accessed. In a story published in Guardian newspaper on February 14, 2018 titled, “TETfund’s N3 Billion Research Funds Yet to be Accessed, Says NUC,” the university regulatory agency lamented that the funds were sitting idle because Nigerian academics had not applied for research funds or because the proposals they submitted were too poor to be funded.

Take some time to digest this irony. At a time when ASUU is ostensibly fighting for “better funding” of universities, TETFUND is complaining that academics are not applying for this pool of research money that was created partly in response to their perennial demand for funding. Is it that the Nigerian academics are not aware of this fund? No. They know about it, but they’re too lazy to craft a compelling research proposal let alone follow through with a rigorous research agenda that such research awards require.

It's not entirely the academics’ fault; the current ASUU-enabled system does not require them to be innovative researchers. They can survive in the system by being mediocre. They’re content with getting by with writing mediocre, derivative papers that do not require actual research but are adequate to get them promoted to the next rank. They can build "successful" academic careers and rise to become professors without winning research grants or conducting serious, original research.

Then when they become professors, they stop performing academic duties, conducting research, teaching, or mentoring altogether and start seeking opportunities for wealth accumulation or status enhancement outside the academy.

Research culture is dead in Nigerian universities, and it is not because of inadequate funding, as the unaccessed N3 billion TETFUND research fund and the existence of other intervention funds demonstrate. Rather, it is ironically because lecturers are not required by ASUU-FG agreements to satisfy a rigorous research or teaching requirement for promotion, and because their salaries and allowances are not tied to their teaching or research efficacy but are instead determined by the periodic strikes of ASUU and the salary structures that result from them.

If lecturer A, who is hard working, fecund, and prolific earns the same ASUU/FG-stipulated salary as the incompetent, lazy, and unproductive lecturer B who is on the same rank as him, what is the incentive for lecturer A to continue to sustain or increase his research and teaching excellence or for lecturer B to try to become like lecturer A? How can a 21st century university system not at least implement a system of merit pay beyond or in addition to set base pay to incentivize and reward research and teaching excellence? Broach this simple, commonsensical idea and face the wrath of ASUU.

From successfully fighting for improvements to university education in the 1980s and 1990s, ASUU has become an underwriter, protector, catalyst, and incubator of mediocrity in the Nigerian university system. ASUU has become part of the problem.

http://saharareporters.com/2018/11/06/ASUU-problem-nigerian-university-system-moses-e-ochonu

Strike is the only language Mr. Lifeless understands. Any other thing is a waste of time and effort

The professor is right ASUU is a big problem. Only an insane union would request 1.3 trillion naira from a country whose budget hovers around 7-9 trillion. Never mind the 2% statutory Ed tax in Tetfund which ASUU has refused to share with government hospitals.

Should NUT or other Medical associations behave like ASUU then this nation would have been on ground halt. A developing Nation has many needs requiring urgent attention, therefore the govt cannot afford to tilt too much to the side of one sector - more disturbing is ASUU's continued lie about UNESCO's 26% mandatory education budget - who knows where they get that from.

ASUU should take a leaf from NLC, if they must go on strike then it should be once in maybe five years. Stop going on strike every six months as though govt is not paying your salaries.

As it is Uni of Ibadan wage bill(13 billion)fully paid by FG is more than the IGR of Ekiti, Yobe and Ebonyi put together. Multiply that by all the fed unis. Think of the polys and College of Edus.

The University of Witwatersrand, South Africa today has 100% industry funding - south africa today has issues funding universities but the universities are taking initiatives to the private sector and are getting funding. The ASUU officials here only put on the cap of creativity when they want to go on the next strike.

ASUU is a liability 2d state &economy. dey have done more harm than gud 2university educatn

As we speak right now 3 billion is lying fallow at Tetfund hqs as lecturers have refused to assess it. They claim the scrutiny in assessing it is too much. And i ask, if you can't go through the scrutiny for accessing Tetfund grants then how would you do so for Gates foundation, Rockerfellar foun, NIH etc.

Give ordinary ABUAD ordinary access to Tetfund research pool and that money would be used up in one year.

Look what universities have turned Tetfund faculty support program to. Instead of first class graduates getting funded, university administrators are now enlisting family members on foreign scholarships who never merited it. Some of the lecturers who got 10-15 million to study in Europe would take the money and run to an unkown school in Asia and pay less- some even disappear with the grant altogether without studying.

If i was the president i would redirect all Nigerian students to private institutions and pay less. ASUU should go and eat their empty schools.

HigherEd:
The professor is right ASUU is a big problem. Only an insane union would request 1.3 trillion naira from a country whose budget hovers around 7-9 trillion. Never mind the 2% statutory Ed tax in Tetfund which ASUU has refused to share with government hospitals.

Should NUT or other Medical associations behave like ASUU then this nation would have been on ground halt. A developing Nation has many needs requiring urgent attention, therefore the govt cannot afford to tilt too much to the side of one sector - more disturbing is ASUU's continued lie about UNESCO's 26% mandatory education budget - who knows where they get that from.

ASUU should take a leaf from NLC, if they must go on strike then it should be once in maybe five years. Stop going on strike every six months as though govt is not paying your salaries.

As it is Uni of Ibadan wage bill(13 billion)fully paid by FG is more than the IGR of Ekiti, Yobe and Ebonyi put together. Multiply that by all the fed unis. Think of the polys and College of Edus.

The University of Witwatersrand, South Africa today has 100% industry funding - south africa today has issues funding universities but the universities are taking initiatives to the private sector and are getting funding. The ASUU officials here only put on the cap of creativity when they want to go on the next strike.

Bravo!!!

one of the very few nairalanders I always anticipate reading from. More power to your elbow sir. There was a time I heard you mention masters degree in wealth creation and I've been interested in it ever since.

I pray thee to kindly tell me the difference between a MBA and a masters in wealth creation.

Thanks

Frenchkiss564:


Bravo!!!

one of the very few nairalanders I always anticipate reading from. More power to your elbow sir. There was a time I heard you mention masters degree in wealth creation and I've been interested in it ever since.

I pray thee to kindly tell me the difference between a MBA and a masters in wealth creation.

Thanks

Yea thanks for your vote of confidence. Masters in Wealth Management is a very innovative programme that is sort of traditional finance with a lot of tax centric courses. It is very good for people who want to work in investment or consultancy firms, insurance companies.

But for me personally, i am going for it because i am very much interested in venture capitalism as an Entrepreneur. So i chose the University of Luxembourg, there i can build on capacity and very vital network. It is kind of expensive so i am holding it off till i am financially ready.

I don't have an MBA but i guess it would be broader than MWM - probably, MWM is even a part of an MBA....

So Prof Ochonnu said all this? My amiable prof, if you reading this, would you reject the dividend of the strike should it yield result? If Yes then I would advise that you remain silent since you would benefit from it. But if no, they be ready to be on the front line against this agitation by disgruntled lecturers. It is very easy to criticize a thing but difficult to feel the heat when it arises. Am I supporting those lecturers? No. In fact am against their move. Probably when ASUU national has two factions like NLC, this madness will reduce.

Was Education Trust Fund now Tertiary Education Trust Fund meant for government hospitals? Where did you get that from?

Should NUT or other Medical associations behave like ASUU then this nation would have been on ground halt. A developing Nation has many needs requiring urgent attention, therefore the govt cannot afford to tilt too much to the side of one sector - more disturbing is ASUU's continued lie about UNESCO's 26% mandatory education budget - who knows where they get that from.

Where is the lie coming from about UNESCO 26% mandatory education budget? Are you saying that seasoned academicians lifted that figure from the sky.

ASUU should take a leaf from NLC, if they must go on strike then it should be once in maybe five years. Stop going on strike every six months as though govt is not paying your salaries.

You are invariably saying they should strike in every five I suppose. 2017 and 2018 strikes by NLC was five year gap I suppose. This union bodies can never be satisfied. I blame the university for creating more universities resulting to compounded problem.

As it is Uni of Ibadan wage bill(13 billion)fully paid by FG is more than the IGR of Ekiti, Yobe and Ebonyi put together. Multiply that by all the fed unis. Think of the polys and College of Edus.

Was it ASUU that made the wage bill to be high or the university management that employed more staffs?.

[s]The University of Witwatersrand, South Africa today has 100% industry funding - south africa today has issues funding universities but the universities are taking initiatives to the private sector and are getting funding. The ASUU officials here only put on the cap of creativity when they want to go on the next strike.[/s][quote]
How many universities are funded privately?. Can the citizens pay for the cost?

Hmmmm. . . . I laugh in megabytes.

HigherEd:
As we speak right now 3 billion is lying fallow at Tetfund hqs as lecturers have refused to assess it. They claim the scrutiny in assessing it is too much. And i ask, if you can't go through the scrutiny for accessing Tetfund grants then how would you do so for Gates foundation, Rockerfellar foun, NIH etc.

Give ordinary ABUAD ordinary access to Tetfund research pool and that money would be used up in one year.

Look what universities have turned Tetfund faculty support program to. Instead of first class graduates getting funded, university administrators are now enlisting family members on foreign scholarships who never merited it. Some of the lecturers who got 10-15 million to study in Europe would take the money and run to an unkown school in Asia and pay less- some even disappear with the grant altogether without studying.

If i was the president i would redirect all Nigerian students to private institutions and pay less. ASUU should go and eat their empty schools.

There was a thread on Nairaland some times back about a body that sent mails to Nigerian public schools about their intention to aid these schools financially for smoother operation and only few of them bothered to respond weeks after the mails were sent out.

I am still trying to locate that thread for reference.

@HigherEd, here is the link I talked about:

https://www.nairaland.com/4543636/how-federal-universities-ignore-email

asuustrike1:




Where is the lie coming from about UNESCO 26% mandatory education budget? Are you saying that seasoned academicians lifted that figure from the sky.


You are invariably saying they should strike in every five I suppose. 2017 and 2018 strikes by NLC was five year gap I suppose. This union bodies can never be satisfied. I blame the university for creating more universities resulting to compounded problem.


Was it ASUU that made the wage bill to be high or the university management that employed more staffs?.

[s]The University of Witwatersrand, South Africa today has 100% industry funding - south africa today has issues funding universities but the universities are taking initiatives to the private sector and are getting funding. The ASUU officials here only put on the cap of creativity when they want to go on the next strike.[/s]

The University Management gets their power largely from their ASUU bond.

asuustrike1:




Where is the lie coming from about UNESCO 26% mandatory education budget? Are you saying that seasoned academicians lifted that figure from the sky.

Okebukola works with unesco he would tell you more
https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/theres-nothing-like-26-unesco-funding-requirement-anywhere-okebukola/

Reference:
ASUU is just part of the problem. The citizen backed government that refuses to withdraw from the business of university education is the problem. Do you hear ASUU in the US or Europe. No two universities there are related in any way thoughtless of having labour bodies that unite them to create a so called level playing field of mediocrity.

Nigerians should sooner than later realise that with a body called ASUU and their modus operandi we can never have IVY keague universities and colleges because it is the mandate of ASUU to unify the quality of honours degrees across Nigeria by demanding socialism styled structures.

If all Nigerian univeristies are equal you can never gain IVY league status. You wiln never have an MIT, a YALE, a PRESTON, OXFORD or CAMBRIDGE. If you donot have IVY league colleges you simply cannot attract alternate funding and investment from international and multinational institutions that all universities need to broaden and deepen their relevance to society and development.

I repeat again. To sustain development of any enterprise quality not quantity is of foremost important and though ASUU may not know this. Its noble fights over the decades have not improved rather has corroded the core values education is all about, that is independence, critical thinking and solution providing.

For all the life of me, are univeristies not supposed to provide solutions to government, to help government, not the other way round. How can an individual or an institution that claims to be the custodian of knowledge be so helpless as to cry out like a baby at evry touch of pain. Growing uo my mum used to say this: that education was the key to liberty of all kind. Hiw come the bastion of knowledge is so stuck in the viscous cycle of everything ignorance stands for.... poverty, helplessness, hopelessness.

The learned men I knew of the world helped nations win wars against mighty adversaties with witty inventions, helped nations out of recessions with wisdom nuggets of prosperity, calmed hunger, pestilence, and environmental carnage. Abeg what are our ivory towers doing to help this country.....nothing of substance for all the angst caused year after year. Such a pity.

It is time the government cuts them loose. The experiment with private(isation) is increasingly a success story. By the time the ratio of private to public schools reaches equity there will no longer be justification for government's presence in the lecture halls and laboratories. Government's interest will then be limited to paying the bills of students having the best brains and temperament to contribute positively to Nigeria's development. Then it will get value for its scarce resources.

Nigerians should realise the big, big, big difference between the social service of basic education and the career bulding serious business which is a college education. Let us team up and put an end to this destructive architecture called ASUU. It is killing education, killing universities and killing the future of the youth through the deception of propriety while it us just a hollow means of self service.

CodeTemplar:
The University Management gets their power largely from their ASUU bond.

That is true

HigherEd:

Okebukola works with unesco he would tell you more
https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/theres-nothing-like-26-unesco-funding-requirement-anywhere-okebukola/

I know you are intelligent enough to undertand the point i was making regarding university industrial action. ASUU goes on strike more than every single other union in the country.

I don't understand your question about ASUU making wage bill high. Again, the point i was trying to make is govt spends a large portion of the Nation's wealth to fund universities. And it wouldn't be bad if these unis can in turn seek collaborations with the private sector to generate more income.

The ASUU men and women have next to nothing they can trade for private sponsorship. Who will sponsor a corrupt school that can't generate relevant paper or ideas to help industrial growth? I wouldn't. All they know is more money.

ASUU needs be dissolved,absorbed and resolved by FG. They give too much of Bleep !

all this long epistle... ASUU should wait till next year to call off that strike ohh...

ASUU strike is part of the requirements to be a full blown graduate in naija

I'm still waiting for when EFCC would probe ASUU

Meaning?

Unionism, the bane of education in Nigeria.

Cc

Op your work should be used published in a journal. You can gather some facts from people on this forum

nawa for ASUU oo

I agree with you to Some extent sir, they are becoming politicised.

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The writeup is very truthful.
The so called lecturers are very selfish and myopic.
Upon all their years of teaching and research what have they contributed to the GDP....

Most people that are innovative did so either studying abroad or self-knowledge.