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How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria - Properties (5) - Nairaland

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Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 12:29pm On Aug 06, 2016
Drbarmes:

Bros as a civil engineer u are supposed to be supervising building construction. Leave that to a builder cos he has a better knowledge of cost management than u. The introduction of plinth beam for a uniform soil like urs is a waste of resources. Plinth beams are mostly used where u have a soil with even bearing capacity to tie the foundation columns and distribute the loads round the foundation.

Mr builder I am not stopping you from supervising building project. Your claim of better understanding of cost is funny and laughable.

You don't understand plinth beam, you have little to nothing idea about structural design. Come back again with more detail

1 Like

Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by podosci(m): 1:45pm On Aug 06, 2016
Drbarmes:

Can u imagine! And u call yourself an engineer. How do u compute dead loads on a slab without partitions?. The only load on a beam is that of a slab. Pls go n learn more.
shocked shocked read your post veryyyyy slowwwlly... And if you see nothing wrong in your public display of ignorance with the nuisance you just posted then i would advice you to stop designing buildings.
I want to assume all your knowledge of structural design and analysis is from "Structural design by Oyenuga", so as a good person i would advice you to refere to literatures written by TH megson, Mosley and Bunley, Barry and other revered authors before you end up killing people with your ignorance.
Thank you.

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Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by Drbarmes(m): 3:30pm On Aug 06, 2016
podosci:

shocked shocked read your post veryyyyy slowwwlly... And if you see nothing wrong in your public display of ignorance with the nuisance you just posted then i would advice you to stop designing buildings.
I want to assume all your knowledge of structural design and analysis is from "Structural design by Oyenuga", so as a good person i would advice you to refere to literatures written by TH megson, Mosley and Bunley, Barry and other revered authors before you end up killing people with your ignorance.
Thank you.
I still ask when designing a slab do u ignore the loads imposed by the blockwork?
Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by Drbarmes(m): 3:33pm On Aug 06, 2016
abdulwastecx:


Mr builder I am not stopping you from supervising building project. Your claim of better understanding of cost is funny and laughable.

You don't understand plinth beam, you have little to nothing idea about structural design. Come back again with more detail
As an engineer u conduct a soil test b4 u make the foundation, but its unfortunate u engineers have overlooked that important satge of construction. Note that soil test gives u an idea on the foundation type.
Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by Drbarmes(m): 3:41pm On Aug 06, 2016
podosci:

How do you know the soil will undergo unifrom settlement? No where did we post the bearing capacity or settlement rate of the soil, so i am confused as to how you are able to make deductions from mere looking at the soil from a picture?
Back to your comment.
You are used to the wrong methods of building construction due to a lack of understand of building elements and the structural implications of building elements. You are confussing a splinth beam from a grade beam and interchanging there functions.
Can u justify the use of plinth beam in this particular project?
I have posted some literatures above, refere to them and get back to me.
Thank you
Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by gotformation(m): 4:11pm On Aug 06, 2016
Stage 2: excavation work
Before we go into excavation, I will like to explain our foundation type for this building. We are going to be using pad footings to carry all the structural columns what strip footings carrying the foundation wall and ground floor walls.

The size of the footings are as follows
Pad type one = 1200mm x 1200mm
Pad type two = 1500 x 1500mm
Pad type three = 1800 x 1200mm
Thickness of pad = 350mm

Pad reinforcement : using Y12 mm bar spaced @200mm center to center


Can you explain why you chose this type of foundation?

it depends on the bearing capacity of the soil....now you situation of shallow foundation like the one in the pics so a strip foundation is allowed,this act as a long strip that supports the weight of an entire wall. These are used where the building loads are carried by entire walls.
deep foundation:like pile foundation,When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot support the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer.When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure
Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 6:42pm On Aug 06, 2016
Drbarmes:

As an engineer u conduct a soil test b4 u make the foundation, but its unfortunate u engineers have overlooked that important satge of construction. Note that soil test gives u an idea on the foundation type.

Thank you sir for input. We are merely interpreting what the designing engineer has done. The architectural a d structural design were carried out by different consultancy film. All the above mentioned factors were considered by the designer before the final structural member drawings and working drawings were made.

Thank you sir
Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 7:16pm On Aug 06, 2016
gotformation:
Stage 2: excavation work
Before we go into excavation, I will like to explain our foundation type for this building. We are going to be using pad footings to carry all the structural columns what strip footings carrying the foundation wall and ground floor walls.

The size of the footings are as follows
Pad type one = 1200mm x 1200mm
Pad type two = 1500 x 1500mm
Pad type three = 1800 x 1200mm
Thickness of pad = 350mm

Pad reinforcement : using Y12 mm bar spaced @200mm center to center


Can you explain why you chose this type of foundation?

it depends on the bearing capacity of the soil....now you situation of shallow foundation like the one in the pics so a strip foundation is allowed,this act as a long strip that supports the weight of an entire wall. These are used where the building loads are carried by entire walls.
deep foundation:like pile foundation,When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot support the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer.When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure

You are right sir.

In building construction we have two major type of foundation base on depth, such as deep foundation and shallow foundation.

A shallow foundation is a foundation whose depth is smaller than the width. Example of such foundation includes the following
1. Strip footing
2. Wide strip footing
3. Isolated pad footings
4. Combine pad footings
5. Continuous pad footings
6. Cantilever pad footings
7. Mat or Raft foundation.

Dear foundation are those foundation whose depth are considebly higher than the width and these foundations are used when the soil property that can sufficiently carry the building are located deal down at a greater distance from the natural ground level.
Example of deep foundation include.
Pier and beam foundation
Pile foundation

For this project, the design engineer employ a combination of isolated pad footings, combine pad footings and a strip footing.

The isolated pad footings were used to carry point load coming from the column.

The combine footings were used to carry point load coming from two columns that are two close to each other, where individual isolated pad will overlap.

The strip footing was used to carry the foundation wall despite the fact that the walls are load bearer, we still need a foundation to carry them.

I will show some sketch for better understanding.

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Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by freshvine(f): 7:29pm On Aug 06, 2016
podosci:

How do you know the soil will undergo unifrom settlement? No where did we post the bearing capacity or settlement rate of the soil, so i am confused as to how you are able to make deductions from mere looking at the soil from a picture?
Back to your comment.
You are used to the wrong methods of building construction due to a lack of understand of building elements and the structural implications of building elements. You are confussing a splinth beam from a grade beam and interchanging there functions.
I have posted some literatures above, refere to them and get back to me.
Thank you

Can you study and design for flood and erosion control in a community?
Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by podosci(m): 7:54pm On Aug 06, 2016
freshvine:


Can you study and design for flood and erosion control in a community?
Hi, my partner @abdulwastecx as knowledge and relevant experience in that field. We can be of assistance to you whenever you are ready
Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by podosci(m): 8:58pm On Aug 06, 2016
Drbarmes:

I still ask when designing a slab do u ignore the loads imposed by the blockwork?

There are three steps involved in the structural Design of a Building.
- Load estimation
- Structural analysis
- Structural Design
The Load estimation is very important because a mistake in load estimation can lead to collapse.
The image below represents a typical floor plan and From section X-X, we can clearly see the the load from a block work being carried by the beam.Due to the monolithic Slab and beam construction carried out in Nigeria its easy for laymen to mistake loading of a beam with sancrete blocks to loading on a slab but structural analysis reveals the actual loading configuration as indicated in section Y-Y. The load of a typical 3m high wall of 0.225m thickness is estimated to be about 3.47kn/m

There are cases were the slab is laoded with partition walls as can be seen in Panel 3, such cases occur in Nigerian buildings in toilet areas or Balconies or office complex.
In load estimation,
- For lightweight partition walls mostly found in office complex( wooden or Pvc partition walls), the BS code and EN codes specify a load of 0.5-1.5kn/m2 depending if the partition wall is a dead load or a life load( movable partition wall)
-for heavy blockwalls the loads with magnitudes ranging from 2.7-5.8kn/m(load varies based on material and thickness) are applied either as area loads or line loads.
The analysis of this loads depend on the location of the load on the slab, the perpendicularity of the load to the slab.
-For 2way slabs, estimation of the blockwall loads are far more complicated but would be explained at a later time.
With this, i hope i have been of assistance in explaining the loading configuration of Buildings to you.
Thank you

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Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by Miscellaneous(m): 8:32am On Aug 07, 2016
Drbarmes:

Can u imagine! And u call yourself an engineer. How do u compute dead loads on a slab without partitions?. The only load on a beam is that of a slab. Pls go n learn more.

mr man... do u av something to tell this duo? you av been attacking them personally... why? if u feel u know more, why don't u open a thread? And who told u the only load on a beam is slab load? seriously? What happened to wall loads? Sit down & learn & stop derailing thread with useless questions... biko

3 Likes

Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 11:26am On Aug 07, 2016
Drbarmes:

Can u imagine! And u call yourself an engineer. How do u compute dead loads on a slab without partitions?. The only load on a beam is that of a slab. Pls go n learn more.

Mr builder take a deep breath and go through what you just post. I nearly missed this, it is very dangerous to act like you know something you lack complete knowledge of.

I will summary load estimation carried by a beam in a simple one storey building in Nigeria with the following sketches.

Sketch 1.
An assumed floor plan of a simple three panel slab building with dimensions of 6m x 4m each.
At this point I will assume that you have a good idea of slab design.

Sketch 2
Show section x - x taking across the three slab, showing a middle beam on a suspended reinforced concrete slab carrying a uniformly a wall it's self weight, adjoining slab loads and wall load.

Sketch 3.
Showing an enlarged call out showing the section of middle tee flanged beam (I assume you know what a tee beam is)

Sketch 4
Showing all the three ways load can be transmitted to floor beams.

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Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 11:15am On Aug 11, 2016
More updates from Benin duplex:
Lintel formwork, iron bending work and concreting.

1 Like

Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 11:25am On Aug 11, 2016
Anambra extention work.
For this particular job, we will be managing the construction as a consultant performing the following task.
1. Preparation of the designs, 3 Ds, working drawings and structural designs.

2. Responsible for the setting out

3. Come in at every important stage of the job like setting out, casting of dpc, preparation of reinforcement etc.

4. Reviewing construction work from day to day through whatsapp pictures and chat.

The client was responsible for the following.
1. Assembly of all artisan, labour, materials etc.

3 Likes

Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 11:28am On Aug 11, 2016
Stage one: conceptual design of the proposed redevelopment 3D.

Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 11:30am On Aug 11, 2016
The floor plan.

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Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 11:33am On Aug 11, 2016
Stage one : setting out of the small extention

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Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 11:44am On Aug 11, 2016
Foundation type: isolated pad footings and grade beam.

The isolated pad footings have the following properties.
Depth of footings = minimum of 1200mm
Width of foot = minimum of 1200mm
Isolated pad base reinforcement = 12mm high yield bar.
Spacing of isolated pad base = 200mm c/c.

Starter columns :
Columns height = 2.4m
Reinforcement type = 16mm high yield bar
Size of column section = 450 x 225mm
Number of main bar in column = 6 Y16
Links size = 8mm high yield
Spacing of links = 200mm center to centers


The choice of foundation was influenced by the following.
1. The land use relatively flat.
2. The soil is relatively firm clay.
3. The building floor loading intensity is relatively light.
4. The work is an extension where digging of strip will not be too good for the structural integrity of the existing building.

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Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 11:46am On Aug 11, 2016
Pictures of isolated pad base excavation work

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Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by EngrOsas: 11:51am On Aug 11, 2016
abdulwastecx:
Formwork to the dpc, placement of DPM and casting of dpc

Wrong!!!
This isn't how to reinforce stairs
Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 11:52am On Aug 11, 2016
Prepared reinforcement ready for concreting

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Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by podosci(m): 11:59am On Aug 11, 2016
EngrOsas:


Wrong!!!
This isn't how to reinforce stairs
The reinforment for the stair were placed based on the structural specifications of the designing engineer.
Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 12:00pm On Aug 11, 2016
Looking closely at our reinforcement, it will seen that they are cut to sizes, bend in accordance to standard bending practice of bs codes.

Detailed analysis of the pad base:
The pad bases are made up of Y12 with bent up hook of 300mm by the side.

The spacing of the bars are 200mm (8'')

Detailed analysis of the starter column/foundation columns
The columns have size number of Y16 each
The rinks are 8mm and spaced @ 200mm c/c.
The hook below the foundation column is 500mm

Note : hook below column help to transfer the load from the columns to the pad bases. Some contractores/builders/engineers erroneously make this hook too small and hence unable to transfer load better.

Take a closer look at these columns below

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Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by podosci(m): 12:08pm On Aug 11, 2016
Visit our other thread displaying our architecural and strucutral design portfolio
https://www.nairaland.com/2915461/3d-views-buildings-harneyproject-team
Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by EngrOsas: 12:18pm On Aug 11, 2016
podosci:

The reinforment for the stair were placed based on the structural specifications of the designing engineer.

Fire him
You need double reinforcements at supports
Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by podosci(m): 12:31pm On Aug 11, 2016
EngrOsas:


Fire him
You need double reinforcements at supports
The Designer was contracted by the client, We collected the strucutral drawings from the client and build.
But on your claims of double reinforcement at the base/foundation of a stair, can you please expantiate with extracts from literatures written by known authors, many literatures validate the designer but i wont mind hearing your own claims.

1 Like

Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 12:56pm On Aug 11, 2016
EngrOsas:


Wrong!!!
This isn't how to reinforce stairs

You are wrong!!!
That is how you reinforced starter bar of the following stair.
1. Straight flight stair
2. Dog leg stair
3. Open well stair.

These type of Stair behaves like an encasted beam at supports which may be from dpc to landing or one landing to suspended slab.

These behavior necessitate for the introduction of a top reinforcement at the support. The reinforcement you saw above is the top reinforcement at the starter. The bottom reinforcement of the stair will come in after the construction of the stair formwork.

The confusion people make is how where will the top reinforcement terminate and where will the bottom reinforcement begins.

The top reinforcement terminates at a point with zero bending moment also known as point of contracflexure.

Note: the iron bender made a simple mistake that will be corrected when we are continuing the stair reinforcement. He positioned the distribution bar on top of the main bar for the top reinforcement, this will reduce the effective depth of the top reinforcement. I let it slide because it is a simple mistake that will be corrected as we continue the stair reinforcement.

The following pictures will help me throw more light on my explanation.

Picture one is the bending pattern of such stair.

Picture two is a detailed reinforcement of starter bar for stair

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Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 1:03pm On Aug 11, 2016
More updates from the anambra:

Placement of starter bar into the blinded pad footings.

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Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 1:06pm On Aug 11, 2016
Casting of the isolated pad footings :
The mix by volume is : one back of cement to three head pan of sand and 5 head pan of local gravel.

Depth of the footings is 450mm.
Width of footings = 1200mm

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Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 1:14pm On Aug 11, 2016
More pictures

Re: How We Build Duplexes In Nigeria by abdulwastecx(m): 1:17pm On Aug 11, 2016
Formwork to foundation column

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