₦airaland Forum

@sylve11
yes i got it thank u. Am using 2.4m jack and I ve sabc 1-3,it is not only pas10 that doesnt use dielectric,most satellites in the west from 37 degree west and from 68 degree east doesnt require it

am using 1.8m.no from pas 10 to 37 degree west

There will be no signal

I have now completed my 1.8 motorised dish in lagos. I will soon post the pictures. The dish carries 3 Lnbf-2c band and 1 ku. The 2 c band one carries dielectrict,the second one is empty. The one that doesnot carry dielectrict is for pas 10 c-band and metro tv ghana. As you all know metro and pas 10 doesnt need dielectrict,so the only option to get them is to add additional lnb.

If anyone is interested on cardsharing receivers,contact me.

Please send the details to me too. badaru1@yahoo.com

@sylve11

Congrat,welcome to nile family. The hole you made to your dish may not likey affect the signal significantly. The likely cause are: Either u temper with ur lnbf setting while making the hole, The period ur track to get the first signal also matters. The worst period for nile is between 10am and 4pm. You should also remember that the first frequency is on 7.2 degree,while nile is on 7 degree,so after getting the first frequency you must use any other frequecy to adjust for nile. The reason why you could not get any of the art sport is because you skew your lnb to give more signal to vertical at the xpense of horizontal or the lnb is not ok for horizontal signals.

The best advice is to retrack the bird afresh.

I saw your mail,thanks,send the item to my mail

@ sylve11

To track nile you have to use either sky x receiver or strong 4652. You cant get nile with 4653x,that receiver is no suitable for tracking. You also need to be patient.

I dont think it is possible to get arabsat 26 degree east with 1.8m dish in lagos,even in the north it has poor signal with 1.8m. you may be able to get some tps of eurobird 25.5 degree east. I got supersport feeds today on eutelsat 3,they showed italian league live

I need multilinks phone that brouse to buy. contact me on 08066061677

@Enitan2002

Please send the details of the set up of the internet to my mail. badaru1@yahoo.com. I shall be in olofofo house tomorrow to set up his nile again

There many receivers that can accept jsc sport + keys in the market and also have card sharing facilities. The ones you can get in nija are: Humax- the common one is 5400 model. The new strong 4663x also has provision for dcw keys. I also learnt that starsat also does the magic but I dont have the knowledge of it. So I advise that you go for humax 5400 series if you can lay your hands on it. The price ranges from 20-30k.

@ All

If you want to enjoy free to air world,you have to have mutiple of decoders, becouse no decoder does everything. Every decoder has it own area of advatages. Strong receivers has the best user interface for me o! but has some limitations when it comes to some advance features like cardsharing and CI interface. So get strong in addition to some other receivers

@nuttyproff

What is this regedit of a thing? How does it work? I have similar problem.

@Adewoyin

Where are u staying now?

@All

The argurment that numbers or concentration of dish in a particular area facing asatellite may increase or boost signal level is based on experiance I had with nilesat and hispasat then in the north. Then in kebbi if you want a good signal for nile i.e arround 1999-2000,you need 2.4m dish,even that may not give u 1966H 27500. But as more people start installing the bird,now you can get nile with 1.5m dish, I installed one and I got all the tps. The same story goes for hispasat,when we heard of the instalation in kano then,we were told to go for 3m dish and above to get the bird,but with time we got it with 1.8m dish.

Three things migth be responsible: Either concentration , learning curve of the installers or technology. But I will always stick with my first assertion-more dish more signal.

@Enitan

I will be working on my motorised 1.8m dish today

@Enigma

The model No is Humax 5400

@ Enigma

I saw a website in uk,I mailed them to ask about the price,they replied that it is 12 pound but they dont sell to some one outside europe. This is the address: Blackbird media ltd,30 luxton Garden,paddock wood kent TN126BB. Email: sales@blackbirdmedia.co.uk. Tell No. 08450530420.

@Enitan

The phone is working on my set now,so send me the detail of the setup through my mail:badaru1@yahoo.com

@olofofo

How far with ur nile now ? where u able to get the remote? I need that dowload cable too

@ Olofofo, I also get zambia,bbc radio,ortm and rusia but i don't need them. what type of c-band lnb are u using? call me 08066061677

I have completed the installation of my 1.8m dish in lagos and these are the results of my xperirce.

posion no 1 etv ku band i.e my tv-signal 81%,no 2.TVt Tanzania c-band singnal ok 60% itv poor. No 3 Sabc c-band sinal ok 60%,No 4 tv ethiopia ok 70%.No 5 Hitv dstv over 90% No 6 eutel sat 3 all ok no7 nile only one tp ok@50% No8 Atlantic bird=cfi all ok min55% max 80% no 9 ait all ok @60% no 10 nss7 c All ok cnn @60% no 10 nss7 ku all ok min 70% max 98% No 11 voa, nta all ok.

The differences between north and south are No nile and arabsat in south,while there is no sabc c-band in the north with 1.8m. Generally north has more signal in virtually all the satellites than south. The fact that I can moved a tp on nile with 1.8m motorised dish means nile is not as difficult as pple think. When we used to track hispasat with 1.8m dish then in the north we didnt used to get a tip on motorised dish.

@enigma, I need humax 5400 remote,how can u assist mail me:badaru1@yahoo.com

@gangsta101
Humax can open art/showtime in addition to jsc. It also has acrd sharing facility. Go to kano rd by ahmadu bello way kaduna,you will get it.

@pitodenz,this model of strong is from the same that produce 4653x and co. Go to strong you find all the info. There is no so much diference bw 4653x and 4663x. Everything is the same except pvr functions.

@Gangstar101

Presently am using strong 4663x in my house,it has all the features of 4651x-4653x in addition to pvr function which it carries out via external hard disk through usb. I got the current software yesterday with art auto update. Let me tell u something,from past experience of strong which I ve been using since 2001,the update of all other strong may cease so as to create market for this.

strong 4663x is ok,do you know that the strong we are using in nigeria is a clone one. The original strong should cost more than 30k. I came accross strong 4663x yesterday in osodi and I checked the webforum of strong and i saw the software for art outo update software for this strong.

With what obnelly has said,there is no need looking for 4m dish to watch nile in lagos,even with good 1.8m dish and a very powerfull lnb someone can get some TPs. I will start research on Hispasat next month in lagos with 2.4m.

Hi All,

I have seen a few questions about different terms often mentioned on the forum, so I have put the following together, with a bit of help from some articles on Wikipedia and other forums. This may also be called definitions. I have completed my motorised 1.8m dish in lagos, I will soon post the pictures here for you.


Encryption

Television encryption, often referred to as "scrambling", is encryption used to control access to pay television services, usually cable or satellite television services.


Conditional Access (CA)

Conditional access (CA) is the protection of content by requiring certain criteria to be met before granting access to this content. The term is commonly used in relation to digital television systems, most notably satellite television.
Under the DVB, conditional access system standards are defined in the specification documents for DVB-CA (Conditional Access), DVB-CSA (the Common Scrambling Algorithm) and DVB-CI (the Common Interface). These standards define a method by which a digital television stream can be obfuscated, with access provided only to those with valid decryption smart cards.


Conditional Access Module (CAM)

A conditional access module (CAM) is an electronic device, usually incorporating a slot for a smart card, which equips a DVB television or set-top box with the appropriate hardware facility to view conditional access content that has been encrypted using a conditional access system. They are normally used with direct broadcast satellite services, although the UK digital terrestrial pay TV supplier Top Up TV also uses CAMs.
Some encryption systems for which CAMs are available are Nagravision, Viaccess, Mediaguard, Irdeto, Conax, PowerVu and KeyFly. NDS Videoguard encryption, the preferred choice of Sky Digital can only be externally emulated by a Dragon (T-Rex) brand cam. The NDS cam which the Sky viewing card ordinarily uses is built into the Sky Digibox thus not visible. Dragon and Matrix, two popular cams with satellite television enthusiasts are multicrypt meaning each is capable of handling more than one encryption system. Matrix is more likely to be used by a novice as it can be upgraded via the PC card port in a laptop personal computer whereas a Dragon cam update is done via separate programmer hardware.
The standard format for a CAM is a PC card which takes a smart card to authenticate, although CAMs with the 'smart card' burnt into memory can be found. In addition, CAM emulators exist for many systems, either providing an interface to allow the use of more than one type of card, or a card not designed for that receiver.
The most popular CAMS are the Diablo and T-Rex4.6 multiCAM's at this time.
Note: This does require a receiver with an available CI slot, such as 9300C and 9400 models.


Common Interface (CI)

The Common Interface (CI) is the slot on a digital television receiver into which a conditional access module (CAM) may be inserted for satellite television. Receivers normally have two common interfaces. A receiver with a common interface allows the user to access encrypted television broadcasts as opposed to free-to-air (FTA) channels. The NanoXX 9300c (Cable), and 9400 (Sat) models have 2 x CI slots.


Emulation (EMU)

Emulation refers to something slightly different in ISO 7816 than in other computer design applications; it is the connection of a personal computer in place of a smartcard using an ISO 7816-compatible "season interface" for test or development purposes. The PC is programmed to simulate the entire instruction set of the smartcard's microcontroller to allow smartcard code to be developed more readily. As some encryption systems require an application-specific IC (ASIC) on the card to perform decryption, a pirate would also use a card which had been "auxed" (reprogrammed to pass received computer data directly to the application-specific decryption chip) in order to employ such an emulation system.

In the case of NanoXX receivers, the EMU function is able to function directly on the receiver, without a need for a PC connection.


Keys

A number of pairs of hexadecimal numbers that are needed in conjuction with the EMU for opening channels from specific providers. Sometimes the keys become public on the internet - but you will have to look elsewhere, as this forum does not permit keys being posted. The interval between key changes varies from provider to provider. Some don't change keys for months, while others like t#s change them every few minutes. When the next series of keys are known, it is possible to load them in software, this is called AutoRoll.

Sometimes it is possible to emulate the function of a CAM and smartcard, to automatically update the keys. This is called AutoUpdate or AU.


Card Sharing (C/S or CS)

Card sharing is a term used concerning Satellite television piracy. As technology has made the security of smartcards in conditional access systems increase, card sharing has become a more popular method of pirate decryption. Much of the development of card sharing hardware and software has taken place in Europe where national boundaries mean that home users are able to receive satellite television signals from many countries but are unable to legally subscribe to them due to licensing restrictions on broadcasters.
Card sharing is a method by which independent satellite receivers obtain simultaneous access to a pay television network, using one legitimate conditional access subscription card. Typically, the legitimate card is attached to a personal computer or set top box, which is connected to a computer network, including the internet, and is configured to provide the legitimately decrypted control word to other receivers who request the information. This decrypted control word is then used to decode an encrypted conditional access service, as though each other receiver were using its own subscription card.

It is possible to use card sharing on NanoXX 9600IP receivers, by connecting the Ethernet port on the back of the receiver to the internet.
Other receivers such as VisionNet, Innovative and Ebox have a similar arrangement, while open source (Linux) receivers like Dreambox, Triple Dragon, and Relook have the ability to use private card sharing programs like Gbox, which enable access to private card sharing groups.


s3rv3r

In the 9600IP Application, Servers are personal computers with support for multiple subscription cards, such that the decrypted control words (keys) are provided via the internet to NanoXX 9600IP


Smartcard

A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit(s) card (ICC), is defined as any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits. Although there is a diverse range of applications, there are two broad categories of ICCs. Memory cards contain only non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. Microprocessor cards contain memory and microprocessor components.

Specifically to Pay TV applications, they are normally found as official subscription cards supplied by Pay TV providers following one off payment or signing a subscription agreement. There are also pirate applications, using programmable cards (Anaconda, Cerebro, OPOS, K3), or Modified Official Smartcards (MOSC), which may be expired official cards, that have had their subscription attributes modified.

The NanoXX receivers have a card slot that supports smartcards.


Free-to-air (FTA)

Free-to-air (FTA) is a term used to describe television (TV) and radio broadcasts which are broadcast unencrypted and may therefore be picked up via any suitable receiver. The term should not be confused with free-to-view (FTV) which describes TV which is available without subscription but which is encoded and may therefore be restricted geographically. Neither of these options can be described as pay-TV which describes a subscription (or pay-per-view) service which is encrypted. The term usually refers to delivery by satellite television, but in various parts of the world where encrypted digital terrestrial television channels exist, broadcast on UHF or VHF bands, it can also be applied to those systems.


Free-to-view (FTV)

Free-to-view (FTV) is a term used in the United Kingdom for certain television channels on the Sky Digital satellite platform which require a working VideoGuard receiver and viewing card to decrypt the signals, but do not require any form of continual subscription.


Pay television

Pay television or pay-TV refers to subscription-based television services, usually provided by both analogue and digital cable and satellite, but also increasingly by digital terrestrial methods.
Pay per view (PPV) services are similar to subscription-based pay TV services in that you must pay to have the broadcast decrypted for viewing, but usually only entail a one-off payment for a single or time-limited viewing.
"Free" variants are free-to-air (FTA) and free-to-view (FTV), however FTV services are normally encrypted and decryption cards either come as part of an initial subscription to a pay TV bouquet or can be purchased for a one-off cost.


Satellite Dish

A satellite dish is a type of parabolic antenna designed with the specific purpose of transmitting signals to and/or receiving from satellites. A satellite dish is a particular type of microwave antenna. Satellite dishes come in varying sizes and designs, and are most commonly used to receive satellite television.

The parabolic shape of a dish reflects the signal to the dish’s focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called a feedhorn. This feedhorn is essentially the front-end of a waveguide that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and 'conducts' them to a low-noise block downconverter or LNB. The LNB converts the signals from electromagnetic or radio waves to electrical signals and shifts the signals from the downlinked C-band and/or Ku-band to the L-band range. Direct
broadcast satellite dishes use an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB. (A new form of omnidirectional satellite antenna, which does not use a directed parabolic dish and can be used on a mobile platform such as a vehicle was announced by the University of Waterloo.)

Modern dishes intended for home television use are generally 43 cm (18" to 80 cm (31" in diameter, and are fixed in one position, for Ku-band reception from one orbital position. Prior to the existence of Direct broadcast satellite services, home users would generally have a motorised C-band satellite dish of up to 3 metres in diameter for reception of channels from different satellites. Overly small dishes can still cause problems, however, including rain fade and interference from adjacent satellites.

Motorised satellite dishes are still popular with enthusiasts, and three competing standards, which are often all supported by a set-top box, DiSEqC, USALS, and 36v Positioners.

A common misconception is that the LNBF (low-noise block/feedhorn), the device at the front of the dish, receives the signal directly from the atmosphere. See, for instance, this BBC News 24 countdown that shows a "red data stream" being received by the LNBF directly instead of being beamed to the dish, which because of its parabolic shape will collect the signal into a smaller area and deliver it to the LNBF.

In Europe the frequencies used by DBS services are 10.7 - 12.75 GHz on two polarizations H and V.

This represents a total of 4.1 GHz of spectral bandwidth which is split into 4 polarization/frequency bands. On the coaxial cable between the LNBF and the receiver frequencies 950 - 2150 MHz are allocated for the satellite service. Lower frequencies are allocated to Cable and Terrestrial TV, FM radio, etc. There are 4 bands - Vertical High, Vertical Low, Horizontal High and Horizontal Low, each of these bands needs a separate cable from the LNBF to the receiver or the receiver needs to select one of the 4 bands at a time.

In a single receiver residential installation there is a single cable and the receiver uses different power supply voltages and pilot tones to instruct the LNB to select one of the 4 bands. In a larger installation each band is given its own cable and there are 4 cables from the LNB to a switching matrix, which allows the connection of multiple receivers in a star topology using the same signalling method as in a single receiver installation.

The quality of a satellite dish is usually expressed as a G/T ratio. This is the "gain" (I.E.: signal amplification) of the dish divided by the amount of noise the LNB produces. The gain depends on many factors including surface finish, accuracy of shape, feedhorn masking, and size (the bigger the dish the better). The amount of noise an LNB produces depends on design, temperature, and losses in the cables.


DiSEqC

DiSEqC (Digital Satellite Equipment Control) pronounced "Die-Sec" is a special communication protocol for use between a satellite receiver and a device such as a multi-dish switch or a small dish antenna rotor. It is compatible with the actuators used to rotate large C band dishes if used with a DiSEqC positioner. It relies only on the coaxial cable to transmit both bidirectional data/signals and power.

DiSEqC is commonly used to control multiswitches and claims to be more flexible than 13/18 volt and 22 kHz tone or ToneBurst/MiniDiSEqC techniques. Despite its name, it has been used on fully analogue or only partially digital-capable (Astra Digital Radio) satellite receivers.

A number of variations of DiSEqC exist:

DiSEqC 1.0, which allows switching between up to 4 satellite sources
DiSEqC 1.1, which allows switching between up to 16 sources
DiSEqC 1.2, which allows switching between up to 16 sources, and control of a simple horizontal-panning satellite motor
DiSEqC 2.0, which adds bi-directional communications to DiSEqC 1.2
All four variations were standardised by February 1998, prior to general use of digital satellite television. They are all back compatible - a DiSEqC 2.0 receiver can control a 1.0 switch; but a 1.0 receiver cannot control motorised features.

The terms DiSEqC 1.3 and 2.3 are often used by manufacturers and retailers to refer to other protocols (1.3 usually refers to USALS receivers), but these uses are not authorised by Eutelsat, the developers
of the system, who now act as the protocol standards agency.

Eutelsat apparently developed the system to allow satellite users in Continental Europe to switch between the more popular SES Astra 1 block of satellites and Eutelsat's own Hotbird system. As a result, the vast majority of European satellite receivers support at least DiSEqC 1.2, with the notable exception of all set top boxes manufactured under the Sky Digibox name. This is thought to be to protect Sky's monopoly of the UK satellite television market, and keep public awareness of other satellite systems low. All supporting receivers have received certification to carry a logo specifying which variation of DiSEqC they support.


USALS

Universal Satellites Automatic Location System (USALS), also known (unofficially) as DiSEqC 1.3, Go X or Go to XX is a satellite motor protocol that automatically creates a list of available satellite positions in a motorised satellite dish setup. It is used in conjunction with the DiSEqC 1.2 protocol. It was developed by STAB, an Italian motor manufacturer, who still make the majority of USALS compatible motors.

Software on the satellite receiver (or external positioner) calculates the position of all available satellites from an initial location (input by the user), which is the latitude and longitude relative to Earth.

Calculated positions can differ ±0.1 degrees from the offset. This is adjusted automatically and does not require previous technical knowledge.

Compared to DiSEqC 1.2, it is no longer necessary to manually search and store every known satellite position. Just by pointing to a known satellite position (for example 19.2ºE) is enough. This position will act as the central point. The USALS system will then calculate visible satellites position within the offset. It is advisable to align to the satellite most southerly to your position, although not essential.

As it is not an open standard, for a receiver to carry the USALS logo it must undergo a certification test STAB's laboratories. If successful the manufacturer can include an USALS settings entry in its own menu, as well as place the logo on the front of their unit. However, a large number of manufacturers of both receivers and motors provide compatible modes which have not received certification, leading to use of unofficial terms.


LNB

A low-noise block converter (LNB, for low-noise block, or sometimes LNC, for low-noise converter) is used in communications satellite (usually broadcast satellite) reception. The LNB is usually fixed on or in the satellite dish, for the reasons outlined below.

Satellites use comparatively high radio frequencies to transmit their signals.

Ku-band linear-polarised LNBAs microwave satellite signals do not easily pass through walls, roofs, or even glass windows, satellite antennas are required to be outdoors, and the signal needs to be passed indoors via cables. When radio signals are sent through coaxial cables, the higher the frequency, the more losses occur in the cable per unit of length. The signals used for satellite are of such high frequency (in the multiple gigahertz range) that special (costly) cable types or waveguide would be
required and any significant length of cable leaves very little signal left on the receiving end.

The job of the LNB is to use the superheterodyne principle to take a wide block (or band) of relatively high frequencies, amplify and convert them to similar signals carried at a much lower frequency (called intermediate frequency or IF). These lower frequencies travel through cables with much less attenuation of the signal, so there is much more signal left on the satellite receiver end of the cable. It is also much easier and cheaper to design electronic circuits to operate at these lower frequencies, rather than the very high frequencies of satellite transmission.

The “low-noise” part means that special electronic engineering techniques are used, that the amplification and mixing takes place before cable attenuation and that the block is free of additional electronics like a power supply or a digital receiver. This all leads to a signal, which has less noise
(unwanted signals) on the output than would be possible with less stringent engineering. Generally speaking, the higher the frequencies with which an electronic component has to operate, the more critical it is that noise be controlled. If low noise engineering techniques were not used, the sound and picture of satellite TV would be of very low quality, if it could even be received at all without a much larger dish reflector. The low-noise quality of an LNB is expressed as the noise figure or noise temperature.

For the reception of wideband satellite television carriers, typically 27 MHz wide, the accuracy of the frequency of the LNB local oscillator need only be in the order of ±500kHz, so low cost dielectric oscillators (DRO) may be used. For the reception of narrow bandwidth carriers or ones using advanced modulation techniques, such as 16-QAM, highly stable and low phase noise LNB local oscillators are required. These use an internal crystal oscillator or an external 10 MHz reference from the indoor unit and a phase-locked loop (PLL) oscillator.


LNBFs

Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) dishes use an LNBF (“LNB feedhorn”), which integrates the antenna’s feedhorn with the LNB. Small diplexers are often used to distribute the resulting IF signal (usually 950 to 1450 MHz) “piggybacked” in the same cable TV wire that carries lower-frequency terrestrial television from an outdoor antenna. Another diplexer then separates the signals to the receiver of the TV set, and the integrated receiver/decoder (IRD) of the DBS set-top box.

Newer Ka band systems use additional IF blocks from the LNBF, one of which will cause interference to UHF and cable TV frequencies above 250MHz, precluding the use of diplexers. The other block is higher than the original, up to 2.5GHz, requiring the LNB to be connected to high-quality all-copper RG-6/U cables. This is in addition to higher electrical power and electrical current requirements for multiple dual-band LNBFs.

For some satellite Internet and free-to-air (FTA) signals, a universal LNB (Ku band) is recommended.

Most North American DBS signals use circular (not linear) polarisation, therefore requiring a different LNB type for proper reception. In this case, the polarization must be adjusted between clockwise and counterclockwise, rather than horizontal and vertical.

In the case of DBS, the voltage supplied by the set-top box to the LNB determines the polarisation setting. With multi-TV systems, a dual LNB allows both to be selected at once by a switch, which acts as a distribution amplifier. The amplifier then passes the proper signal to each box according to what voltage each has selected. The newest systems may select polarization and which LNBF to use by sending codes instead. The oldest satellite systems actually powered a rotating antenna on the feedhorn, at a time when there was typically only one LNB or LNA on a very large TVRO dish.


Dual/Quad LNB's

Two or Four LNB's in one unit to enable use of multiple receivers on one Dish.


Monobloc LNB's

A unit consisting of two LNB's designed to receive satellites spaced close together. For example in parts of Europe Monobloc's designed to receive the Hotbird (13E) and Astra 1 (19E) satellites are popular because they enable reception of both satellites on a single dish without requiring an expensive and noisy rotator.


Coaxial cable (Coax / Co-ax)

Coaxial cable is an electrical cable consisting of a round conducting wire, surrounded by an insulating spacer, surrounded by a cylindrical conducting sheath, usually surrounded by a final insulating layer. It is used as a high-frequency transmission line to carry a high-frequency or broadband signal. Because the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists (ideally) only in the space between the inner and outer conductors, it cannot interfere with or suffer interference from external electromagnetic fields.

Coaxial cables may be rigid or flexible. Rigid types have a solid sheath, while flexible types have a braided sheath, both usually of thin copper wire. The inner insulator, also called the dielectric, has a significant effect on the cable's properties, such as its characteristic impedance and its attenuation. The dielectric may be solid or perforated with air spaces. Connections to the ends of coaxial cables are usually made with RF connectors.


F-Connector

The F connector is a type of RF connector commonly used for Over The Air terrestrial television, cable television and universally for satellite television and cable modems, usually with RG-6/U cable or (in older installations) with RG-59/U cable.

The F connector is inexpensive, yet has good 75-ohm impedance match up to 1 GHz. One reason for its low cost is that it uses the center wire of the coaxial cable as the pin of the male connector. While lowering cost, this design drastically reduces the long-term reliability compared to other connectors, the copper wire being extremely prone to corrosion. The male connector body is typically crimped, or sometimes screwed, onto the exposed outer braid. Female connectors have a 3/8-32 thread. Most male connectors have a matching threaded connecting ring, though push-on versions are also available.

Push-on F connector ends provide poor shielding against airborne signals (for example, a nearby TV transmitter will interfere with a CATV station).


JTAG

Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) is the usual name used for the IEEE 1149.1 standard entitled Standard Test Access Port and Boundary-Scan Architecture for test access ports used for testing printed circuit boards using boundary scan.

JTAG was standardized in 1990 as the IEEE Std. 1149.1-1990. In 1994, a supplement that contains a description of the boundary scan description language (BSDL) was added. Since then, this standard has been adopted by electronics companies all over the world. Boundary-scan is nowadays mostly synonymous with JTAG.

While designed for printed circuit boards, it is nowadays primarily used for testing sub-blocks of integrated circuits, and is also useful as a mechanism for debugging embedded systems, providing a convenient "back door" into the system. When used as a debugging tool, an in-circuit emulator which in turn uses JTAG as the transport mechanism enables a programmer to access an on-chip debug module which is integrated into the CPU via JTAG. The debug module enables the programmer to debug the software of an embedded system.


Bootloader or boot loader

This program's only job is to load other software for the operating system to start. Often, multiple-stage boot loaders are used, in which several small programs of increasing complexity summon each other, until the last of them loads the operating system. The name bootstrap loader comes from the image of one pulling oneself up by one's bootstraps (see bootstrapping). It derives from the very earliest days of computers and is possibly one of the oldest pieces of computer terminology in common use

I have multilink desk top internet phone for sale at affordable price, contact 08066061677

@ jassie

yes that is wht I need,call me

In need stacomm evdo usb internet system.contact me on 08066061677

Between MTN fastlink,stacomm and visafone internet,wich is cheapest and efficient? Please advise.

I have one for sale contact me on.08066061677,08053223272 or badaru1@yahoo.com

I will be installing my motorised dish by the weekend, I have gathered all the materials-1.8m dish,24 inch jack,positioner,the neck. Who ever is interested in learning how it works can contact me. I want to try how many position I can get in Lagos.