₦airaland Forum

dalaman:
Life has meaning but the meaning of life is whatever you choose to make of it. Life has no universal meaning. We all chose the meaning we want to attach to life.

To a muslim life's meaning is to submit his/herself to the will of Allah as a loyal slave To a Buddhist life's meaning is to achieve nirvana, to a christian is to achieve salvation in the life to come, to a hedonist life's meaning is to gain as much sensual pleasure as possible, to a sadistic psychopath life's meaning is to inflict as much pains and sorrow on others. A humanist sees the meaning of life as making sure you preserve life and maintain social justice. Life does have meaning to people. It just depends on whatever you choose to accept as the meaning of life. Nihalist are the ones that see life as meaningless.

Can you disprove the assertion that atheism promotes the view that life is meaningless and purposeless?

Bear in mind that anything that is purposeless has no reason to be.

No. Donald Trump is not the antichrist. The Pope is the antichrist.

The Pope.

There you have it people! Richard Lenski's experiment did not prove "molecules-to-man" evolution, as many deluded people think. Instead, it showed that the E. coli couldn't have turned into another species because they gained no new information in their genetic makeup. The existing information was either disrupted, degraded, lost or rearranged.

This finding suggests that any fitness benefits from these mutations were due to a disruption of function.

10. Interestingly, many bacterial populations evolved resistance to a certain virus even though they were not exposed to that virus throughout the experiment. The protein that the bacteria use to transport and metabolize maltose, an energy source that was not present in their experimental environment, is the same protein that the virus targets to infect the bacteria. Since there is no maltose in the growth media, downregulating this unused metabolic pathway would be beneficial for the bacteria and just so happens to confer viral resistance as well. Genetically this change resulted from a mutation in the malT gene, the regulator of maltose metabolism through positive regulation of the LamB surface protein. Mutation in malT likely rendered its protein product nonfunctional thereby eliminating expression of LamB.

8. The nadR gene encodes a bi functional protein involved in aspects of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism. Specifically, this protein represses several genes involved in NAD synthesis so a disruption of this gene and its corresponding protein, especially the repressor function of the protein, would result in more NAD. Dr. Lenski and colleagues observed an insertion mutation into the nadR gene and hypothesized that an increased intracellular concentration of NAD may be beneficial in this environment. This increase in NAD would be due to a loss of function in the repressor component of the protein.

9. Dr. Lenski and colleagues noted a mutation in spoT, the product of which is involved in the stringent response through a cell signaling molecule (ppGpp). The precise physiological basis for this advantage is unknown; however no two mutations were identical among bacterial populations that evolved a mutation in this gene.

6. DNA coiling is an important factor in gene regulation. and a mutation was found in the topA gene that encodes an enzyme that relaxes DNA coils. Along with this, a mutation was found in the genetic region upstream of thefis gene. The product of fis reduces activity of DNA gyrase which itself increases DNA supercoiling. A loss or decrease of function in the protein products of both the topA and fis genes would contribute to the observed increase in DNA supercoiling.

7. The researchers found a small insertion mutation upstream of glmUS, an operon involved in cell wall biosynthesis. It was hypothesized that this mutation inhibited normal binding of a transcriptional activator to this region thereby reducing glmUS expression.

4. The hokB-sokB gene locus in E. coli is a toxin-antitoxin system. When found in bacterial chromosomes, these systems are commonly involved in responding to stresses and bringing about programmed cell death. The authors hypothesized that the observed insertion mutation would have knocked out this gene, and a disruption of hokB/sokB would likely be beneficial in the experimental environment.

5. The researchers observed that all 12 populations of E. coli lost the ability to catabolize D-ribose, an energy source that was not available in this experimental environment. Furthermore, this loss of function was remarkably quick—within 2,000 generations all populations had lost the ability. It was noted that this loss was caused by deletion mutations in the rbs operon. Interestingly, ribose is one of the energy sources that commensal E. coli use in the intestine.

2. Second was an insertion mutation in the regulatory region of the pbpA-rodA operon. This operon (which is a cluster of genes under the control of a similar regulatory unit) encodes two important proteins involved with cell wall synthesis. As all 12 E. coli populations evolved larger cell volumes, the authors hypothesized that altered cell wall synthesis or timing of synthesis may have been beneficial. , The exact mechanism of this mutation regarding a gain or loss of novel information is unknown.

3. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation was found in the mutS gene. This SNP produced a premature stop codon and truncated the MutS protein leading to a defect in DNA repair. This particular mutation was of importance because it greatly increases the number of mutations a bacterial population will accumulate over time.

LENSKI'S EXPERIMENT DEMONSTRATES THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF FITNESS GAINS ARE AS A RESULT OF LOSS, DISRUPTION OR DEGRADATION OF GENETIC INFORMATION

Publications allege that several genes underwent a genetic mutation that conferred a benefit to the bacteria. In no particular order, I will review each of these examples and discuss the known or hypothesized biochemical basis of how this benefit was achieved. The scientific jargon may be confusing, but take special note of the bolded phrases.

1. First is the pykF gene. This gene encodes one of two pyruvate kinase enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) to adenosine diphosphate(ADP) yielding a molecule of adenosine triphosphate(ATP). PEP is also used to help drive the uptake of glucose, a limited energy source in the experiment. The researches noted an insertion in this genetic region that they hypothesized to have inactivated this gene leading to a greater amount of PEP available to drive glucose uptake.

MrMontella:
the bolded is highly wrong and a misunderstanding of the experiment itself...

I'd advise you read the article published by the researchers themselves to see how wrong you are and how information was accumulated over generations with mutations
www.myxo.css.msu.edu/ecoli/citrate2008/index.html

You're a seriously confused human being. The link you gave me as the "article published by the researchers themselves" is nonfunctional.

Provide in clear terms the novel information which the E.coli gained through mutation in their genetic makeup. Rearrangement of existing information is not the same as GONI.

If you cannot produce it, but are only intent on posting irrelevant sentences, back off!

MrMontella:
the bolded is highly wrong and a misunderstanding of the experiment itself...

I'd advise you read the article published by the researchers themselves to see how wrong you are and how information was accumulated over generations with mutations
www.myxo.css.msu.edu/ecoli/citrate2008/index.html


[s]I dont understand what you mean by information ''cant'' be added..

See..if this --- ATGCATGCGTA is a genome sequence...
And GTA is a stop codon...
If during replication...a mutation occurs on the stop codon and the stop codon is not intolerant to mutation...
E.g ATGCATGC''GTA''--replicates to ATGCATGC''GCA''...The mutation is GTA to GCA...if GCA happens to be a viable amino acid...the new genome sequence would be a different allele which means new information has been added..
Or has it not?
Read up :https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameshift_mutation[/s]

I did not say "if". In Lenski's experiment, no novel information was gained by the E.coli.

randomperson:
That's not true... God doesn't take care of his children daily... There are Christians who die of hunger...
And if u are claiming the only benefit of being a Christian is in another dimension, then u are saying all the other promises in the bible are a lie??

If you lie down on your bed all day, and refuse to work, claiming that you're entitled to GOD's provision, hunger will kill you.

Now, GOD blesses and makes fruitful whatever, I mean whatever legal thing which His children ventures into.

"Seest thou a man diligent in his business? he shall stand before kings; he shall not stand before mean men." Prov. 22:29

"I have been young, and now am old; yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread." Psa. 37:25

What was Jesus' net worth when He was on earth? Can you tell me?

The Christian prays "give me this day my daily bread." GOD takes care of His children daily.

The greatest benefit of Christianity lies not in possessing money(which is the root of all evil), but in being at peace with GOD and having an assurance of Heaven.

Seun:
Creationists are not scientists. They start with an unreasonable conclusion and try to bend reality to fit that conclusion. That's not science!

Define science.

Findings from this experiment demonstrate that the vast majority of adaptations are due to the loss of unique genetic information. This is utterly opposed to the requirements of molecules-to-man evolution and is why Lenski’s experiment actually provides evidence against the truth of this idea.

You get it? E. coli did not "evolve" into a citrate-utilizing organim: it simply rearranged the previously existing information to be able to utilize citrate in aerobic conditions.

Cc: MrMontella

It must be remembered that fitness
improvements or even gains of protein function are not equivalent to a gain of novel information (GONI). A loss of information occurring in a regulatory region may improve gene product function by increasing its expression, but this would not represent a GONI. Neither would a mutation that brings back a function that was previously lost, a decrease in specificity of a protein’s function, a rearrangement of already existing information, the duplication of existing information, or the general increase in diversity over time. A GONI must involve a mutational event or series of events that enable the production of novel protein(s) that can perform a specific and previously unknown activity. This type of mutation has not been observed.

Cc: MrMontella

The unobservable idea of molecules-to-man evolution hypothesizes that all living things have been derived from a common, simple ancestor in our distant past. This would require the accumulation of novel information over a long period of time through genetic mutations. However, Lenski’s experiment demonstrates that the vast majority of fitness benefits are actually due to the disruption, degradation, or loss of genetic information. A possible exception to this tendency is the evolution of citrate utilization in aerobic conditions; however, no novel information was gained in this instance as this ability was the result of previously existing information being rearranged and used in a different way. The novelty here was that no one had ever observed a promoter capture event for a gene involved in central metabolism.

Cc: MrMontella

Perhaps the most famous of all observations in Dr. Lenski’s long-term evolution experiment was when an E. coli population began to utilize a new energy source (citrate) that they normally could not use under aerobic conditions. It is important to note that E. coli already have the ability to transport and metabolize citrate, but the bacteria typically cannot do so in oxic conditions as it does not produce an appropriate transporter in this type of environment (among other required factors). The genetic changes that underlie this particular adaptation are complex, but a key event involved the replication of a genomic region that regulates a citrate transporter. This amplification captured apreviously existing and aerobically expressed promoter (the promoter forrnk) which could then direct transcription of the citrate transporter (citT). Repeated tandem amplifications refined this function.

Cc: MrMontella

MrMontella:
what lies are you breeding?

Genes cannot be added to existing genes?
And yet the E.coli evolved new genes to enable it digest citrate?
Pls stop abeg!

If your brain cannot understand the fact that I was addressing "ape to human" evolution, then don't mention me again.

The bolded above: it's either you're deliberately lying or you didn't read well about Richard Lenski's long-term evolution experiments.

The catholic church has succeeded in lying in the Name of GOD. They claim to belong to GOD but all of their practices are in direct rebellion against GOD and His Law.

The Pope, a mere mortal, parades himself as GOD. He deludes himself that he is "infallible." The pope claims that he is God on earth. He claims that he has the power to change divine laws and precepts, and even the teachings of Christ. What more do you need to see that the pope is the little horn of Daniel 7 which speaks blasphemy against the Most High GOD?

The catholic church slaughtered over 150 million saints of GOD during the dark ages(Guess why it was called dark? Because catholic oppression suppressed any dissident and opposing views to the church. She never allowed science flourish, and killed many people for daring to say that the earth revolves round the sun).

There is hardly anything taught in the Catholic church that has a biblical basis: nothing!

"...Come out of her, my people, and be ye separate..." Rev. 18:4

Ubenedictus:
Sinai was where sabbath became a law. that was whe that law was given.

So which commandments and statutes and laws of GOD did Abraham keep according to Gen. 26:5?

Ubenedictus:
The law of love as taught by Jesus and his apostles.

Meanwhile Jesus and his apostles kept the Sabbath day holy, eh?

Can you tell me what this law of love is?

Ubenedictus:
Roman7:4 So, my brothers and sisters, you also died to the law through the body of Christ, that you might belong to another, to him who was raised from the dead, in order that we might bear fruit for God. 6 But now, by dying to what once bound us, we have been released from the law so that we serve in the new way of the Spirit, and
not in the old way of the written code.

Have you been released from "thou shalt not commit adultery"? Is that not part of the law?

Ubenedictus,

Do you mean that Sinai was the first place where GOD pronounced it illegal to kill and commit adultery? If no, where?

Was the Sabbath instituted at Sinai?

Ubenedictus:
D bible says u are not under d law given at sanai! why do u want to be under what d bible says u are not under?

Which law are we now under?

Ubenedictus:
COL 2;16
Therefore do not let anyone judge you by what
you eat or drink...sabbath.

Hypocrite, James Cardinal Gibbons says that the Scriptures enforce the observance of the Saturday Sabbath.

What do you have to say, hypocrite?

achorladey:
All of God's ways and laws are holy, just and good of course. That I wont covet another mans property is not because I dont want to overstep on law number 10 but it should be as a result of the new ''law of love'' that states it does not think evil towards my fellow man(convetuousness included).

How do you love GOD?

achorladey:
Are you sure on that?

Yes.

"Wherefore the law is holy, and the commandment holy and just and good." Romans 7:12

achorladey:
Good, exercising faith in the ransom sacrifice gives the opportunity to live like those to be judged under the law of liberty James 2:12. Which is the new ''school master''

What is the law of liberty? It is still the 10 Commandments.

4everGod:


Are you saying seun might just be st..gy?

https://www.clipartkid.com/images/141/your-mouth-silencio-por-favor-hold-your-tongue-shut-up-ZTMwFf-clipart.png

The human Y chromosome has twice as many genes as the Chimpanzee Y chromosome . Humans have 41 more genes. This means that in order for the ape Y chromosome to evolve into the human Y chromosome , apes had to add 41 genes. In order for apes to add genes , they would have to have a genetic mechanism to generate new genes and insert them into their chromosomes . But apes do not have any "gene generating system ." Nor do apes have a "gene insertion system." This means that "ape to human evolution " theory is missing the genetic mechanisms necessary for evolution to actually take place .

Cc: Seun

I know you don't understand these things. It's simply your hatred for paying tithe that makes you fight blindly(and against reason) anything that lends credence to GOD.