₦airaland Forum

kayfra:
This study probably groups Yoruba and Igbos together since our DNAs are so damned close.

I DO NOT THINK THEIR DNA TALLY.THIS MAY HELP...


Listed here are the human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in various ethnic groups and populations from Sub-Saharan Africa. Based on relevant studies, the samples are taken from individuals identified by linguistic designation (AA=Afroasiatic, KS=Khoisan, NS=Nilo-Saharan and NC=Niger–Congo). The table below's third column gives the total sample size studied, and the other columns indicate the percentage observed of the particular haplogroup.
Population Language group n A B E1a E1b1a E1b1b E2 J R1b T Reference
Afro-Asiatic[nb 1] Afro-Asiatic (AA) 236 5.5 3.8 0.4 3.3 34.8 0.8 19.5 20.8 3.8 Wood 2005[1]
Alur Nilotic (NS) 9 22 0 0 11 0 67 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Amhara (Ethiopia) Semitic (AA) 48 14.6 2.1 0 - 35.4 0 33.3 0 4.2 Hassan 2008[2]
Bamileke Bantoid (NC) 85 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 Luis 2004[3]
Bantus (Gabon) Bantu (NC) 795 0.5 6.7 0.2 79.4 0.1 6.2 0 5.5 0 Berniell 2009[4]
Bantus (Kenya) Bantu (NC) 29 13.8 3.4 0 51.7 13.7 17.2 0 0 0 Hurles 2005[5]
Bantus (Tanzania)[nb 2] Bantu (NC) 110 2.7 9.1 - 48.2 21.8 16.4 0 0 1.8 [3][6]
Bantus (South Africa)[nb 3] Southern Bantu (NC) 137 5.1 10.9 0 54.7 4.4 21.2 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Bantus (South-Eastern) Bantu (NC) 343 5.0 16.3 -- 66.2 1.5 10.2 -- 0 -- Naidoo 2010[7]
Beja Cushitic (AA) 42 4.8 0 0 0 52.4 0 38.1 4.8 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Benin (Fon) Gbe (NC) 100 0 0 0 95 0 5 0 0 0 Luis 2004[3]
Berbers Berber (AA) 64 3 0 2 5 80 0 6 0 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Burkina Faso[nb 4] Niger–Congo (NC) 106 0 0.9 3.8 81.1 2.8 11.3 0 0 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Burunge Cushitic (AA) 24 0 25 -- 4 33 -- -- -- -- Tishkoff 2007[6]
Cameroon (North)[nb 5] Adamawa (NC) 72 1.4 12.5 4.2 54.2 0 0 0 27.8 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Cameroon (North)[nb 6] Chadic (AA) 54 1.8 3.7 0 13.0 3.7 7.4 0 70.4 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Cameroon (South)[nb 7] Bantoid (NC) 89 0 5.6 0 93.3 0 0 0 1.1 0 Cruciani2002[8]
R.D. Congo (East)[nb 8] Bantu (NC) 36 2.8 0 0 63.9 13.9 19.4 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Copts (Sudanese) Arabic (AA) 33 0 15.2 0 0 21.2 0 45.5 15.2 - Hassan 2008[2]
Cross River (Nigeria) Cross River (NC) 1113 0 -- -- 87 -- -- 0 0 0 Veeramah2010[9]
Datog Nilotic (NS) 35 3 3 -- 11 54 -- -- -- -- Tishkoff 2007[6]
Dinka Nilotic (NS) 26 62 23 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Dogon Dogon (NC) 55 1.8 7.3 45.5 43.6 0 1.8 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Ethiopians Afro-Asiatic (AA) 242 17.8 0.8 0 - 48.8 0.4 26.9 0 3.7 Moran 2004[10]
Ethiopian Jews Cushitic (AA) 22 41 0 0 0 50 0 5 0 5 Cruciani2002[8]
Fulbe[nb 9] Senegambian (NC) 37 5.4 0 29.7 48.6 -- 0 0 -- 8.1 Cruciani2002[8]
Fulbe (Sudan) Senegambian (NC) 26 0 0 0 0 34.6 0 0 53.8 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Fulbe (Nigeria) Senegambian (NC) 21 - - - - - - - 0 - Cruciani2010[11]
Fur Fur (NS) 32 31.3 3.1 0 0 59.4 0 6.3 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Ghana[nb 10] Kwa (NC) 91 0 0 2.2 92.3 1.1 0 0 1.1 0 Wood 2005[1]
Hadza Hadza (Isolate/KS) 80 0 57.5 - 26.2 15.0 - - - - Tishkoff 2007[6]
Hausa (Sudan) Chadic (AA) 32 12.5 15.6 0 12.5 3.1 0 0 40.6 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Hema Northeast Bantu (NC) 18 6 0 2.2 28 28 39 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Hutu (Rwanda) Northeast Bantu (NC) 69 0 4 0 83 3 8 0 1 0 Luis 2004[3]
Igbo[nb 11] Volta–Niger (NC) 209 A3b2=0 - - 89.3 - - 0 - 0 Veeramah 2010[9]
Iraqw Cushitic (AA) 9 0 22 0 11 56 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Khoisan[nb 12] Khoisan (KS) 90 47.7 14.4 0 24.4 6.7 2.2 1.1 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Khoisan Khoisan (KS) 183 44.3 11.5 0 23.0 16.4 1.6 0 1.6 0 Naidoo 2010[7]
Khoisan (South Africa)[nb 13] Khoisan (KS) 129 33.3 12.4 0 35.7 14.7 3.9 0 0 0 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Kikuyu & Kamba Northeast Bantu (NC) 42 2 2 0 73 19 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
ǃKung Northern Khoisan (KS) 64 36 8 0 39 11 6 0 0 0 Cruciani2002[8]
Luo Nilotic (NS) 9 11 22 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Maasai Nilotic (NS) 26 27 8 0 16 50 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Malagasy Malayo-Polynesian 35 0 8.6 0 34.3 0 8.6 5.7 - 0 O=34.3%[5]
Mandinka Mande (NC) 39 5 3 3 79 8 3 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Masalit Maban (NS) 32 18.8 3.1 0 0 71.9 0 6.3 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Mossi Gur (NC) 49 0 2 -- 90 2 -- -- -- -- Tishkoff 2007[6]
Namibia (Nama) Khoikhoi (KS) 11 64 0 0 18 9 0 0 - 0 Wood 2005[1]
Nande Northeast Bantu (NC) 18 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Niger–Congo[nb 14] Niger–Congo (NC) 705 2.7 9.6 4.5 68.2 3.9 6.9 0.1 1.4 0 Wood 2005[1]
Nilo-Saharan[nb 15] Nilo-Saharan 91 12.1 35.2 0 29.7 14.3 8.8 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Nilo-Saharan[nb 16] Nilo-Saharan 345 23.2 17.4 -- 9.9 33.9 2.6 6.1 -- -- See [nb 17]
Nubians Nubian(NS), Arabic(AA) 39 0 7.7 0 0 23.1 0 43.6 10.3 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Nuba Nuba (NS) 28 46.4 14.3 0 0 39.3 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Nuer Nilotic (NS) 12 33.3 50 0 0 16.7 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Oromo (Ethiopia) Cushitic (AA) 78 10.3 1.3 0 - 62.8 1.3 3.8 0 5.1 Hassan 2008[2]
Ouldeme Chadic (AA) 13 - - - - - - - 95.5 - Cruciani2010[11]
Pygmy (Mbuti) Central Sudanic (NS) 47 2 59 0 34 0 4 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Pygmy (Western)[nb 18] Niger–Congo (NC) 60 5 53.3 - 28.3 0 - 0 3.3 0 Berniell 2009[4]
Sandawe Sandawe (tentative/KS) 68 4 14 - 43 34 - - - - Tishkoff 2007[6]
Senegalese Niger–Congo (NC) 139 0 0 5.0 81.3 6.5 2.9 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Shilluk Nilotic (NS) 15 53.3 26.7 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Shuwa Arabs Arabic (AA) 5 - - - - - - - 40 - Cruciani2010[11]
Somalis Cushitic (AA) 201 0.5 1.0 0 1.5 81.1 0.5 3.0 R1a=1 10.4 Sanchez2005[12]
South African Whites Indo-European 157 0 0 0.6 0.6 9.6 0 3.8 51.6 -- Others=33.8[7]
Sudan (Arabs)[nb 19] Semitic (AA) 102 2.9 0 0 0 16.7 0 47.1 15.7 0 Hassan 2008[2]
South Sudan (Nilotic)[nb 20] Nilotic (NS) 81 50.6 24.7 0 0 24.7 0 0 - 0 Hassan 2008[2]
West Sudan (Darfur)[nb 21] Nilo-Saharan (NS) 90 27.8 2.2 0 0 62.2 0 4.4 - 0 Hassan 2008[2]
Tuareg (Burkina Faso)[nb 22] Tuareg (AA) 38 - - 0 16.7 77.8 0 - 0 - Pereira 2010[13]
Tuareg (Mali)[nb 23] Tuareg (AA) 21 - - 0 9.1 90.9 0 - 0 - Pereira 2010[13]
Tuareg (Niger)[nb 24] Tuareg (AA) 31 - - 0 44.4 16.7 0 - 33.3 - Pereira 2010[13]
Tutsi (Rwanda) Northeast Bantu (NC) 94 0 15 0 80 1 4 0 0 0 Luis 2004[3]
Wolof Senegambian (NC) 34 0 0 12.0 68.0 12.0 3.0 0 0 - Wood 2005[1]
Yoruba Volta–Niger (NC) 13 0 8 0 92 0 0 0 0 0 Tishkoff 2007[6]
Xhosa Southern Bantu (NC) 80 5 5 0 54 5 28 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]
Zulu Southern Bantu (NC) 29 3 20 0 55 0 21 0 0 0 Wood 2005[1]

0xtr0r:
Abobaku, the tribal armed robber cum lazy bandit from Odua Islamic Republic of Ritual-killers and Cannibals!

Neanderthal savage of dirt, squalor, anger, hate and propaganda, you ought to know that human parts are more affordable than cow meat in Yoruba land...

The Yorubaland is the undisputed world capital of ritual-killings and cannibalism!

You have enough evils in your juju-infested Yorubaland for your thesis. Good luck!

http://www.360nobs.com/2014/03/gruesome-photos-from-the-uncovered-dungeon-of-death-in-soka-ibadan/

http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/03/disturbing-tales-ibadan-forest-horror/

https://www.nairaland.com/2508737/ogun-cp-orders-ritualists-shot  

https://www.nairaland.com/2483257/how-teenager-killed-4-year-old-boy

I detest Cannibals,Mr Tortoise and you are a deranged bitter CANNIBAL.
Your people's culture has really permeated your entire torso,CANN. TORTOISE!!!

Culture speaks volume of a people...

http://www.heretical.com/cannibal/nigeria.html

http://www.igbonews.co.uk/html/okija2.html


http://www.codewit.com/law-and-order/7330-nigeria-i-killed-11-babies-for-money-rituals-confession-of-20-yr-old-ex-cultist

https://www.nairaland.com/316859/nigeria-otokoto-again-imo-girl



http://www.bravo-mag.com/okija-shrine-again-bloody-human-rituals-multiply-as-priests-fight-dirty/

http://sunnewsonline.com/new/fresh-otokoto-in-enugu/

kernel504:
IMAGINE TELLING THE WORLD IQ TEST IS INVALID... HAHAHA

YOUR INABILITY TO DISCLAIM MY POINTS, LEAVES ME WITH NO OPTION BUT A WALK-OUT.

Lol...running away like Ojukwu.You gave me a site where it talked about IQ using a few people from different nationals and I gave you a site by SCIENTISTS,the owners and founders of IQ,debunking what they started through a lot of researches.These are others...
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121219133334.htm

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/9755929/IQ-tests-do-not-reflect-intelligence.html


http://www.webmd.com/brain/news/20121218/iq-test-really-measure-intelligence


I gave you a couple of reasons why they are right.
Yorubas trumping Igbos mostly
Give me reasons why you think they are wrong.

kernel504:
HAHAHAHA... ANAMBRA TOOK 3RD LAST YEAR, FINALLY 2016 WON "WORLD DEBATE COMPETITION" WHILE YOU STRUGGLE WITH WAR TORN NORTH EAST.

AMERICA DECLARED US BLACKS WITH HIGHEST IQ WHILE YOU KEEP RANKING WITH NORTH

http://www.unz.com/article/the-iq-gap-is-no-longer-a-black-and-white-issue/

PLEASE HIGHILY AS YOU THINK OF YOURSELF, GIVE ME NAMES OF MEN OR WOMEN COMPARED TO JUST THESE THREE ONLY

1. NGOZI OKONJO
2. SOLUDO CHUKWUMA
3. ARUMA OTEH

YOU ARE FIGHTING HARD TO HAVE US WITH YOU, BUT WE DON'T NEED YOU.

Calculating a person's intelligence using a
quotient test (IQ test) is actually very poor and
misleading, according to researchers from Western
University, Canada. They conducted a study to
observe the efficacy of using IQ tests to measure
intelligence and published their findings in the
journal Neuron.

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/254374.php

If IQ were anything to go by,then Yoruba IQ would be triple that of the Igbos.Look at the realities from time immemorial.
Yorubas,even before colonialism,were already civilized with very laudable type of govt compared only to democracy coupled with mornach while the Igbos were still covering their blockoss with their hands and very barbaric .
The houses of Yorubas were built with mud while Igbos built theirs with leaves.
Yorubas built empires like Britain,China,Rome.
And more numerous to mention.
Now come to individuals:
Awolowo trumps Zik with greater reasoning and achievements.
Adekunle SCORPION trumps Ojukwu the runaway General.
Just a few soldiers at Ore trumped batallions of Biafrans because of their low IQ compared to Yorubas'.
Dr Adeshina,Afdb president trumps all those three up there put together.Go and read about World Bank and you would know that those babes are not even up to the senior VPs.Google would help you out.
Want more?...lol
TESLIM ELIAS,PROF BOLAJI ETC ARE WAY,WAY UP THERE TO BE COMPARED WITH ANY IGBO PERSON,DEAD OR LIVING...


to be CONTD...lol

alanmwene:
@Ritchiee
Back then,people were arbirtrarily classified as kongos,igbos,yorubas,akans............But this genetic study has shown that between 70-80%
of the slaves taken from Africa were actually yorubas.Igbos come second with 10-15% and the rest of Africa contributed around 10%.The kongo law never allowed kongo people to be taken as slaves.All kongo slaves were civilians caught in the war between Portugal and kongo.Now that the dust has settled with this study,we know who did what during these very dark hours of Africa history.People should come clean and atone for their sins.

But it is often said that Europeans did not begin the
Atlantic trade and that they simply tapped into a
human trade that already existed in Africa.
While domestic forms of slavery and the trans-
Saharan slave trade existed in Africa prior to the
arrival of Europeans in the 1400s, these had a
lesser impact on the continent than did the Atlantic
trade. The latter surpassed the earlier trade in
terms of the immeasurable loss of lives and
resources it brought about in Africa and the Black
Diaspora.
4
The three forms of slavery relegated Africans to an
inferior social status and deprived them, partly or
wholly, of their freedom. They legitimized the
removal of Africans from their homeland and their
relocation in foreign territories. Yet, the Atlantic
trade differed from African slavery and Arab slavery
because it was founded on a unique and rigid
concept of bondage.
5
Unlike the Arabs and Africans, Europeans had a
theory of slavery in which conversion to the
religion of the master or marriage with the master
did not prevent a person and his/her descendants
from inheriting the status of a slave.
6
Despite this fundamental difference, these forms of
slavery complemented each other,

xtrorry:
Yorubas are warriors who built 'empires'. Yorubas were the first to be educated and first to become civilized.

Yorubas are 'sophisticated' but in 2016 AD Yorubas still believe that one cannot achieve success save by ritual-killings and cannibalism. Yorubas still believe that offering sacrifices in shrines will save them from 'mysterious' diseases caused by their despicable, miserable living in dirt, squalor, abject poverty and
lack of basic hygiene.
These creatures are clowns, good for comedy shows!

The Yorubas are a people choking in their own vomits. A people who have become restless to live on their own; that at the mere thought of Biaf... and NK send cold shivers down their spines.

They envy the Igbo Nation who have done the impossible – standing up to their enemies and exercising their inalienable rights to self-determination.

As cowardly and sheepishly docile, Yorubas are a spineless group of people who are unable to stand up for a just cause other than to frenetically fish in troubled waters in search of malodorous, decomposing leftovers.

What sort of spineless beings would heat up the polity (using 'Operation Wetie', 'June 12') only to run into hiding in juju shrines with human sacrifices for protection?

Yorubas live in a mythical world far from reality, with large numbers of cannibals and ritual-killers.

A tribe of Judas with a foundation of treachery. A mischievous generation of vipers who wait for another people to develop their forests and swampy lands while they wile away their youthful lives in Owambe parties.

It's basically in Yoruba land that a man like Tinubu who embezzled Lagos State would call the shots and Yorubas would sheepishly prostrate before him and follow him and his candidates blindly. Many Yorubas sheepishly follow criminals like they have no sense. It's a pity!

If Yorubas are that learned and developed how come an acclaimed internationally acclaimed drug peddler cum treasury looter would pocket a supposedly 'sophisticated' people, mentally, economically, politically and physically if not spiritually?

Wonders never cease in this world, especially from the loud-mouthed group of backstabbing minions!

Your culture has really ate deeply into your life,Tortoise.You are a deranged CANNIBAL! I DETEST CANNIBALS.

http://www.heretical.com/cannibal/nigeria.html

kernel504:
SAINT TUNDE, IS THAT WHY YOU ARE RANKED WITH WAR TORN NORTH EAST?

ARE THESE ONES CHURCH MIRACLE CENTRES? HAHAHAH...

http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/05/beyond-senates-ban-on-miracle-centres/

http://www.nowlive.com.ng/index.php/2015/11/08/punch-undercover-reporter-exposes-mass-cheating-at-neco-miracle-centre/

http://allafrica.com/stories/201303181053.html

http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/07/anambra-close-486-centres-exam-magic/
486 Igbo lead attainment centres in just one spot.CHAI!!!
You are not even ashamed,Miracle Centre rat.
Show me a few educational
achievements of yours that have surpassed
or at par with the Yorubas then and now and
I will say you sincerely deserve
accolades.WAEC in Nigeria now is where you
see a trader beating a bookworm.In the
universities home and abroad,Yorubas still
lead and the world knows this...
Okay,I am giving you the WAEC thing where
your people stop and become traders while
Yoruba go up to the Universities and still
continue to lead educationally.I would give a
lot of links to butress this fact.WAEC miracle
centre thing is no basis to compare with the
great Yoruba Nation.

columbus007:
where you see am speak

He speaks from the White House.That is the name of the motor park...lol

kernel504:
IS THAT WHY YOUR ROOFS ARE BROWN WITH POOR EDUCATION RESULTS?

One Miracle Centre runaway spotted.

alanmwene:
Unlike yorubas,igbos,binis etc....Kongos and mbundus fought the white man and portugueses never conquered the kongo kingdom:Civil war destroyed kongo.
Kongos never sold their own people like yorubas or igbos! ;


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l11fqBax7xM

You lied...
African American Place of Origin Edit
This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Jump to: navigation , search
Back to African American Research
Place of Origin
80+ percent of all slaves arriving in North America
came directly from Africa
Senegambia—13 percent (coast between
present day Senegal and Gambia)
Gold Coast—16 percent (most of present day
Ghana)
Bight of Biafra—23 percent (most of present
day Nigeria and Cameroon))
Windward Coast—11 percent (present day
Liberia and Ivory Coast)
Region between Angola and Congo—25 percent
(present day Congo, Zaire, Angola, Namibia)
Ports of Arrival
As popular as DNA is in providing clues to
ancestral origins, learning the likely port of entry
for one’s African American ancestry will give
important clues to their place of origin in Africa.
Below are distributions of African origins based
upon entry into the U.S. in South Carolina,
Virginia, and New Orleans.
South Carolina
40 percent of all Africans arrived through
Charleston, SC from the following areas:
Angola/Congo represented 40 percent
Senegambia represented 19 percent
Windward Coast represented 16 percent
Gold Coast represented 13 percent
Virginia
Others arrived at various ports in Virginia from the
following locals:
Bight of Biafra represented 37.7 percent
Gold Coast represented 16 percent
Angola/Congo represented 15.7 percent
Senegambia represented by 14.9 percent
Windward Coast represented by 6.3 percent
Sierra Leone represented by 5.5 percent
Mozambique/Madagascar represented by 4.1
percent
See Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward
Movement by David Fischer and James Kelly,
University of Virginia Press, 2000; page 61.
New Orleans
92 percent of Africans brought to Louisiana
arrived between 1719 and 1730.
Two-thirds of slaves arriving in Louisiana were
from Senegambia, mostly Bambara people from
present day Mali, and Wolof’s located at the
mouth of the Senegal River.
Nearly 30 percent of enslaved people to
Louisiana came from the Bight of Benin near
present day Togo and Benin.
The remaining 5 percent came from the Congo
or Angola.
See Gwendolyn Hall’s book, Africans in Colonial
Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole
Culture in Eighteenth Century Louisiana (Baton
Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University
Press, 1995), 34-40.
North Carolina
Few slaves were brought directly to North Carolina
ports because natural harbors were lacking.
See Dee Parmer Wootor’s comprehensive book
Finding a Place Called Home: A Guide to African
American Genealogy and Historical Identity,
especially chapter 14, "The Last African and the
First American" (New York: Random House, 1999).
Slave Generations
First African came to Jamestown in 1619. William
Tucker, born in 1624, was the first recorded
African American born on American soil. There
were 12 generations of slavery between 1619 and
1865. According to Finding a Place Called Home,
until the 1820s, more than twice as many people
of African descent crossed the Atlantic Ocean as
Europeans.
Retrieved from " https://familysearch.org/learn/
wiki/en/African_American_Place_of_Origin "
Categories : African American Record

RichYoungNigger:
Lol
Change what ??
You can't chase us away from Lagos.

What will happen to the houses owned by the igbos ??
What will happen to the factories owned by the igbos ??

We're here to stay and you have no opinion about that, you sold your father's property to the igbos.

You're officially homeless

We dont have to chase you out of Lagos when we are still using you as slaves to develop our land.You don't have1/10 of landed properties owned by Kwarans who are Yorubas and you better know that you and what you own in SW are the bonafide properties of we Yorubas and there is nothing you can do about that...

Seun,why put this in the culture section?

Shymexx,wizeguy69,ilekehd,oduastates,onreflection,igbotic,yorubatic,xtorse,pazienza,anonimi,Flyoruboy,opcnairaland,igboson1,truckpusher,gbawe,whathaveidone,.

What is wrong here?

Olamipapa:
oh! what a long list. but I still don't like the idea of slavery, but I know it is a fact that I most accept that it has happened but.......

There is nothing we can do about what has happened but to know where we stand and ruminate about the failings and successes of these great people whose forefathers were once on the African soil.If this forum were a serious one,this is the kind of topic mods like Mynd44,lalasticlala,seun should have pushed to the frontpage so that a lot of serious people can contribute...

Olamipapa:
In essence, Yoruba was the most enslaved Africans. If truly I digested the write up well.

In other words...

Marian Anderson
Maya Angelou
Arthur Ashe
Crispus Attucks
James Baldwin
Benjamin Banneker
Amiri Baraka
Romare Bearden
Mary McLeod Bethune
Guion Bluford
Arna Bontemps
Edward W. Brooke
Gwendolyn Brooks
Blanche K. Bruce
Ralph Bunche
George Washington Carver
Shirley Chisholm
Kenneth B. Clark
John Henrik Clarke
John Coltrane
Alexander Crummell
Countee Cullen
Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.
Martin R. Delany
Frederick Douglass
Charles Drew
W. E. B. Du Bois
Paul Laurence Dunbar
Katherine Dunham
Duke Ellington
James Forten
John Hope Franklin
Henry Highland Garnet
Marcus Garvey
Prince Hall
Fannie Lou Hamer
Lorraine Hansberry
Dorothy Height
Matthew Henson
Charles Hamilton Houston
Langston Hughes
Zora Neale Hurston
Jesse Jackson
Mae Jemison
Jack Johnson
James Weldon Johnson
John H. Johnson
Percy Julian
Ernest Just
Maulana Karenga
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Edmonia Lewis
Alain Locke
Joe Louis
Thurgood Marshall
Benjamin E. Mays
Elijah McCoy
Claude McKay
Oscar Micheaux
Dorie Miller
Garrett Morgan
Toni Morrison
Elijah Muhammad
Jesse Owens
Rosa Parks
Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.
Colin Powell
A. Philip Randolph
Hiram Revels
Paul Robeson
Jackie Robinson
John Russwurm
Arturo Schomburg
Benjamin "Pop" Singleton
Mary Church Terrell
William Monroe Trotter
Sojourner Truth
Harriet Tubman
Kwame Ture
Henry McNeal Turner
Nat Turner
David Walker
Madame C. J. Walker
Booker T. Washington
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Phillis Wheatley
Walter F. White
Roy Wilkins
Daniel Hale Williams
August Wilson
Oprah Winfrey
Tiger Woods
Carter G. Woodson
Richard...

are all of Yoruba stock.

Complex genetic ancestry of Americans uncovered: Genetic fingerprints of slave trade and colonization

Date:
March 24, 2015
Source:
University of Oxford
Summary:
By comparing the genes of current-day North and South Americans with African and European populations, a study has found the genetic fingerprints of the slave trade and colonization that shaped migrations to the Americas hundreds of years ago.



FULL STORY
Researchers analyzed more than 4,000 previously collected DNA samples from 64 different populations, covering multiple locations in Europe, Africa and the Americas.
Credit: © stefanocapra / Fotolia

By comparing the genes of current-day North and South Americans with African and European populations, an Oxford University study has found the genetic fingerprints of the slave trade and colonization that shaped migrations to the Americas hundreds of years ago.

The team, which also included researchers from UCL (University College London) and the Universita' del Sacro Cuore of Rome, analyzed more than 4,000 previously collected DNA samples from 64 different populations, covering multiple locations in Europe, Africa and the Americas. Since migration has generally flowed from Africa and Europe to the Americas over the last few hundred years, the team compared the 'donor' African and European populations with 'recipient' American populations to track where the ancestors of current-day North and South Americans came from.

'We found that the genetic profile of Americans is much more complex than previously thought,' said study leader Professor Cristian Capelli from the Department of Zoology at Oxford University.

The study found that:

While Spaniards provide the majority of European ancestry in continental American Hispanic/Latino populations, the most common European genetic source in African-Americans and Barbadians comes from Great Britain.
The Basques, a distinct ethnic group spread across current-day Spain and France, provided a small but distinct genetic contribution to current-day Continental South American populations, including the Maya in Mexico.
The Caribbean Islands of Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic are genetically similar to each other and distinct from the other populations, probably reflecting a different migration pattern between the Caribbean and mainland America.
Compared to South Americans, people from Caribbean countries (such as the Barbados) had a larger genetic contribution from Africa.
The ancestors of current-day Yoruba people from West Africa (one of the largest African ethnic groups) provided the largest contribution of genes from Africa to all current-day American populations.
The proportion of African ancestry varied across the continent, from virtually zero (in the Maya people from Mexico) to 87% in current-day Barbados.
South Italy and Sicily also provided a significant European genetic contribution to Colombia and Puerto Rico, in line with the known history of Italian emigrants to the Americas in the late 19th and early 20th century
One of the African-American groups from the USA had French ancestry, in agreement with historical French immigration into the colonial Southern United States.
The proportion of genes from European versus African sources varied greatly from individual to individual within recipient populations.

The research team analyzed DNA samples collected from people in Barbados, Columbia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Puerto Rico and African-Americans in the USA.

The scientists used a technique called haplotype-based analysis to compare the pattern of genes in these 'recipient populations' to 'donor populations' in areas where migrants to America came from.

'We firstly grouped subsets of people in Africa and Europe who were genetically similar and used this fine scale resolution to find which combinations of these clusters resulted in the sort of mixtures that we now see in people across the Americas', said study author Dr Francesco Montinaro from Oxford University's Department of Zoology.

'We can see the huge genetic impact that the slave trade had on American populations and our data match historical records', said study author Dr Garrett Hellenthal from the UCL Genetics Institute, 'The majority of African Americans have ancestry similar to the Yoruba people in West Africa, confirming that most African slaves came from this region. In areas of the Americas historically under Spanish rule, populations also have ancestry related to what is now Senegal and Gambia. Records show that around a third of the slaves sent to Spanish America in the 17th Century came from this region, and we can see the genetic evidence of this in modern Americans really clearly.'

These genetic findings also uncover previously unknown migration. 'We found a clear genetic contribution from the Basques in modern-day Maya in Mexico', said Oxford University's Professor Cristian Capelli. 'This suggests that the Basque also took part in the colonization of the Americas, coming over either with the Spanish conquistadores or in later waves of migration.

'The differences in European ancestry between the Caribbean islands and mainland American population that we found were also previously unknown. It is likely that these differences reflect different patterns of migration between the Caribbean and mainland America.

'These results show just how powerful a genetic approach can be when it comes to uncovering hidden patterns of ancestry. We hope to use the same approach to look at other populations with diverse genetic contributions, such as Brazilians', said Professor Capelli. I HAVE ALWAYS KNOWN THAT MOST BLACK AMERICANS ARE OF YORUBA STOCK.

THE GREAT YORUBA NATION



http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150324132224.htm

CSTR2:
Yorubas were nowhere listed in the same breathe with the igbos in this article.

No such thing as a 'universal' intelligence test: Cultural differences determine results country by country

Date:
May 16, 2014
Source:
University of Granada
Summary:
Scientists have studied 54 individuals -- half Spanish and half Moroccan -- to determine how IQ tests work. New research suggests that a universal test of intelligence quotient does not exist. Results in this type of test are determined to a strong degree by cultural differences.


http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140516092048.htm

doublewisdom:
Many yorubas go commit suicide this night o.

No sir,
Scientists debunk the IQ myth: Notion of measuring one's intelligence quotient by singular, standardized test is highly misleading

Date:
December 19, 2012
Source:
University of Western Ontario
Summary:
After conducting the largest online intelligence study on record, scientists concluded that the notion of measuring one's intelligence quotient or IQ by a singular, standardized test is highly misleading.
Share:
Total shares: 2343

FULL STORY
Screen test.
Credit: Image courtesy of University of Western Ontario

After conducting the largest online intelligence study on record, a Western University-led research team has concluded that the notion of measuring one's intelligence quotient or IQ by a singular, standardized test is highly misleading.

The findings from the landmark study, which included more than 100,000 participants, were published Dec. 19 in the journal Neuron. The article, "Fractionating human intelligence," was written by Adrian M. Owen and Adam Hampshire from Western's Brain and Mind Institute (London, Canada) and Roger Highfield, Director of External Affairs, Science Museum Group (London, U.K).

Utilizing an online study open to anyone, anywhere in the world, the researchers asked respondents to complete 12 cognitive tests tapping memory, reasoning, attention and planning abilities, as well as a survey about their background and lifestyle habits.

"The uptake was astonishing," says Owen, the Canada Excellence Research Chair in Cognitive Neuroscience and Imaging and senior investigator on the project. "We expected a few hundred responses, but thousands and thousands of people took part, including people of all ages, cultures and creeds from every corner of the world."

The results showed that when a wide range of cognitive abilities are explored, the observed variations in performance can only be explained with at least three distinct components: short-term memory, reasoning and a verbal component.

No one component, or IQ, explained everything. Furthermore, the scientists used a brain scanning technique known as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to show that these differences in cognitive ability map onto distinct circuits in the brain.

With so many respondents, the results also provided a wealth of new information about how factors such as age, gender and the tendency to play computer games influence our brain function.

"Regular brain training didn't help people's cognitive performance at all yet aging had a profound negative effect on both memory and reasoning abilities," says Owen.

Hampshire adds, "Intriguingly, people who regularly played computer games did perform significantly better in terms of both reasoning and short-term memory. And smokers performed poorly on the short-term memory and the verbal factors, while people who frequently suffer from anxiety performed badly on the short-term memory factor in particular."


http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121219133334.htm

In a post that is fast trending on social networking site Facebook, someone with close ties to the captain, but who did not want to come public because the matter is “personal”, wrote: “Let’s celebrate and thank God for our Female Capt Abimbola Jayeola, who was the Capt on the Bristow Chopper that ditched in the Atlantic Ocean on Wednesday. “A split second’s decision saved the lives of 13 people and several families linked to them. Kudos to You Skipper, God will continue to protect you as you take to the skies daily. Stay safe!” Despite the reticence of the lady who posted the message, “a split second’s decision” implied the captain had to decide what was best for the helicopter, and the result is the sparing of the passengers’ and crew members’ lives.


This feat will attract due recognition when one remembers that only last year, a Bristow helicopter similarly departing Port Harcourt for Lagos crashed in the Oworonshoki area of Lagos, killing six people, including the captain, who joined the transport services company only the previous year. Is anyone still doubting the saying that “what a man can do, a woman can do better” — or, as the incurable male chauvinists would say in parody, “what a man can do, a woman can also try”? A standing ovation for the lady captain!

Read more at: https://www.thecable.ng/tribute-jayeola-nigerias-1st-female-helicopter-captain-who-saved-11-lives-in-bristow-crash

TRIBUTE: Jayeola, Nigeria’s 1st female helicopter captain who ‘saved’ 11 lives in Bristow crash February 05 18:37 2016

In a world where evil is far easier to remember than good, Abimbola Jayeola’s landmark achievement in December 2014 largely escaped the notice of mainstream media. That month, she became Nigeria’s first female helicopter captain. But it does seem that Jayeola is one woman who is irrevocably destined for glory; and if she won’t be properly celebrated for making history back then, it is impossible that she will again be overlooked this time — on Thursday, February 4, 2016, her shrewd decision-making helped to avert the death of 11 Nigerians, plus yet another aviation-industry crisis.


Jayeola it was who flew the 5B BJQ Bristow helicopter that was headed to Lagos from Port Harcourt but ended up “ditching” into the Atlantic Ocean. “Ditching” is a controlled emergency measure to land an aircraft on water. Skybrary.com, an aviation website, describes ditching as a manoeuvre “that, by definition, cannot be practiced and may be extremely hazardous. It is only contemplated when no other realistic option remains in an emergency or, in the rotary case, imminent emergency situation.” Captain Abimbola Jayeola 2 Captain Jayeola (middle) flanked by family The chopper, with 11 people — mostly ExxonMobil staff — and two crew members on board, sent a distress message shortly after 10am, and crashed into the Atlantic 20 minutes later. About 10 minutes later, MV-DIJAMA, a new vessel owned by local Nigerian company L.A.T.C Marine Ltd, was alerted on the accident.


It arrived at the crash scene around 11.50am and started rescue operation, with all the passengers already wearing their life jackets. MV-DIJAMA launched its Fast Rescue Boat immediately and started receiving the casualties from the chopper’s LifeRafts. The accident happened 70 nautical miles off Lagos. The crash was not entirely incident-free. Three survivors suffered “hypothermia” — a potentially dangerous drop in body temperature usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, in this case the Atlantic Ocean. Another survivor had a swollen arm, while the fifth had swollen shoulder. But it has now been revealed that were it not for the captain, all the lives aboard would have perished.

TRIBUTE: Jayeola, Nigeria’s 1st female helicopter captain who ‘saved’ 11 lives in Bristow crash February 05 18:37 2016

In a world where evil is far easier to remember than good, Abimbola Jayeola’s landmark achievement in December 2014 largely escaped the notice of mainstream media. That month, she became Nigeria’s first female helicopter captain. But it does seem that Jayeola is one woman who is irrevocably destined for glory; and if she won’t be properly celebrated for making history back then, it is impossible that she will again be overlooked this time — on Thursday, February 4, 2016, her shrewd decision-making helped to avert the death of 11 Nigerians, plus yet another aviation-industry crisis.


Jayeola it was who flew the 5B BJQ Bristow helicopter that was headed to Lagos from Port Harcourt but ended up “ditching” into the Atlantic Ocean. “Ditching” is a controlled emergency measure to land an aircraft on water. Skybrary.com, an aviation website, describes ditching as a manoeuvre “that, by definition, cannot be practiced and may be extremely hazardous. It is only contemplated when no other realistic option remains in an emergency or, in the rotary case, imminent emergency situation.” Captain Abimbola Jayeola 2 Captain Jayeola (middle) flanked by family The chopper, with 11 people — mostly ExxonMobil staff — and two crew members on board, sent a distress message shortly after 10am, and crashed into the Atlantic 20 minutes later. About 10 minutes later, MV-DIJAMA, a new vessel owned by local Nigerian company L.A.T.C Marine Ltd, was alerted on the accident.


It arrived at the crash scene around 11.50am and started rescue operation, with all the passengers already wearing their life jackets. MV-DIJAMA launched its Fast Rescue Boat immediately and started receiving the casualties from the chopper’s LifeRafts. The accident happened 70 nautical miles off Lagos. The crash was not entirely incident-free. Three survivors suffered “hypothermia” — a potentially dangerous drop in body temperature usually caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, in this case the Atlantic Ocean. Another survivor had a swollen arm, while the fifth had swollen shoulder. But it has now been revealed that were it not for the captain, all the lives aboard would have perished.



In a post that is fast trending on social networking site Facebook, someone with close ties to the captain, but who did not want to come public because the matter is “personal”, wrote: “Let’s celebrate and thank God for our Female Capt Abimbola Jayeola, who was the Capt on the Bristow Chopper that ditched in the Atlantic Ocean on Wednesday. “A split second’s decision saved the lives of 13 people and several families linked to them. Kudos to You Skipper, God will continue to protect you as you take to the skies daily. Stay safe!” Despite the reticence of the lady who posted the message, “a split second’s decision” implied the captain had to decide what was best for the helicopter, and the result is the sparing of the passengers’ and crew members’ lives.


This feat will attract due recognition when one remembers that only last year, a Bristow helicopter similarly departing Port Harcourt for Lagos crashed in the Oworonshoki area of Lagos, killing six people, including the captain, who joined the transport services company only the previous year. Is anyone still doubting the saying that “what a man can do, a woman can do better” — or, as the incurable male chauvinists would say in parody, “what a man can do, a woman can also try”? A standing ovation for the lady captain!

Read more at: https://www.thecable.ng/tribute-jayeola-nigerias-1st-female-helicopter-captain-who-saved-11-lives-in-bristow-crash

xtrophy:
Lies of hypocrisy from deluded and despicable beings to divert attention from the very obvious!

And yet you and your kinsmen have condescended so low as to make a living out of Igbo's quest for nationhood.
Yet many Yorubas are notoriously running amok on every media page with anti-BFR slogans while camouflaging as SE and SS people to be able to market your wicked propaganda and lies against the Igbo Nation.

I shall endeavour to drum it loud and clear into your thick skull; perhaps you'd see reason to channel your negative energies towards Odua Islamic Republic of Ritual-killers and Cannibals.

Lolss..look who is talking about CANNIBALS

Great Mathematicians of the 1980s:CONTD...

This is a group of mathematicians, nearing or just past Fields medalist years (before the age of 40), whose careers are very strong, and we expect them to have careers stronger than many of those who came before. They are Idris Assani, Johnny Brown, Nathaniel Dean, Carl Graham, Overtoun Jenda, and William Massey. There are a few more Mathematicians who could be mentioned here.









Massey: During Princeton University's inclusive period, William Massey enrolled and obtained a B.S. in Mathematics. From there he went to Stanford University for the Ph.D. and to industry, but his location in the Mathematics Department of Lucent Technologies has given him the opportunity to publish an average of 2.5 papers a year. In addition to the application of many papers in Queueing Theory and Stochastic Processes to problems in the Modelling of Telecommunication Systems, Massey, most importantly, has been involved with the mentoring African American students of Mathematics. Those who pay attention do very well; one of these is Arlie Petters (see young mathematicians above). Massey is a co-founder of CAARMS, the annual Conference for African Americans Researchers in the Mathematical Sciences. In 2001, Massey became the first tenured African American Mathematician at an Ivy League Univrsity. He is Full Professor in Princeton University's department of Operations Research and Financial Engineering.

Dean: Applied Algebraist Nathaniel Dean has recently moved from Bell Labs and Lucent Technologies to academia in order to strengthen an already strong Applied Mathematics program at Rice University which included the Mexian American Richard Tapia. Currently he is Full Professor of Mathematics and Chairman of Mathematics at the HBCU Texas Southern University in Houston. Nearly half of his 50 publications are in Computer Science. Dean, along with Massey, were featured on the Public Broadcasting System 5-Part 1998 Mathematics Series Life by the Numbers.

Assani: Benin born, French educated Idris Assani studies Ergodic Theory and Dynamics. Assani has written very strong papers; read, for example, the 1997 Strong laws for weighted sums of independent identically distributed random variables. (which extends with new methods results obtained jointly by (1994 Fields medalist) J. Bourgain, H. Furstenberg, Y. Katznelson and D. Ornstein. Another one is the 1998 Multiple recurrence and almost sure convergence of weakly mixing dynamical systems. gives the best possible result to date on H. Furstenberg famous conjecture on a.e. multiple recurrence for dynamical systems. Fern Hunt also says Assani is her candidate for the greatest Black Mathematician.

Graham: American Carl Graham, the most junior of this group and a professor at École Polytécnic in Paris, was born in the U.S. but his African American mathematician father Eugene Graham emigrated to France where Graham was raised. One of his papers which particularly brought attention is The martingale problem with sticky reflection conditions, and a system of particles interacting at the boundary.

Makinde: Nigerian born Oluwole D. Makinde once said "Being a Black man in the World of Mathematics especially in Africa is not a
very pleasant experience. One has to learn how to work with little or no facility." He published 50 papers in a variety of pure mathematcs subjects on the way to becoming Professor and Head of Applied Mathematics Depatment, University of the North, South Africa.

Jenda: Malawi born Overtoun M. Jenda continues to produce good Algebra inspite of involvement with administration.





4. Who are the greatest Black Mathematicians?

Great Black Mathematicians of the 1970s& 1960s:

There are quite a few well established Black mathematicians, in Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe, who are internationally known as leaders in their respective fields though past the midpoint of their careers and never quite reaching the accomplishment/recognition of "the masters." Ethelbert Chukwu (Differential Equations, Control Theory, and Mathmatical Economics), Francisco Antonio Doria (mathematical physics, logic, the philosphy of science, and the mathematical theory of communications), Nöel Lohoue (Functional Analysis), Donald Richards (Statistics), and Floyd Williams (Homological Algebra & Lie Groups) are probably the best of the group.

Others are Olusola Akinyele (Ordinary Differential Equations), Augustin Banyaga (Differential Topology), Earl Barnes (Linear & Non-linear Programming), Heneri Dzinotyiweyi (Topological Semigroups), G. O. S. Ekhaguere (Mathematical Physics), John A. Ewell (Number Theory), Aderemi Kuku (Algebraic K-theory), and Scott Williams (Set-Theoretic Topology, Set Theory, Topological Dynamics). There are at least 10 other good mathematicians who could be mentioned here, you can find them on the web page Research Mathematicians of the African Diaspora: http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/ResearchMathematicians.html.

Though Black Women in Mathematics form 25% of all Black Mathematicians, it has not escaped this author that the above response to question 4 discusses no woman. I am only aware of a hand full of Black women active ly engaged at forwarding the science significantly beyond a thesis. The most senior is Fern Hunt who has at least 20 papers - recall the most junior, Kate Okikiolu is discussed in section 5 (above).



The Masters

Until the mid 1980s, Charles Bell, David Blackwell, A. T. Bharucha-Reid, and J. Ernest Wilkins had published more mathematics than the entire rest of the entire African American community. Though this no longer the case, The Masters, a slight expansion of the group has published more papers than the entire Black Mathematics community in the 20th century. I believe The Masters are David Blackwell, J. Ernest Wilkins, George O. Okikiolu, James Ezeilo, Albert T. Bharucha-Reid, Ronald E. Mickens, and Charles Bell.

no thumb photos

Bharucha-Reid


G. Okikiolu


Ezeilo


Mickens


Bell

Blackwell: There have been few black mathematicians who, prior to the late 1960s, have had the freedom and opportunity to work relatively unfettered. Of this group, David Blackwell is the only Black mathematician whose work is clearly within the "extraordinary mathematician" rank. There are others not far behind, we discuss them below.



When he was 22, David Blackwell earned a Ph.D. (University of Illinois, 1941) within 5 years of high school. As only Black institutions with very high teaching loads (20 to 30 hours per week as opposed to the standard 6 hours of today) would hire him, one would think his early career would lag somewhat. Although his work caught the eye of great mathematicians of the time, it took another 13 years and 20 papers before Blackwell was hired permanently at a research oriented institution, the University of California at Berkeley. By the time he was 40 (in 1959), David Blackwell had accomplished that which most mathematicians would consider a lifetime's work, he had written a book considered a classic, published 35 papers (three in the Annals of Mathematics), and had been an invited speaker all over the world. In 1965 he became the first African American named to the National Academy of Sciences (he is still the only Black mathematician to be so honored). In 1979 Blackwell won the von Neumann Theory Prize (the Operations Research Society of America). Though most (but not all) of Blackwell's work was in Statistics, his work exhibits a strong "theoretical"mathematics background.

In 2002, the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley and Cornell University has established the Blackwell-Tapia Award in honor of David Blackwell and Richard A. Tapia, distinguished mathematical scientists who have been inspirations to more than a generation of African American and Hispanic American students and professionals in the mathematical sciences.

Wilkins: J. Ernest Wilkins was a contemporary of David Blackwell, though his experience with racism was clearer. Both Wilkins' parents were graduates of the University of Chicago. At the age of 13, Wilkins entered the University of Chicago. He received his B.S. in Mathematics three and a half years later and at the age of 19 he earned a Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Chicago (1942) for a thesis in the area of Calculus of Variations. J. Ernest Wilkins, Jr. was described in national newspapers as "the Negro genius." Wilkins, though a very able mathematician, was interested in applications of mathematics, and after his Ph.D., he went back to school earning degrees in Mechanical Engineering from New York University.

Meanwhile, he experienced racism from the AMS (American Mathematics Society): In 1947 Wilkins received a letter from the AMS Associate Secretary for the Southeastern region urging him to come to the AMS meeting, and saying that very satisfactory arrangements had been made with which they were sure he'd be pleased; they had found a "nice colored family" with whom he could stay and where he would take his meals! No hotels would admit him and the hospitality of the University of Georgia (and of the AMS) was not for him. Thus, AMS meetings continued to be all white.
Though he has published nearly 100 papers (under 50 in Mathematics), Wilkins' impact on applications of mathematics to Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering is significant. He worked as a Physicist for several companies: from 1960-70, Wilkins was Assistant Chairman of the Theoretical Physics Department and Assistant Director (1960-65) of the Atomic Division of General Dynamics Corporation. J. Ernest Wilkins, Jr. was the second African American member of the National Academy of Engineers (1965). One of Wilkins' major achievements has been the development of radiation shielding against gamma radiation, emitted during electron decay of the Sun and other nuclear sources. He developed mathematical models by which the amount of gamma radiation absorbed by a given material can be calculated. In 1999 he is Distinguished Professor of Mathematics and Physics at Clark-Atlanta University.

Bharucha-Reid: To me, Albert T. Bharucha-Reid's work was, mathematically, nearly has great as Blackwell's and Wilkins, but for points of recognition, his career suffered one major fault - he resolutely refused to obtain a Ph.D. I have known several good mathematicians (e.g., James Joseph, and Andrew Gleason, an ex-chair of Harvard University's Mathematics Department) who have found themselves in a similar position.

In 1949 at the age of 19, Albert Turner Reid (he later shared the surname, Bharucha, of his India born wife) earned a B.S. in Mathematics and a B.S. in Biology from the University of Iowa. By the time he was 23, he produced mathematics for eight published papers, but did not produce a Ph.D. thesis (he said, in 1953, it was a waste of his time) at his graduate school - the University of Chicago. Bharucha-Reid published six books and nearly 80 papers in algebra, analysis, mathematical biology, statistics, and topology, and was an undisputd leader in the area of Random Polynomials. With the exception of short stays at many institutions, he spent the majority of his career at Wayne State University in positions from Professor to Chair to Dean. He completed his career at Clark-Atlanta University a few years before, despondent with the death of his wife and taking his own life in 1990.

G. Okikiolu: The excellence of Black persons in Mathematics has not been limited to Americans, the Nigerian George O. Okikiolu works in London and has published 3 books and at least 190 papers, more than any other Black mathematician. He is also the father of Katherine Okikiolu discussed above.



Ezeilo: Another Nigerian, James Ezeilo made an enormous contribution. This 1958 Ph.D. (University of Cambridge) has also received numerous honorary doctorates. His early research deals mainly with the problem of stability, boundedness, and convergence of solutions of third order ordinary differential equations. Apart from extending known results and techniques to higher order equations, the main thrust of his work was the construction of Lyapunov-like functions, which he did elegantly and used to study the qualitative properties of solutions. In addition he was a pioneer in the use of Leray-Schauder degree type arguments to obtain existence results for periodic solutions of ordinary differential equations. Finally, with two other mathematicians, Ezeilo built mathematics to the fine degree it exists in Nigeria today serving the entire African continent quite well.

Ronald E. Mickens at Historically Black Clark-Atlanta University straddles two fields, Mathematics and Physics, and from 1970 to 1999, Dr. Mickens published over 200 papers and 5 books. Recently, Mickens was honored with an election to Fellowship in the American Physical Society, a rare position limited to .5% of the membership of the society. With all of this Mickens has worked directly at the effort to bring African Americans into Physics and to improve Physics in Africa.


Here we note Charles Bell, who though, far from the rank of contemporaries Blackwell and Bharucha-Reid in Mathematical Statistics or Ezeilo and Mickens, had an exellent life-time career.



3. Who is [or was] the most important Black Mathematician?

I believe the answer is vaguely fathomable? Assuming "importance" refers to impact upon the community. Do we mean on mathematics, on the world community in general, or just in the African Diaspora community? In the first case, we discussed individuals in the masters above. In the last case the answer might be the first Black Math Ph.D., a mathematician influential with governement (as Percy A. Pierre), a great teacher (such as Etta Falconer or Clarence Stephens), a research mathematician, or some part or combination of the four (like Adegoke Olubummo or Raymond Johnson). You must decide; to learn more click on the underlined words.



2. Should a Black Mathematician have been awarded the Fields Medal?

OR

1. Is [or was] there a Black Gauss?

Carl F. Gauss and Archimedes are the greatest mathematicians of all time, and those not even close have won Mathematics' Fields Medal or the Nevanlinna Prize. Though a relatively recent award, the Fields Medal is sometimes known to the public as Mathematics' Nobel Prize, but that is a misnomer as the medal is only awarded to for work completed prior to the age of 40. In 2002, Cornell University and the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (in Berkeley) established a biannual prize, the Blackwell-Tapia Prize in honor of David Blackwell and Richard A. Tapia, distinguished mathematical scientists who have been inspirations to more than a generation of African American and Hispanic American students and professionals in the mathematical sciences.

Less than 1% of all mathematicians are Black, but a high1 percentage, 15%, of Black Mathematicians do mathematics research.. Extreme obstacles (also see struggles) prior to 1970 often blocked mere participation of Blacks within the advanced mathematical community and may have had an effect on possible candidates for the Fields; however, a few slipped through the blockade. Further, we, the mathematics community, have had a generation, since 1970, to grow a Black prize winner and, to my knowledge, no Black mathematician of Fields Medal caliber has been totally ignored. Finally, since the beginning of the eighties, there have been enough journals so that a journal change can avoid a bad or racialist editor or referee. Not all published mathematics is good or even correct [see Fermat's Last Theorem]; however, no good mathematics goes unpublished unless its author desires it that way. I, therefore, believe the answer to question 1 is "NO!" and to question 2, "Maybe?"



(1 high compared with well under 10% in the general mathematical community)



REFERENCES

[agwu & nkwanta], [akinyele & olubummo], [deGroot], [Donaldson], [Falconner], [Grinstein & Campbell], [Ferguson, Shapeley & MacQueen], [Hill], [Kenschaft3], [Mayes], [Newell, et al], [Williams, Statistics], [74-93 survey], [Fields and Nevanlinna winners], [Fields Medal]

The address of this webpage is http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/madgreatest.html

A different version of this web page appeared in print elsewhere.



December 31, 1998
revised: January 7, 1999
revised: April 30, 2000
revised: July 24, 2001
revised: April1, 2002

Scott W. Williams

xtrophy:
Arrogance has always been the undoing of your people.

It's your low self esteem that made you lots to always run amok on every media page, whining, weeping and wailing at the mere mention of Biaf...

The earlier you channel your negative energies towards consolidating your OduaArewanistan republic the better for your survival!

Lol...What is that thrash you have been putting up as achievements of the Igbos?Those links really make you ejaculate severally as some kind of achievements...you are really a laughing stock to think anybody would think of those thrash as achievements when compared to these...
WE GOT ALL THESE FIRSTS IN THE 1950,1960,70,80,90 and we still continue getting most of the firsts till date...kudos to the Yoruba great minds.

Here are a few of Yorubas who have comfortably enshrined their names in the record book. . Abimbola Awoliyi is Nigeria’s first female doctor -Kolapo Hamzat is the youngest professor of physiotherapy in Nigeria and Africa -Adegoke olubunmo is the first professor of Mathematics in Africa -Momodu Mosobalaje Olaloye is the first African professor of Geology -Dele Olojede is the first and only African to win a Pulitzer prize -Abimbola jayeola is Nigeria’s First Female Helicopter Pilot -William Akinola Dawodu was the first Nigerian car importer, he started importing cars into Nigeria in 1905 -Prof. Jade Akande was the first female professor of law in West Africa -Kofo Ademola is the first black woman to receive an undergraduate degree from Oxford University -Dr. Olaoluwa Hallowed Oluwadara is the youngest African PHD Holder in Mathematics -Deborah Enilo Ajakaiye is the first female physics professor in Africa and also the first black African to be named a fellow of the Geological society of London -Wole Soyinka is the first black and only African to win a Nobel prize for literature -Thomas Adesanya ige grillo is the first Nigerian professor of anatomy -Taslim Elias is the first African to be president of the International Court of Justice (World Court) -Folake Folarin-Coker the first African-based fashion designer to stage a show twice at the New York Fashion Week -Latunde Odeku is the first US-trained black neurosurgeon and the 1st professor of neuro- surgery in Nigeria. -Bode Thomas created the First indigenous Nigerian law firm -I.K dairo is the first Nigerian to be conferred title of Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE -Amzat Beyioku Adebowale is The first Nigerian to bring Sharp range of electronic products in Nigeria -Prof. Taiyewo Kolawole is the first Nigerian neuro- radiologist -Prof. Arinola Olasumbo Sanya is the first female Professor of Physiotherapy in Africa. -Dr. Olu Jaiyebo is The first Agronomist in Nigeria. Professor Micheal Adepoju Adeyemo is The first Nigerian Chartered Accountant -Latola Films was the 1st film production company in Nigeria -Prof. Ilesanmi Adesida, is the first black Vice- Chancellor in an american unversity -Mrs. Sade Thomas-Fahm is the First woman to own a boutique in Nigeria -Nojim Maiyegun is the first Nigerian to win an Olympic medal -Adenike Osofisan is the first African Female Professor of Computer Science. -Prof T.O Ogunlesi is the first professor of Medicine in Nigeria -Chief Akintola Williams is the First African to qualify as a chartered accountant -Ezekiel Adekunle Ifaturoti is the first mining engineer in Nigeria -Rotimi Adebari is the First black mayor of Ireland -Folake Solanke is the First Female Senior Advocate of Nigeria -Elizabeth Abimbola is the First Nigerian Female Doctor-1937 -Helen Folasade Adu is the First Nigerian-born artist to win a Grammy-1986 -Prof. Bolanle Awe: Nigeria's first female Professor of History -Professor Thomas Adeoye Lambo is Africa’s first professor of psychiatry. -Engineer Dr. (Mrs.) Olatokubo A Somolu: is Nigeria’s first Female to hold a PHD in Engineering -Mrs Adetowun Ogunsheye is The first female professor in Nigeria -Mrs bisoye esther tejuosho is Nigeria’s first female industrialist -Michael Onafowokan is Nigeria’s first Architect 1952 -Aderonke Kale is the first Female Nigerian Armed Forces (2 Star) Major General: -Chief (Dr.) Bola Kuforiji Olubi is The first Female Chartered Accountant in Nigeria -George Olatokunbo Okikiolu, has written more mathematics papers than any other Black mathematician in history -Katherline okikiolu is the first black person to win the most prestigious award for young mathematics researchers in the United States and the first black woman to publish an article in the Annals of Mathematics -Samuel Layinka Ayodeji invented the excision knife to treat tropical ulcers. he won the Robert Wilson Memorial Prize in Chemistry and the Welcome Prize in Medicine... *grins*

http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2015/07/29/nigerian-sets-record-scores-5-0-gpa-in-russia/


http://discovernaija.com/meet-africa-and-nigerias-first-female-professor-in-quantity-surveying/



Who are the greatest Black Mathematicians?

SEVEN GREAT THINKERS OF YORUBA STOCK LEADING THE BLACK MATHEMATICIANS AS THE GREATEST BLACK MATHEMATICIANS OF ALL TIME...Your Igbo has only 3...well,you really tried considering the fact that Yorubas have always been your masters...lol

Often I am asked the questions:

1. Is [or was] there a Black Gauss?

2. Should a Black Mathematician have been awarded the Fields Medal?

3. Who is [or was] the most important Black Mathematician?

4. Who are the greatest Black Mathematicians?

5. Who are the young mathematicians whose careers exhibit extraordinary promise?

I believe all but the last two questions to be foolish. However, I hope to address these questions on this web page - in reverse order. For a history of African Americans in science research read Kenneth R. Mannings article, "Can History Predict the Future?" For a description of Blacks in Mathematics Research see Research Mathematicians of the African Diaspora. As usual, underlined words are hyperlinks in this website to more information on the individuals below.



CONTENTS

Who are the young mathematicians whose careers exhibit extraordinary promise?

Mathematicians of the 1990s

Mathematicians of the 1980s

Who are the greatest Black Mathematicians?

Great Black Mathematicians of the 1970s & 1960s

The Masters





5. Who are the young mathematicians whose careers exhibit extraordinary promise?

Mathematicians of the 21st Century

I had anticipated delaying this section until 2007 and young folks had begun to publish. However, as a winner of the AMU/ICMS 2003 Young African in Mathematics Medals, one individual has changed my mind.

Oguntuase: Currently in Italy, Nigerian born and soley Nigerian trained, James Adedayo Oguntuase earned his Ph.D. in 2001, but has published 18 papers in mathematics since 1998. This promises to be a stelar career.



Mathematicians of the 1990s:

Seven mathematicians of the 1990s, Adebisi Agboola, Jonathan Farley, Wilfrid Gangbo, Abba Gumel, Trachette Jackson, Katherine Okikiolu, and Arlie Petters show extraordinary promise, "should be" (but are not necessarily) located at the very best institutions, and may be the Fields medal candidates of the future.













Petters: Belize born American citizen Arlie Petters, the most senior of the group is a member of Duke University's Bass Fellows. He is Full Professor of Mathematics and of Physics (their first tenured Black professor in the sciences - congratulations Duke). He is chiefly interested in the mathematical theory of gravitational lensing and related areas (differential geometry, singularity theory, general relativity, Astrophysics). Though Petters received his Ph.D. about ten years ago, he has published 30 papers and a book, chiefly in the area Gravitational Lensing. Petters's book on Gravitational Lensing is considered a tour de force in mathematical physics. In 1998, Petters was awarded the most prestigious award for "young" mathematicians, the three year Sloan Research Fellowship. In 2002, he was recipient of the first Blackwell-Tapia Prize.

K. Okikiolu: Born to Nigerian and British parents, but educated in the U.S., Katherine Okikiolu (was once on Princeton's faculty) received special distinction in 1997 when she was the first Black to win a Sloan Research Fellowship. Later in 1997, she won the Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers for "Innovative research in geometric analysis, particularly the determinant of the Laplacian under smooth perturbations, and developing student workshops and mathematics curricula for inner-city children." This particular award is worth $500,000 and is only granted 60 scientists and engineers in the U.S. per year. Okikiolu's work on elliptical differential operators is considered a major contribution, going well beyond what experts had considered feasible, given the current state of knowledge. Her 2001 publication Critical metrics for the determinant of the Laplacian in odd dimensions in the Annals of Mathematics, is receiving high acclaim. She is Associate Professor of Mathematics at the University of California at San Diego.

Farley: Born in an extremely successful academic family of Rochester, New York, Jonathan Farley, graduated second in his class with an A.B. from Harvard University and obtained a mathematics Ph.D. from Oxford University where he was awarded the Senior Mathematical Prize and Johnson Prize for his research. During a two year visit to the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute [MSRI] in 1996, Farley solved very important old problems in the Theory of Ordered Sets. He also works in Lattice Theory. He is currently publishing at an average of more than three papers a year, and in 2003 was a Distinguished Fulbright Scholar at Oxford University in England. Currently is Visiting Professor of Mathematics at Massachusettes Institute of Technology.

Gangbo: In just nine years from a Ph.D. to a Full Professor - this is incredible. Wilfrid Gangbo was born in Benin and in 1992 earned a Ph.D. from Swiss Federale Institute of Technology. Among his twelve papers is his 1996 The geometry of optimal transportation remains the single publication by a Black in the Mittag-Leffler Institute's Acta Mathematica, one of the world's strongest mathematics journals. In 2001 he was appointed Full Professor by Georgia Institute of Technology.

Agboola: In mathematics, one does not always know of young persons working in fields outside their own, and it is a great honor to the individual if the case is otherwise. Adebisi Agboola's work in Number Theory and Arithmetic Algebraic Geometry has been mentioned to me as very good by Kevin Corlette and two of my non-Black colleagues whose area of research is mutually exclusive with Agboola, Corlette, and each other. Agboola is Full Professor of Mathematics at the University of California at Santa Barbara

Gumel: Born in Nigeria, Ph.D. in England. Abba Gumel is an extremely prolific in the areas Mathematical Biology, Non-linear Dynamical Systems, and Computational Mathematics. Currently he is a Full Professor at the University of Manitoba in Canada.

Jackson: American Trachette Jackson was a mathematics major at Arizona State in Tempe. Four years later she earned a Ph.D. in Mathematical Biology. Five years later she had ten articles under her belt and a Sloan Fellowship. Currently, Associate Professor at the Department of Mathematics University of Michigan

Johnson: British born Mathematical Physicist Clifford V. Johnson has over 60 publications since his 1992 Ph.D. Since that time he has immersed himself within String Theory (also see Sylvester James Gates) with papers and books. He is currently on leave at USC.


http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/madgreatest.html

lolzzzz:
atleast Niger and borno are more brilliant than all Yoruba states. That's OK for me

Yorubas do not make mouths in education because we know we tower high with proofs,home and abroad.You have been ranting but I have been giving you facts.
In education,Yorubas have been there from time immemorial...

THIS IS A NEW ONE.WHERE ARE THE MIRACLE CENTRES PEOPLE...lol

http://discovernaija.com/meet-africa-and-nigerias-first-female-professor-in-quantity-surveying/


This is few reasons why you still have a long way to go...
Yoruba people are the pacesetters in Nigeria, Africa and in some cases, the world at large. We are the head, never the tail. Here are a few of Yorubas who have comfortably enshrined their names in the record book. . Abimbola Awoliyi is Nigeria’s first female doctor -Kolapo Hamzat is the youngest professor of physiotherapy in Nigeria and Africa -Adegoke olubunmo is the first professor of Mathematics in Africa -Momodu Mosobalaje Olaloye is the first African professor of Geology -Dele Olojede is the first and only African to win a Pulitzer prize -Abimbola jayeola is Nigeria’s First Female Helicopter Pilot -William Akinola Dawodu was the first Nigerian car importer, he started importing cars into Nigeria in 1905 -Prof. Jade Akande was the first female professor of law in West Africa -Kofo Ademola is the first black woman to receive an undergraduate degree from Oxford University -Dr. Olaoluwa Hallowed Oluwadara is the youngest African PHD Holder in Mathematics -Deborah Enilo Ajakaiye is the first female physics professor in Africa and also the first black African to be named a fellow of the Geological society of London -Wole Soyinka is the first black and only African to win a Nobel prize for literature -Thomas Adesanya ige grillo is the first Nigerian professor of anatomy -Taslim Elias is the first African to be president of the International Court of Justice (World Court) -Folake Folarin-Coker the first African-based fashion designer to stage a show twice at the New York Fashion Week -Latunde Odeku is the first US-trained black neurosurgeon and the 1st professor of neuro- surgery in Nigeria. -Bode Thomas created the First indigenous Nigerian law firm -I.K dairo is the first Nigerian to be conferred title of Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE -Amzat Beyioku Adebowale is The first Nigerian to bring Sharp range of electronic products in Nigeria -Prof. Taiyewo Kolawole is the first Nigerian neuro- radiologist -Prof. Arinola Olasumbo Sanya is the first female Professor of Physiotherapy in Africa. -Dr. Olu Jaiyebo is The first Agronomist in Nigeria. Professor Micheal Adepoju Adeyemo is The first Nigerian Chartered Accountant -Latola Films was the 1st film production company in Nigeria -Prof. Ilesanmi Adesida, is the first black Vice- Chancellor in an american unversity -Mrs. Sade Thomas-Fahm is the First woman to own a boutique in Nigeria -Nojim Maiyegun is the first Nigerian to win an Olympic medal -Adenike Osofisan is the first African Female Professor of Computer Science. -Prof T.O Ogunlesi is the first professor of Medicine in Nigeria -Chief Akintola Williams is the First African to qualify as a chartered accountant -Ezekiel Adekunle Ifaturoti is the first mining engineer in Nigeria -Rotimi Adebari is the First black mayor of Ireland -Folake Solanke is the First Female Senior Advocate of Nigeria -Elizabeth Abimbola is the First Nigerian Female Doctor-1937 -Helen Folasade Adu is the First Nigerian-born artist to win a Grammy-1986 -Prof. Bolanle Awe: Nigeria's first female Professor of History -Professor Thomas Adeoye Lambo is Africa’s first professor of psychiatry. -Engineer Dr. (Mrs.) Olatokubo A Somolu: is Nigeria’s first Female to hold a PHD in Engineering -Mrs Adetowun Ogunsheye is The first female professor in Nigeria -Mrs bisoye esther tejuosho is Nigeria’s first female industrialist -Michael Onafowokan is Nigeria’s first Architect 1952 -Aderonke Kale is the first Female Nigerian Armed Forces (2 Star) Major General: -Chief (Dr.) Bola Kuforiji Olubi is The first Female Chartered Accountant in Nigeria -George Olatokunbo Okikiolu, has written more mathematics papers than any other Black mathematician in history -Katherline okikiolu is the first black person to win the most prestigious award for young mathematics researchers in the United States and the first black woman to publish an article in the Annals of Mathematics -Samuel Layinka Ayodeji invented the excision knife to treat tropical ulcers. he won the Robert Wilson Memorial Prize in Chemistry and the Welcome Prize in Medicine.Cheers