₦airaland Forum

Gdm all.Cashew nut urgently available for sale. Below is the Qty,specification and location.Serious buyers can call or WhatsApp SEEDWORLD LTD 07082638957.



Specification

Very dry cashew nut

KOR - 48
Nut count - 240
Moisture - 9% maximum
Qty. Available - 90 tons
Location - Kogi

90 tonnes of Raw cashew nut is currently available for sale to only serious buyers in Kogi state.For further enquiry do call SEEDWORLD LTD 07082638957or Whatsapp.

NB : On First come, first serve basis.

Dwarf variety pics below.

Pics.

Pics of West African tall.

COCONUT VARIETIES.

Coconut genetic improvement lead to the development of different varieties of coconut which yield 80-100
nuts per palm per year under proper management as against 30-45 nuts from the unimproved coconut.

These include:

1. WEST AFRICAN TALL :

This variety produces 80-100 nuts/
palm/year with an estimated copra yield of 3.3 metric tons per hectare per year.

2. DWARF GREEN : This flowers 3-4 years after yield establishment
and produces 81 nuts/palm/year. From
studies and studies elsewhere, this variety has now been proven to be resistant to the Lethal Yellowing Disease of coconut. It is therefore now being advocated for combating the disease.This variety is also used for ornamental purposes


3. HYBRID COCONUT : This is a cross between the dwarf variety
and the tall. The hybrid flowers 5 years after planting and produces 94 nuts/palm/year with an estimated copra yield of 3.5 tonnes/ha/year.

4. MALAYAN DWARF YELLOW : This is an introduction from Malaysia which flowers 3 years after planting and
produces 84 nuts/palm/year with an estimated copra yield of 2.1 tonnes/ha/year. This variety is used mainly for
ornamental purposes.

5. MALAYAN DWARF RED : This is also an introduction from
Malaysia. It flowers about 3 years after field planting and produces 91 nuts/palm/year with an estimated copra yield of 2.3 tonnes/ ha/year. This variety is also mainly used for ornamental purposes.


For purchase of either variety ,do reach us on 07082638957 or Whatsapp.

Pics

Gdeven all, 15 Tonnes of yellow dry maize is currently available for pick up in Ogbomosho Oyo State . Serious buyers can call SEEDWORLD LTD on 07082638957 for purchase or further enquiries.

Please get across to me on 07082638957 whatsapp was calling ur line u didn't pick.Had wanted to direct u to our office to see the sample seedlings.

Aremolekunowo:
Good day Seed World, please I need the following dwarf fruits Orange, Mango, Coconut, Avocado pear, Pawpaw,lemon,sour sop and cocoa please give me the price per one and your address where I can locate you in Lagos or Ogun my contact on WhatsApp and call is 08025863159 thanks God bless you.

Gdday, the above seedlings are too expensive. The seeds are usually imported.

Dear all,

There is increasing pressure on us to grow healthy flowers, fruit and vegetables with less and less chemical pesticides. The export markets we supply to check pesticide residues in the produce and high levels can limit market access. With the new Horticultural Standards in Kenya being gazetted – there is also more pressure from the local markets on residues..


THE INFLUENCE OF PLANT NUTRITION ON
PESTS & DISEASES
Before the First World War pest and disease control was achieved through a combination of proper crop husbandry, crop rotation and sulphur and copper. During the First World War a great deal of research was done on chemicals for chemical warfare. An offshoot of this research was production of chemicals that were effective for pest and disease control in crops.

There was a major agricultural revolution. Pest & diseases were controlled, and food production became more secure and yields increased. It was only years later that we became aware of the side effects of these chemicals on human health. Not all chemicals are bad, and without proper pest and disease control we would be unable to feed the world. However, it’s important to grow responsibly and minimize pesticide use where we can.

Before the First World War a great deal of research was done on plant nutrition and pest and disease control, and this work is now being revisited and expanded on.

IT ALL STARTS WITH THE SOIL!

Soil Structure & Drainage

Many diseases start due to problems with rooting, soil structure, no oxygen, lack of drainage and waterlogging. A deep, well drained soil with a good crumb formation is your first line of defense against plant diseases. Next the moisture levels and temperatures play an important role in ‘activating’ pathogens. Generally higher moisture levels and temperatures encourage diseases and reduce the egg to egg time of insects’ life cycles. Sadly, in East Africa we do not have the luxury of cold winters – that can kill off many diseases and insects.

Soil pH

Next the soil pH has a great deal to do with how fast a disease progresses. Acidic soils tend to suppress quite a few diseases – however they also suppress nutrient availability and crop yield – so approach with care. The soil, water and drip pH determine the availability of nutrients to plants and can create excesses and deficiencies that can encourage insect and disease growth. It is better to keep the pH at the optimum for the plants requirement to grow a healthy disease resistant crop.

Plant Nutrition

Proper plant nutrition is you next line of defense. Any nutrient that is deficient or in excess will increase a plants susceptibility to diseases and pests. Nutrients that are known to influence pests and diseases in plants are: – the nitrogen form, potassium, calcium, Sulphur, chlorine, nickel, manganese and silicon.

Calcium is a primary disease controlling nutrient. The amount of calcium in the soil determines many things! 1) The pH, 2) The structure 3) The aeration. Check calcium levels and ensure you have at least enough and at best luxury levels. Calcium in the plant is used to make calcium pectate – this determines how strong the cell walls are, and how resistant they are to insect and disease attack. Many diseases in many crops can be prevented by having enough calcium in the plant tissue. Low calcium in the soil results in compacted waterlogged soil, with poor nutrient uptake efficiency and weak stressed plants.

Calcium is known to suppress club root in cabbage, fusarium wilt in tomatoes, erwinia soft rot in potatoes and botrytis blight in many fruits and vegetables. Adequate calcium is essential for good shelf life of produce. Calcium is taken up via the transpiration stream and can become definition in cool, overcast or humid weather conditions.

Potassium plays a major role in insect and disease suppression. Potassium deficient plants are very susceptible to both diseases and the weather! In many areas we are lucky to have enough or excess potassium in the soils. However, it can become easily fixed into certain soil types, e.g. illites and clays. Unlike most plant nutrients – potassium does not become a part of any plant constituent and remains present in the plant sap. It is very mobile in plants and quickly moves from the older to younger leaves and to identify a deficiency you need to do a leaf analysis on both and compare.

Excess potassium can also suppress or encourage diseases depending on the total nutrient status of the plant. In general potassium will suppress most diseases but can encourage Erwinia rots, downy mildew and nematodes. The N:K ratio is also critical for some diseases and insects. A high N:K ratio can encourage diseases. A high K:N ratio tends to reduce disease severity and in conjunction with adequate phosphorous can reduce reproduction in aphids.


Excess Nitrogen tends to produce weak, fast growing plants that are very susceptible to insects and disease damage. Most damping off disease occur due to excess nitrogen, high nitrogen encourages botrytis in plants that would normally be resistant to it. The form the nitrogen is supplied to plants in can also have a major effect on disease resistance. Nitrogen can be absorbed by plants as the reduced NH4 form or the oxidized NO3 form. NH4 reduces pH while NO3 increases pH. Diseases react differently to the N-form. Nitrate suppresses Fusarium wilts and Rhizoctonia root rots while ammonium suppresses most other soil borne diseases.

Chlorine is not generally considered a plant nutrient and can be toxic to many plants. However, research has found that in chloride resistant plants, chlorine can suppress plant diseases e.g. fusarium crown rot in asparagus, Rhizoctonia crown rot in beets, Fusarium Yellows in celery, and smut and stalk rot in corn. In most cases an increase in chloride resulted in an increase in manganese in the leaf tissue.

Plant testing and research has shown a good correlation between the concentration of Manganese in healthy plant tissue vs diseased plant tissue. Fungal and to a large extent, bacterial diseases are reduced in the presence of adequate manganese uptake, while viral diseases may be enhanced by enhanced plant uptake.

Manganese tends to be abundant in the soil, the limiting factor being the efficiency of uptake. Practices that improve manages uptake tend to reduce diseases. Mulching, optimum pH, organic matter, soil temperatures and microbial activity in the soil. Glyphosate can reduce manganese uptake and encourage take all. Potato scab is mitigated by lowering soil pH, irrigating or foliar feeding manganese. Some fungicides e.g. Mancozeb are much more effective in the manganese form.

Nickel is required in very small amounts and is generally sufficient in most horticultural soils. It is considered an ultra-micronutrient and not much attention has been paid to it. It is thought that nickel is important for nitrogen cycling in plant tissue and for eliciting the plants immune response by helping with phytoalexin production. Nickel salts are effective fungicide sprays against rust. Nickel uptake can be reduced in cold dry soils and in the presence of excess zinc, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, magnesium and calcium. More work needs to be done on nickel.

Sulphur is very important in disease control – it is required to induce the plants natural resistance to fungi through triggering natural metabolic processes. This is now termed SIR – sulphur induced resistance. Sulphur also has a topical toxic effect on funguses and mites – hence the use of sulphur burners in some greenhouses.

Silicon is the second most abundant mineral in soil. Adequate levels of silicon in the plants impart a healthy resistance to most diseases, and the source and rate of applied silicon can strongly affect the control of many fungal diseases in many plant species. Effective / affordable / and practical solutions are required for application of silicon to crops that can accumulate it, as it has been recognized that the use of silicon in pest and disease control would be a viable method of reducing fungicide use in many areas of agriculture. More research must be done on this.

Silicon in various forms has proved to be an effective method of insect control. High levels of accumulated silicon in stalks and leaves can discourage chewing insects, silicon can dissolve chitin, causing dehydration in insects, and silicon can block insects spiracles – preventing oxygen from getting into their bodies.

High levels of EC (salinity) or Sodium (sodicity) can greatly affect plant nutrient uptake and healthy plant growth and encourage diseases, nematodes and insects.

As you can see – the nutrient status of the plant plays a huge role in determining its tolerance to insect and diseases, and much can be done with optimizing plant nutrition to reduce pesticide use.

For more information on this, and to test the nutrient status of your plants or you wish to get the appropriate soil test apparatus or kit please contact us SEEDWORLD LTD 07082638957.

CITRUS (ORANGE/LEMON ) GROWING / CULTIVATION GUIDE AS AN ECONOMIC TREE CROP.



INTRODUCTION

Orange is among a number of other citrus, it originated from Southern China, northern and East India and South East Asia. The orange is a crop of economic importance and also a valuable source of vitamin C. It can be made into juice, concentrates,jams e.t.c.


CLIMATE /ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENT.

Oranges grows a wide range of soils but light, well drained sandy soils are most ideal. For good production oranges require well distributed rainfall or supplementary irrigation throughout the year. A good source of water is therefore essencial in orange farming. Water requirements vary according to weather conditions, but as a whole the ideal range is between 450mm to 2700mm per year.

TEMPRATURE REQUIRED

Oranges can be grown from as low as sea level to 200m above sea level. Areas of low humidity are most ideal. Such a climate is important for reduced disease intensity and for acquiring good orange colour. A dry hot day, cool at night also favours good color development. Citrus requires temperature ranges from 13°C to 38°C. Optimum temperature is 25°C to 35°C. Extremely high temperatures may be harmful especially during flowering or if cool temperatures are followed by a hot period. Damage occurs in the form of flower and leaf drop.

ORANGE VARIETIES.

** Washington, valentia, Ibadan sweet, agege sweet, valentia late.

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

** PROPAGATION : Although oranges can be grown from seeds; however budded (vegetatively propagated)
orange seedlings are preferred as planting material. Propagation by seed takes a long time to produce fruits (about 8 - 10yrs) while vegetatively propagated seedlings take about 2 to 3yrs.The land to be used should be ploughed up to medium tilth and levelled. All.grasses cleared and burnt or sprayed using active glyphosphate herbicides.


** SPACING/ LAYOUT/PLANTING REQUIREMENTS.

It is important that the trees are aligned straight in the row and across rows. This necessitates proper layout of the field using pegs, string and tape measure.
Dig holes of 60cm x 60cm x 60cm with spacing of 3.3m x 3.3m (10ft x 10ft) .For each hole the top soil should be separated from the red subsoil.

WHEN TO TRANSPLANT SEEDLINGS.

It is advisable to plant at the beginning of the raining season. Remove the polythene sleeves and place seedlings in the centre of the dug holes. Cover with top soil first and firm the soil around the seedling .Cover with soil up to original level of the nursery sleeve bit ensure that the budded area is kept well above the ground to avoid infection. A stake can be planted or dug alongside the young seedling to which the seedling is tied to keep it erect. Is necessary also to protect the young seedlings with either net,open plastic rubber,square blocks e.t.c.


***WATERING ****

Regular and adequate watering should be provided,all the way up to fruiting, depending on weather conditions. Then a cover crop such as beans or groundnut be intercropped during the first 3yrs until the tree canopies have closed in. After the trees have fully grown leaves it is as a monocrop. Citrus is easily affected by root rot as other intercrops are being cultivated. Avoid planting the intercrop or cover crop plants very close to the orange stalk.

*** FERTILIZER APPLICATION ***

Sodium super phosphate (SSP) fertilizer is normally applied to the soil before planting at a rate of half a kg per hole. About 10 - 20kg of manure can also be added to the soil, mixed together and put back at planting .NPK fertilizer should be applied at the rate of half a kg per plant per year of growth, split into 2 to 3 times applications per year that is apply about 250gram per raining season. Increase the fertilizer by about 300grams NPK per year of growth up to the 10th year when each tree gets 2.5 - 3kg per year. 750grams of Muriate of potash applied per tree per year increases fruit sweetness.



***.WEED CONTROL ***

Weeds compete with young orange trees. Weed before the weeds flower to prevent production of more seeds. Do not dig through as this will damage roots and cause root rot disease.Ring weed around the plant to get a weed free area for irrigation and application of manure or other fertilizers. Keep fields weed free to avoid fruit and leaf spots. In case a herbicide is to be used, spray in the inter rows avoiding drift to the plants.In case, there should be no intercrop, where mulching materials are available, mulching is encouraged.

*** TRAINING AND PRUNING ***

Selective timely pruning of orange tree branches results in higher yields of fruits. Pruning should ensure a round form which is umbrella shaped. Growing seedlings require air and sunshine. Abundant sunshine reduces insects pests and diseases and encourages good quality fruit growth. It is advisable to prune and manage the tree to about 3 to 4meters in height. Trees should not be left to grow higher than 5 to 6 meters. This makes harvesting and pest and diseases control difficult.


***HARVESTING *****

Budded plants start producing fruits at about two and a half years from planting on the field. Full productivity is reached in about 10yrs .Oranges stay on the tree from 6 to 9 months depending on the variety and climate conditions.Maturity is indicated by color change to slightly yellowish. Most trees bear fruits twice a year. Harvest citrus fruits by clipping or pulling from the tree. Use of picking bags or baskets is recommended to collect the fruit and to prevent contact with the ground to reduce disease infection. The average yield is 10 to 12 tonnes per hectare per year which is basically a function of good management practices adopted. With good management the yield can get to 40tonnes per hectare per year. One tree can produce 2 sacks (90 - 130kg ) per season.


We shall stop here on this note. For further enquiries or purchase of quality budded citrus seedlings do contact SEEDWORLD LTD 07082638957.

.SEEDCO HYBRID MAIZE SEEDS AVAILABLE FOR SALE.

**SC 645 **

White Maize Hybrid, 6 -7 Tons/Ha Yield Potential,Medium maturing hybrid (100 - 110 days).

**SC 719**

White Maize Hybrid, 8 -9 Tons/Ha Yield Potential, Late.Maturing (110 -120 days).

For purchase /pricing or further enquiries pls reach us SEEDWORLD LTD 07082638957(Whatsapp)


NB. We also deal on other company hybrid maize such as Premier maize seeds and Premium Pioneer maize seeds.

UGU CULTIVATION GUIDE.


Planting and agronomic requirement Pre-planting .The success of your Fluted pumpkin farm, (Ugwu) starts exactly from the procurement of your seed.

The size of your seed determines the plant yield; large and plump seeds have good growth potential, in terms of number of leaves present in a vine, the branches and uniformity of seedlings.

When choosing a type of seed, this should be at the back of your mind.
If you are buying the pod; in this case, you are not privileged to see the
seeds but you can determine the nature of the seeds through the
appearance of the mother plant.

Mistakes some farmers make is that, they plant either immediately after evacuating the seeds from the pod or they evacuate and dry the seeds for so long. These are practically
wrong!

When the seeds are evacuated, they have high moisture content; if planted immediately, it can make the seeds to rotten due to the high
moisture content, thus, observing no emergence from the sown spot.

So, drying the seeds is very crucial before planting but the questions are to: What extent or degree of dryness should be implemented? What are the things to be done before drying?

Before drying your fluted pumpkin seeds, the sheath has to be
thoroughly removed. Its removal aids quick seedling emergence and reduces the risk of infecting and contaminating the seeds.

The ideology and concept behind the thorough bathing of a new born baby have to be
implemented on newly removed seeds from Ugu pod. The sheath has to be completely removed to leave the seed naked.

Also, before drying the seeds, there is a term called scarification. It is
the bruising of the seed coat to aid water permeability, that is, the
ability of water to enter the seed.

This initiates quick emergence of the
seedling. Fluted pumpkin seed scarification is done by rubbing the seed with sand, using the two hands. It is called “washing the seeds with
sand” After the completion of this, you will notice a coarse seed surface.


After this, drying comes in. There are two main types of natural drying;
we have the sun drying and air drying. Sun drying means subjecting the
seeds to high sun intensity, to drastically reduce the moisture content of the seeds.

Sun drying is usually done to preserve seeds for storage and processing, like maize and soybean. Seeds for planting should not
be sun dried because it reduces the moisture content such that it kills
the seed embryo.

Air drying means placing the seeds under a shade for mild drying. However, if sun drying is to be done, it should not be more than 3-5 hours.

In the case of fluted pumpkin seeds; the seeds are air dried for about 2-3 days before planting; OR the seeds are sun dried 3-5 hours before planting.

It is more or less like air conditioning the seeds, getting it ready for planting.It is advisable to start fluted pumpkin from the nursery to monitor their growth and protect it from pest like snail that tends to eat up the new shoots as they emerge.

Aside from that, transplanted seedlings have good growing habit, because only pest and disease free seeds are transplanted. You have the option of choosing robust growing seedlings

Transplanted seedlings develop more stocky plant with a better
root system and increase the yield.So, for these reasons, endeavor to start your seeds in the nursery and later transplant to the field after the emergence of the seedlings.

Nursery for fluted pumpkin is very cheap; you can open the top of sachet water nylon, fill it with a nutrient filled soil like loamy or humus
soil.

After filling the nylon, puncture various portion of the sachet .After filling your nursery nylon, apply water to the soil to excite and activate the microorganisms to facilitate quick seedlings emergence and also dissolve the nutrient present on the soil for the seed use.

Wet the soil in the nursery and allow settling for about 24 hours under a shade.
After about 3-6 hours (for sun-dried seeds) or 2 day (for air dried seeds)
you can plant your seed into the prepared nursery bags. When planting,
the orientation of the seed is very important.

Many farmers make this
mistake; if the seeds are not properly placed, there would be no growth
or seedling emergence.After air drying, a pointed or sharp edge is observed in the seed.

The pointed portion should or must be the portion to touch the soil, to enhance growth. Cover the top of the seed slightly and of course apply water once in a day every day.This also apply to planting direct to the field.

The seedlings start to sprout or emerge after about 7-14 days. Allow
them to stay in the nursery for about 2-3 weeks after emergence,
before transplanting to the field.

There are two ways of transplanting crops; they are: Naked root system: In this system, the lump of soil attached to
the root system of the seedling is carefully and completely removed, such that, the roots are not damaged.

Ball of earth method: In this system, the seedling is transferred into an already dug hole on the field with the entire mass of soil attached to the seedling root; the nursery bag is carefully torn
with a razor blade, to detach it away from the seedling.

The seedling is then placed inside the hole and covered with more soil; it is presses down to remove air pockets.


Any of these two methods can be adopted to transplant your seedling. But I recommend the ball of earthmethod.Transplanting should be done very early in the morning or late in the evening.

NOTE: If you find the nursery cumbersome, it can be skipped,especially for a large scale production; you can plant directly on the field, it is still the same procedure. However, care must be taken to ensure proper planting of seed and placement.


AGRONOMIC PRACTICES FOR UGU CULTIVATION IN THE FIELD.


1.WEATHER CONDITION

Ugwu) thrives best in a
warm humid tropics, that is, it grows best during the rainy season but
can be grown commercially under irrigation at any time or any season under a neutral soil pH.

2. LAND PREPARATION :

It is imperative you start your land preparation a week after planting in
the nursery. For fluted pumpkin (Ugwu) to thrive well, they need a well-
drained soil that is rich in organic matter with neutral pH.

A land prone to water logging should be avoided because water logged soil does not
support the growth and development of Ugwu.

Proper clearing,ploughing and stumping should be done to expose pest to desiccation and unfavorable environment, thus, eradicating pests off the farm.

The soil should be properly tilled to aid water percolation and good root development. A spacing of 1m by 1m should be used to enhance good growth and development.

3.POST PLANTING MANAGEMENT :

Farm Management is key in any agribusiness; this is where most farmers run at loss. No matter how good the plant and the planting medium is, if the management is poor, the farm would run at loss.

Management is the grooming of the plant till harvesting. A good farmer must be ready
to tackle threats that show up on his or her farm.

There are different threats that will surface as the crops grow; their
main aim is to reduce the farm yield. The first threat you encounter on
Fluted pumpkin farm is weed. Weeds are very detrimental to the
success of any farm; they compete with the sown crop for space,
nutrients, air and virtually all the plant needs to thrive well.

Aside from competing with plants for their basic growth requirements, they harbor pests such as grasshoppers, and other defoliators; that feed on the vegetable leaves, thereby reducing the quality of the leaves.

Weeds are very persistent and stubborn; they surface as early as two weeks after
planting.

4.WEED CONTROL :

To control weeds, use a manual method with the use of a hoe; you can
hire laborers. The use of chemical herbicides should be discouraged on fluted pumpkin farm, because the plant has a short gestation period
and people consume the leaves.

Harvesting starts as early as 4-5 weeks
after transplanting and 5-6 weeks for direct sowing, applying chemical herbicide at 2-3 weeks is greatly detrimental to human health when the
leaves are consumed.

It is best to avoid its use and opt for manual
weeding. First weeding should be done 3 weeks after planting and an interval of 3 weeks should be maintained to keep the farm free from
weeds and pests, thus, increasing the growth rate of the vegetable.

Weeding is usually done once or at most twice before the leaves form
canopy to suppress the growth of the weeds. Mulching can also be
done with dry leaves to suppress weeds and also conserve moisture.
Subsequent weeding takes 21 days cycle especially after harvesting interval of 3 weeks should be maintained to keep the farm free from
weeds and pests, thus, increasing the growth rate of the vegetable.


5. PEST CONTROL :

As your vegetables grow, they tend to have predators like pests. Pests reduce the economic value of the crop drastically, through defoliation, which is, eating of the leaves.

Pests are great threat to crop production.Leaf defoliators and some pathogenic infections are peculiar to fluted
pumpkin farm. There are two ways to control these threats; you either
use organic pesticides or inorganic pesticides.

The inorganic is common, examples are: Laraforce, Imiforce. However, they are injurious and expensive. The use of chemical on food crops should be reduced to enhance their quality. We therefore encourage the use of NEEM OIL as an effective organic pesticides for your Ugu Production which you can get from us at SEEDWORLD LTD.

6. WATERING OR IRRIGATION : Water is one of the essential requirements for plant growth. Most farmers wait till rainy season before planting, because of the abundance of rainfall to supply the plant water.

However, in a commercial farming system, irrigation is provided to supply water to the crops every day. With irrigation, you can plant any time of the year. Irrigation is necessary during dry season for high yield and fruit size.

7. FERTILIZER APPLICATION :

Application of manure or fertilizer is very important; it increases yield. However, there are two main types or sources ; namely:

* Organic manure
* Inorganic manure or fertilizer .Examples of organic manure are: cow dung, poultry litter, rabbit droppings etc. They can be used with no limitation; it has no effect upon consumption of the plant.

They are cheap and long acting in the soil. Also, they help conserve soil moisture and improve soil structure.However, it has to be applied on or before planting for effectiveness.Examples of inorganic fertilizer are; NPK, Urea, SSP etc. They are chemical compound synthesized to serve as fertilizer.

They are fast in action but don’t last longer in the soil. They are usually expensive. If you are planning to use organic manure, poultry manure is the best; it
contains all the required nutrient elements to enhance plant growth,
especially Nitrogen. It is best incorporated to the soil when it is still
fresh and allow to sediment in the soil for about 2 weeks before
planting.

Doing this would disallow the loss of nutrients to the air
(Volatilization). Most farmers make the mistake of drying the poultry manure before applying; poultry manure contains volatile nutrient elements like Nitrogen. It can be lost through the air during drying. And
for any leafy crops like vegetables, Nitrogen is the primary nutrient
element that stimulates the production of leaves and flowering.

To conserve the nitrogen in the manure, the manure should be
incorporated into the soil fresh for about two weeks before planting. By this time (2 weeks after the incorporation of manure), mineralization,
which is the release of nutrient from the manure to the soil, would
have started.

In case of inorganic manure or fertilizer; Urea is the best fertilizer, it is a nitrogen based fertilizer that aids flowering, thus, increasing the yield of
your fluted pumpkin (Ugu) farm.

However, for greater effect, NPK and Urea are mixed in a ratio of 3:1 respectively. Inorganic fertilizers are hygroscopic in nature, that is, they have the ability to absorb moisture from any object they come in contact with. Care must be taken when applying inorganic fertilizers. It can be applied through different means; ring method and broadcasting are common.

METHODS.

** RING METHOD : is when you apply the fertilizer to the base of the plant, near the root in a circular way. It can be done when the plant is around 2 weeks after transplanting or 3 weeks for direct planting.

**.BROADCASTING : is the even distribution of the fertilizers on the
crops. It is the best means of application when the vegetables are
fully grown, such that locating their roots becomes difficult.

**SPOT PLACEMENT METHOD : is when the fertilizers are placed or
deposited on a particular spot near the root of the plant.However, if you intend to produce both the leaves and fruits, do not use Urea as your fertilizer, use other fertilizer like NPK. Urea impedes fruiting, it stimulates more of flowers. You get large vegetable flowers
and fruits with relatively smaller sizes that are not economical. Urea is
rich on Nitrogen and Nitrogen stimulates flowering. However, other fertilizers like NPK contain other nutrients elements like, phosphorus
and potassium which facilitate fruiting.

There are some precautions you need to take note before applying inorganic fertilizer; they are:

*Do not apply under hot sun or noon; it leads to loss of nutrients.

* Ensure you apply water inform of irrigation after applying fertilizer to wash down fertilizer particles trapped on leaves. Because inorganic fertilizers are hygroscopic, they can scorch the leaves, thus, reducing quality.

*Apply fertilizer late in the evening or early in the morning.

* Inorganic fertilizers are expensive; it leads to increase in the cost of
production.

8.STAKING :

Staking is the use of materials, Mostly bamboo to support the growth of the plant. It simply guides the plant to grow through the stake provided.

Fluted pumpkin (Ugwu) also needs staking at some conditions. There are so many discrepancies on the use of stake for fluted pumpkin (ugwu) plant.

Staking is commonly practiced during the rainy season to mitigate
disease infections and emergence. These two are common during the
rainy season. Also, it improves the quality of the leaves. But during the dry season, disease infections and emergence are not rampant; staking
may not be practiced during this period.

Moreso,it depends what your production is targeting; whether for leaves alone or for pods production alongside.

9. PRUNING : Pruning is the laceration of the first shoot and branches of fluted pumpkin (ugwu). This practice stimulates branching and increases plant growth. First pruning should be done after 4-6 weeks of planting.


10. HARVESTING :

Harvesting is always a joyous period for every farmer. Harvesting of
fluted pumpkin (ugwu) starts about 5 weeks, after transplanting. It
continues every 3 weeks till the next 8 months. Harvesting is done by
pruning just below the lowest part of a fully grown branch with a sharp knife. Fruits (pods) are harvested at about 10 weeks after fruiting.


*EXPECTED YIELD : With good management practice, a yield of 2 tons can be achieved per
hectare and 2 tons of fruits also.

11. STORAGE : Storage is very important, not all the harvested vegetables are sold immediately; some portions need to be stored for the next market. Any means of storage to be used must enhance the freshness of the vegetables. There are two ways to store fluted pumpkin and the
freshness remains uncontaminated, they are;

1. The unsold vegetables can be bundled with banana leaves or
loosely covered with old jute sacks. Water should be sprinkled on
it intermittently. Watering should be done cautiously and
minimally to avoid deterioration or rotting of the leaves. Doing
this preserves the vegetables and enhances its freshness.

2. Through Blanching: When it seems impossible to sell a fresh vegetable due to excessive supply, the vegetables can be
blanched. It means dipping the vegetables in boiling water briefly.
And later dried. This allows you keep the vegetables for a long
time with good quality.

I believe guide is helpful for those who wish to venture into Ugwu cultivation.

For treated Ugwu seed purchase or further enquiries, do call SEEDWORLD LTD 07082638957 (what'sapp) email : seedworldintegratedconceptltd@gmail.com

Gdday,OK will whatapp all infos to u.

INTRODUCING ESEFORT ORGANIC LIQUID FERTILIZER .




WHAT DOES ESEFORT ORGANIC FERTILIZER DO?

* It is growth booster, It stimulates the vegetative growth of plants.

* It is used on all plants, both flowering and non flowering plants.

* It stimulates the growth of roots, leaves and stems.

* It improves the immunity of the plants.

* It increases rate of photosynthesis.

*It replaces cow dung or chicken waste, it is purely organic derived from these two .

* It is a fungicide that fights fungal. infections on crops.

* It fights against army worm.

* It improves absorption of nutrients by plants.

* It enhances the flowering of plants, as well as fruits formation.

* It prevents the flowers and fruits from falling (Fruits drop and rot).


WHY DO MOST OF OUR SOIL LACK THE RIGHT NUTRIENT?

1. Fertilizers used are non-proportional. We concentrate on applying only Macro-nutrients.
2. A lot of pesticides are used on the land, as a result this has reduced the microorganisms in the soil.
3. Little or nothing is added to the soil after harvest.
4. Land has been used season after season and not given time to rest.


WHY DO YOU NEED ESEFORT ORGANIC FERTILIZER ?

The only remedy to heal the soil is by applying organic materials.
Organic materials increase the organic components of the soil which in return attract microorganisms, which increase the pore space of the soil and eventually increase the nutrients content of the soil.

NOTE : For plants to grow optimally it needs the following :

*Macro Nutrients:

Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), Phosphorous (P), Calcium (C), Magnesium (Mg), Sulfur (S),

* Micro Nutrients: Iron (Fe), Chlorine (Cl), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Zinc (Zn).

APPLICATION GUIDE FOR ESEFORT USE :

**ON SEEDS **

Measure 10mls in 1 litre(1000mls) of water and soak the seeds (e.g maize, vegetables, pawpaw etc) for 24 hours before planting.

**FOR CROPS USE*


SHAKE THE CONTAINER, THEN DILUTE 80MLS INTO 15LITRES OF WATER. STIR VIGOROUSLY AND SPRAY ON AND UNDER THE LEAVES. ALSO SPRAY THE STEM AND THE COLLAR OF ROOTS.

PRICE : #6000 PER LITRE.

For purchase of ESEFORT in 1litre ,10 litres and 25 litres available. Do call SEEDWORLD LTD on 07082638957 for order placement.

SEEDWORLD INTEGRATED CONCEPT LIMITED.

**IMPROVED / DWARF TREE SEEDLIIINGS **

Economic trees such as;


Cocoa
Kolanut
Oilpalm
Bitter kola
Ogbono
Cashew...mainly good for export.

* Fruit trees are wealth creation as you can plant amongst your food crops and make some cool cash every season and if taken care of very well, you have it year round as it starts fruiting too)

Big/jumbo Guava
Avocado
Sweet apple
Lemon
Soursop
Mangoes (2 years fruiting )
Coconut
Pomegranate
Shaddok
Local Apple
Bread but
Agbayun (sweetberry)
Grape vine
Ube

Beneficial trees could be use as landmarks, fence or boundaries.They include.

Teak
Eucalyptus
Neem
Milaina

Contact SEEDWORLD LTD 07082638957.(whatsapp) for order placement or further enquiries.

INTRODUCING ESEFORT ORGANIC LIQUID FERTILIZER .



WHAT DOES ESEFORT ORGANIC FERTILIZER CONTAIN?

1. Nutrients: It contains both Macro and Micro Nutrients.

2. Hormones: Auxins, Cytokine and gibberellins

3. Humic acid: Contains Organic carbon.

WHAT DOES ESEFORT ORGANIC FERTILIZER DO?

* It is growth booster, It stimulates the vegetative growth of plants.

* It is used on all plants, both flowering and non flowering plants.

* It stimulates the growth of roots, leaves and stems.

* It improves the immunity of the plants.

* It increases rate of photosynthesis.

*It replaces cow dung or chicken waste, it is purely organic derived from these two .

* It is a fungicide that fights fungal. infections on crops.

* It fights against army worm.

* It improves absorption of nutrients by plants.

* It enhances the flowering of plants, as well as fruits formation.

* It prevents the flowers and fruits from falling (Fruits drop and rot).


WHY DO MOST OF OUR SOIL LACK THE RIGHT NUTRIENT?

1. Fertilizers used are non-proportional. We concentrate on applying only Macro-nutrients.
2. A lot of pesticides are used on the land, as a result this has reduced the microorganisms in the soil.
3. Little or nothing is added to the soil after harvest.
4. Land has been used season after season and not given time to rest.


WHY DO YOU NEED ESEFORT ORGANIC FERTILIZER ?

The only remedy to heal the soil is by applying organic materials.
Organic materials increase the organic components of the soil which in return attract microorganisms, which increase the pore space of the soil and eventually increase the nutrients content of the soil.

NOTE : For plants to grow optimally it needs the following :

*Macro Nutrients:

Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K), Phosphorous (P), Calcium (C), Magnesium (Mg), Sulfur (S),

* Micro Nutrients: Iron (Fe), Chlorine (Cl), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), Zinc (Zn).

For purchase of ESEFORT in 20 litres or per litre do call SEEDWORLD LTD on 07082638957.

BREADFRUIT AS AN ECONOMIC TREE.


INTRODUCTION.

Breadfruit is an energy-rich food and a good source of complex carbohydrates, fiber, and minerals such as potassium, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, manganese, and zinc.

This nutritious fruit also provides B vitamins, niacin, thiamine, and Vitamin C. Some varieties have high levels of provitamin A carotenoids, nutrients essential to good health.

Breadfruit is gluten free and its protein is complete, providing all of the essential amino acids necessary for human health. In a world with nearly 1 billion hungry people, 80% of whom live in the tropics, the conservation, study and use of breadfruit is extremely relevant today.

Breadfruit is an important component in traditional agroforestry systems and can be grown with a wide range of plants. Trees begin to bear fruit in three to five years, producing for many decades. The trees require little attention or care, producing an abundance of food with minimal input of labor or materials, and thrive under a wide range of ecological conditions.

Breadfruit trees provide food security, and contribute to diversified regenerative agriculture and agroforestry, improved soil conditions and watersheds, and valuable environmental benefits including reduction of CO2. They also give shelter and food to important plant pollinators and seed dispersers such as honeybees, birds, and fruit bats. In addition to health and environmental benefits, breadfruit trees can provide economic opportunities.

LOCATION AND SITE SELECTION REQUIREMENTS.

**LOCATION **

This is the area in which production will take place. It is often
selected firstly on the basis of where land is available to the producer; however, other important considerations should be used to evaluate its suitability. Among these are suitable environmental conditions for production, closeness to market and to sources of inputs, and availability of good access roads for easy transport of inputs to the farm and of fruit to the markets.

**TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENT.**

Breadfruit are tropical crops that grow best at temperatures between 210 and 320 C ; growth is retarded at lower or higher temperatures.

**ANNUAL RAINFALL REQUIREMENTS ***

Breadfruit thrive best where annual rainfall receipt is 1500 mm to over 3000 mm and well-distributed throughout the year. Breadfruit has a higher water requirement because of its shallow root system and larger canopy. Although breadfruit will grow where rainfall receipt is as low as 1000 mm annually but
well distributed.

**SUNLIGHT REQUIREMENTS **

This is also an important requirement for good growth. Light shade is useful to prevent wilting, stunting and possible death of newly planted trees because the large leaves lose moisture rapidly but the root system is not sufficiently developed to absorb adequate quantities of water. The trees compete strongly for light, by growing quickly to produce a tall, trunk with high branches. Therefore, the trees should be exposed to full sunlight to encourage a lower
canopy to develop.

**WIND IMPACT ***

Sheltered locations are preferable because persistent wind can cause wilting, leaf damage, a lopsided canopy due to more growth on the side that is away from the wind, and stunted growth.

**SOIL CONDITIONS **

Breadfruit trees can grow on a wide range of soil types but they prefer sufficiently deep, well-drained and moisture retentive soils. Soils that are prone to waterlogging or seriously eroded and shallow should be avoided. The soils should have fairly
high organic matter content, adequate nutrient status and a pH of 6 to 6.5.

**BREADFRUIT CULTIVARS ** .

Two majority known breadfruit cultivars exist.Which are Yellow and White .Though both are generally referred to long and round breadfruit types in most countries.

1. YELLOW BREADFRUIT :

The fruits are round or oval in shape and at maturity, the skin is smooth, greenish brown and usually heavily stained with latex. Fruit weight ranges from 1.5 to 3.5 kg . The flesh of the fruit is light yellow and the colour becomes brighter with age and on cooking. The major bearing period extends from June to September and the minor season is from December to February. This is usually on the basis of its pleasant taste and soft, smooth texture. The mature stage of the fruit is considered to be the best for roasting, while the green mature or slightly immature stage is preferred for
boiling.

2. WHITE : This cultivar is similar to the ‘Yellow’ in shape, size and, to some extent, skin colour, except that there is less brown discolouration and the skin texture may be
slightly rougher at maturity. The cultivar can be distinguished from the ‘Yellow’ mainly by the colour and eating quality of the flesh. The flesh colour is off-white to cream and does not change much as the fruit ages or with cooking. The eating quality is good with a mild taste and a smooth but somewhat firmer texture than the ‘Yellow’. ‘White’ is a very good for boiling and frying, and can be roasted at the full, mature stage. Both cultivars are suitable for commercial production and for local and export fresh fruit markets and for processing, but seasonality is a major limitation.

CULTURAL PRACTICES FOR BREADFRUIT.

1. LAND PREPARATION :

This operation is necessary if the orchard is to be established on forested land.Unwanted trees should be removed but a few should be left in place to provide shade while others may be selected to act as windbreaks. If all the trees are removed, they should be quickly replaced by fast-growing trees which will provide these environmental services. It is preferable to use power saws for tree felling instead of heavy machinery such as bulldozers. This is an important consideration for avoiding soil compaction especially on wet or clay soils and soil disturbance that may increase soil erosion. Organic materials should be conserved by cutting up the branches and leaving them in place to rot and to contribute to organic matter content of the soil. Therefore, burning is not recommended. Land clearing should be done months ahead prior to the proposed planting date.Land preparation should be done during the dry season.

2. PLANTING GENERALLY : Breadfruit may be planted at any time, provided that enough soil moisture or irrigation is available. Otherwise, the beginning of the rainy season is the best time for planting.

The plant is placed in the hole after removing the plastic bag and slightly roughening the sides of the root ball to loosen the roots and to encourage better contact with the soil in the hole.

The plant should be turned to orient the foliage to the best position for maximum light interception. Then replace the backfill soil in the space around the rootball, firstly, by filling
half the hole and pressing the soil down firmly, then by completely filling to the top and pressing down the soil again.

This procedure helps to remove air pockets so that when the soil eventually settles, the level of the soil within the hole will not be lower than that of the root ball.It also ensures that the root ball is in proper contact with the soil and that the plant is
firmly set in position .

However, pressing the soil too firmly may cause soil compaction and should be avoided.Water the plant thoroughly so that the water penetrates beyond the depth of the hole. On flat areas, a shallow basin, about 1 m wide around the plant is useful to prevent water run-off and encourage infiltration and it may also be mulched under dry conditions.

*SPACING AND PLANT ARRANGEMENTS **

For a pure stand orchard planted with the tradtional breadfruit cultivars at site where the environmental conditions promote rapid growth, for example, high rainfall or high fertility, the mature trees should be maintained at a maximum tree height of 8 m and maximum canopy width of 8 m.

The recommended spacing is 10 m x 10 m which would give
a plant population of 100 trees per hectare (40 trees/acre).

However, with narrower canopy width e.g. 6 m, a closer spacing of 8 m x 8 m or 8 m x 10 m may be used to achieve a plant population of 156 trees/ha (59 trees/acre) or 125 trees/ha (47 trees/acre), respectively.

At closer spacing, higher yield is possible because the plant population is higher. However, care must be taken to ensure adequate light availability to minimize the tendency to increased tree and canopy height in young trees and to support flowering and fruiting on the entire canopy, and air circulation. Closer spacing is recommended for sites with less favourable environmental conditions for growth because the trees will be smaller, and also for shorter cultivars.

For orchards on flat to gently sloping areas where machinery may be utilized in some operations, a wider spacing between rows is desirable, so that the spacing may be 10 m x 12 m (83 trees/ha or 33 trees/acre) or 8 m x 12 m (104 trees/ha or 38 trees/ac) depending on canopy width Square (e.g. 8 m x 8 m) or rectangular (e.g. 8 m x 10 m) tree arrangements permit easy movement within the field and are suitable for flat areas.

A hexagonal arrangement may be used to increase plant population; at a spacing of 10 m between plants, this arrangement will give 10% more trees/ha than the square arrangement. This arrangement is also preferable on steeper land to minimize the risk of gully formation and soil erosion.

The field should be lined in advance using a tape and stakes to ensure proper measurements within and between rows and all plant positions should be marked with stakes.


**HOLE PREPARATION FOR PLANTING **

The stake must be removed and a hole dug in the plant position previously marked by the stake. On heavy soils, the holes should be prepared before planting to allow the soil to dry out and to improve the soil texture.

Drying out also reduces the populations of potentially harmful soil organisms. A hole, 45 - 60 cm long x 45 - 60 cm wide x 25 – 30 cm deep, is suitable.

The depth of the hole must be just enough to accommodate the root ball of the plant so that the top of the root ball is not lower than the top of the hole. On soils with high clay content, holes with slick sides and bottoms should be avoided because these encourage accumulation of water and retard root penetration into the surrounding soil which causes the plant to become stunted.

Therefore, the holes should be prepared when the soil is just moist, not very wet, and the sides should be roughened with the edge of the spade if the soil is not sufficiently friable.


**SOIL AMENDMENTS **

Soil amendments such as lime (for acid soils) and fertilizer may be incorporated into the backfill, which is the soil removed from the hole and replaced during planting. A complete fertilizer, with moderate nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), and high phosphorus (P), in a suitable NPK ratio.

Slow-release formulations are best for reducing fertiliser loss through leaching. Soils that are very freely draining, prone to drying out or low in organic matter do not have to be prepared very early and about 2 kg of well-rotted organic matter may be incorporated into the backfill before it is replaced in the hole.

Alternatively, the holes may be prepared just prior to planting at a depth that is 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2”) more than the depth of the rootball, if fertilizer is to be added.

The fertiliser should be placed at the bottom of the hole and cover with 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2“) of soil to prevent the roots from being damaged because of direct contact with the fertilizer. Whether or not amendments are used, the finished depth of the hole should also not be deeper than the depth of the rootball.


**STAKING OF YOUNG BREADFRUIT SEEDLINGS TRANSPLANT **

The need to stake newly-planted trees for support or for anchorage should be avoided by using only sturdy plants with well-developed root systems, instead of overgrown, pot-bound or top-heavy plants, by proper planting techniques and by selection of sheltered sites. If, however, staking is required for these purposes, install the stakes either in the hole before it is filled with soil or outside the hole after planting.

It may also be necessary to install protection staking where livestock or pests, or wild animals such as monkeys have access to the orchard and may damage the young trees.


**MAINTAINANCE FOR YOUNG TREES **

(a) LIGHT MANAGEMENT : If the orchard is located on a site that is windy or that experiences periodic dryness, light
shade (25%) should be provided. Open-canopied trees or temporary cash crops e.g. banana or plantain, may be used at sufficiently wide spacing because excessive shading will encourage the trees to grow tall with little branching. Three-year-old trees require full sunlight, therefore, all shade should be gradually removed after planting.

(b) WATER MANAGEMENT/IRRIGATION :

The young trees perform best under uniformly moist soil conditions throughout the year. Therefore, for rain-fed orchards in locations with short (less than 6 weeks) dry spells and with soils that retain moisture, the orchard floor should be mulched with the fallen leaves or other well-rotted or composted organic materials to conserve soil moisture.

This measure is inadequate where longer dry periods, especially on freely-draining soils, are common and irrigation facilities must be provided in such cases. Irrigation must be immediately at the onset of the dry spell to such soils to avoid low moisture stress symptoms e.g. wilted leaves, premature leaf senescence or yellowing, excessive leaf fall, and ultimately stunted growth.

Drip irrigation may be used for young plants but microjet sprinklers are more effective because they encourage growing trees to develop a more extensive root system and they also use water more efficiently than overhead irrigation.

Clear and maintain all drains prior to the onset of the rainy season especially where the soil is prone to waterlogging, because prolonged periods of excessive soil moisture may lead to root death and kill young trees.


(c) FERTILIZATION/NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT :

Proper nutrition management assists young trees to develop the desired form of root system and canopy. Fertiliser application must be based on nutrient analyses of the soil and as the trees develop, analyses of nutrient levels in the leaves should also be used.

Under high rainfall conditions, a complete fertilizer should be used to promote vegetative growth, with an adequate concentration of phosphorous (P) especially for root growth. Too much nitrogen (N) will promote undesirable, excessive shoot growth. After 18 to 24 months as the trees approach maturity, potassium (K) should be increased to support flowering and fruiting.

The fertilizer should be applied in a ring in a shallow furrow around the tree, outside the drip line of the canopy, and covered with soil to prevent loss through rainfall run-off.

Alternatively, fertilizer should be applied during irrigation. On upland sites, apply the fertilizer in the eye-brow terrace around the young trees as described previously.

For older trees on hillsides, the fertilizer is applied in a semi-circular furrow on the uphill side of the tree, outside the drip circle and covered.

Organic matter, as compost or well-rotted farm yard manure, is beneficial to soils with low, organic matter, and shortly before the beginning of the dry season. The material should be placed at least 20cm away from the base of the tree trunk to avoid collar rot problems.

(d) TRAINING OF YOUNG BREADFRUIT.

Young breadfruit trees must be trained to develop a low-branching canopy and that is short enough to facilitate harvesting. Prune 1 to 1.2 m tall trees that have not branched
by using a heading-back cut to remove the top 15 - 20 cm from the main stem, to encourage
branching at less than 1 m.

A slanting cut is made just above a node with a sharp, clean
secateur. If the tree has already produced branches, it should be head-backed to the first group of branches before it reaches 2 m in height, by removing the main stem at the internode just above the uppermost branch .

The lateral branches that grow out from the main stem eventually will also begin to grow vertically; these should also be head-backed at 1 to 1.5 m to limit their height and to encourage branching.

Remove any branch that is causing overcrowding to encourage an open canopy in which the branches are spaced evenly. Use a thinning cut for branch removal.

Use a lopper or a sharp pruning saw to make a slanting cut just above the collar of the branch, and not flush with the
stem, to ensure proper healing.

Cuts on young trees are relatively small and should heal easily. It is not necessary to apply paint or any sealant to the cut as this can encourage rotting of the stem if moisture is trapped below the sealant.

Young trees can be pruned at any time of the year during dry
weather . The fruits are borne towards the ends of the branches, therefore, training should be completed by the time the trees are 30 months old to allow them to develop sturdy branches
with enough foliage for the mature phase.

(e) WEED CONTROL /CROP PROTECTION :

A string trimmer should be used to remove weeds within and between rows, but immediately around the trees, weeds should be removed manually to avoid damaging the stems. Vines
should be removed entirely.

Weeds in the inter-row spaces may also be brush cut or controlled with a non-selective, systemic herbicide, especially weeds in the drains. If herbicides are used, drift should be avoided by using a shield and by spraying under calm or low wind conditions.

Soil-acting and systemic herbicides that can damage the trees should be avoided and the decision to use herbicides should be carefully considered if they may pollute drainage water
that flows through other cropped areas on- or off-farm.

Intercropping and mulching suppress weeds effectively and reduce the need for herbicides. Also placement of irrigation water and fertilizer where they are easily absorbed by the roots can limit weed growth in areas where the tree roots have not yet extended.

Diseases are not common on young trees in well-drained sites with proper air flow within the orchard. Pests are also not usually prevalent, but the pink hibiscus mealy bug (Maconellicoccus
hirsutus) can cause serious leaf distortion and stunting of the plants. An integrated pest management approach should be used for control including biological control and removal of all host plants, such as sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and broom weed (Sida sp.) from the field. If the field is known to have nematodes, while the orchard canopy is still relatively open,their population can be reduced by solarisation.

For this procedure, moist soil is covered with plastic, preferably black, which is sealed at the edges to retain heat for a period of about 6 weeks under dry, high sunlight conditions. Wasps and ants can hinder manualoperations, and termites can eventually destroy trees, therefore, their nests should be destroyed.

Subsequently ,we shall discuss how to care for matured bread fruit, expected yield, harvest and post harvest handling .


For further enquiries on the purchase of breadfruit seedlings do contact SEEDWORLD LTD 07082638957.

Gdday, No sir, in Ogun state. But we can make alternative arrangement for delivery to ur location.

pics of sour sop seedlings.

SOURSOP AS AN ECONOMIC TREE.

*Botanical name : Annona muricata.
* Family: annonaceae (annona family)

* Common names: Soursop, Graviola,BrazilianPawpaw, Prickly custard apple, etc.

DESCRIPTION :


Soursop is believed to be indigenous to most of the warmest tropical regions of the world including Nigeria.It is a small upright evergreen tree that grows up to 6 metres tall with exception for improve varieties.It has large dark and shiny green and leathery leaves, which has a pungent Odour when crushed.

The flowers are large, with yellow or greenish-yellow colour.The fruit of the tree (soursop) is large and has a heart-like shape, covered with small spine-shaped structures.The pulp is fleshy, soft and white in colour, with a slightly sour-acid taste and it can be eaten out-of-hand. The fruit may contain up to 100 black seeds.

In most tropical regions of the world, where the plant grows, it is often referred as a miracle tree.

Soursop grows in a wide array of soils as long as the soil is well drained. A soil PH of between 5 and 6.5 is ideal. The soursop tree is small in size and may serve as an intercrop between large fruit trees. Soursop can be propagated from seed or cuttings. Plant well developed seedlings and ensure they are mulched to suppress weeds and to improve moisture retention in the soil.

Soursop trees prefer warm and humid conditions to thrive, they are very susceptible to low temperatures. On maturity fruit may emerge anywhere on the tree ; trunk, branches or twigs. The tree will require adequate fertilizing of which we recommend organic compost and mulching using organic material.Alternatively fertilizers can be used as well. Young trees can be supported using bamboo sticks.

The tree starts to flower and eventually fruit in the third year, fruits are harvested when they are fully developed but still green. Thereafter it takes 2-4 days to ripen. A single tree can produce 60-70 fruits in a year.


CULTURAL PRACTICES FOR SOURSOP.


1. LAND PREPARATION :

The land is prepared before transplanting of seedlings by following the usual plowing, harrowing and tilling of the farmland especially in large scale production . However, for small farmers with limited capital, land preparation can be done by slashing of the thick vegetation followed by clearing of the the land to remove all stumps.


2. PLANTING : Soursop can be planted at a spacing of 4m x 4m to 7m x 7m in square, rectangular or triangular pattern. The number of trees an hectare can accommodate will range from about 204 to 625 in square system and 235 to 719 in triangular shape. The exact number can be determined by preparing a planting layout plan. Dig holes of about 50cm wide and 50cm deep. Refill with top soil when the seedlings are set in and water immediately after planting.

3. FERTILIZATION : To ensure vigorous growth, apply fertilizers regularly at the onset and end of the raining season or every 6 months. Fertilizer application can be started a month after planting using ammonium sulphate (21:0:0) or any other applicable ammonium sulphate type which you can get from SEEDWORLD LTD also ; at the rate of 100 to 150grams per tree. The rate is increased every year until the start of the fruiting stage at which time 250 to 300grams of complete fertilizer like NPK (15:15:15 ) is applied. This amount is also increased every year from 1.5 to 3kg plus 200 to 300g of muriate of potash (0.0.60) to ensure supply of micronutrients ,organic fertilizers can also be incorporated in the fertilization plan also.

4. IRRIGATION /WATERING : The soursop can tolerate dry conditions and in fact requires a dry climate to induce synchronous flowering. However, prolonged drought will cause excessive leaf shedding. In that situation, supplementary water source or supply will be beneficial .

5. WEEDING AND MULCHING :
Ring weeding should be done regularly.This can be accomplished by shallow cultivation of the immediate periphery of the tree. Weeds cleared out can be piled around the base or root of the trees to serve as mulch.

6. PRUNING : Branch pruning should be done to disperse the remaining branches and to promote air movement and light
penetration. Water sprouts, diseased and decaying branches and
twigs should be removed also.

7. INTERCROPPING : To maximize utilization of the land and help
suppress the growth of weeds, annual crops such as cereals, root and tuber crops and vegetables may be grown between the soursop trees while still young. It can be intercropped also with perennial crops like banana and citrus.

8.INSECTS PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL : Although soursop is more resistant compared to other fruit crops, it is not entirely safe from
insect pests. Insect pests that attack this crop include root grubs,
mealy bugs, carpenter moth larva, scale insects and oriental fruit
fly. The major diseases are root rot, pink disease and anthracnose.

NB : A crop protection plan should be formulated and incorporated into the overall farm management system. It may include both
prevention (e.g. sanitation, burning of diseased plant parts,
disposal of fallen fruits, removal of alternate hosts) and control
measures (chemical, organic or biological control ) of which you can contact SEEDWORLD LTD for applicable recommendations.

9. HARVESTING : Soursop starts flowering from 3yrs and continues flowering year round but the peak is May to June. The fruits are harvested when fully developed and still green. They are considered mature when their spines are set far apart and the shiny green color turns dull-green
or yellowish green.
Selective harvesting is practiced because the
fruits on a tree do not mature at the same time.



MEDICINAL BENEFITS OF SOURSOP.

In natural medicine practice, all parts of the soursop tree are used as medicine, including the roots, barks, stems, leaves, fruits and the fruit-seeds.

Each part of the tree has long been shown to have different therapeutic properties as stated below.

1. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Many scientific analyses have shown that soursop contains many nutrients, including protein, sugar, fatty acids, dietary fiber, Vitamins C, B1, B2, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium chloride.

It also contains many bioactive compounds and phytochemicals, such as alkaloid, citric-acid, malic-acid, stearic-acid, stepharine, tannin, vinblastine, etc.

2. THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES.

Generally, it is known that soursop has a broad spectrum antimicrobial, antispasmodic, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, astringent, cardio tonic, diuretic, emetic, galactagogue, immunity boosting, laxative, liver tonic, sedative and activities.

Besides these activities, the main interest in this plant is because of its strong anti-cancer or anti-tumour properties and effects.

Various parts of the plant- leaves, stems, fruits and seeds- have been shown to contain phytochemicals, which are cytotoxic against various types of cancer cells, including colon, breast, ovarian, uterine, prostate, lung, pancreatic, anal, kidney, liver, lung and skin cancers.

Soursop fruit or the fruit juice can be taken to prevent or cure cancer .The fresh leaves and stems of the plant can also be used for the same purpose.

In these cases, about one handful of the fresh leaves and stems of soursop is cut into pieces and boiled in 1 (One) litre water until the water is reduced to half. This is then strained and up to100 ml is taken morning and night.
The decoction can be sweetened with pure honey.

Soursop has been proven to be a miraculous natural cancer cell killer and it is said to be 10,000 times stronger than most chemotherapy drugs.

A recent study conducted at Catholic University of South Korea shows that one chemical (acetogenins) present in soursop was found to selectively kill colon cancer cells at 10, 000 times the potency more than the commonly used Adriamycin (a chemotherapy drug).

Unlike chemotherapy, which indiscriminately destroys both cancerous and normal cells, the compound extracted from the soursop selectively kills only cancer cells without harming the healthy and normal ones.


***OTHER USES OF SOURSOP ***

The fruit juice of soursop is creamy, with musky, sub-acid to acid flavour, sometimes used in ice cream.

It is rich in Vitamins B and C. It is commonly taken after childbirth to help increase mother’s breast milk to cool down feverish conditions, chill and flu, as an astringent for diarrhea and dysentery and for intestinal parasites.

The alkaloid-rich fresh leaves and bark/roots of soursop can be prepared as a standard infusion (one cup 2-3 times daily); decoction (1-3 times twice daily or 6 grams of powdered leaves in capsules in 3-4 divided dosages) for the following conditions:
Digestive Problems: Constipation, indigestion, as emetic, diarrhea, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer, diabetes, liver and gallbladder disorders.

Bacterial and fungal infections (as broad spectrum antimicrobial), cold, flu, catarrh and fevers.Nervous disorders: nervousness, edgy nerves, insomnia (as tranquilizer or sedative).

Heart problems, palpitation, hypertension with insomnia and nervousness and anemia.Various menstrual disorders and difficult childbirth.

Respiratory tract problems: cough, asthma, chest problems and bronchitis.

In some rural communities, infused oil prepared from the fresh leaves and unripe fruit of soursop is mixed with olive oil or virgin coconut oil and used externally for massaging in cases of arthritic/rheumatic pains, gout and neuralgia.

CAUTION !!!!!

Soursop has been found to be a potent uterine stimulant. Therefore, it should be avoided during pregnancy.High doses of the infusion (tea) or decoction may cause nausea and vomiting.
Presently, the plant has not shown any recorded drug interaction.

However, those taking prescription antihypertensive and antidepressants drugs are advised to be careful with soursop, because it may potentiate these drugs.


For your improved soursop seedlings do contact SEEDWORLD LTD on 07082638957.

Contact SEEDWORLD LTD 07082638957 or whatsapp for more information.

#300

HOW TO IMPROVE SOIL FERTILITY .


INTRODUCTION.

In Africa, soil fertility depletion and soil degradation present most serious problems.According to an FAO study in 2001,African soil lose an annual average of 48 kg/hectare of nutrients,the equivalent of 100kg / year of fertilizer. To compensate for this loss, they receive an average of only 10kg of fertilizer, compared with a global average of 90kg.

In addition, most of African soils are generally poor in nutrients. Maintaining or increasing soil fertility is one of the most important things a farmer have to do to increase output.

In doing so, a farmer have to know the characteristics and constraints of their soils and use sustainable agricultural practices and methods for conserving them and making them more fertile.

Such practices include the following using, AZOMITE, fallowing ,using compost,manure,crop residues, fertilizer e.t.c.

Moreso, intercropping legumes with cereals and including the principles of conservation agriculture, crop rotation, ensuring permanent cover for the soil and no disturbing of the top soil layer.

Soil has to be nourished and cared for and allowed to rest from time to time.However ,the use of fertilizers must consider the chemical properties of local soils.,the crops planned and the required output. The local environment must be respected. Farmers should use ready - made fertilizers that have been designed for other regions. They need mixtures that have been especially formulated to address the deficiencies of their particularly soil.

For effective plant growth, 17 macro and micro elements are essential. Macro nutrients like NPK are required in large quantity.

MACRO NUTRIENTS.

* Carbon (C) ,Hydrogen (H2) , Oxygen (O) (Source) - Air and Water.

* Nitrogen (N) , Phosphorus (P) ,Potassium (K), Calcium (C).

* Magnesium (Mg),Sulphur (S).

MICRO NUTRIENTS /AZOMITE SUPPLIED TRACE ELEMENTS .

*Iron(fe),Molybdenum (Mo), Copper (Cu) ,Zinc (Zn) Manganese (Mn),Cobalt (Co), Boron (Bo),chlorine (CI).

Sources of plant nutrients include soil reserves (from weathering of rocks, volcanic eruption) crop residues as well as organic and inorganic fertilizers that are added to the soil during the growing season. In order to make a decision on which type of fertilizer to use, a number of observations or test /soil analysis is required.

Generally dark soil are assumed to be fertile and high in soil organic matter. Soils with a loamy texture are also assumed to be more fertile than sandy soils.

Symptoms observed in a plant could be a result of nutrient deficiencies, diseases or pest damage.It is important to examine closely the plant leaves, stem and roots to to check for insects or signs of diseases.
A nutrient deficiency is suspected when the plant shows any of the following characteristics viz;

(i) Very poor initial growth .
(ii) Stunting in early growth.
(iii)Restricted or abnormal root development.
(iv) Maturing too early or too late.
(v) Growth is different from crop growing close by.
(vi) Poor quality products in appearance ,taste, firmness, moisture content .
(vii) Leaf symptoms that may point to deficiencies of specific nutrients.


For further enquiries on AZOMITE SOIL REMINERALIZER do call SEEDWORLD LTD on 07082638957.

HYBRID (Hi-brix 53 SWEETCORN FROM PACIFIC SEEDS THAILAND.

CHARACTERISTICS OF HI -BRIX 53 SWEET CORN.

 

- Average Yield With Husk :22,431 kg/ha
- Average Yield De-husk:16,375 kg/ha
- Silking Date: 50-55 days
- Plant Height: 200 cm.
- Ear Height: 105 cm.
- Day to Harvest After Silking: 18-20 days
- Day to Harvest After Planting: 68-75 days
- Silk Color: White
-Taste: Excellent - Sweetness: Excellent
-Tenderness: Excellent - Kernel Color: Yellow - Number of Kernel Rows: 16-18 rows
- Ear Length19-20 cm.
- Ear Diameter: 5.0-5.5 cm.
- NCLB resistance: Resistant.


NB-*Average yield with husk is 22.43 tonnes per hectare.
* Average yield without husk is 16.37 tonnes per hectare.

* It comes in 1kg pack with seed count of 7,200 to 7,500 seed count. The price is N40,000.


For purchase or further enquiries do contact SEEDWORLD LTD 07082638957.

If you decide to try it out is better u buy a few say two and plant around your compound or farm to try out its outcome.

Gdm all, supergene oil palm is a new variety or specie of palm that is being newly introduced to Nigeria from. Malaysia. Is not yet common except for a few persons who just planted them and it will take at least 28 months to start fruiting.

.

MAKE INCOME FROM PLANTING CASHEW

LAGOS—THE National Cashew Association of Nigeria, NCAN, yesterday said Nigeria earned N144.7 billion ($402 million) from the export of raw cashew nuts to Vietnam and other countries in 2017.

Ripe Cashew

Mr Sotonye Anga, the spokesperson for the association, said in an interview in Lagos.
Anga said that 220,000 tonnes of raw cashew nuts were exported to Vietnam, India and China between February and December 2017.
“The latest development has been interesting because just last week, we got Nigeria’s final export position from Vietnam, which was quite revealing. Out of the 220,000 tonnes of exported raw cashew nuts, Vietnam accounted for 181,753 tonnes, while 38,247 tonnes went to India, China and other countries in the last 11 months.

Cashew production in Nigeria for 2015 was 160,000 tonnes, which fetched the country 152 million U.S. dollars (about N57.6 billion) revenue. In 2016, we exported 185,000 tonnes of cashew nuts and earned 259 million dollars (aboutN93.2 billion),” he said.

Anga stressed that cashew was a consistent foreign exchange earner and an international crop with huge economic value.
“These figures have shown the potential of the cashew and with increased crop growing; we have seen a reverse trend of urban to rural migration. Many urban dwellers are now going back to villages to take up farming and a lot more jobs have been created,” he added.


RAW CASHEW NUT - QUALITY SPECIFICATION

Just like most agric commodities, cashew nuts meant for export must be well dried and free from impurities and unwanted matters.

Quality Specifications is one of the most important items on export sales contract because this is what determines how much the buyer is going pay for your product.The following are the parameters used to measure rawcashew nut quality.

NUT COUNT.

Simply put, nut Count is the number of nut in 1kg ofcashew nut. It ranges from 170 to 230 counts, 170 being the best quality while 230 is poor quality.

170 ……………….. ………..EXCELLENT
180 – 190 ……………….. VERY GOOD
190 – 200 ……………….. GOOD
200 – 210 ……………….. AVERAGE
210 – 220 ………………. BELOW AVERAGE 
230 AND ABOVE ………………. POOR

It is worthy to note that most foreign buyers prefer between 170 and 200 nut counts.
In Nigeria, the nut count per 1kg sample varies from zone to zone. While zones like Ogbomosho has between 170 and 185, others zones falls between 190 and 230. Ogbomosho is known to have the best quality and a lot of buyer prefers cashew nuts from this location.

Kernel Output Ratio (KOR)/Out-turn
It is the quality of good nut (as there would always be defective ones) from 80kg of raw cashew nuts. It means a number of usable kernels after de-shelling the nuts. Out-turn is measured in lbs quality in terms of one bag of 80 kg of raw cashew nuts.
In general,
An excellent out turn is 48 – 53 lbs.
A good out-turn is 43 – 48 lbs.
Less than 43 lbs is a poor grade and are usually rejected.

Moisture
Most export contract would state that moisture content should be maximum of 10%. So, exporters must ensure the product is well dried before bagging and loading for shipment.

Defective Nuts
Defective nuts are the ones that are diseased as a result of fungi infection which is seen in form of black or brown spot when the kernel is split. This is cause by high moisture in the nut due to improper drying and improper storage.
The percentage of defective nut acceptable by most foreign buyers is between 8 and 10% max. 

Foreign Matters
These are unwanted matters like broken sticks, leaves sand, stack etc. The maximum amount of foreign matter allowed by most buyers is 10%.
NB: These parameters are what any intending exporter should consider before buyer raw cashew nut from any of the locations in Nigeria.

Call SEEDWORLD LTD 07082638957 for your quality cashew seedlings for the next planting season.

AGROCHEMICAL APPLICATION/FERTILIZER PROTOCOL FOR TOMATO AND OTHER VEGGIES IN WET SEASON.

Waiting for challenges before acting might not be funny as vegetables are highly susceptible to diseases and pest.The following are the protocol required.


1. PESTICIDE APPLICATION :

The first thing that would come to a newbies’ mind when he/she heard the word pest is insect. Well, if you think so, you aren’t far from the answer. A pest ranges from insect, to other destructive arthropods (Insect family) like spider mite, aphids, caterpillars etc, birds, rodents, wild animals and even weeds. Yes, I mean weeds.


2. WEEDS CONTROL :

Before you transplant your veggies from your nursery and even for those that require direct planting, you must prepare your field by getting rid of the weeds. In this case, you would need to spray an herbicide if you aren’t going to do manual weeding. So, you could decide to spray contact herbicide (e.g active ingredient- Paraquat), or systemic herbicide (e.g active ingredient –Glyphosate). Both are post emergence herbicide. You could as well decide to use pre-emergence herbicide but that must be after the beds have been made. In order word, let it be the last thing you would do before transplanting/direct planting proper. Remember that it is important you pay attention to the instruction written on the label of the herbicide particularly the pre-emergence herbicide as they are crop specific. Don’t use wrong pre-emergence herbicide for your veggies of choice otherwise; you end up killing or affecting their germination/growth adversely. Also, pay attention to the number of days you are expected to allow before transplanting/direct planting after you must have used pre-emergence herbicide.

After your crops are on the field, you could decide to use herbicide to weed the field particularly the walk-through. In this case, you use ONLY contact herbicide gently very early in the morning without allowing it to touch your crop. This can be repeated every 2 weeks depending on the level of growth rate of your weeds. Please, do get rid of weeds few days at worse after their germination, not doing so will affect the yield of your crops among other things.


3. INSECT/ARTHROPOD CONTROL :  Depending on your vegetable crop type, you would need insecticide/acaricide to take care of insect attack. In case of tomato for example, you hardly have insect issues during the wet season except on two occasions: when they are still seedlings and when they are fruiting (fruit worm problems). For other veggies like cucumbers, melon and watermelons, you could also experience fruit worm problem during fruiting stage and defoliation during seedling period. On the other hand some veggies do have serious defoliation problem; Okra being at the top of the list and host of other leafy veggies like cabbage, lettuce etc.

For those that are prone to insect attack as explained above, please apply (spray) both narrow and broad spectrum family insecticide whether of   contact or systemic insecticide properties every 4 days, 1 week and 2-3 weeks respectively. For the one without serious insect issues as explained above, wait till you see a sign of attack before use but notwithstanding, have your insecticide handy. 


4. FUNGICIDE/NEMATICIDE APPLICATION:

If there is any challenge you must experience during the wet season on your veggies farm, it is fungi infection. This is because; fungi often thrive during period with high humidity when the leave surfaces would be persistently wet. Therefore, do not wait for signs of infection before application. You can use both contact and systemic fungicide interchangeably every 2 weeks. However, you should try to reapply after each heavy rainfall even if it is not up to 1 week the last time you applied as heavy rainfall often washes or dilute the fungicide presence on/within the vegetable leaves.

Also note that it is good you interchange fungicide used one after the other as this would give you a better protection against diseases. There are fungicide with the following active ingredients; Carbendazim (contact), Macozeb (systemic), Metalaxy (systemic), Copper based (both) etc.

As for nematodes, you can apply nematicide mixed with your soil fertilizer. 

5. FERTILIZER APPLICATION :

If you really want the best out of your veggies and you aren’t practicing organic farming, then you must use inorganic fertilizer in addition to manure. At transplanting/direct planting stage, use NPK as basal application (10g/stand). After 2-3 weeks of transplanting/direct planting, use NPK as side dressing for fruit veggies or only ammonium base fertilizer like urea for leafy veggies.

At the onset of flowering, you can use SSP (single super phosphate) mixed with Potassium Nitrate for fruit veggies as side dressing and Urea for leafy veggies. After every major harvest, you could use SSP plus Potassium Nitrate as side dressing.

To have the best of performance, please spray folia fertilizer every 2-3 weeks from transplanting to harvesting. Remember, leafy veggies only require ammonium based fertilizer like urea except the first application during transplanting.

For further enquiries or purchase of your Chemicals and fertilizers do contact SEEDWORLD LTD 07082638957 (WHATSAPP)

SEVEN THINGS YOU MUST DO FOR SUCCESS IN TOMATOES CULTIVATION.

Successful cultivation of vegetables comes with skill and years of experience. However, the skill/knowledge required for cultivation at different time of the year may not be the same. If you are then thinking of cultivating tomato and many other vegetables during wet / raining season in an OPEN FIELD, there are things you must do to guarantee success.The following are some of those things we want to talk about here.


1. STAKING : During wet season, there is a need for you to stake your tomato, peppers, cucumber, beans and some other veggies. The reason being that any prolong fruit contact with the soil would lead to rotten and waste.I guess you don’t want to lose part of your expected income from the farm!

Asides fruits getting rotten, they also lose great market appeal or value due to de-coloration of the underside especially for cucumbers and if that happen, then the money expected to be paid by the buyer would surely reduce.

Staking also increases ventilation on the farms and by extension reduces disease incidence.Disease surely is your number one enemy and would often fight tooth and nail with your crop to reduce their yield and by extension your profit margin. 

Well staked crops enables you to carry out routine activities on the farm with ease such as scouting, spraying, weeding and harvesting. 

2. RAISED BEDS : Vegetables need water but too much of water especially a situation where water does not go away on time after heavy down pour would surely harm your crops. To ensure a well drain farm, it is essential that you plant your crops on beds. Please, do not make your beds across flood path rather along flood path.

3. DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAM : Can you create a war or go to one without weapons? During raining season, it is natural that you are going to have a lot of challenges with diseases notably bacterial and fungi diseases.  With that mindset, it is advisable you play an offensive role not defensive. Do not wait till you see diseases before application of preventive measure. Have a pre-determined protocol handy and apply as at when due. There are preventives measures and curatives as well, but once disease is allowed to occur, you have certainly allowed potential yield reduction. 

4. PEST CONTROL PROGRAM : Pest control protocol goes with disease control as well but you may not need to apply regularly as that of disease control applications. Depending on the crops in question, you might need to wait to see before you apply pest control measure.

However, it is important to do adequate scouting every time because most pest particularly insect aren’t easily visible to the naked eye from afar. Walk through your farm and check the leaves under side; that is where most insects hide. Do you know that weed is a pest? You would surely have most of them during this period. Whether manually controlled or otherwise, you must do it regularly before they develop into competing forces affecting your yield. 

5. SPACING : You must give your crops enough spacing to ensure adequate ventilation. During this period, humidity is very high and it encourages disease infestation. You could decide to plant in a single row on the bed or use zigzag planting pattern.


6. TIMELY HARVESTING : If you don’t harvest as at when due, then you might end up not getting anything to harvest on your farm. High humidity often leads to among other things fruits getting rotten. Some crops like tomato would surely have delayed ripening due to fall in temperature; therefore, you might need to harvest and store to speed up the ripening process or any other suitable methods that get the fruits off the parents on time.   

7. ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF WATER : Are these measures not meant for raining season; then why alternative water source? You may be thinking this. Climate change is real and rainfall pattern can be very irregular and unpredictable. Therefore, it is advisable you have an option in mind should rain fails to fall for prolong period of time.


For your hybrid seeds and disease /pest control chemicals or for further enquiries do contact SEEDWORLD LTD 07082638957 (WHATSAPP)
Email: seedworldintegratedconceptltd@gmail.com