Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? - Politics - Nairaland
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| Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Duchman67: 2:58pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
War crimes are serious violations of the laws applicable in armed conflict (also known as international humanitarian law) giving rise to individual criminal responsibility. Examples of such conduct include "murder, the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied territory to slave labor camps", "the murder or ill-treatment of prisoners of war", the killing of prisoners, "the wanton destruction of cities, towns and villages, and any devastation not justified by military, or civilian necessity". To fall under the Rome Statute, a crime against humanity which is defined in Article 7.1 must be "part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population". Article 7.2.a states "For the purpose of paragraph 1: "Attack directed against any civilian population means a course of conduct involving the multiple commission of acts referred to in paragraph 1 against any civilian population, pursuant to or in furtherance of a State or organizational policy to commit such attack. Starvation of civilian populations as a method of warfare is prohibited in both international or in internal conflicts, a prohibition stated explicitly in the two 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions. Humanitarian aid for civilians, under Article 23 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, enjoys the right of free passage through battle lines if intended for “children under fifteen, expectant mothers and maternity cases,” and a broader exemption can be made when all or part of the civilian population in occupied territory is “inadequately supplied. Article 54 of Additional Protocol I to destroy “objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population,” including foodstuffs and their production, drinking water, and irrigation works, or to undertake actions “which may be expected to leave the civilian population with such inadequate food or water as to cause starvation or force its movement. Awo seems to have gone against all these statues. |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by RedLight1: 3:00pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
how many of this threads are u people gonna open? seriously its getting boring already |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by EkoIle1: 3:02pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
How many silly topics do you need to discuss the same dumb rubbish? Where are the mods when you need them? |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by WilyWily5: 3:02pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Yes, from the action he took. 1 Like |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Duchman67: 3:04pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Red-Light:We take the deaths of two million+ people seriously and really sorry that genocide upsets your afternoon reading. |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by EkoIle1: 3:07pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Duchman67: We take the deaths of two million+ people seriously and really sorry that genocide upsets your afternoon reading. Unfortunately for you, we'll do it again and again and again and again and again..... About that? 1 Like |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by kunlekunle: 3:07pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Achebe dey laugh to bank, you dey get head ache. |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by EkoIle1: 3:10pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
kunlekunle: Achebe dey laugh to bank, you dey get head ache. And the bitter old fool wont share 1 kobo with these clowns... This is how they get used and abused... 1 Like |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Duchman67: 3:16pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Eko Ile: Not really interested in mindless dribble with you. The post is mainly about a mature discussion by adults and not an Igbo v Yoruba gutter abuse contest(plenty of threads have that elsewhere). |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by warrior01: 3:23pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Red-Light:No! It's not getting boring rather it seems you're not comfortable with the truth. In as much as his family and followers keep living in denial, are not remorseful; then, how do you expect the healing process to start. Tis obvious you don't know what it is to watch your loved ones and other innocent children die of what they know nothing about and the war criminals telling it to your face that they did it and nothing 'll happen. The truth hurts and according to history and in the hearts of God fearing peoples, Awolowo remains a mass murderer. |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by EkoIle1: 3:24pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Duchman67: Too bad your nonsenses about two million+ people and genocide was not adult, it was ignorant, misguided and ill informed because it was not rooted in basic Nigerian history or facts. It was even more childish and foolish to go to war without making arrangements for food and supplies to feed your own people while at the same time expecting your own enemy to feed you. Where is the adult sense in that? You are not in any position to say anything about adult talk because adult talk is obviously above your reach... 7 Likes |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by warrior01: 3:27pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Eko Ile: How many silly topics do you need to discuss the same dumb rubbish? Where are the mods when you need them?seems the truth is gradually staring you in the face and you're getting uncomfortable. |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Duchman67: 3:36pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Eko Ile: Starvation of civilian populations as a method of warfare is prohibited in both international or in internal conflicts, a prohibition stated explicitly in the two 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions. It is there in black and white that Awo committed war crimes and denying the deaths of two million+ people is something for your conscience to ask you questions about. In Germany it is a crime to deny the Holocaust,guess you are not of the same breed as the rest of humanity. |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Katsumoto: 3:47pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Duchman67: So you want to apply rules made in 1977 to a war that ended in 1970? I suppose you may as well go back 3000 years ans indict everyone who effected seige and blockade. Second, you want to indict the finance minister when there was a head of state and other military strategists who formulated that policy. I suppose the finance ministry was in charge of the war. Third, when are you folks going to hold your wartime leaders to account for not surrendering when they had no food? 8 Likes |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by RedLight1: 3:50pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Duchman67: We take the deaths of two million+ people seriously and really sorry that genocide upsets your afternoon reading. but seriously ...aint it the same old shiit? igbos will accuse awolowo ... yorubas will say no, yorubas will accuse ojukwu ... igbos will say no.... the fighting continues ... at the end of the day ..nothing change ... so what is the essence of the discussion then if its never gonna change anything but to bring more hatred? |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Katsumoto: 3:52pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
This topic is getting a bit much. If the intention is to bore the others into submission, then it wont work because the facts dont support starvation occured. Your enemy would have to be responsible for feeding you before you can accuse him of starving you. Who goes to war waiting for charities to supply food? 4 Likes |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Duchman67: 3:54pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Katsumoto: Humanitarian aid and Food supply for civilians, under Article 23 of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949, should enjoy the right of free passage through battle lines if intended for “children under fifteen, expectant mothers and maternity cases,” and a broader exemption can be made when all or part of the civilian population in occupied territory is “inadequately supplied. The additions in 1977 merely reinforce the the point. 1 Like |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by RedLight1: 4:00pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
warrior01: so after all that ... what will eventually happen? since when u guys v being fighting another civil E-war on nairaland.. does it change anything? does it make any yoruba apologize to igbo or does it make any igbo apologize to yoruba?..instead it only create more hatred... what u dont understand is, this kinda discussion is like a full 360 degree circle. it has no end ... the earlier we start to realize that the better just tell me after the long discussion and fights on this thread.. if its gonna change anything tommorow again same fruitless discussion |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Katsumoto: 4:03pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Duchman67: And what does it say about smuggling in weapons with aid? Does it mandate that aid must be flown in at night like ojukwu demanded so as to smuggle weapons? What are the rules concerning inspection of aid? Ojukwu was not in a position to dictate how and when aid is transported. Biafra could have had food if it was flown in in the afternoon but ojukwu refused. So who is to blame? What are your thoughts on the rest of my post? What about responsibilities of biafran high command. 10 Likes |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Duchman67: 4:20pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Katsumoto:I have not come across any official records of Ojukwu making such demands on food flights(please share with us if you get hold of any).On the other two issues you raised,Awo was one of the main actors in the formation of the blockade/starvation policy so shares in the blame.The biafra high command set out to provide a safe haven for Igbos when innocent civilians were been killed in the thousands and much of the rest of nigeria just sat back and watched. |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Nobody: 4:30pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
I am sad and distressed that a literary giant and an elder statesman such as Professor Chinua Achebe should be credited with the statement attributed to him in his latest book on the Nigerian Civil War at this time in Nigeria’s political history, over 40 years after the end of the war. His statements, however, are not unfamiliar to those of us who were around during the civil war, and who knew what falsehood and half-truths were bandied around then especially from “Biafra Radio” and supporters of the Biafra cause, notable amongst whom was Professor Chinua Achebe. Some thought they were effusions from supporters of Biafra in order to enlist international support for Ojukwu, but many on the other hand, attributed Achebe’s position to his pathological hatred for Chief Awolowo and the Yoruba race. Achebe has accused Chief Awolowo of being part of General Gowon’s cabinet that initiated pogrom and genocide as a policy against the Igbos. Yet, Achebe cannot claim ignorance of the fact that specific recorded instances of pogrom and genocide were a consequence of the second military coup of July 1966 in which northern soldiers and northerners committed series of atrocities against the Igbos in the North. At this time, Awolowo was still in prison in Calabar serving his jail term for treasonable felony. It was after his release from prison that Gen. Gowon invited him to join his cabinet as vice chairman of the Federal Executive Council and Minister of Finance. The war was already brewing at such time. At the risk of his life, and against the advice of his cabinet colleagues, Awolowo made contact with Ojukwu and met him in Enugu to dissuade him from going to war. In his one-on-one meeting with Ojukwu, Chief Awolowo tried to persuade Ojukwu to come to a round table conference with the Federal Government to iron out his differences with the government. But despite of the assurances the then Colonel Ojukwu gave to Awolowo that he had accepted to dialogue, Ojukwu reneged and a few weeks later attacked the Midwest and thus declared war against the Federal Government. Which is how the civil war became inevitable. The above facts are verifiable. Fair-minded persons cannot accuse Awolowo of being part of the intellectual arm of a cabinet that intentionally initiated the pogrom of the Igbos, when in fact the record shows he took positive steps to persuade Ojukwu to avoid the conflict. Whilst the war was raging after the liberation of part of the then South East, which then included Port Harcourt and Calabar, Awolowo visited Enugu and Port Harcourt where he saw Kwashiorkor (malnourished) victims for the first time. He wondered how this could happen in view of the quantity of food items sent through international agencies to the civilians in these areas. He was then informed that the food never got to the civilians as the items were cornered by the soldiers, who were feeding to the detriment of the civilians. One can imagine such a report being provided to a cabinet filled with military officers conducting a war. It should not be surprising that to avoid feeding enemy soldiers, the Federal Government at the time put a stop to the delivery of food meant for the civilian population that was being hijacked by Biafran soldiers. This is what Achebe mischievously called the deliberate starvation of the Igbos. I would like Professor Achebe, if he can, to make reference to any publication, where Awolowo made the statement that starvation was a legitimate tool of war. Furthermore, if such starvation ended with the end of the war, Professor Achebe should explain why, if the specific objective of the policy was to reduce Chief Awolowo’s enemies, did he not influence the continuation or doubling up on such policy when Nigerian troops had control of Biafran territory at the end of the war. One would have thought the charge of genocide should have been better directed at the leaders of Biafra, who had first hand knowledge of the starvation in the area they controlled, and yet did not as they could, bring an end to the war sooner before two million people, mainly members of future generations had died of starvation as Achebe claimed. Also, during the war it became known that the Nigerian currency, which Biafran soldiers had looted from Central Bank locations in Biafra-occupied areas were being exchanged to buy harms for the Biafran army. To put a stop to this, Chief Awolowo, as the federal Commissioner for Finance, suddenly changed the Nigerian currency without the prior knowledge of members of the cabinet. Even General Gowon, who was the head of state, was informed only a day before the announcement. These two major policies of stopping food meant for civilians, which was being ambushed by the Biafran soldiers and the sudden change of Nigerian currency were the two factors that quickly brought the misery of the civil war to an end. It should be noted that Chief Awolowo’s prudent management of the Nigerian economy made it possible for the Federal Government to prosecute the civil war without borrowing a kobo from the outside world. This achievement was acclaimed globally. It is this policy that quickly put an end to the insurgence that Professor Achebe has interpreted as a punitive measure against the Igbo. At the end of the civil war, a problem did arise with respect to how to verify the amounts creditable to Biafrans, who made claims to money held in Nigerian banks before the declaration of war. Unfortunately there were no records to confirm the amount in savings or current accounts held by a good number of such Biafran claimants. As a result, a committee was set up by the Central Bank, the members of which were unknown to Chief Awolowo. Such committee recommended an across the board payment of £20 to every claimant. It is therefore most uncharitable for professor Achebe to put the blame of the payment of this amount on Chief Awolowo. Furthermore, to extrapolate from this policy, a deliberate policy to stunt or obliterate the economy of the Igbo does not stand up to critical review and is rather far fetched. Firstly, what is an administrator to do in the face of such unverifiable claims? Pay every all and sundry claim? As Awolowo had stated, doing so would have bankrupted Nigeria at the time. Secondly, common sense would suggest that claims that such sums as were left behind were very substantial needed to be substantiated. .It should be noted that the percentage of all Nigerians in general, with substantial amounts in banks during that period was limited. In addition, with the advent of impending war, the natural reaction is a run on banks to withdraw all such sums or as much as possible, particularly for Igbo then deemed to be fleeing to a new country Biafra Under such context, the payment of £20 pounds (a substantial sum at the time) to all claimants without proof of specific amounts due to them was not altogether an unreasonable policy. More to the point, this was not a policy recommendation that can be specifically attributable to Awolowo, but rather the recommendation of a committee of the Central Bank set up at the time. It is noteworthy that after the division of the country to 12 states by General Gowon in 1968, the East Central State composed mainly of Igbo people emerged. Awolowo then diligently saved the monthly allocation due to Igbo during the war and released same to them at the end of the war. The African Continental Bank (ACB) and the Cooperative Bank for Eastern Nigeria, the two main financial institutions of the Igbo at the time, which had become moribund during the civil war were rejuvenated by Awolowo by releasing substantial funds to them for active operation. Achebe would have to explain how these actions beneficial to the Igbo emanated from somebody who, he claims had hatred for the Igbo or harboured any intent to deliberately and systematically exterminate the Igbo or deny their right of existence as a group. Furthermore, after the civil war, Achebe cannot claim ignorance of the fact that Awolowo personally wrote to prominent Igbo people (including Achebe himself), who had fled the country during the war to come back home. One of those, who responded to the call and whose home coming was facilitated personally by Awolowo was the late Chief M.C.K Ajuluchukwu, the former editor of Dr. Azikiwe’s Newspaper, The West African Pilot and his wife, a medical doctor, who were then based in Germany. Chief Awolowo facilitated the employment of the wife at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital and also latter employed Chief Ajuluchukwu as the director of research and publicity of his party, the Unity Party Of Nigeria. If it is true that Chief Awolowo was such an architect of pogrom and genocide against the Igbo, how would Professor Achebe explain the fact that there were no incidents of pogrom or genocide against the Igbos in any part of the then Western Region composed mainly of the Yorubas, and Chief Awolowo’s primary sphere of influence. Rather, the Igbo, who fled the West on the clarion call of Ojukwu for them to return to the East had their property kept safe for them, with the rents collected on the property duly accounted for at the end of the civil war and paid to such Igbo owners.It should be noted that no incidents of “abandoned property” occurred in the Western Region-Chief Awolowo’s zone, rather the controversy around such property were restricted to areas such as Port Harcourt and the Northern Region. Whilst it is true to say that Awolowo had the ambition to rule the country, it is unkind to say he wanted to achieve this by wiping out the Igbo, whom he considered an impediment. On the contrary, Chief Awolowo’s position had always been to rule the country with other progressive elements from all parts of the country including the Igbo. This he demonstrated in 1959 after the pre-independence general election, when he offered to serve under the late Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe as Prime Minister, with him as Minister of Finance. The NCNC (the party led by Dr. Azikiwe) turned the offer down and preferred an alliance with the NPC under the late Sardauna of Sokoto, Sir Ahmadu Bello. This incident was referred to, by the late Dr. M.I Okpara (former Premier of the former Eastern Region in an interview in the New Nation Magazine published in 1977 by the veteran journalist Chief Gbolabo Ogunsanwo. In the interview Dr. Okpara said he will regret to the last day of his life that he did not support the alliance between the Action Group and the NCNC, which could have made Dr. Azikwe the Prime Minister and Chief Awolowo the Minister of Finance. Even before the general election of 1983, there were attempts to form an alliance between the UPN led by Chief Awolowo and NPP led by Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe all in an attempt to have progressive forces form an alliance against the conservative NPC. Again this attempt did not materialise due to the opposition by the Yoruba leaders in the NPP at the time. It is also interesting to recollect that at the demise of Chief Awolowo, Chief Ojukwu, himself, remarked that “Awolowo was the best president Nigeria never had”. None of the foregoing suggests a man with hatred for the Igbo. Yoruba leaders led by the late Senator Abraham Adesanya have been working in close political collaboration with prominent Igbo leaders like Admiral Ndubisi Kanu, a former Governor of Lagos State and Admiral Ebitu Ukiwe, a former Chief of General Staff and Professor Ben Nwabueze, in an honest attempt to find equitable solutions to the problems of the country. The leaders of both ethnic groups have been putting their heads together for the emergence of a progressive Nigeria in peace and unity. It is sad that instead of Professor Achebe joining this progressive movement, he has chosen to bring into the front burner, the dark period of Nigeria’s history. What he stands to gain by repeating such falsehood, I cannot honestly comprehend. I believe however it is clear from the historical record that Awo had no Igbophobia, it is Professor Achebe that has to be cured of his Awophobia. By Ayo Adebanjo http://saharareporters.com/article/there-was-country-adebanjo-replies-achebe-ayo-adebanjo 4 Likes |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Nobody: 4:35pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
These guys just have to hold their leaders responsible for monumental calamity brought upon them during the war. |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by EkoIle1: 4:38pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Duchman67: This is a non starter simply because food was not denied free passage, it was allowed, but your rebel war leader not only rejected food supplies because the food was not made available at night like he wanted as if night or day made any difference while his people starve , he even denied food aid organizations landing privileges unless they pay him hard currencies. Like I said, you are misguided and ill informed. And quit troubling yourself with all that UN blah blah because the UN was in existence when Awolowo was alive and still in existence after his death so what's next? They failed to accuse or charge him with your UN laws because they colluded with Awolowo against ibo people? The only war criminal then was Ojukwu for so many reasons from subjecting his people to a foolish and unplanned war to failing to make arrangements for food supplies to feed his own people, denying food aid and preventing food aid organizations from landing their planes full food relief of food for his own people unless they pay him money. I have no problem taking many of you seriously, but not when all you have is baseless and emotional nonsense and generally ignoring the and refusing to acknowledge the role your own rebel leader played, the same role that starved his own people to death. 1 Like |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Katsumoto: 6:31pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Duchman67: I have not come across any official records of Ojukwu making such demands on food flights(please share with us if you get hold of any).On the other two issues you raised,Awo was one of the main actors in the formation of the blockade/starvation policy so shares in the blame.The biafra high command set out to provide a safe haven for Igbos when innocent civilians were been killed in the thousands and much of the rest of nigeria just sat back and watched. Please read "Condemned to Repeat?: The Paradox of Humanitarian Action" - Fiona Terry I have copied and pasted the relevant section for you below. http://books.google.gr/books?id=KxiKPeQyiakC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=landing+fees+biafra+ojukwu&source=bl&ots=9b32DbMfDR&sig=xPMnD19K0czQY9pPkxa1WRXEBlI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Atl0UPmcKInOswbwmYBo&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=landing%20fees%20biafra%20ojukwu&f=false As for your comment about safe haven, there is a clear difference between safe haven and secession. There were no armies advancing on Biafra nor was there an imminent danger. You still refuse to address the points I made; should Biafra have surrendered when it couldn't feed itself? Should Biafra have continued fighting when it was reliant on foreign aid for survival? Similarly, should Biafra have charged fees to NGOs who were supplying FREE food to Biafra? Its in that link above and also covered in Linda Polman's The Crisis Caravan: What’s wrong with humanitarian aid. If you refuse to accept foreign accounts, then hopefully, you should have no problems accepting Ntieyong Akpan's (secretary to Biafra government) account in his book, "struggle for secession". |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by osunmakin: 6:46pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
katsumoto. pls can u share me ur library; especially the electronic version (i.e. if possible). my email is ooige@oauife.edu.ng |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Nobody: 7:05pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Katsumoto:
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| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by EkoIle1: 7:52pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
^^^^^^^^ Ojukwu is guilty of war crimes and genocide.... lmao.... |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by cjrane: 9:42pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Ofcourse, Awolowo would have been hanged for crimes against humanity. Many German Nazis deserve an apology for being hanged merely for supporting the conspiracy to cleanse jews from Europe. Awolowo did much worse in his effort to exterminate Igbos from their homelands. I am only consoled that even if he escaped man's judgement, he is now languishing in the hottest part of hell with his Nazi mentors. |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Chidi4u(m): 9:52pm On Oct 13, 2012 |
Yes the lion of ikenne is guilty.This is a man the Nigerian state imprisoned.But released by Ojukwu and later went ahead to betray the man that pardoned him.Perhaps out of frustration he commited sucide. |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Duchman67: 1:31am On Oct 14, 2012 |
[quote author=Prof Corruption][/quote] This is a serious load of bollocks! How can she say "About 7 million Igbos lived in Government held areas without persecution"?!! Seriously is this the best reference you got? From this peddler of half truths or she was definitely high when she wrote that trash.In what region in Nigeria were Igbos not persecuted because much of the 60s was an open season for kill as many Igbos as you can....no s---t is gonna happen.The northerners were busy killing as much as they can,in Port harcourt market traders refused to sell to us and thousands lost jobs in Lagos.Yet your reference puts it on record that all was well... |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by Duchman67: 1:57am On Oct 14, 2012 |
Katsumoto: Biafra kept fighting as Gowon point blank refused to guarantee the safety of Igbos across other areas of Nigeria as stipulated in Aburi accord. We did not start fighting for the fun of it.We were been killed in the thousands in Nigeria for something the Igbo race was not responsible for and much of the rest of Nigeria did nothing to prevent this(which many of us see as a tacit approval of the killings). We don't not wish any tribe in Nigeria to go through what we went through and still endure till today but we still feel anger towards a lot of the actors involved in that very painful period of our history. Ojukwu maybe be imperfect but he gave us something we needed most in our darkest hour. |
| Re: Was Awo Guilty Of War Crimes? by kunlekunle: 5:39am On Oct 14, 2012 |
Duchman67: did you not watch Ojuku's interview? he had to demand landing rights from relief agencies before they can fly reliefs in. did you not know that the war was over by the 7th month before the war propaganda was used to attract outside help. Did you not see the baby soldiers who were the victim of the war (possibky the ones shown to the world) did you not know that the nigerian govt sent aids to the civilians but diverted to the the biafran army. did you not know that the propaganda prompted awos visit where he questioned the aid sent. He saw good looking soldiers while the civilians were sick. you cant go to such war with dane guns and machette after the war did you see that the leaders were well fed |
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