lets look at another Instruction (ADD)

ADD A, source ;ADDs the source operand to the accumulator

[list]

[li]The ADD instruction tells the CPU to add the source byte to register A and put the result in register A[/li]

[li]Source operand can be either a register or immediate data, but the destination must always be register A

eg. “ADD R4, A” and “ADD R2, #12H” are invalid since A must be the destination of any arithmetic operation[/li]

[li][/li]

[/list]

Quick notes on 8051 assembly programming

[list]
[li]Value (proceeded with #) can be loaded directly to registers A, B, or R0 – R7[/li]
[li]If values 0 to F moved into an 8-bit register, the rest of the bits are assumed all zeros.
eg. “MOV A, #5”, the result will be A=05; i.e., A = 00000101 in binary [/li]
[li]Moving a value that is too large into a register will cause an error
eg. MOV A, #7F2H ; ILLEGAL: 7F2H>8 bits (FFH)[/li]
[li][/li]
[/list]

MOV destination, source ;copies source to destination.

The instruction tells the CPU to move (in reality,
COPY) the source operand to the destination
operand


Example

Microcontrollers are programable chips, therefore 8051 will be meaningless to us if we do not know how to program it.

Like every other processor, 8051 only understand Machine Language(offcourse it has its unique machine codes), however, attempting to learn these machine codes for the purpose of programming this guy might be suicidal. Anyways, that does not have to bother us as we still have other alternatives: to either use Assembly language (still a primitive language) or use any other compact high level language (like C, Basic or Pascal). These options are possible because we have "The Middle Man (Assembler or Compiler) " that helps us translate our chosen language to Machine Laguage which our 8051 understands. I hope that sounds a lot better now; Good.

In this Class, I choose Assembly Language. (People think this language is difficult; maybe, maybe not), but, IMHO, every potential Embedded developer should start with this - after u have mastered assembly, u may then procceed to C language as the case may be.

---

8051 Assembly Language

8051 assembly language is written using the 8051 intruction sets.

Before I start explaining the 8051 intruction sets, let us still look at some of the terms to help us understand better.

Memory - memories are spaces that you can store information

Memory location - this is the address used to access a given memory (eg 8051 has 128 data memory(RAM) - this means that we have address 0 to 127 (or call it memory location 0 to 127)). the same applies to code memory(ROM/EPROM/EEPROM/FLASH)

Registers - Register some of the memories that are used to store information temporarily, while the information could be a byte of data to be processed, or an address pointing to the data to be fetched. However, the vast majority of 8051 register are 8-bit registers. In 8051, we have 8 general purpose registers (R0 to R1)

Accumulator (A) - Accumulator is also a kind of register, but I prefer to call it "Messenger" because it can handle some instructions that even the general purpose registers (R0 to R7) cannot handle.

B - B is another kind of register that is used with Accumulator (A) to perfome multiplication


Carry Flag (C) - I call this the bit version of Accumulator. what A does for byte, C does for bit. But its much more than that. we shall treat its other uses they arise.

All the terms mentioned above have too do with the 8051 memory, we shall still treat many others as they appear our lessons.

Next we are going to be explaining some of the 8051 Instructions.

We have defined the terms: Embedded system and Microcontroller, and have also mentioned a few tools (hardware & software) that we'll need to kick start our embedded designs successfully. I also mentioned that 8051 microcontroller will be our reference controller.

One more thing, its very important that we deal with the difference between a general purpose microprocessor and microcontroller now to avoid possible future confusions.

General Purpose Microprocessor:
1. has no ROM
2. has no RAM
3. has no input/Output (I/O) ports
4. has no timers

Microcontroller:
1. Contains Microprocessor
2. has ROM
3. has RAM
4. has I/O ports
5. has timers
6. might have ADC and other peripherals


P.S  when working with microprocessors, you must interface with external ROM, RAM & I/O ports, Timers for them to function (this makes the system bulkier and more expensive than microcontroller based systems - though it has the versatility on the amount of memory and ports)

P.P.S  The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM,and number of I/O ports makes microcontrollers ideal for many applications in which cost and space are critical.

---

8051 Microcontroller

8051 is quite an old guy in the world of micros, yet it has maintained its popularity over the years, thus, making it our right choice.  After learning how to program this guy, you will have the choice of working with a wide range of micros that have been developed using its architecture. (eg AT89C51 by ATMEL)


lets quickly take a look at some of the features of the basic 8051 microcontroller.

1.  8051 has an 8 bit processor(this can only work on 8bits data at a time)

2.  8051 is a 40 pin (PDIP) chip

3.  8051 has 32 input/output pins

4.  8051 has 4 ports with each 8bit wide (Port0 (P0.0 - p0.7), Port1 (P1.0 to P1.7), Port2 (P2.0 to p2.7), and Port3 (P3.0 to p3.7))

4.  8051 has 4k byte of onchip memory (code memory(EPROM) new variants have EEPROM and/or FLASH memory)

6.  8051 has 128 byte of usable internal RAM (data memory) and another 128byte of unusable RAM

7.  8051 has 8 general purpose registers (R0 to R7)

8.  8051 has 20 special function registers (Accummulator (A), Stack Pointer (SP), TMOD etc)

9.  8051 has the capacitity to address a maximum of 64Kbyte of external memory (having 16 Address lines A0 - A15)

10. 8051 has 2 timers (Timer0 and Timer1)

11. 8051 has 1 USART (serial port)

12. 8051 has 5 interrupt sources (Timer0, Timer1, Ext0, Ext1, and serial transmit/receive)

Just watch out for the special one "Jose",

YD:

pls can anyone help with
1. detailed step by step procedure to uploading files into cPanel VPS optimised v3 File Manager. i uploaded home page into public_html but when i run the address on a url it give an error page:
index/
cgi-bin (! --appears as an hyperlink)
home page (! --also a link. when u click here it then takes u to the home page)
etc (! --a list of other)

NB when i run the domain (registered) address on a url, it should take me straight to the home page. but this doesn't

and
2. any other tips u may honourably give from your distinguished experiences

pls somebody help, anybody

Its simple. even if u want ur default page to be yd.php, it possible,

Take the following steps:


1. create a new file in your public_html and name it ".htaccess" (without the quotes pls)

NB this file might already exist.

2. right click on the file (.htaccess) and click edit

3. type in the following command
DirectoryIndex yourdefaultfile.Bleep - (eg DirectoryIndex yd.php)

4.save the file and you are done.


5.launch your ulr and see the result


NBB: if you have your default page inside another folder other than the public_html folder, then follow these steps

1. do all of the above

2. create a file in the public_html and name it anyname.php (eg ym.php - it must be php)

3 open that file (eg ym.php) and type this line of code

<?php
header("Location: YourURLfolder/YourURLdeafaultFile.php";
?>

eg <?php
header("Location: ym/ym.php";
?>


hope this solves your problem, if not lemme know.

Regards
Chibuzor Anyagha

Dual Core:

The book is down to earth.

Yeah the book is very educating, it deals with both the technical and business sides of reseller hosting.

I got my own free copy from Hostgator after signing up for their reseller hosting package.

@Dual, I will like to chat with u, can u give me ur YM id? mine is canachy at yahoo dot com

Regards

I have same experience now, just have patience my dear.

prospective

Marria:

pls i need someone to teach me anything on circuit design and micro-controller practically not online at a student price.
am a computer engineering student.
so i ve been looking 4 someone to trian me pls if u can pls e mail me on abfembest@yahoo.com/08130589812 pls.
i like the topic when i saw it on nairaland.

may send an email to training@twichisystems.com(copy:canachy at yahoo.com). We can help u with that.

aksat:

I am an electronics engineer I Design circuits and build circuits as well. there is a circuit that I built that I used 14 ICs but I later discover that if I use PIC16f84 for it, i would not have used those ICs.

When I read about PIC microcontrollers I learnt that one will require 3 things
1.A programmer
2.A programming software
3.The program itself i.e. the assembly language e.t.c
and one needs to know most of the 35 instruction set.

please can you help me with a programmer circuit diagram and can you teach me the instruction sets or link me to the website I can get the tutorial.

yes you need a programmer, the software and asm (assembler) or c (c-compiler)/ etc to get started

aksat:

This project is too complicated for beginners.
can you give me the circuit diagram of a running message display using pic16f84

as a beginner, you sholud start from simple designs to avoid being discouraged before long. Take it one step at a time, you will succeed

aksat:

Is a programmer that expensive? I thought it is just to connect the microcontroller to a computer with just few connection and components.

well imported programmers are fairly expensive, but you can build one for yourself, its not that difficult.

sunnyben:

Hi Mr Canachy

That's very nice of you.

I read electrical engineering, I'm grounded in C programming and I have a little knowledge of Assembly.

I got to know that PIC programming can be done with C, that's PIC32.

But i'm still not sure whether it can be done absolutely in C without any other requirements

Are there good prospects in Embedded programming in Nigeria? I wasn't sure of this that was why I went for Java and i'm currently busy with that now

Good to know that you are grounded in C. you can program any programmer easily in C both you need to know a little about their registers accesses and all that.

Since you a C master, learning to program microcontroller will be a cinch, but mind you it end there - there is much more than that.

since you are already in Java, finish that one firest and you proceed onto embedded later. There are good prospects

Stan Iyke:

Nice Work Chibuzor Anyaagha, Kip repin NAU, Wel, how possible is it for one 2 embbed a software developed with Visual Basic 6 in a hardware and wat are the necessary materials for this.  I await your reply. Tanks.

Thanks for your nice words.

It is impossible to program codes into embedded chips using VB. They are 2 parallel lines that can never meet. The reason is simple - emdedded chips are furnished with compact memory space from 2kbyte to a few 100s of Kbytes. While VB is too "bogous" - generating Mbytes to Gbytes of Codes. But there is no such things as impossible. to make it possible, 2 things are involve:

1.build large memories into embedded chips

2. write a very compact VB compiler that will output very compact codes, far from reallity though.

anyways, If u are in love with VB, there is a lot u can do with VB and embedded chips by interfacing to the computer.

Rich-child:

Pls i am searching for a place where i can learn how to design and build electronics circuit. Pls you can send it to my mail: rikuesan@hotmail.com. Pls and pls somebody help me out.

send email to training@twichisystems.com(copy canachy@yahoo.com) we will help you with that

dipopeter:


I will appreciate it if only u'll accept newbies like me. I'm a don't net developer so I shouldn't find that difficult.
My interest is cool.

SURE. every professional started as a newbie. you are welcomed


@ all

I have been way tooooo busy for some time - I still remember my promise to continue with the free tutorial. keep watching - in no time we are going to kick off with full force. Until then keep cracking.

Regards
Chibuzor Anyagha

afam4eva:

I bet HOSTGATOR will not accept it.

Hostgator accepted my websurfer instantly. I am now on their reseller plan.

U may want to try them again.

Regards

sorry, if I sounded rude, I didn't mean any offence. I am just kinda frustrated thats all.

I appreciate all your replies.

@Dual Core

I appreciate the fact that you are willing to help, but that does not mean that you have to lure me into using you own service.

The two websites you listed above are yours; if I may ask my question again: where did you host them. you can send the reply to my email canachy@yahoo.com or IM now.

Regards

Thanks for your prompt reply Dual Core

wait a minute, which web host do you use?

Dual Core:

Introducing ResellerNG.com
Pay via bank transfer in Naira

I appreciate your recommendation, but I need to pay with my websurfer. do you know whether hostgator accepts it?

go to

www.planet-source-code.com

you just might get what you want there

Regards

I ordered for for a resseller hosting package from justhost.com with my zenith websurfer and was turned down after uploading the scanned picture of the card for verification.


look at the message I received fom them:



Hi Chibuzor,

Thank you for your reply.

I'm sorry, but we cannot process orders made with virtual/pre-paid/gift cards. We shall cancel the order for you now and void the pending payment on your card.

If you are able to place the order again using PayPal we should then be able to complete it for you.

Kind regards,

Ceri
--
Ceri-anne Jenkins
Order Processing Assistant
Just Host
www.justhost.com


which webhost accepts the zeniith websurfer?

I ordered for for a resseller hosting package from justhost.com with my zenith websurfer and was turned down after uploading the scanned picture of the card for verification.


look at the message I received fom them:



Hi Chibuzor,

Thank you for your reply.

I'm sorry, but we cannot process orders made with virtual/pre-paid/gift cards. We shall cancel the order for you now and void the pending payment on your card.

If you are able to place the order again using PayPal we should then be able to complete it for you.

Kind regards,

Ceri
--
Ceri-anne Jenkins
Order Processing Assistant
Just Host
www.justhost.com


which webhost accepts the zeniith websurfer?

I will continue the tutorial next week, I had a very busy week this week

Regards

sweet_pawn:

Interesting!
Okay, it looks like you have ignited my interest a bit.
This new family of processors,can I have the circuit of their programmer and how can one get their data sheet?

I will upload the circuit diagram of the ATMEL ISP89SXX programmer(along side with the software) latter. This will only program the 89SXX series (like AT89S51, AT89S52, etc). but u can start from that one shaa.

In cause of this class I will be teaching how to design your own programmer and write ur custom software (firmware and the GUI). With the technique, u can design even a universal programmer. Yes, I mean what I said

for the datasheet of the Atmels 8051 Architecture go to http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/datasheets.asp?family_id=604

Please guys, what is the current tax rate in Nigeria

I would like to start up a tutorial session on Embedded Systems Design here. Before I proceed, I would like us to look at the word Embedded systems.

What is Embedded systems?

Embedded system has grown so wide and varied (with the advancement of technology) that it has become dificult
to pin down its exact definition or description.

But for the purpose of this tutorial, let me define it this way:

An Embedded System is a system that is build with a specific purpose microcomputer (usually called Microcontroller) to perform one or a few specific tasks.

what is this Microcontroller?

A microntroller is a computer in one(1) chip. what do I mean? it is a chip (integrated circuit) that has CPU, EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Programabble-ROM), RAM and I/O ports. u see why i said it is a computer in 1 chip?

Many manufactures have built thousands of Microcontroller families (with different architectures) each tailored to solve a specific problem. one of these manufactures is Intel that built the world first micro (Intel 4004). In the early 80s, Intel introduced the 8051 microcontroller architecture which she has given licence to many chip manufacturers(inluding Atmel, Dallas, Philips etc) to produce after her kind; thus the existence of AT89C51,P8957, AT89S51 etc.

one interesting thing about this microcontroller is that it is programmable (meaning you write code for it just as u would write for ur computer). But, unlike computer, each microcontroller family has its own instruction set that must be used to write code for it; thus making it difficult to work with all the families with the same set of codes - NO (u must know the instructions set for a particular family before u can code it).

Having said this, it makes sense to learn microcontroller programming with refference to a particular family. I have chosen to do this with 8051 family of microcontrollers. Reason being that it is one of the most popular microcontroller families in the world.

Before I say a word about the 8051 family architecture, let us quickly consider a few tools that we will be needing in this venture.

We will be needing both hardware and software kits:

Hardware:

Programmer
Breadboard
Electronic Components {resistors, crystal oscillator, capacitor(electrolytic and paper), Regulator, led, lcd, battery; to mention but a few}


Software:

Assembler/Compiler - Asm51 or sdcc/keil uVision
intel hex converter - Hex51
Simulators - Proteus lite, Topview simulatir etc


Note: with simulators, u may learn without doing all the hardware stuffs (but if u are like me, u can't do without them - harware).

If u are really serious about learning this Embedded systems design, all it takes as dedication and devotion, not money; cos all the software u will need are FREE to download.

Let me stop here so u can prepare ur mind for the main thing.

But before I go, i will like to correct 2 popular misconceptions: that only those with years of experience should undertake embedded systems design AND that the process relies on an understanding of advanced mathematics. Provided u are not too ambitious, neither of these 2 held beleifs is true.

Think about this.

Until I sign in next time, Bye for now.

Kind Regards
Chibuzor Anyagha

IG:

I have a lot of interest in embedded systems ( I studied Electrical/Electronic) but didn't really give much input to beside casual studies.

It not too late. I will start a free embedded training class in this thread. maybe that will activate the Einstein in u

IG:

My problem is that I do not want to stop at the bread-board level but go all the way to make commercially viable devices. So I hit the rock when I was unable to get any company that can print my design on a PCB. I will readily go back once I find the right push to trigger my interest again. Hope this thread will be it.

I hope this thread will do it: yes this thread will do it. Good to know that u have worked on the the bread board level. Its high time u started working with PCBs.

To get a fab house that will print ur PCBoards isn't a problem at all. I can help u with that. But first things first. U need to really know ur onion when it comes to Printing Circuit boards (PCB) because one little error will lead to loss of ur hard earned money. I therefore advice that u learn how to use any good PCB software (I recommend Ultiboard or Eagle) though there are thousands of them out there.

talknafree:

If your question was based on registeration the this is the following facts:

Before you can have a "group of companies"

you first of all register at list 3 individual companies as LLC'S ( Limited Liability Company)

then register a fourth with the name 'Bleep group" and bind the other 3 companies as subsidiaries.

if you want more info on Brand aspect then indicate it so i can give you advice on that.

registering the names excel tech, excel multimedia, excel networs e.t.c have its own advantages and disadvantages.

NEVER BREAK THE RULES OF BRANDING

I really want more info on Brand. As a matter of fact, what I want is to pursue some of the objects of my memorandum with a given brand name (not necessarily Ltd) - u get what I mean. Do I still need to go CAC or just coin i name and start using it. Pls throw more light on this

PremierRow:

This is interesting
Can i join the train, although i don't know any thing about micro controller programming but I believe i Can learn.

Everybody can join the train. What it takes is interest and dedication, thank God u beleive u can learn (If u can beleive, all things are possible; to him that beleiveth)

PremierRow:

Course I want to go into electronics.
I am good at writing computer programs but someone told me to go for electrical electronics
is that a good idea

Good. Electronics is one of the most sought after courses in Nigeria and the world at large, so u are on the right track - I also studied Electrical/Electronics (majoring in the Electronics/Telecom option).

The fact that u are good in writing computer programs is an added advantage because it will make u appreciate Electronics as a course.

sweet_pawn:

I was this close to programming pics but I had the following problems:
I could not lay my hands on a pic64 chip which was the chip whose programmer was easy to construct given the information found on the net.
From then on, I lost interest. Maybe you can change that. . .

This should not discourage you, though I know that pic64 chips are readily available in the market. Why don't you lay your hands on the 8051 family of micros (eg 89s51, 89s52, 89c51, 89c52 etc). they are infact the most popular 8 bit micros used and supported worldwide. Again 8051 is the micro family with largest number of variants in the 8 bit micro industry - there are now over 1,100 different 8051 variants from 55 different manufactures (implication is that u will always find an 8051 family micro that will get ur job done no matter the complexity and u do not need to learn new instruction set for each).

If you are interested, I can teach u. For the chip programmer, I can also teach u how to build chip programmers (, if u are like me, u can develop and build programmer for any micro; provided u have the datasheet of that micro)

Regards
Chibuzor

Happy new year all!

I decided to revive this thread because I finally incorporated my company, Nov 2009.

What is the present tax implications for this new company in Naija.

I want to beleive that there are embedded systems developers on Nairaland.

I have been developing embedded systems for the past 7 years (for research, academic and commercial purposes -u know what I mean). My favorite Micros are those of the 8051 family.

However, I have been on Nairaland since 2007 and have never read any post relating to this field and I began to wonder whether people are interested in this exciting field, whatever.

Anyways, If u have interest in embedded systems design (microprocessor, microcontrollers, FPGA, PLC e.t.c); either as an amature, a hobbyist or a pro, why don't we rub minds (share our experiences, discuss circuit ideas, solve our problems, create new world of micros, share codes and do all sorts of necessary things as they arise)

Kind Regards
Chibuzor

am interested in your .com.ng offer, send our quote to canachy@yahoo.com

This depends on the email program you are using. For yahoo mail (classic), look at the bottom right corner of the mail you want to trace, you will see Full Headers; click on it and you will be shown the email header; Copy the email header (The email header is the information that travels with every email, containing details about the sender (including the IP address), route and receiver)

Then go to http://www.ip-adress.com/trace_email

To trace an email, simply paste the email header that you have copied into the Text box u will find in the above link and click on Trace Email Sender button. Thats all.


This is an example of the result you will get after the mail has been successfully traced:

Email Sender IP address location & IP address info:
IP address [?]: 86.62.6.100 [Whois]
IP address country: Nigeria
IP address state: Lagos
IP address city: Ikeja
IP address latitude: 52.5167
IP address longitude: 13.4000
ISP of this IP [?]: Bleep Wireless Communication
Organization: Bleep Wireless Communication
Host of this IP: [?]: 86.62.6.100 [Whois]
Local Time of this IP country: 2009-08-03 14:33

This just an example ooooooo, just try this out and see who your emailers are and where they are from (Though you will not be able to get the real location if the emailer is using some kind af IP anonumous programs or proxy servers like YF)

Hope this answers your question?

Regards

have not been able to access LR website since sarturday, I guess their site is down