Reflect7: You are obviously a school dropout to type this.
No, you Ill-exposed dullard, the Guardian Newspaper UK editorial board does not indulge in publishing “fake drawing and fake story” to its millions of readers and shareholders across the world.
It’s also tragic that you feel so inferior to the point that you regard any positive report from your history - even from foreigners - as ‘fake’.
Hope you don’t pass your terrible inferiority complex to your kids.
You're the one who feels extremely inferior to the point that you read and believe eu:ropeans version of history.
You're an educated illiterate suffering from slave mentality.
You think eu:ropeans who have always loved killing black people will sit and draw the kind of houses black people where living in You must be insane.
''When the Portuguese first “discovered” Benin City in 1485, they were stunned to find this vast kingdom made of hundreds of interlocked cities and villages in the middle of the African jungle. They called it the “Great City of Benin”.... Indeed, they classified Benin City as one of the most beautiful and best planned cities in the world.
In 1691, the Portuguese ship captain Lourenco Pinto observed: “Great Benin, where the king resides, is larger than Lisbon; all the streets run straight and as far as the eye can see. The houses are large, especially that of the king, which is richly decorated and has fine columns. The city is wealthy and industrious. It is so well governed that theft is unknown and the people live in such security that they have no doors to their houses.”
In contrast, London at the same time is described by Bruce Holsinger, professor of English at the University of Virginia, as being a city of “thievery, prostitution, murder, bribery and a thriving black market made the medieval city ripe for exploitation by those with a skill for the quick blade or picking a pocket”.''
ruggedtimi: go and read "Narrative of an exploring voyage up the rivers Kwóra and Bínue" by william balfour baikie
That's a fictional story.
If there were no doors in houses in Africa then there won't be indigenous words for door in the indigenous languages.
Why would Eu:ropeans sail through the oceans when they could just land in Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria e.t.c or whatever those countries were called then and head downwards to West Africa.
No eu:ropean sailed to West Africa.
You better stop believing their fictional stories and fictional books they are fake stories.
By the way, we have the same gates and fences in ex-European colonies of the southern hemisphere like Nigeria and India, because that was how the colonialists built their homes to protect themselves from the masses. When they left, the elite of these nations continued the same pattern and mindset of protection from the masses..
BEFORE colonial rule, we know that houses were built in Nigeria without even front doors, never mind gates. Dutch and Portuguese visitors to 15th century Benin city recorded this in their numerous accounts. The idea of somebody entering your house to steal or rob you was unheard of before the colonial invasions.
ruggedtimi: True....An English sailor to nigeria in the 18th century made this remark. The houses were left wide open with no doors and fence.
Thats a Big lie. Houses always had doors in Africa.
Col:onialists houses didn't have fences some of them used small or short trees as fences they never used cement as fences.
Raydos: Why are Most buildings in Nigeria especially commercial towers fenced off?
From the Downtown of Lagos, To The most Affluent areas of Abuja, They all have something in Common, All the Skyscrapers are all fenced off and not open to the public!
This make the city look ugly, In modern society, Skyscrapers down floors are rented out for restaurant, Boutiques, e.t.c, Which makes window-shopping possible!
Photo 1: Madina towers, Lagos
Photo 2: Eko hotel towers, Lagos
Stop saying nonsense..
Those areas are commercial areas with apartments and not residential areas.
Billionaires and millionaires abroad also fence their houses.
The Nigerian cities with fences are more beautiful than eu:ropean cities without fences.
Felimax: Rest your case! 80% of people in the North are in one form of military to the other either directly or indirectly.
They are the proverbial owners of the country till the fools will wake up.
If they want to pick 100 people to the military or police or immigration or anything the North will make more than 70% of the list.
The only thing we have here is crude oil and more 60% of the oil Wells belong to Northerners.
Northerners don't even know what crude oil looks like but they are the once controlling PTI/FEPRE till the fools wakes up.
Naija na cruise!
Igbos are the proverbial owners of Nigeria even though they messed up that proverbial ownership by planning 1966 coup which reduced their influence..
From crude oil to gas to coal to fertile lands the Eastern region has it in abundance and the Igbos have the highest population in the Eastern region which also means they have more billionaires than the other ethnic nation's in the Eastern region and can make the Eastern region a powerhouse globally but they are more obsessed with dominating non-igbos all over Nigeria and the world and that's the reason for the slow growth of Eastern Nigeria and the lack of progress amongst Igbos.
Wetin dey pursue black men? And later dem go say Oyinbo no get sense whereas na black man be dey real mugu. With all the blessings from God , all a blackman can boast of is how to showcase wealth and intimidate his/her fellow black fellow. Mugu!
This one is invasion not migration. 5000 people! Kilode!
The Italian government should be more strict on migration especially those illegal Sahara migration.
Send those slaves where they come from. They have nothing good to offer there.
sulaak: African culture is the problem. African culture lacks innovation, creativity and industry beyond music and dance. Africans live for the day.
Franzinni: Africa is cursed ... The people have been bred to think in a specific way and thus indoctrinate thier offspring to think in a similar way.
It's a breeding program and to break the cycle we have to do away with all the things that we have come to know as out identity and then rebuild which honestly is impossible. Giving that without African problems, many countries will be in big problem.
Emyogalanya: I'm sure most are from nig. They just want to Hide it under AFRICANS
Blankstare: It's beyond leadership problem, but genetics and the curse laid on ham.
planetx: Only if Africans know the hatred and resentment brewing among Europeans especially in the UK and especially to their individual governments due to this mass migration issue, and Africans irresponsibility in birthing too many children they are unable to cater for. There will be an explosion of far right governments across Europe and today's racism will be child's play.
Angelfrost: Sigh.... Why not have a bigger boat on standby to return the slaves back to whence they came from...!
If I were the president of that nation, I would be far stricter about immigration... I would have Zero tolerance for such illegal immigration.
You idiots will be returned the very same way you came in...!
slimmax: Move all Africans to Europe , and Europeans to Africa, na just matter of days them go begin to japa back to africa , because them go so spoil europe sotey the grass wey green go turn brown
Sleekfingers: Yes, Africa is a cursed continent. ....are the leaders not our people?
akin33: Now it is cleared to the world that political leader enriched themselves and breed poor citizens. The the leaders had created wealth for African people, no African will take risk of migrating. The die hard political fans, before you lay your life for politicians, consider that they own houses, fleet of cars, private jets, dual citizen, international health and international education for their children. You have nothing. Event dividend of democracy you don't have.
You guys don't know anything about Africa's politics and economics.
Only The quote below explains everything
NewDea4: Italy is the one bearing the brunt of France's selfish misgovernance of Francophone Africa
PaulOtl: Granted, you said it doesn't make sense to you how we came to have different races of humans, as migration should not have given rise to the several races. I agree with you that such a phenomenon would not make sense to almost everyone alive. But there's a reason for everything, because He is an ' intentional ' Creator, God. Sometimes when this issue comes to my mind I find myself pondering on how we came to have a caucasian, a latino, an asian, an african, light-skin person, dark-skin person , and so on. But He said, as time goes on, the Holy Spirit will teach you all things. It's still a continuous process. It is still in motion.
Here is what i came to understand (disputable, though). I tried to reflect on the story of the tower of Babel, when God caused the people, plenty of them, to start speaking different languages, in a bid to stop them from depending solely on their human capabilities. They had pride in their hearts, and felt they were their own God. Just indulge me... I'm driving at something. So, when he gave them different languages to communicate with, it is possible that at that time the people of Babylon were already of different physical traits, such as skin color and appearance. Then you may now come to ask, but how come this is so, if it is believed that Adam and Eve where both of the same ethnicity and race ? Surely, they had to have looked alike in terms of skin color and the rest (with exceptions to male-female attributes, of course). To which I'm tempted to answer, NO. No to mean that Adam and Eve may not have been created in the same hue or race. Sounds absurd, right? Not really. He is a God of design and varieties. Check out the species of fish, dogs and all of the rest (apart from the dog variants that humans crossbred, oh). Aren't they distinctive/different (colours, appearances) yet, still similar in functionality ( hunting patterns, their organs, body parts, are situated in similar positions as those of other species categorized with them) E.g, tiger lion, jaguar, puma, and so on. They all dont look identical, but however, bear great similarities in both appearance and ways of functioning (stalking prey, pouncing on it, chewing with one side of their mouths whilst feeding, e.t.c) You get the point now? I do hope you do.
Continuing...God was the architect of all of this. Do you think all the angels in heaven look exactly the same? Nope. Or have the same build, or carriage, or abilities? Absolutely not. It is even recorded in scriptures how some angels were described or detailed (although not revealing that much ). We do know that some of the angels that appeared to certain individuals, as recorded in scriptures didn't have wings according to their accounts of these visitations, whilst some scripture passages depicte some angels with wings, even carrying swords. Like the Angel Michael. So, this tells us that there is a variance in the appearance of angels, but that they largely have the same figure. ( Same angels, minor difference...Lol..BBN, see what you're causing ). But i hope this is understandable?
Moving on...It is the same God who created them that way. He likes variety. He wants all to get along together, teaching them love and unity. But people don't seem to get this mystery. God created this mystery to teach humans, and even the hosts of heaven- the angels, the elders, a deep, wise lesson. To showcase his power to create variations of the same living being, yet putting them all on a level-playing field, to showcase equality. After the fall of Adam and Eve, that was when the spirit (the knowledge of evil) of inequality and discord came to the world to corrupt mankind to see one race of people as better looking, more desirous, this and that, than the other race. It was not in the original plan of God for this mindset to be amongst humans. Sin brought it in. Let me end it here by saying this, and I stand to be corrected by anyone who feels they have a better explanation to this subject, that GOD DIDN'T CREATE ADAM AND EVE OF THE SAME RACE AND EVEN SKIN TONE. He is a master of twists and turns. He is intentional. It is not climate or temperature variations, as claimed by some, that made some people to have a different skin than others. This would have been true if the black Hebrew Africans of the ancient world had always been inhabiting the continent of Africa from the beginning. But we know, according to historians that Africans migrated down to this continent filled with milk and honey (or plentiful natural resources, enough to be envied by the rest of the other citizens of other continents) after they were led to this continent by one of their forefathers called Abraham. Bible historians make this claim, which is plausible if you do some research on it. No race of people previously inhabited Africa before our earliest ancestors came down here to inhabit it. It was a reserved geographical area (intentionally done by the creator). God did this mystery. So I'm ruling out climatic factors from being a determinant of the different skin colors we see today. How come some animals that originally started off in Africa (before they were taken away to be multiplied abroad, o those only found here in Africa don't all have black furs or bodies? If climate (being below the equator as many people suggest) was responsible for our darker (abeg i wanted to just call it black, but... ) skin colours? See that? That's God's design. Use the same logic to rationalize what i said. God created Adam and Eve too look different from each other. In his wisdom and ingenuity did he create other races too, as time went on (as the descendants of Adam and Eve kept on bearing children) I'm really of the belief that even those descendants had also been shocked to see that a sexual union of an african and an asian-looking couple could give birth to a Hispanic looking baby boy. That a caucasian union with a semetic person had resulted in the birth of an African baby. It was all God's doing to show them his creativeness and make them " marvel " Thats what God does through his creations (he makes is marvel, but the devil twisted it to seem as if science is the reason we MARVEL at created things ) So those category of people from the different races didn't reject their new borns who looked different from them, but rather, they embraced the children that had different physical traits than they (the parents) had. It was obvious they knew that God was the source of those babies, as the earth may have not been too populated as of the time of these happenings, to further help them to know that the only likely reason they were given birth to different-looking babies must have been as God wanted it to be. It is not recorded, so we do not know for sure if they questioned God, or cried upon seeing the difference in appearance of their newly birthed children. Must have been a funny, interested scene to experience or see. I wish i was alive when these things were happening. Lol. You know, we were told that Noah had children, and they to have birth to children, and the populating of the earth went on and on. However, as we can all agree, it wasn't documented in scriptures how the offsprings looked in terms of race and appearance in detail. Who knows if they were different, and the bible intentionally omitted these kinds id informations from people in the future knowing exactly how it all went down, until the mystery of God comes to an end. Then all thinhs shall be revealed. God was teaching them something. And also slowly populating the world with the different races, in line with his mysterious grand plan. Nothing is by accident.
I'm done. PS: before writing out all these things, I prayed quickly to the Holy Spirit to help give me understanding, so as not to mislead you with my own understanding. You and anyone else that would take their time out to read through. So, i just believe that God to an extent inspired all of the things I have written up there. Like i said, i stand to be corrected if anyone thinks i am overly wrong with my claims. Also come with your reasons so we may learn better.
PaulOtl: Ermm....let me just share my last opinion on this topic. Looking at it from one of its several angles. Umm..for the people who say the White have " finer, longer hair..." You may think the One who created all of us was partial? So you see your hair as less finer than theirs? Your skin color as less befitting and eye-catching, your lips as uglier, and so on. Truly, God is all-knowing and wise . He kept the heart if men from understanding all of his ways. He only reveals what he wants us to know in the measure that he wants us knowing them.
See ba...it's all a mystery. To you, to me (before i began to understand better, from asking Him through my spirit's groans) and to other humans, that the "white people's " hairs are finer. To the One who created us, these hairs are all the same in value and measure and appeal. But because of the cloak covering our Adamic eyes (even if one is born again, he/she still has this outlook because they are still physically present in this fallen earth) we cannot see the appeal and equality of our African natural hair with that of the Whites natural hair. If you were able to ask a ghost or spirit the difference, the spirit would likely tell you that they look both as appealing as the other does, amd that seeing any comparison and different about the two types of hairs doesn't matter, and isn't natural. It's satanic to see one as ugly and the other one as fine. The ghost or spirit would know better than you Because they are no longer part of this fallen, Adamic world. Thus, they have become extremely enlightened to knowledge and truths. Like I said, mysteries abound, and only the Spirit of God gives understanding or revelation of mysteries. From what I've been made to understand, God didn't in the real sense of the word favour, favour the White race over the Black race in the area of physical beauty, as erroneously believed by tje entire world. It's all a human delusion, brought upon us by Adam and Eve's sin, and from sin entering into the hearts of people from there on. Also, this erroneous ( owing to lack of knowledge sha ) mindset has over the millenniums been fuelled and encouraged by your greatest rival (infact, the only true rival you have, not even your fellow human) Satan. He thrives well in confusions, comparisons, envy, etc. The spirit of Satan is operating in the world thats why. That's why you have someone saying it is better to be a man than a woman, when that person waa originally created as a man in order to fulfill a certain objective for his Creator. Then the man allows the satanic whisperings of the world to make him question God for creating him man instead of woman. Then what follows is seeking support from the transgender community, and ultimately, the man goes foe the surgery to become a half-woman (since he cannot get pregnant and deliver a child as a woman can ).
Lord, please give knowledge and deeper understanding to those who ask you for it, and search for it, to enable us understand the deeper things of the world, and to fathom mysteries that are not understood by nobles, kings, queens, rich people, powerful people, occult people, and scholars. So that we can rightly enlighten others, without errors. This is my prayer right now in Jesus'name. Amen.
There is no god and there is no satan.
The religious books are story books and people in it are fictional and they never existed.
The quote below shows black people with natural blonde hair.
makaveli902: And even dark skinned Saudis. You the problem with the black race is that they are systemically given or push to the lowest rung of the ladder economically, politically and in almost all spheres of life. This is what we should rise up and fight against.
That's what they want Africans to do ( to rise up and fight against ) so that they kill off Africans and make Africans population become endangered...
That's also why they are pressuring T:inubu to invade Ni:ger republic and start a war so that it will be black people killing themselves off with them selling the weapons for the war and indirectly making Nigeria poorer and economy worse.
Ishilove: Adaptation leads to evolution. They began genetically evolving when they migrated to colder, higher regions. Finer, longer hair to cover their heads and necks. Lighter skin because of absence of burning heat. Longer noses because of the thinner air etcetera etcetera.
This evolution took place over a course of thousands of years.
Read the quote below and also know that there is something called vitiligo.
GreyLaw: A lot of current evidence has destroyed that useless theory called Ecolution. Give monkey a billion more years they won't become humans. Evolution works in some sense such as adapting to the requirements of life, but not in things like moving from one species to another. Transmutation from one species to another never happens and will never happen.
Quintessence44: It is genetic mutation, which is a scientifically proven occurrence, that accounts for absence of melanin.
It could be that genetic adaptation needs to colder climates caused this mutation to occur among the ancient black settlers of Europe.
'Evolution' on the other hand is a mere theory with absolutely no proof whatsoever that it actually occurred, or is even possible.
kay29000: I was thinking the same, cos how can they be Africans, when they have straight hair, not nappy hair.
Intrepid01: Many people don’t even know the definition of a “black person”, though complicated, it is best determined by hair type and not by your skin colour. Skin colour is the least criteria for determining race. That woman’s hair isn’t that of a black race.
The east Africans share similar hairstyle with them but it doesn't meant its an afro hair style. I still want to hint on the interbreeding of homos with neanderthals to form present day pointed nose Europeans. It that was the reason we had different black with strait hair and blonde hair. I cant really say for sure. But what is certain is that different kind of black existed thousand years ago and might have migrated to other continent before the continental drift, its either the white came as a result of interbreeding with neanderthals and later evolved to the present European Caucasoid or a different white race existed through the Sumerians, we cant say for sure.
endy69: Oga dey read na. Wikipedia and other sources plenty no be to cum for public dey display ignorance despite ppl trying to educate you, you still dey argue
wiseone28: I don't believe ethnicity is the cause of our backwardness.. How many sub Saharan countries are doing well to the at least the level of Romania which the European considered to be poor outside South Africa which the white were in control for century?
There's no country that doesn't have another ethnic outside the majority.
This poverty thing is mostly African thing because of greediness and self-centered
Majority of countries in West Africa especially those colonized by Fr:ance cannot do well and are designed to be in continuous poverty and F:rance colonized over 14 countries so that's a majority number.
Poverty thing in Africa is mostly in Fr:ance colonized countries and countries with high isla:mic influence because poverty is used as a weapon in is:lam and countries with high amount of nomads who prefer to feed the herbivorous animals they worship which leads to desertification than farm and partake in agriculture and feed themselves.
Poverty has nothing to do with greediness and self-centered because someone that is greedy needs to fund their greediness and self-centered behavior.
Poverty has to do with lack of investment in infrastructure and lack of investment in agriculture, total wickedness of politicians.
AMI3: Which false information. Don't worry I pray u don't travel to the North during riot if u do then u will appreciate a southern man that u see in the North.
False information that Igbos have never attacked and killed Yoruba people.
Horus: Stop your inferiority complex, and if you can't then try to bleach your skin to look like the pathetic colonial master that you are worshipping.
You're on the internet he may not be African or Nigerian.
He could be a Whyte supremacist. There are many of them on nairaland pretending to be Nigerians and Africans.
fxexperts: All those you wrote are no fault of France. It is almost similar here in Nigeria. We have an agreement with these European countries to extract our oil and sell to them. they are the ones who invest the technology and we split the price made from selling this crude to them 60% for our greedy politicians and 40% for the multinational companies which are mainly own by the west. So if you are telling me that France takes 50% of every Uranium been mined and sold in Niger, then a i can say is that may be the agreement they had in place already. If Niger are not happy about it, they can use their own technology to extract this Uranium themselves. If you are a French businessman, you will do same. here in Nigeria if we want to start drilling oil ourselves, we are free to do so without paying any dime profit sharing ratio to these Western companies not by going around to claim foul.
adebayo987: They're gradually pulling out of Africa though.
But let's look at the other side of the coin. Is France actually the reason for leadership failure in Africa? This thing is everywhere in Africa, it's in our blood. No matter who is there as the leader, corruption lives in him. Our leaders keep embezzling our wealth and be shouting no money no money in the country, but they'll award billions to themselves and store them abroad for their future generations. But are there any White president stealing their country's money and storing them in Africa?
This Western countries must have business relations with their ally countries. Even US and China are still allies in doing business with one another despite the theatre display they do on the surface. But in the economic relations we have with these countries, are our leaders using our own portion for us or for themselves? Now, African militaries out of self-greed are hiding under the excuse of "they're stealing from us" to take over power to impoverish the people the more.
Our leaders are not investing in key sectors that will drive the economy especially EDUCATION, SECURITY, HEALTH and WELFARE (salaries). Is it this Western people that will do it for us?
Chai! I pity Africa. These White people could be one part of our problems but they're not our major problems at all because in the end our presidents or head of states are origins of Africa.
One day our eyes will be opened to the truth.
clinician2x: I don't even understand what you idiots are talking about. I should go and read what abeg?.
I am telling you how does it work that a country like Nigeria is sanctioning a country like Niger with useless electricity generated by hydroelectric means whereas niger Republic sits upon the world largest uranium deposits and an idiot like you is saying I should go and read wetin wetin pls what kind of nonsense talk is that?
Are you not in touch with your present reality, what is presently going on?
clinician2x: I was hoping you would say something that makes some sense but nothing, all I read here is trash.
Why are all of you sounding very empty this night?
How exactly does your past determine your future when you're not in prison?
How exactly does your past determine your present and future when all you need to do is to stand up on ur feet and say ENOUGH.
How does your past determine your future and present when all that is required is for the niger republic minister of power to go on Google and type "how to generate electricity with uranium"
Why do I need to look at the nonsense from the past to understand the present situation of Africa when...? Oh I think I get it now.
Africans are prisoners. Prisoners of their own minds.
Emancipate yourself from mental slavery, non but ourselves can free our own minds.
What is the hope of Africa?
The black skin is a curse 😢 😭
The quote below explains the situation 15 fre:nch speaking African countries are in.
But to explain it in lay terms it means if investor A ( F:rance ) gives you $100,000 to start a business but you sign an agreement with him ( investor A) that 50% of your company's profits will be given to investor A and the remaining 50% will go into investor A bank account and you are entitled to only 20% of the remaining 50% in investor A bank account and before you can withdraw out of the 20% you are required to write a letter to investor A to approve your withdrawal so that means you cannot withdraw your money anytime you want and the money you will get will always be less than 20% of what you're actually making..
Also before you do business with other investors, investor A must approve.
In summary, before N:iger ( or other fr:ench speaking African country ) can do anything with their own resources like Uranium they need investor A ( f:rance ) permission and approval. Now that there has been a coup, N:iger cannot afford to build another source of electricity and even before the coup unless C:Hina or another country helps them.
The quote below explains the situation 15 fre:nch speaking African countries are in.
France make over 500 billion dollars a year from Africa.
They blackmail the 'elected civilian leaders' in Francophone countries to sell their resources like Uranium at 10% of market price, while forcing them to deposit 60% of their earnings (previously 85%) at the Central Bank of Paris based on some 'colonial treaty'.
The military juntas are taking over and TRASHING the so-called treaties.
And asking the French to leave.
Left to a Nigerian mumu slave like you, the French should be left alone.
Hopeless people.
No wonder you are the world's largest importers of bleaching cream..
Reference: Because the African is feudal in nature. This makes him hold on tenaciously to his inbred inclinations without exception so he cannot bond across cultures and religions.
But unfortunately Africa was not geo-politically carved along those rudimentary lines. That is why the typical African owes his allegiance first to religion and tribe before nation and in almost all cases will break the flag before the calabash or holy book.
A classic example is what is happening now with northern Nigeria which borders Niger republic vehemently opposed to military action against their 'brothers'.
A tribe is a nation, If you were intelligent you would know this.
Military intervention in Ni:ger would cause refugee crisis in Ni:ger which would lead to NigerIENs moving into northern Nigeria in large numbers and this is what northern Nigerians don't want.
Bluearrow: You have said it all at bold That's why I feel it will be hard for the black nation to resolve this issue. Because I feel what we are dealing with is a natural & inborn thing. Our intellectual capacity is very low as compared to the Whites.
Your own intellectual capacity is low compared to black people.
georgeakins: Since the White left power in South Africa it has been difficult to get a good leader, aside Mandela.
If you see the lifestyles of those who call themselves black Americans in the US , if by mistake they're allowed to run the country for just a decade, they would mess up everything completely.
There is something genetically wrong with black race. When I say this, some people will say I'm feeling inferior
Since the whyte left South Africa the black presidents and leaders have been able to maintain and upgrade the infrastructure of South Africa.
South Africa hosted the World Cup, won 2 rugby World Cups, lifted millions of black South Africans out of poverty, African cities are ranked in top 20 world rankings while having black presidents.
Bluearrow: Lol you are funny It takes high level of intelligence to colonize a nation. Africans don't have that brain. Everything Africans know today intelligent wise they learnt from the whites. Macron may sound arrogant with his remarks, but he is right. The likes of Mali & Burkina faso are already been overrun by terrorists since they left.
It does not take high level of intelligence to colonize a nation that's like saying it takes high intelligence to become an armed robber.
That's also like saying the armed robbers that rob, rape and steal from you are intelligent.
It takes brutal violence to colonize a nation not intelligence.
Te:rrorists created by F:rance so that those countries will reach out to F:rance again for help.