₦airaland Forum

In the next few days I will be buying parts bits by bits to begin building mine, its strictly DIY

Well I newly got interested in CNC and thought I give it a go,I also found out I can put my Engineering skills into play and build my own to do waht i want.Just before we go any further it would be good to go through the history of the CNC.
CNC or "computer numerical controlled" machines are sophisticated metalworking tools that can create complicated parts required by modern technology. Growing rapidly with the advances in computers, CNCs can be found performing work as lathes, milling machines, laser cutters, abrasive jet cutters, punch presses, press brakes, and other industrial tools. The CNC term refers to a large group of these machines that utilize computer logic to control movements and perform the metalworking. This article will discuss the most common types: lathes and milling machines.

History
Although wood-working lathes have been in use since Biblical times, the first practical metalworking lathe was invented in 1800 by Henry Maudslay. It was simply a machine tool that held the piece of material being worked, or workpiece, in a clamp, or spindle, and rotated it so a cutting tool could machine the surface to the desired contour. The cutting tool was manipulated by the operator through the use of cranks and handwheels. Dimensional accuracy was controlled by the operator who observed the graduated dials on the handwheels and moved the cutting tool the appropriate amount. Each part that was produced required the operator to repeat the movements in the same sequence and to the same dimensions.

The first milling machine was operated in much the same manner, except the cutting tool was placed in the rotating spindle. The workpiece was mounted to the machine bed or worktable and was moved about under the cutting tool, again through the use of handwheels, to machine the workpiece contour. This early milling machine was invented by Eli Whitney in 1818.

The motions that are used in machine tools are called "axis," and are referred to as "X" (usually left to right), "Y" (usually front to back), and "Z" (up and down). The work-table may also be rotated in the horizontal or vertical plane, creating a fourth axis of motion. Some machines have a fifth axis, which allows the spindle to pivot at an angle.

One of the problems with these early machines was that they required the operator to manipulate the handwheels to make each part. Besides being monotonous and physically exhausting work, the ability of the operator to make identical parts was limited. Slight differences in operation resulted in variation of the axis dimensions, which, in turn, created poorly fitting or unusable parts. Scrap levels for the operations were high, wasting raw materials and labor time. As production quantities increased, the number of usable parts produced per operator per day were no longer economical. What was needed was a means to operate the motions of the machine automatically. Early attempts to "automate" these operations used a series of cams that moved the tools or worktable through linkages. As the cam rotated, a link followed the surface of the cam face, moving the cutting tool or the workpiece through a series of motions. The cam face was shaped to control the amount of linkage movement, and the rate at which the cam turned controlled the feedrate of the tool. These early machines were difficult to set correctly, but once set, they offered excellent repeatability for their day. Some have survived to this day and are called "Swiss" machines, a name synonymous with precision machining.
Early Design to Present
Day Operation
The modern CNC machine design grew out of the work of John T. Parsons during the late 1940s and early 1950s. After World War II, Parsons was involved in the manufacture of helicopter rotor blades, which required precise machining of complex shapes. Parsons soon found that by using an early IBM computer, he was able to make much more accurate contour guides than were possible using manual calculations and layouts. Based on this experience, he won an Air Force contract to develop an "automatic contour cutting machine" to produce large wing section pieces for aircraft. Utilizing a computer card reader and precise servomotor controls, the resulting machine was huge, complicated, and expensive. It worked automatically, though, and produced pieces with the high degree of accuracy required by the aircraft industry.

By the 1960s, the price and complexity of automated machines had been reduced to the point where they found applications in other industries. These machines used direct current electric drive motors to manipulate the handwheels and operate the tools. The motors took electrical instructions from a tape reader, which read a paper tape approximately 1 in (2.5 cm) in width that was punched with a select series of holes. The position and sequence of the holes allowed the reader to produce the necessary electrical impulses to turn the motors at just the precise time and rate, which in effect operated the machine just like the human operator. The impulses were managed by a simple computer that had no "memory" capability at the time. These were often called "NC," or Numerical Controlled machines. A programmer produced the tape on a typewriter-like machine, much like the old "punch cards" used in early computers, which served as the "program." The size of the program was determined by the feet of tape needed to be read to produce a specific part.

This 1980s CNC chucking machine shows the technology's combination of machine tool and computer, (From the collections of Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village.)
This 1980s CNC chucking machine shows the technology's combination of machine tool and computer,
(From the collections of Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village.)
The story of how computers were first linked to production machinery is full of intrigue and controversy. It illuminates how intertwined industry, universities, and the military have been in the 20th century. The story also exemplifies how difficult it is to attribute many innovations to a single individual or institution. Sorting out who did what when and with what impact is a complex enterprise.

In 1947, John Parsons headed up an aeronautical manufacturing firm in Traverse City, Michigan. Faced with the increasing complexity of parts' shapes and the mathematical and engineering problems they entailed, Parsons searched for ways to reduce his firm's engineering costs. He asked the International Business Machine Corp. to allow him to use one of their main frame office computers to make a series of calculations for a new helicopter blade. Eventually, Parsons made an arrangement with Thomas J. Watson, the legendary president of IBM, whereby IBM would work with the Parsons Corporation to create a machine controlled by punched cards. Soon Parsons also had a contract with the Air Force to produce a machine controlled by cards or tape (like a player piano) that would cut contour shapes like those in propellers and wings. Parsons then went to engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Servomechanism Laboratory for help with the project. MIT researchers had been experimenting with various types of control processes and had experience with Air Force projects dating back to World War II. In turn, the MIT laboratory saw this as an opportunity to expand their own research into control and feedback mechanisms. The successful development of computer-numerical-control machine tools was then undertaken by university researchers seeking to meet the demands of military sponsors.

William S. Pretzer

With advances in integrated electronics, the tape was eliminated, or used only to load the program into magnetic memory. In fact, the capacity of the memory of modern CNC machines is still sometimes referred to as "feet of memory."

The modern CNC machine works by reading the thousands of bits of information stored in the program computer memory. To place this information in the memory, the programmer creates a series of instructions that the machine can understand. The program may consist of "code" commands, such as "M03" which instructs the controller to move the spindle to a new position, or "G99," which instructs the controller to read an auxiliary input from some process inside the machine. Code commands are the most common way to program a CNC machine tool. However, the advancement in computers has allowed the machine tool manufacturer to offer "conversational programming," where the instructions are more like plain words. In conversational programming, the "M03" command is entered simply as "MOVE," and the "G99" command is simply "READ." This type of programming allows faster training and less memorizing of the code meanings by the programmers. It is important to note, however, that most conversational machines still read code programs, since the industry relies on that form of programming quite heavily.

The controller also offers help to the programmer to speed up the machine use. In some machines, for example, the programmer can simply type in the location, diameter, and depth of a feature and the computer will select the best machining method for producing the feature in the workpiece. The latest equipment can take a computer-generated engineering model; calculate the correct tool speeds, feeds, and paths; and produce the part without a drawing or program ever being created.
Read more @ http://www.cmsna.com/blog/2013/01/history-of-cnc-machining-how-the-cnc-concept-was-born/

Is this thread still alive? we need more CnC machines

repogirl:
fine, so what happens to the Naira they receive from the importers.

Now U av asked a kwestion

uncle005:
this is a typical IPOB member

Another yam eater, I'm not even near Igbo land so how am i IPOB? at least the IPOB youths are proud are you?

kay29000:
There are more civilized ways of criticizing a Government than calling your president 'Booohari.' Don't you think?

Guy relax, did you lot not call GEJ Clueless? infact PMB is a COW, oya call police.

Elosky20:
The CBN has only two options now:
1. Devalue the naira and support the naira from the foreign reserve, but the foreign reserve is low and can only last for 3 months.
2. Restrict importation of certain products, to save the foreign reserve for inevitable imports, which cannot be sourced in nigeria.
.
The second option is clearly the best in the long run, while the first can only work for a short period because the oil price is not rising anytime soon and might go down to even $20. We have to stop this our importation madness and start using what we can produce in nigeria. For how long will Nigeria continue to dodge this bullet, when we can disarm the assasin with a little effort and sacrifice.
"Naira must fall, so nigeria can rise again"
i stand with buhari

you haven't told us how government is going to spike the country into exporting

TheAlchemist:
If you tell the banks to buy at n300 then at the parallel market it will move from N400 to maybe N700. You can't beat the cheating bankers a their game!

Nop it doesn't work like that, google the history of devaluation and see how they all played o ut

Pesuzok:
So how would the value of the salary increase when you have devalued the currency. Please answer in A level, I know I am lazy but not all nairalanders

Ok as it is, Nigerians are paid salary with the value of teh greenback @ $199, and we are buying stuff imported at rate of $400, wont it be nice to devalue the naira to $300 so its close to the rate in the parallel mkt?As thing stand the Naira is nose diving making it worthless.

Devaluing History


-Britain, which recovered strongly from its early 90s doldrums after it devalued the pound against the mark in 1992. (At the time, some wags suggested putting a statue of George Soros in Trafalgar Square.)

– Sweden, which recovered from its early 90s banking crisis with an export boom, driven by a devalued kronor.

– South Korea, which roared back from the 1997-1998 crisis with an export boom, driven by a depreciated won.

– Argentina, which roared back from its 2002 crisis with an export boom, driven by a depreciated peso.

And more. The truth is that every recovery from financial crisis I know of since World War II was driven by currency depreciation. In fact, that’s the biggest reason for pessimism now: because of the global scope of this crisis, the usual exit is blocked.

Now, I’m sure that the goldbugs will come up with ways to explain away all of these events. But at that point we’re not learning from history; on the face of it, history seems to suggest many cases of countries prospering through devaluation.

So what’s going on with Nigeria? First, it’s a good bet Nigerians don’t actually know much about monetary history. Beyond that, though, what you often see among hard-money types is a sort of Lives of the Saints approach to history: they’ve got their iconic examples (Weimar Germany! Zimbabwe!) which they pull out on every occasion, while remaining utterly ignorant of all the examples that go the other way.
And no, it’s not symmetric: people like me have heard about hyperinflation, while people like Ryan apparently have never heard about post-crisis Korea or Argentina.

Pesuzok:
I thought you used your head, a civil servant that is paid 50k naira per month, how much would he be paid after devaluation?

You guys are too lazy to think out of the box, his salary will remain same 50K but its value will increase due to devaluation.Simple economics for A level students not O level

Sanchase:
Nigerian market is a virgin market, there is nothing you can't sell in Nigeria. When you research the 4P's of marketing it will help you make a better decision.

yes there are shyt loads you can sell in Nigeria.There are raw materials Nigeria needs.Want me to name them?

udeagbalaC:
devaluation do not solve Nigeria economics crises,official rate still stand at the cbn 199 for those who desperately need forex and can not go through the official window to get it ie commercial banks and cbn itself should buy it at any amount at the informal sector

Have you applied for forex from the CBN B4? I guess not well I have, its still in thier office via my bank for the past 3 months.I only wanted $21K to import CNC machines and $5K for my nieces school ,I have to co me back to the Uk to earn forex to achieve this cos no way 4ward i n Nigeria.This why I say there is a big fraud going on and you lots are cheering them ON

emenas:
broda, think about the effect it will bring on the poor masses

bro 300 and 400 which do you preffer? and if and when things improve we can always go back to 250 then 200 then 180 etc, as at now the banks are killing the common man, I should be happy cos I earn Forx, I get paid in Pounds.

Sanchase:
There are products for mature and emerging markets;

Nigeria is an emerging market where you can sell mobile phones of $10 to $50 easily.

Countries such as US,UK, Canada, Australia are mature markets where you can easily sell your £600 phone.

So you do your research well and know where to invest.

Well if you check, I used 600 as refrence.same could be said for the $10-$50 you mentioned, things as cheap as Nokia 3210 are sold here for $20 used, now would you or can you buy it @ N15k?

ojeota:
Devalvation of the naira is a bad idea Since we are not producing and exporting nothing.
What the governor should be saying is for buhari to encourage agriculture in all aspect and also manufacturing companies.

How is that now possible when they the FG lift the ban on rice importation

udeagbalaC:
you need to enroll to sch too

Ok correct my statement instead of throwing half backed statement.germany devalued their currency up to %50 WHEN THEY NEEDED TO, Go and check history

Remii:
what did fgn do with her own 52% share

its part of what was left for PMB or you forget teh $B found?

blazer234:
Use your head to reason Mr. And stop being blinded by political affiliation. It is the soul of Nigeria we are talking about here. The wide difference between official rate and black market rate does not spare people of certain political party; everyone is affected.

Fayose said something that every Nigerian with useful brain will think deeply about.: workers are paid at the rate of 199 per dollar, but they have to pay for goods at the rate of 400 per dollar.

Is that too complex for you to understand?

Fayose may have his faults, but every Nigerian with sense will agree he is making a good point this time.

nah they wont understand, they are too lazy to reason and hear the voice of freedom.
That there my friend was a classic example, pay civil servant @ N199 and they civil servant buy at n400, the Sums it up for all of us, if this simple analogy those not clarify everyone's doubt, then we as Nigerians are doomed.

oyinkinola:
3. ....OIL AND LFR
THE TWO MAIN MEANS OF INCOME FOR NIGERIA ECONOMY
.....with the determination of Nigeria president Buhari and the trust of of world leaders toward nigeria, from America, Eroupe, Asia and gulf nation the down price of oil and the rise in $ is not a corse to nigeria but a blessing.
Among the oil producing countries, and OPEC only nigeria have what other didn't, we have oil in common but nigeria have the looters as well, this opportunity raise nigeria above other oil nation and when all this country are frustrated with oil down price, nigeria have turn to her looted fund reserved to keep her economy running.
Nigeria is bless with oil and (LFR) looted fund reserve, when the oil price is down, the rise-up of dollar $ hike the value of our LFR, if government inject the LFR recovered on the economy, it will boot our economy!
at rate of $ to ₦ today if government managed to recovered $1 trillion LFR it will give us:

$1=₦400, $1trillion=₦400trillion!
I hereby challenge the Nigeria economists who insist that rising $ and downwards of oil price is a broke to nigeria economy to come-up for debate!
Note (LFR is looted fund reserve)

So you seriously believe we have LFR somewhere? Seriously

OYIBN:
Fayose the illiterate Governor of the state with the highest number of Professors in Nigeria, if you have stolen dollars hidden in soakaway you want to change to Naira, too bad. Naira will NOT be devalued. Keep wailing.

Oga listen to yourself, if they devalue the Dollar it will be in the region of N300, and even you the common man will not see see it at that rate.

Sanchase:
Fayose SHUT UP and SIT DOWN if you don't have anything meaningful to say.

Devaluation is not a solution for the Nigerian economy, it will only enrich the greedy Nigerians who are hoarding foreign currency and cause more hardship for an average Nigerian.

Devaluation of your currency is not good economics, the reason for the gap in currency is due to activities of black marketers. You don't allow black marketers determine the way you run a government , devaluation is giving more power to black marketers.

The solution is for the government to diversify into other aspects of trade and encourage foreign investors to bring money to Nigeria. This will help generate Foreign exchange to meet domestic supply.

Also, there need to be strict control and sanctions in place for Banks who violate the terms of forex sold to them on weekly basis, this aspect is weaker than a 100 year old peenis.At least 10 Banks currently get forex from CBN but only one Bank comply with the laid out practices by CBN. The remaining 9 Banks are not sanctioned and rather they are allowed to fuel the black marketers with forex causing more problems for the economy.

Guy sorry your Economic reasoning is way out in teh BUSH.On your second paragraph you seriously want me to bring my hard earned $ to Nigeria where there would be no value? realy
If I bring in I box of samsung galaxy Note @ 600 pounds each, how much will I sell it? £600 x 500 = N300. How Many of the so called gadgeters can afford it at that cost price let alone me adding profit? and the sales would be mega slow plus tie down my capital.
Investors pulled out of Nigeria long ago,.SOme guy on another forum called it CAPITAL FLIGHT due to lack of policies and budget.

gboss4sure:
What does an educated illiterate know?

Buhari claims dollar is 199 abi 197 but not even 1% of Nigerians can access dollar at the rate.

You must have very long leg to get dollar at the so called official rate.

The naira has been unofficially devalued, we are just deceiving ourselves if we claim that naira is selling @ the so called official rate.

Finally, buhari knows what he is doing, enriching his brothers at the detriment of other Nigerians.

Nop it has not, it has been technically devalued

adipemcanis1:
Well.......not yet

Devaluing the naira would

1.Lead to an increase in the cost of imported goods.....fueling inflation.

2.Lead to an increase in the cost of locally manufactured goods ......because most of them rely on imported raw materials.....fueling inflation.

For now....we should concentrate on increasing spending on power and rail...things that would help us get away from reliance on oil.

Ok makes sense but lets check #2.the increase would be seen by locals, however foreigners would see it cheap, its when the cost of your goods are cheaper than the foreign ones that you can increase export dont forget.
As at now, the cost of locally made goods is going irrespective cos of importation of raw materials due to no forex and supporting policies
if the FG says ok all manufacturing coy should pay only %50 of their total tax and get subsidized over heads would that not be a welcome development? is this not waht free trade zone is all about?Look at Dubai, most of the Big biz there pay no tax, that's how they draw biz to their country.

emerged01:
This was the same way they were shouting on Iweala to withdraw fund meant for a rainy season like this.

And did they not? or you forgot Amaechi and co took teh FG to court and won then they shared the galla and the booze

doctokwus:
I think his being ignored is actually the best.
U don't glorify a stupid fellow with a response,less u are deemed mad.
Instead of half baked govs like Fayose to see the golden opportunity that this offers for the ekiti state govt to fully invest in agriculture like that of Anambra and some states in the north are trying to do, earning foreign exchange directly in the process,he is moving from one ponmo shop to another iya sikira canteen waiting for handouts.
He shud continue leading ekiti to ruin while other govs are using valuable time strategizing on a future without oil handouts.

what are you talking about? the so called farmers in Anambra should just wait until their starch of Fertilizers and farming accessories finishes then they will face the harsh reality to buy new stock

udeagbalaC:
he needs to enroll back to sch

you think? is the dollar not already N400? so wahts wrong in telling the banks to buy @ 300 instead of N190??

otitokoroleti:
without sentiments, Fayose really made sense with his explanation about the devaluation. to be honest with ourselves, Buhari led CBN policies is doing us more harm than good. you earn at the rate of 199/$1 but buys at the rate of 391/$1. People who transact in dollars will understand better e.g young guys doing domain flipping business, a situation where bank charge them 391/$1 while buying the domain but paid at the rate of 198/$1 after selling the domain. the prices of almost everything is on the high side e.g rice, beans, transistor radio, battery, mobile phone, motorcycle, motor vehicle, locally made furniture, locally made foam, etc

Exactly, If any brains where at the CBN they would have done stage by stage devaluation, instead of shortchanging Nigerians, the banks and CBN with this policies are milking Nigerians, it takes the third eye to see waht they are really up to,This is the new scam.Like you said, if you do not do biz with forex, you will never know.

emenas:
i stand against naira devaluation.

if you do what do you call the value we have now?

Uchefrancis16:
Permit my ignorance.

If they bought from the black market at say 300 and sell at 350. why then do they pay 198.5 to us receiving money from AdSense? Is that not dubious? They will be making gain of over 150 per 1$

This is why the Bank are the winners in all this.wen U make.a previous banker head of CBN what do you xpect

magicminister:
besides, i heard cbn stopped selling to bdc's.
so, if they don't sell to bdc's and banks, biko who dey deplete our reserves??

i know its not me and my 5 dollar transaction sha.

They regulate. TheY no longer sell

Is it no ironic that those who return stollen funds are no longer criminals and they therfore face no form of punishment? Where is it written that a repentant criminal are now free to roam free? Cos of this sun's not adding I say this is another craaap coming from the EFCC.